Writing in the sciences

Prof: Brian Brennan

Nicole Valdez
March 17th,2020

Immunodeficiency

The immune system consists of body organisms in which it has a relationship that makes

a person or a mammal function. Two primary components make up the immune system. The

immune system has components in which consists of cells, tissues, and organelles that help the

prevention of diseases. Immunodeficiency a condition in which the immune system is not

producing the average amount of antibodies; this can cause someone to have a higher chance of

getting a severe infection or even get ill. Our body produces white blood cells (B-cells) in which

produce proteins that are used to fight off diseases. This protein is called antibodies. An antibody

is found In the bloodstream; its main priority is to fight off any foreign antigen.

Immunodeficiency does the complete opposite. The person who suffers from Immunodeficiency

makes white blood cells. The patient with Immunodeficiency produces fewer antibodies. This

places the person with this condition in danger of contaminating any underlying diseases or

bacteria. Immuno-deficiency has two types, primary and secondary. Primary immun0-deficiency

is when the individual is born with an immune disorder. Secondary immune-deficiency is when

an individual gets attacked by infections outside of their body. One of the most immune-

deficiency diseases is HIV.

HIV

The human Immunodeficiency is found on individuals who tested positive with HIV. The

immune system gets damaged by HIV and weakens it. HIV damages the T-cell, which is another

form of a white blood cell. T-cells assist B-cells in order to fight off any antigen. HIV attacks the

T-cells primarily by attacking one T-cell, producing copies of the virus, and then going on to

destroying more healthy T-cells. The T-cells that have the virus are not able to fight off more

diseases. Individuals who do get the virus are HIV positive and will not show early signs of the

disease. It can take years to show a sign of the disease. HIV can also be led to other diseases such

as AIDS. An HIV positive individual can be healthy and energetic for a long time period, but

once the immune system gets weaker, it will be challenging for the T-cells to fight antigens. This

is when the individual gets ill. Secondary Immunodeficiency can be led to having AIDS or any

other underlying disease due to the low numbers of T-cells.

AIDS

Due to how the immune system gets weakened, and the number of T-cells lowers. This can

cause germs to develop and can be life-threatening. The human body has CD4 cells, and these

cells can be referred to as lymphcotore cells; they are white blood cells that fight off diseases,

viruses, and any antigens.CD4 cells are glycoproteins and are located on the surface of cells.

This type of white cell acts as if they are messengers and go through the immune system, and the

cells tell them to become active fighters to avoid any antigen of getting in. (2) CD4 cells can

have HIV get attached to them, and the virus can cause the infected cells to multiply and cause

the immune system to have the ability to function. When an individual has extremely low nu, ber

of the CD4 cells/rare infections, the doctor determines that the person has AIDS. (2)AIDS is

stage 3 of HIV, meaning the person's immune system is so weak that the individual will not be
able to fight off infections or bacteria. If the person who does not take their prescribed

medication can get sicker and could get cancer.

How Aids could be led to cervical cancer

Due to Immunodeficiency, a type of cancer HIV/AIDS can cause to the human body is

cervical cancer. The first sign of Cancer starts when cells in the body begin to grow out

of control. Cells become cancerous and spread throughout the body. Cervical is a type of cancer

in which comes from the cervix. Women tend to get this type of cancer. This cancer is caused

due to virus(HIV). Women develop cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) if they are HIV

positive. According to CIN is the growth of abnormal, pre-cancerous cells in the cervix. Over

time, CIN can progress to invasive cervical cancer, in which the cancer cells grow into deeper

layers of the cervix. This procedure is done by removing the outer layer of the cervix cells. (1)

Untreated CIN can be led to invasive cervical cancer in HIV-infected women than in women

who do not have HIV. The prevention of cancer from inventing is to get treatment. The treatment

for this cancer will be challenging due to how its easier for women who do not have HIV to get

treatment easier that will work. Women who have higher CD4 cells can have surgery done for

them as a sort of treatment.

Treatments

There are many sorts of new HIV treatments, one which prevents the HIV infected cells

from multiplying and attaching to healthy cells, and breaking through the cell membrane is by

the method of Attachment Inhibitor Another medication is Gene Modification. CCR5 infects T-

cells by allowing HIV to enter. It is also a co-receptor. This receptor plays a significant role if the
receptor is not on the cell surface, then it is more difficult for HIV to infect cells. There has been

a significant amount of clinical trials to help treat HIV, and one of them consists of a DNA

sequence encoding CCR5 with the intent of making the patient's cells resistant to infection by

HIV(4). This process is done by having the patients' cells extracted, modified, and re-inserted

into the patient's body. The main goal of this therapy is that cells can fight HIV.

There is the existence of a few treatments that can help individuals who are infected live

longer for a long time. However, the shortage of medication and the knowledge people have on

how to treat this virus is low. The medications to treat HIV/AIDs is expensive, and sometimes

insurance companies do not cover it.

The human body is important. Individuals tend not to take care of it and damage it. The

immune system plays a significant role in the human body; without it, we won't be able to

function—most of the infections that spread could be prevented, Such as HIV. HIV can be

spread through unprotected sex, sharing contaminated needles to inject drugs. A person needs to

get regular check-ups at the doctor's in order to keep their immune system healthy.

Immunodeficiency can lead to Diabetes, Pneumonia, Cancer, and many other diseases.
Citations

1) Mor, F.(2012). Helper CD4 T Cells and HIV 1. Science, 279 (5356).
2) Routy. J, Mehraj, V & Cao, W. (2015). HIV immunotherapy comes of age :
Implications of Prevention, treatment and cure. Clinical immunology,12(2), 91-94.
3)Shin, S. Y. (2014). Recent update in HIV vaccine development. Clin Exp Vaccine
Res Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research, 5(1),6.
4) W, H., GF, L., & G,C. (2015). B Cells, Antibodies, and More. Clinical Journal of the
American Society of Nephrology, 137-154.
5) Chiratidzo Moyo.(2018).Cancer incidence up. https://www.thepatriot.co.zw/old_posts/cancer-
incidence-up