PARTICLE PHYSICS PHY651

1. Discuss the solution of Schrodinger equation when particles are scattered from the
unknown potential which is spherical. Use perturbation method to solve it. Find Green
function of the operator(∇2 + k 2 ).

2. Find Green function of the operator(∇2 + k 2 ) and evaluate it for scattering and hence
discuss Born approximation.

3. Use perturbation method to solve Schrodinger equation when particles are scattered from
the unknown spherical potential. Find the value of Green function and hence Born
approximation and Neumann series.

4. Use Born approximation to calculate the differential cross-section for scattering by the
central potential V(r) = /r2, where a is a constant. Given,
∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝜋
∫ =
0 𝑥 2
5. Using Born approximation, calculate the differential and total cross-sections for
scattering of a particle of mass m by the -function V(r) = g(r), where g is constant.

6. Use the Born approximation to calculate the differential scattering cross-section for a
particle of mass m moving in the potential V(r) = expra, where a is a constant.
Given,
∞
−𝑎2 𝑥 2 √𝜋 −𝑏 2
∫ 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( 2 )
0 2𝑎 4𝑎
7. A particle of mass m and energy E is scattered by a spherically symmetric potential A(r-
a), where A and a are constants. Calculate the differential scattering cross-section when
energy is very high.

8. Discuss the validity of Born approximation and derive Born formula.

𝑒 𝑖𝑘𝑟
9. Verify that 𝐺0 (𝑟) = − satisfies for r ≠ 0, the equation (∇2 + k 2 )𝐺0 (r) = 0.
4𝜋𝑟

10. Use Born formula to find scattering amplitude and total cross-section for (a) Yukawa
potential, (b) Gaussian Potential, (c) square well potential and (d) Coulomb potential.

11. Show that Born approximation improves with increasing energy.

12. Show that for very high velocities the small angle scattering dominates and the total cross
section is given by,
8𝜋𝜇2 ∞
𝜎 = 4 ∫ |𝐹(𝑘𝜃)|2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
ℏ 0
∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑟 𝜃
Where 𝐹(𝑘𝜃) = ∫0 𝑉(𝑟)𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟.
𝑘𝑟𝜃

13. Derive Bauer’s formula for incident particles and discuss its implications.

14. Derive scattering amplitude (Faxen & Halzmark formula) considering finite range
potential.

15. Use partial wave method and show that outgoing scattered wave has equal phases as
incident wave in the square well potential.

16. What do you mean by scattering length? Show that the scattering length a0 is the value of
r for which rRoV vanishes.

17. Show that, for s-wave, the scattering length a0 will be infinite when phase shift is exactly
/2.

18. Use partial wave method to find scattering cross section for s-wave in the square well
potential described by,
V(r) = -V, for r>a
0, for r<a.
19. What do you mean by the scattering matrix? If sl represents scattering matrix, show that
𝜋
𝜎𝑠𝑐 = 2 ∑(2𝑙 + 1) |1 − 𝑠𝑙 |2
𝑘
𝑙
𝜋
𝜎𝑟 = 2 ∑(2𝑙 + 1) (1 − |𝑠𝑙 |2
𝑘
𝑙
20. Show that for l = 0 incident neutrons,
1
4𝜋 4𝜋 𝐼𝑚(𝑎)
𝜎𝑠𝑐 = 2 and 𝜎𝑟 =
1
| +𝑖𝑘| 𝑘 |1 +𝑖𝑘|2
𝑎 𝑎
where ‘a’ is scattering length and k is the s-wave number.

21. Use partial wave method and show that for l = 0, Im(1/f0) = -k. Here f0 represents
scattering amplitude in the forward direction.
 4𝜋
22. Starting from 𝜓𝑖𝑛𝑐 = ∑∞
𝑙=0 𝐴𝑙 𝑗𝑙 (𝑘𝑟)𝑃𝑙 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃), derive the formula, 𝜎𝑙 = (2𝑙 +
𝑘2
1)𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛿𝑙 , where the symbols carry their usual meaning.

4𝜋
23. Prove for the total scattering cross section: 𝜎𝑙 = 2 ∑∞ 2
𝑙=0(2𝑙 + 1)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿𝑙 where symbols
𝑘
have their usual meanings.

24. Discuss scattering by spherical potential barrier and show that the cross-section is four
times the classical result.

25. Use partial wave method and discuss the conditions for Ramsauer-Townsend effect in a
square well potential.

4𝜋
26. Prove the optical theorem: 𝜎𝑇 = 𝐼𝑚[𝑓(0)] and discuss its meaning for elastic and
𝑘
inelastic scattering.

27. What do you mean by the scattering by a complex potential? Show that the total cross-
𝜋
section of the nuclear reaction is 𝜎𝑟,𝑙 = (2𝑙 + 1)(1 − |𝜂𝑙 |2 ), where the symbols have
𝑘2
their usual meaning.

1
28. Show that for 𝑘𝑎 → 0, 𝛿𝑙 = 𝑛 + for resonance scattering. Here l represents the phase
2
change due to the presence of unknown potential.

29. Discuss why quantum theory of scattering should be modified for Coulomb scattering.
Find the expression for modified amplitude and hence scattering cross-section.

30. Discuss the modification needed in the classical Rutherford formula, introducing
oscillating factor due to two-to-two Coulomb interaction and hence deduce Mott Formula
and discuss it.

31. Show that quantum theory of scattering

𝑒 𝑖𝑘𝑟
𝜓(𝑥) ~ 𝑒 𝑖𝑘𝑧 + 𝑓(𝜃)
𝑟
should be modified to
𝑒 𝑖[𝑘𝑟−𝐵 ln𝑘𝑟]
𝜓(𝑟)~ [ 𝑒 𝑖[𝑘𝑧+𝐵 ln𝑘(𝑟−𝑧)] + 𝑓(𝜃) ]
𝑟
for Coulomb scattering. Find expression for total cross-section.
32. Proof that there is possibility of scattering without any reaction but no reaction without
scattering.

33. Describe optical model and find the total nuclear reaction cross-section in the case of
high energy incident particle.

34. Define resonance in a nuclear reaction. Obtain Breit-Wigner single level formulae for the
scattering as well as reaction cross-sections with real and complex scattering lengths at
the sharp resonance while neutron beam with s-wave hits the target forming a compound
nucleus.

35. Explain Fermi theory of beta decay and electron momentum distribution. Discuss about
Fermi-Kurie plot and find determination of neutrino mass from the end point energy of
electron.

36. Consider the general case of a reaction A + B  A + B mediated by the exchange of a

particle X. With the reference of Feynman diagram and conservation laws, obtain the
range of interaction over which X can propagate before being absorbed by B.

37. Draw the meson octet, baryon decuplet and baryon supermultiplet structures for the
SU(2) and SU(3) flavor symmetry of hadronic states. Also explain with example how the
quark model predicts the hadronic masses and magnetic moments in analogy with the
semi-empirical formula for the nuclear masses.

38. What do you mean by neutrino oscillation? Derive an expression for the probability of
neutrino mixing and oscillation.

39. Use Klein Gordon equation to find Yukawa potential and discuss it for bound orbit.
Compare this potential with coulomb potential and find the condition for Newtonian
limit.

40. Verify by implicit integration that 𝑓(𝑞) = −𝑔2 ℎ2 [𝑞 2 + 𝑚2 𝑐 2 ]−1 is the amplitude
𝑔2 𝑒 −𝑟/𝑅
corresponding to the Yukawa potential 𝑉(𝑟) = − where R = h/mc is the range
4𝜋 𝑟
and r =|𝑥|.

41. A proton and antiproton at rest in an S-state annihilate to produce   pairs. Show that
o o

this reaction cannot be a strong interaction.

 42. What do you mean by neutrino mixing and oscillation? Derive an expression for the
probability of neutrino mixing and oscillation.

43. Describe Feynman rule for the interaction of spin-less relativistic particles. Explain the
situation when renormalization is essential to find amplitude of the interaction.

44. Plot the hypercharge (Y) against the third component of isospin (I3) for the meson of state
JP =0- and for the baryon of state JP = ½+. Also comment on the diagram.

45. Explain the process through which baryon mass can be calculated. Show that the
predicted mass of baryon is
3ℏ2 32𝜋 2 𝛼𝑠
𝑀Δ = 3𝑚𝑢 + ( )
4𝑚𝑢 2 18
where symbols have their usual meaning.

46. Find the magnetic moments of u, d and s quarks and show that the magnetic moment of
the proton is
4 1 Mp
   p = u − d = µN .
3 3 m
where symbols carry their usual meaning.

-
47. Write down product obtained in the decay of Muon ( ) through weak interaction and
express it with Feynman diagram.

48. Plot a Feynman diagram for Higgs boson production and explain it.

49. What are the challenging issues related to particle astrophysics? Explain.

50. Discuss Supersymmetry. Explain its prediction regarding the fundamental particles.
Describe its experimental achievements.

51. What the difference between conservation laws and symmetry principle in physics? How
Noether theorem explain symmetry principal for energy and momentum conservation?
Explain.

52. Describe the matter and gauge sectors of the standard model of particle physics.

53. What do you mean by phenomenology? Explain its importance in lepton and quark
physics.
54. Proof that the relativistic property of particles ensures the existence of negative energy
state. Explain this negative energy state for particles and antiparticles.

55. Draw the lowest-order Feynman diagram for the decay: K  +  + . Deduce the
+ +

form of the overall effective coupling and present such parameter in the diagram.

56. Draw a lowest- order Feynman diagram at the quark level for the following decays:
a) Λ  p + e-+ ѵ̅e
b) n  p + e-+ ѵ̅e

57. Sketch Feynman diagram of the following particle interactions [put direction in the
external lines and vertex for the interaction].
(a) p → n + e+ + e (proton decay)
(b) e- + p → n +    (electron-proton collision)
(c) e- + e+ →  +   
(muon production)
(d) e- + e+ →     (annihilation)
(e)  → e- + e+ (creation)

58. What are the Feynman rules for calculating amplitudes of the particle interactions?
Consider a typical particle interaction, represented by Feynman diagram below. (a) Draw
time direction to the particle and put vertex in the diagram (b) conserve four momenta
using delta function and (c) erase the delta function by solving integrand.(d) Finally
calculate the amplitude of the interaction using Feynman rules.

59. Consider spin-less particles A and B interacts through A + A  B + B represented by

Feynman diagram below. The external and internal momenta are given.
Calculate the amplitude of the interaction in
terms of q2 using Feynman rule. [Hint: (a)
Give time direction and put vertex wherever
applicable (b) conserve four momentum at
each vertex and (c) finally write down matrix
element or amplitude of the interaction. Give
idea to solve the integrand.]
  
60. Find matrix element M for the muon production (e + e →   +  given by the
- +

Feynman diagram:
[Hint: Since the interacting particles are fermions, you
need to consider spinors for each fermions. In order to
take the effect of spin during interaction (at the vertex)
appropriate Dirac gamma matrix () should be taken
into consideration. Since the rest mass of photon is
zero, put correct propagator for internal lines.]

61. Discuss renormalization technique of Feynman diagram with an example.

̃ ) = ( 2, 1, 0, 1, 0 ) , ( 0,
62. Four observed hadrons have the quantum number (Q , B ,S , C , 𝐵
1, -2, 1, 0 ) , ( 0, 0, 1, 0, -1 ) and (0, -1, 1, 0, 0 ), respectively. Identify their quark
constituents.

63. Estimate the relative probability of (n,n) and (n,y) in the Indium, known to have a neutron
resonance at 1.44 eV with the total width of 0.1 eV and cross-section of 28,000 barn.
[Ans: 0.01]

64. Cadmium has a resonance for neutrons of energy 0.18 eV and the peak value of cross-
section for the compound nucleus formed by the collision of neutrons is 7000 barns.
Estimate the contribution of scattering to the resonance generalizing from the theory of
compound nucleus formation. [Ans: 3.37 barn]

197
65. The neutron capture reaction of Au at neutron energies up to a few hundred eV is
characterized by a number of resonances. The most prominent is at 4.96 eV and has y =
0.124 eV and n = 0.007E1/2 eV. The compound nucleus formed in this resonance
absorption has spin 2. Calculate the peak cross-section. [Ans: 3.446 x 104 barns]

4 113
66. Assuming a resonance cross-section 5.5 x 10 barn for Cd at resonance energy of 0.176
eV. Calculate the relative probability of neutron emission as compared to resonance
capture if  = 0.113 and y << n. [Ans: 3.7 x 10-3]

̅) =
67. Which of the following possible hadronic states with quantum numbers (Q, B, S, C, B
(1, 0, 0, 1, 1), (-1, 1, -2, 0, -1), (0, 0, 1, 0, 1) and (-1, 1, 0, 1, -1) are compatible with the
quark model and which are not?
68. Which of the following reactions are allowed and which are forbidden by the
conservation laws appropriate to weak interactions? Explain.
a)  + p → + + n
b) e + p → n + e- + +
c)  → + + e- + 𝜐̅𝑒
d) K+ → o + + + 

Compiled by: Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal

5 Oct 2019