IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 62, NO.

7, JULY 2015 4641

Dual Stator Winding Induction Machine:

Problems, Progress, and Future Scope
Saptarshi Basak, Student Member, IEEE, and Chandan Chakraborty, Fellow, IEEE

Abstract—This paper gives an overview of the topolog-

ical variations of multi-winding induction machines (IMs)
and drives. The study is restricted to IMs having two dis-
tributed windings on the stator and a brushless rotor. The
mathematical modeling techniques and control algorithms
available in the literature are highlighted. Being magnetless
and brushless, a Dual Stator Winding IM is highly reliable,
maintenance free, and economic. Thus, it possesses the
necessary potential to become a part of ac and dc micro-
grids. Recent research trend shows growth in the appli-
cation of such generators for off-grid and grid-connected
systems.
Index Terms—Brushless generation systems, dual-
stator-winding induction machines (DSWIMs), microgrid, Fig. 1. Classification of DSWIM according to the arrangement of stator
microhydro systems, wave energy, wind power. windings and rotor bars.

where the national grid is not available, multiwinding induction

I. I NTRODUCTION
generators have received the attention of the researchers.

M ULTIPHASE electrical machines and drives have sev-

eral advantages over their traditional three-phase coun-
terparts. Advantages span from having high power density
and efficiency to better reliability and inherent fault toler-
ance [1]–[3]. Therefore, multiphase machines are currently
being used for vehicle and ship propulsion applications. Such
machines usually with a squirrel-cage rotor offer a brushless
alternative. Therefore, if the generating mode of operation is
considered in remote locations with high power density of re-
newable energy sources, use of such machines makes the sys-
tem mechanically more robust and demands less maintenance.
Recent research trends in the field of wind power extraction
shows a shift in the choice of the generation system used
[4]–[7]. Permanent-magnet (PM) synchronous generators or
multiwinding induction generators with a brushless rotor are
being preferred over the traditional slip-ring induction ma-
chines (IMs). PM machines are efficient but are susceptible to
PM demagnetization and startup difficulties due to cogging
torque [8]–[10]. Therefore, for off-grid kind of application,
Scope of the Review: Dual Stator Winding IM (DSWIM)
is a special class of multiwinding IMs with two separate wind-
ings in the stator and a brushless rotor. This paper presents
a comprehensive review of the principle of operation, perfor-
mance, control, and applications of such machines. The scope
of this paper includes various topologies that are widely used in
the field of DSWIMs and drives (both in motoring and generat-
ing mode). The hierarchical organization chart in Fig. 1 shows
the classification of DSWIM according to structural variations
of such machines.
This paper is arranged into six sections. Section II deals
with the generating and motoring modes of operation for the
machine having same pole configuration winding on the stator
and squirrel-cage rotor. Section III investigates the same for a
squirrel-cage rotor machine with a dissimilar-pole configura-
tion on the stator. Section IV describes the principle of opera-
tion, design, modeling, and control of a brushless doubly fed
IM (BDFIM), which is a feasible alternative of the slip-ring IM
for limited-speed-range applications. Section V brings out
unique features of the control algorithms for DSWIM drives.
Section VI concludes this paper.

Manuscript received April 30, 2014; revised November 21, 2014 and
December 17, 2014; accepted January 5, 2015. Date of publication
II. D UAL S TATOR W INDING S QUIRREL C AGE I NDUCTION
March 9, 2015; date of current version May 15, 2015. This work was sup- M ACHINE W ITH S IMILAR -P OLE C ONFIGURATION
ported by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of
India, under Grant DST/RCUK/SEGES/2012/04(G). A. Generating Mode
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, India The major advantage of using a squirrel-cage induction
(e-mail: s.basak.1987@ieee.org; chakraborty@ieee.org). generator is that it is robust, demands less maintenance, and,
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. therefore, is found to be very suitable for installations that are
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIE.2015.2409800 located at remote places (such as offshore wind farms). Poor
0278-0046 © 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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4642 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 62, NO. 7, JULY 2015

where
ψ = [ψpα ψpβ ψsα ψsβ ψrα ψrβ ]T (2)
v = [vpα vpβ vsα vsβ vrα vrβ ]T , vrα = vrβ = 0 (3)
T
i = [ipα ipβ isα isβ irα irβ ] (4)
 
Rp 0 0 0 0 0
0 R 0 0 0 0
 p 
0 0 Rs 0 0 0
R=  . (5)
 0 0 0 R s 0 0 
Fig. 2. Variable Frequency AC (VFAC) System based on Dual Stator 0 0 0 0 Rr 0
Winding Induction Generator (DSWIG) [18].
0 0 0 0 0 Rr
The inductance matrix is given by
    
ψpα Lp 0 Lps 0 Lm 0 ipα
ψpβ   0 L 0 L 0 Lm ipβ 
   p ps  
ψsα  Lps 0 Ls 0 Lm 0  
 = isα 
 ψsβ   0 Lps 0 Ls 0 Lm  
    isβ 
ψrα   Lm 0 Lm 0 Lr 0 irα 
ψrβ 0 Lm 0 Lm 0 Lr irβ
(6)
Fig. 3. Equivalent d–q circuit model of a DSWIM [18].
ψ̃ = [0 0 0 0 − ψrβ ψrα ]T . (7)
voltage regulation has questioned its suitability for practical ap-
plication. The choice of the capacitance value to be connected Fig. 3 shows the d–q equivalent circuit model of DSWIM.
at the load terminals is critical and is dependent on the generator The load and compensating capacitor model is given by
speed and load. In recent years, various configurations for r0 1
regulating the terminal voltage of the self-excited induction pi0 = − i + v (8)
L0 0 L0 p
generator (SEIG) have been proposed [11]–[17]. A decou-
pled control of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) pv p = −(i0 + ip )/Cq (9)
dc-bus voltage and SEIG terminal voltage has been proposed
in [11] and [12]. An Electronic Load Controller (ELC)-based where
voltage regulator for microhydro energy conversion systems
i0 = [i0α i0β ]T , ip = [ipα ipβ ]T , v p = [vpα vpβ ]T . (10)
has been proposed in [13] and [17]. Compensation for nonlinear
loads has been described in [14]. Power quality improvement DSWIG has also been used for automotive power gen-
with battery backup has been considered in [12]. Use of eration, as shown in [19]. For a 42-V system, the power
a voltage-regulating STATCOM necessitates additional filter winding is connected to a diode bridge rectifier, and the
components. Therefore, the recent trend is to use a two-winding control winding is supplied from a MOSFET-based in-
induction generator [18]. The generator shown in Fig. 2 has verter. To reduce the dc-bus ripple and torque pulsa-
two windings on the stator, which are wound for same-pole tions, a 12-phase power winding may be used. The dc-bus
configuration. voltage ripple is reduced to 0.35%, as given in [18]. Here,
The two windings are magnetically coupled while being elec- the control winding d-axis current controls the dc bus of the
trically isolated. One of the windings, which is directly con- diode rectifier, and the q-axis current controls the dc bus of the
nected to the load, is called the power winding. The other static excitation regulator (SER; see Fig. 4) [20], [22]–[24]. A
winding, which is labeled as control winding, is supplied from different topology with capacitors connected to the excitation
a high-frequency switched voltage source inverter (VSI) and is winding to reduce the power winding converter rating has been
used to maintain the load voltage and frequency. illustrated in [21].
A battery is used as a real power buffer and delivers extra Capacity Optimization: In most cases, in addition to the
amount of power demanded by the load when the generation SER, the excitation capacitors are also placed across the load
is less. The extra available power from the renewable energy terminals on the power winding side to reduce the capacity of
source (i.e., wind, hydro, wave, and tidal energy source) is used the SER. As demonstrated in [22] and [23], the maximum value
for charging the battery during light-load conditions. Using of SER current, for a certain value of capacitance “C,” occurs at
battery backup, the system can maintain load voltage even when base speed and maximum load, whereas the minimum value of
the slip is positive for a very short period of time. SER current occurs at maximum speed and minimum loading
Mathematical Model: In state-space form, the machine condition. The value of capacitance on the power winding side
model is represented in (1) on a stationary reference frame, i.e., is chosen such that
ψ̇ = v − Ri − ωr ψ̃ (1) |ICA | = |ICB | = |ICrated | (11)

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BASAK AND CHAKRABORTY: DUAL-STATOR-WINDING INDUCTION MACHINE
Fig. 4. Control structure of a DSWIG for DC off-grid systems [22]–[24].
Fig. 5. Power quality improvement using energy storage for an AC mi-
crogrid [36].
where ICA is the SER current at base speed and maximum
loading condition, and ICB is the SER current at maximum
speed and minimum loading condition.
The second approach is based on efficiency optimization
[25]. The relationship between the capacitance value and the
stator copper loss of both windings plus the filter inductor losses
is determined. The value of capacitance is chosen to minimize
this total loss.
VFAC Systems: Presently, DSWIGs are being promoted for
More Electric Aircraft application [26]–[29]. Here, the target is
to develop an onboard generation scheme in order to replace
the inefficient and bulky brushless synchronous generator, as
described in [30].
Hybrid AC and DC Microgrids: Microgrids have found
widespread application in rural areas where national grid is
inaccessible [31], [32]. The main purpose of setting up a micro-
grid has been aimed at capturing power from renewable energy
sources such as wind, solar, photovoltaic, etc. Due to remote
locations of microgrids, the generators in such systems demand
a highly reliable and economic solution. The DSWIG can be
a potential candidate for microgrid systems as it is a brushless
and PM-less system. One such topology is shown in Fig. 5 [36].
Here, the two windings are on the stator, which are electrically
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4643
Fig. 6. Split-phase induction motor drive topology with two three-phase
VSIs rated for half the drive rating [40]–[53].
isolated but magnetically coupled. The control winding handles
the excitation requirement and establishes voltage on the power
winding side, which is rectified to produce Vdc1 . Inverter 1
controls the excitation current of the machine and regulates
Vdc1 , whereas Inverter 2 maintains ac-bus voltage and fre-
quency. Thus, a hybrid ac–dc microgrid is set up. As shown in
[33] and [34], the dc-bus area of the microgrid facilitates direct
interfacing of the distributed energy storage resources. Here,
battery energy storage is reinforced in the dc section of the mi-
crogrid. Recently, SEIG has been found to be effective for prac-
tical microgrids [35], particularly in harsh weather conditions.
Similarly, an alternative topology using DSWIG can be consid-
ered for microgrid operation by extracting power from wind.
Smoother control over voltage and frequency is expected, as
shown in [36]. A control algorithm to maintain dc-bus voltage
for a wind-driven dc microgrid system under wind speed drop
is proposed in [24].
DSWIG is expected to find widespread applications for
a remote-area power supply system where economic and
maintenance-free solutions are highly recommended [24], [36].
B. Control in Motoring Mode
A double-winding IM is also investigated in motoring mode.
In this mode, the stator windings phase-shifted by 30◦ are
extensively investigated. Two inverters of the same rating are
used to feed both the stator windings. The generic topology is
shown in Fig. 6.
Decomposition Into Orthogonal Subspace: The mathe-
matical model of a split-phase IM (SPIM) was derived consid-
ering sinusoidal winding distribution on the stator and six-phase
rotor [37]–[39]. Magnetic saturation is neglected. In the a-b-c-
x-y-z domain, the model is stated as
v s = Rs is + p[Lss is + Lsr (θr )ir ] (12)
0 = Rr ir + p[Lrr ir + Lsr (θr )is ]. (13)
A 6 × 6 transformation matrix is used to decompose (12) and
(13) into three orthogonal subspaces given by [38]:
• (α, β) subspace: fundamental component and harmonics
of the order 12n ± 1, which will be present in air-gap flux
and contribute to torque production;
• (µ1 , µ2 ) subspace: harmonics of the order 6n ± 1, which
will be absent in air-gap flux and will not contribute to
torque production;
4644 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 62, NO. 7, JULY 2015

alongside reducing dc-link current harmonics and torque pulsa-

tions. However, the use of four current sensors (instead of two
for normal three-phase drives) and the use of a large number of
gate drivers render the drive unattractive for cost-effective ap-
plications. Therefore, researchers in this domain focused on the
use of two current sensors based speed sensorless split-phase
induction motor drive. One such algorithm is described in [41].
Elimination of two current sensors is achieved using

isα = isa , isβ = −isz . (23)

Fig. 7. Double synchronous reference frame current control [40].
Current control is done in a stationary reference frame as
• (z1 , z2 ) subspace: zero-sequence components, which will in [42]. Speed sensor is eliminated by estimating the speed of
have no existence in air-gap flux. rotation of the rotor flux vector using a phase-locked loop (PLL)
The model in the three subspaces is given by (14)–(21). and estimated stator flux vector, which is reconstructed from the
estimated rotor flux vector using
• (α, β) subspace:
M
v sαβ = Rs isαβ + p[Ls isαβ + M irαβ ] (14) λs = λ + σLs is . (24)
Lr r
0 = Rr irαβ + p[Lr irαβ + M isαβ ]
Efficiency Comparison: A decrease in stator copper loss of
− jωr [Lr irαβ + M isαβ ]. (15)
6.7% at 50 Hz is found when a six-phase machine of the same
• (µ1 , µ2 ) subspace: power rating is used instead of a conventional three-phase ma-
chine [43]. However, for very high speed application, the core
v sµ = Rs isµ + Lls pisµ (16) loss is comparable to the copper losses, and an efficiency im-
provement of 1% is obtained [44].
0 = Rr irµ + Llr pirµ . (17)
Space Vector Analysis for Split-Phase Machines: In
• (z1 , z2 ) subspace: case of a split-phase machine, which is being supplied by means
of two inverters, the space vector locations form a dodecagon
v sz = Rs isz + Lls P isz (18) instead of a hexagon for a normal three-phase induction motor
0 = Rr irz + Llr pirz . (19) drive. This results in better dc-bus utilization as the maximum
circle, which can be inscribed within a dodecagon, is of larger
radius than that of a hexagon for the same value of dc-bus
The torque equation is given by voltage. The peak fundamental √ line-to-neutral voltage is
3P M 0.643 VDC as compared with VDC / 3 for normal three-phase
Te (λrα isβ − λrβ isα ) (20) systems [45], [46]. Improvement in dc-bus utilization as well as
2 Lrr
increase in the number of sectors has a positive impact for the
where use of direct torque control (DTC)-based SPIM drives [47], [48].
DTC: DTC is advantageous from the point of view that it
λr = Lr irαβ + M isαβ . (21)
can provide decoupled control over torque and flux without the
Field-Oriented Control for Split-Phase Machines: As necessity of an inner current control loop. In [49], two types
proposed in [40], the most efficient technique for field-oriented of DTC algorithm have been proposed, i.e., direct self-control
control of split-phase machines is the double synchronous refer- (variable switching frequency) and dead-beat control (constant
ence frame control. Double synchronous frame control utilizes switching frequency).
only four current sensors, whereas single synchronous frame From the perspective of the method of flux control, resultant
control needs at least five current sensors, and hysteresis current flux control and individual flux control methods have been pro-
control needs six current sensors. The control block diagram posed in [50]. In the case of the resultant flux control method,
the resultant flux vector ψ(res = ψ(s1 ej(π/12) + ψ
(s2 e−j(π/12) is
is shown in Fig. 7. Transformation from a-b-c-x-y-z to (α, β)
subspace involves the following equation: rotated along a circular trajectory. The advantage of using the
' ( ' ( ' ( ' ( resultant control method is better dc-bus utilization (as shown
isα1 isa isα2 isx for a dodecagonal space vector envelope) and faster torque
isβ1 = T3 isb , isβ2 = T3 isy , control due to higher line-to-line voltage availability for the
is01 isc is02 isz
  same value of dc bus. The use of dodecagonal flux trajectory
1 1
1 −2 −2 reduces torque pulsations and causes the harmonics present in
2 √ √ 
T3 =  0 3
− 23  . (22) line currents of the machine to be shifted toward their higher
3 1 2
1 1 frequency side for the same inverter switching frequency. As a
2 2 2
result, reduced mechanical stress and interference with signal
Reduction in Current Sensors: The major popularity of frequencies in case of railway traction are achieved [48]. In-
the multiphase machines is due to their higher power density dividual Flux Control method can also be adopted. However,

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BASAK AND CHAKRABORTY: DUAL-STATOR-WINDING INDUCTION MACHINE 4645

it leads to poor dc-bus utilization and is mostly suited for

low-power drives where it is affordable to use high-switching-
frequency power converters.
More advanced control techniques such as sliding mode
control and predictive control have been used to make the
system robust against model parameter uncertainties and reduce
controller complexity [51], [52]. Note that model following
control has been adopted to make the drive less sensitive to rotor
resistance variation [53].
Analysis Approach Under Nonuniform Air-Gap Length:
Rotor eccentricity can be a result of wrong bearing position- Fig. 8. Active reactive IM drive where active power is processed
ing during manufacturing, worn out bearings. This causes a through LCI and VSI ensures successful thyristor commutation [57].
nonuniform air-gap length along the stator/rotor periphery. In
such a condition, it is first necessary to obtain a closed-form
expression of the air-gap permeance function with eccentricity
severity and its angle as function parameters. The air-gap per-
meance function is calculated by using Legendre polynomials
or by Fourier series expansion [55].
A detailed mathematical model of the machine having eccen-
tric rotor (both static and dynamic eccentricity) and considering
stator and rotor slotting effects has been derived in [54]. Analyt-
ical expressions for the predominant harmonics in line current
spectrum for fault identification have also been elaborated.
Fig. 9. An Induction Machine utilizing an auxiliary winding to attain
Fault-Tolerant Capabilities: Multiphase machines are controllable reactive power at the grid terminal [61].
generally recommended for critical applications due to their
inherent fault-tolerant nature. An analytical study and exper-
imental investigation of various winding configurations for
fault-tolerant operation has been reported in [56]. It is feasible
to have different winding configurations of the dual-winding
machine in the same stator laminations. However, the induced
rotor currents force them to have different mutual couplings. As
a result, among the four winding configurations under study,
some are found to be suitable for operation in case of open-
circuit failure while some other configuration is best suited for
fault-tolerant operation against short-circuit failure.
Active Reactive Induction Machine: A topological varia-
tion of the split-phase machine has been proposed where the
phase shift between the two windings is zero, and the number
of turns on individual windings is different [57], [58]. The high-
voltage winding is fed from a load-commutated inverter (LCI)
and is named as power winding as it handles only the active
power demand of the drive. The one with less number of turns,
dubbed as reactive winding, is connected to a high-frequency
switched VSI, and it supplies the reactive power required for
natural or load commutation of a thyristorized inverter, as
shown in Fig. 8. LCI, being switched at fundamental frequency,
is bound to generate sixth-harmonic torque pulsations. Fig. 10. Control block diagram and mode selection mechanism of a
dual stator winding induction motor drive having different pole configu-
For high-power drives such as traction applications, SPIM is rations on the stator [64].
found befitting as it is inherently fault tolerant and has higher
power density compared with its three-phase counterpart [48], an improved algorithm of power factor enhancement based on
[59], [60]. model reference adaptive control has been introduced [62]. The
d-axis component of the auxiliary winding current is adaptively
set in order to achieve the desired operating power factor on the
C. Power Factor Enhancement by
grid side.
Auxiliary Stator Winding
Fig. 9 shows the topology in which power factor improve-
It is quite well known that an IM always draws reactive ment has been achieved by solid-state devices. Using a slip-ring
power from the grid. Addition of an auxiliary stator winding rotor IM with a back-to-back converter connected to the rotor
can be effective for power factor enhancement [61]. Recently, side can be a viable solution. However, compared with it, the

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4646 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 62, NO. 7, JULY 2015

topology shown in Fig. 9 is rugged and maintenance free as winding and rotor bars. Finally, an estimate of the air-gap
a squirrel-cage rotor is used. Reactive power is computed by flux is made from the calculated instantaneous stator and rotor
sensing the two line-to-line voltages of the grid and three line currents. Magnetic saturation is taken into account by using the
currents of the main winding. The reference voltage magnitude B-H curve of the core material.
of the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) inverter connected to the Saturation Issues and Control: The main air-gap satura-
auxiliary winding is obtained from the reactive power regulator. tion phenomenon in a DSWIM is more complex than its single-
The phase angle of the inverter is altered to keep the dc bus of winding counterpart. This is because the resultant air-gap flux
the PWM inverter at the desired value. linkage is contributed by the two windings that are excited by
Optimum Operating Power Factor Selection: The value different frequencies and also from the rotor bars. The major
of auxiliary winding current increases with improvement of issue in this case is the selection of the flux density level for
the power factor, and along with it, the copper loss in stator optimal design of the machine as the fluxes contributed by each
windings escalates. The value of the power factor at which of the stator winding aid each other in some parts and oppose
the efficiency of the DSWIM is maximum is taken to be the each other in some other parts. A complete study of the effect of
operating power factor for a particular value of slip [63]. For phase shift between the two stator windings on machine satura-
light loading conditions, it may happen that the optimal power tion is available in [67].
factor based on the maximum efficiency condition is low. In For the saturated machine, the control algorithm is formu-
such a situation, the control strategy prevents operation below a lated using main air-gap flux orientation. The d-axis of the syn-
power factor of 0.85 lag. chronously rotating reference frame is aligned along the main
air gap flux. Therefore, during saturation, only the d-axis induc-
tances are altered, and the q-axis inductances remain unaffected.
III. D UAL S TATOR W INDING S QUIRREL C AGE I NDUCTION The vector rotator is generated using the condition that the q-
M ACHINE W ITH D ISSIMILAR -P OLE C ONFIGURATION axis flux and its derivative is zero.
Drive Topology: Here, a different type of DSWIM is con- Peak Flux Density Minimization: Total air-gap flux density
sidered. The stator is wound for dissimilar number of poles, optimization is important in order to obtain maximum torque
and the rotor is a standard squirrel-cage rotor. Any combination per ampere ratio [68]. The total instantaneous flux density,
of different number of poles will eliminate magnetic coupling corresponding to a position in the air-gap “θmech ,” is given by
between the two windings. From the viewpoint of better mag- ) *
P1
netic utilization, a ratio of 1 : 3 between the pole numbers BmT (θmech , θm1 , θm2 ) = |Bm1 | sin θmech + θm1
corresponding to two sets of winding is normally chosen [64]. 2
) *
The drive topology is shown in Fig. 10. P2
+ |Bm2 | sin (θmech − θshift ) + θm2 (26)
Field Analysis Technique: The peak magnetic loading pro- 2
duced by the combined effect of the two stator windings should
where θm1 and θm2 are the position of individual air-gap flux
not exceed that produced by an equivalent stator winding de-
measured in their respective electrical coordinates. θshift is the
sign. The flux density of individual windings is chosen accord-
angle difference between the two winding axes.
ing to (25), considering the individual flux linkages to have zero
In the air gap, the minimum value of peak air-gap flux density
spatial phase difference [64]. Thus,
will occur if the positive peak of winding-1 flux coincides with
Bg1 = 0.819Bg Bg2 = 0.543Bg (25) the negative peak of winding-2 flux. To achieve this, conditions
(27) and (28) have to be satisfied, as follows:
where Bg1 is the peak air-gap flux produced when only winding P1 π
with a lower pole configuration is excited, Bg2 is the corre- θmech + θm1 = ± (27)
2 2
sponding value for winding with higher number of poles, and P2 π
Bg is the air-gap flux produced by an equivalent single stator (θmech − θshift ) + θm2 = ∓ . (28)
2 2
winding machine. Since the magnetic coupling between the two
windings is eliminated, the DSWIM under consideration be- The relative angle between the two flux densities is obtained by
haves as two independent machines coupled through the same ) *
P2 P2 P2 π
shaft. Controller design and implementation is simplified when ∆θ12 = θm2 − θm1 = θshift ∓ 1 + . (29)
P1 2 P1 2
a linear magnetic circuit is assumed [65].
For the DSWIM, the field analysis technique is a cumber- The control block diagram is shown in Fig. 11. The output of
some process as the stator consists of two windings, which are the relative angle regulator gives torque splitting ratio “k,” The
excited by separate frequencies in coherence with their pole torque splitting logic becomes
ratio. Therefore, finite-element analysis (FEA) becomes a time-
∗
consuming task. In [66], a mathematical model is derived to ob- Te1 = (1 − k)Te∗ , Te2
∗
= kTe∗ (motoring mode) (30)
tain an estimate of the flux densities in air-gap periphery and the Te1 = kTe , Te2 = (1 − k)Te∗
∗ ∗ ∗
(generating mode). (31)
stator back iron core. First, the winding functions of the stator
windings and rotor bars are calculated for a generalized n-phase If we consider the motoring mode of operation, an increase in
machine in order to obtain an exact expression for the induc- the value of “k” will cause a larger share of torque production
tances. This approach helps us obtain the line currents in each from winding 2. This will increase the operating slip frequency,

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BASAK AND CHAKRABORTY: DUAL-STATOR-WINDING INDUCTION MACHINE
Fig. 11. Flux angle controller for peak flux density minimization in the
air gap [68].
Fig. 12. Generating mode of operation for a squirrel-cage dual-stator
different-pole-configuration IM. (a) Parallel connection. (b) Series con-
nection [70].
and subsequently, the flux position of winding 2 will increase.
The value of ∆θ12 is expected to go up.
Sensorless Control Issues: Speed sensorless control using
model reference adaptive systems has been demonstrated in
[69]. DSWIM has been instrumental in improving controllabil-
ity of a squirrel-cage IM in the low-speed region. The stator
frequency of the low pole winding is prohibited to fall below a
predetermined value by controlling the amount of torque from
the higher pole winding side [64]. Two distinct modes of
operation are identified. Normally, the drive is operated in syn-
chronous mode where the ratio of stator frequencies is in accor-
dance to the pole number ratio. At a speed range of 0–0.05 p.u.,
the machine is operated in asynchronous mode where the
frequency of lower pole winding is held constant at 0.05 p.u.
The detailed control block diagram and mode selection are
shown in Fig. 10.
Standalone Induction Generator: DSWIG with two sets
of decoupled winding can be utilized for automotive application
[70]. Utilizing two windings, which are having no mutual cou-
pling between them, it is possible to generate different voltage
levels. Two topological variations are shown in Fig. 12. Parallel
connection is used to boost up the current capacity while series
connection is used to generate higher dc-bus voltage levels.
This configuration of DSWIM is suitable for vehicle applica-
tion [70] and/or retrofit application, where speed sensors need
to be eliminated [64], [69].
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4647
Fig. 13. BDFIM with control winding fed by a fractionally rated back-to-
back converter [71]–[90].
IV. BDFIM
Evolution: It is well known that one of the methods of speed
control of an IM is cascade control. In 1907, it was shown that
two sets of winding on the stator, which are having different
pole configurations and have no magnetic coupling, can be
utilized for cascade control by using a specially designed rotor
[71]. In 1921, improvements in rotor and stator designs were
made in order to remove limitations due to use of two separate
pole configuration windings [72]. Research interest in this area
was revived in late 1970s and 1980s with the advent of power
electronics devices with which slip power recovery schemes for
brushless systems were derived [73]. The start of 1990s marked
the beginning of BDFIMs being considered to be an alternative
of the slip-ring machines [74]. One of the stator windings called
the power winding is directly connected to the grid, and the
other stator winding called the control winding is connected to
the grid via a fractionally rated bidirectional converter–inverter
system (see Fig. 13). The two stator windings are indirectly
coupled through a specially designed rotor configuration. To
prevent unbalanced magnetic pull of the rotor, the pole con-
figuration is selected such that
Pp '= Pc ± 1 (32)
where Pp and Pc are the number of pole pairs corresponding to
power and control windings, respectively.
Principle of Operation: In this analysis, the space harmon-
ics of the air-gap flux is neglected [75].
Corresponding to each of the stator winding, the air-gap flux
density can be expressed as in
bgp (θ, t) = Bgp max cos(ωp t − Pp θ + θp ) (33)
bgc (θ, t) = Bgc max cos(ωc t − Pc θ + θc ). (34)
Expressing the flux densities in terms of rotor coordinates,
which is rotating at a speed of ωr , i.e.,
bgp (θ( , t) = Bgp max cos ((ωp − Pp ωr )t − Pp θ( + θp ) (35)
( (
bgc (θ , t) = Bgc max cos ((ωc − Pc ωr )t − Pc θ + θc ) (36)
or
bgc (θ( , t) = Bgc max cos (−(ωc − Pc ωr )t + Pc θ( − θc ) . (37)
4648
In order to couple both the stator fluxes through the rotor, the
frequency and the distribution of the currents induced by the
power winding should be identical to that produced by the con-
trol winding. Therefore
ωp − Pp ωr = −(ωc − Pc ωr )
or
ωp + ωc
ωr = . (39)
Pp + Pc
For the induced currents to have same distribution, the phase
difference corresponding to the rotor bar spacing must be equiv-
alent. Thus
) * ) *
2π 2π
Pp = −Pc + 2qπ (40)
Nr Nr
or
Nr = P p + P c
where “Nr ” is the number of nests in the nested loop rotor,
and q = 1 to select the minimum number of nests and to avoid
further complicacy in construction.
In general, the speed of the machine is given by
ωp ± ωc
ωr = . (42)
Nr
The negative sign in the equation indicates that the phase se-
quence of control winding is reverse to that of power
winding.
Design: In [76], an optimized design of a BDFIM is de-
scribed. A fixed frame size of D160 4/8 pole is taken, and 4-pole
winding is found to be suitable for handling more power than
8-pole winding. The aim was to maximize torque per ampere
ratio while preventing the power factor from falling below 0.75.
Sufficient improvement in torque production is shown (in the
speed range considered).
Design analysis on the basis of the magnetic circuit is
proposed in [77]–[79]. Considering the detailed geometry of
the machine and the slot number, the derived magnetic circuit
model (MCM) is found to be successful in predicting the per-
formance of the machine accurately. The results computed from
the derived MCM model matches with that computed from the
the FEA model [92].
One of the major drawbacks of the BDFIMs is its power
density compared with a standard squirrel-cage IM. In order
to overcome this drawback, a novel rotor configuration is illus-
trated in [80], which aims at reducing spatial harmonic distor-
tions of the air-gap flux by optimizing conductor distribution
using the imperialist competitive algorithm. More uniform rotor
bar current distribution and efficient magnetic utilization is
achieved in this process. A detailed thermal model of the ma-
chine is taken into consideration, and improvement in power
density is reported in [81]. Recently, a 6-MW BDFIG has been
fabricated [82].
Mathematical Model: With the assumption of sinusoidal
distribution of stator winding, two different modeling ap-
proaches are generally adapted. Initially, the unified reference
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 62, NO. 7, JULY 2015
(38)
Fig. 14. Generalized vector control of a BDFIM [87], [88].
(41)
frame model was developed with the supposition that the rotor
can be represented as an equivalent loop per nest, although there
are multiple loops per nest [83]. Later, a generic or generalized
reference frame model was developed, which is valid for any
number of loops per nest [84]. The generic reference model is
simple to analyze, compared with the unified reference frame
model.
Control Techniques: For single-winding machines with a
standard die-casted squirrel-cage rotor, rotor flux-oriented con-
trol is the widely accepted method as it gives perfect decoupling
between flux and torque control. Researchers investigated the
use of rotor flux-oriented control in the case of BDFIM [85].
However, the algorithm was found to be complex and computa-
tionally intensive. Moreover, perfect decoupling between active
and reactive power control was not achieved. In case of slip-
ring IMs, stator flux orientation gives decoupled control over
active and reactive power. Power winding flux orientation is
used to achieve the same in the case of BDFIM [86]. The con-
troller is synthesized on the basis of a unified reference frame
model.
Recently, more simplified control based on a generic model
of BDFIM has been formulated. In the synchronous mode of
operation, (42) is valid. Therefore, the location of the control
winding flux position can be done using (43) [87], [88]. Thus
+
θc,ref = ωp dt − (Pp + Pc )θm . (43)
The three-phase current reference on the control winding can
be computed using (44) and (45). Thus
, -
−j2π/3 −j4π/3 T jθc,ref dq
iabc = Re [1 e e ] e i (44)
c,ref c,ref
where
idq (45)
c,ref = idc,ref + jiqc,ref .
The overall control block diagram is shown in Fig. 14. The
power winding and control winding are synchronized by means
of a PLL.
BASAK AND CHAKRABORTY: DUAL-STATOR-WINDING INDUCTION MACHINE
Fig. 15. LVRT of BDFIM using (a) crowbar resistance and (b) series
dynamic resistor [92]–[94].
The DTC scheme for BDFIM has been implemented in
order to overcome the necessities of coordinate transformations
[89]. A better alternative to DTC is the indirect stator control
(ISC) strategy. ISC provides better robustness against parameter
perturbations over DTC [90].
Fault Analysis: Failure of converter switches and low-
voltage ride through (LVRT) capability are of major concern for
the BDFIM drive. During converter or controller failure, there
is loss of synchronism between power and control winding.
The machine behaves as “double cascaded” [91]. It behaves as
two machines, as the cross-coupling between the two stators
through the rotor vanishes. The two revolving fields contributed
by two stator windings rotate at different speeds in the air gap
and generate harmonic torques.
The LVRT capability of the drive is investigated in [92]–[94].
Voltage sags result in sudden change in power winding flux and
can cause large transient currents in control winding. Sudden
increase in control winding current is detrimental to the power
converter switches, and therefore, the control winding is shorted
by means of a crowbar resistance during voltage sag [see
Fig. 15(a)]. Moreover, series dynamic resistors can be used in
place of crowbar resistance so as to limit sudden rise in control
winding current [see Fig. 15(b)].
The crowbarless LVRT algorithm is also proposed. A sym-
metrical low-voltage detector is used to sense the fault, and the
fault flag is set. The q-axis component of the power winding is
reduced to zero, and the d-axis component is driven to the rated
value of the power winding current.
BDFIM is brushless in nature and capable to work
through slip-power recovery schemes [95]. Therefore, it has
scope to be an attractive alternative to doubly-fed induction
generator based Grid-Connected Wind Energy Conversion
System [96].
V. D ISCUSSION ON C ONTROL S TRATEGIES
Uniqueness of each control strategy, in relation to a Dual-
Stator-Winding Induction Motor when compared to other mul-
tiphase drives, is described in this section [1], [41], [48]–[50],
[53], [64], [67], [68]. Two current sensor based FOC drive
similar to that of single winding machine can be developed [41].
For the SPIM, Direct Self Control (DSC) is having a unique
advantage of reduction of torque pulsations and shift of line
current harmonics to their higher frequencies using two off-the
shelf three phase inverters [48]–[50]. But for the configurations
for which the number of poles of the stator winding is different
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4649
irrespective of the rotor configuration, this advantage is lost as
the flux vector does not follow a dodecagonal orbit [89]. The
machine having a squirrel cage rotor and two windings with dif-
ferent number of poles on the stator is found to be best
suited for speed sensorless control as zero shaft torque at zero
speed does not transfer to zero frequency [64]. Control of
the machine under saturation is a challenging task. In such a
case, the main air-gap flux orientation is performed [67]. The
phase shift between the individual fluxes is adjusted such that
the net air-gap flux density is minimized while keeping each
winding flux at its rated value [68]. Robustness against rotor
resistance variation can be made possible by adapting a model
following approach using the expected value of flux-winding
active power as a reference model [53]. The flux winding
is expected to handle no active power when the position of
the vector rotator is accurately estimated for an indirect field-
oriented drive.
VI. C ONCLUSION
This paper has summarized different forms of DSWIMs
and drives. Methods of analysis and control strategies have
been discussed in detail. Addition of an extra winding unfolds
huge scope for improvement of performance and reliability
of such drive. Different such machines are first categorized
systematically from the point of view of stator and rotor
winding configuration. Both generating and motoring modes
of operations are highlighted. As such machines offer a unique
combination of being magnetless and brushless, it is expected
to be a strong contender in the future in many applications,
including renewable energy extraction and traction drives. The
technology is yet to achieve popularity for wide usage and
future scope of research lies in three areas viz.: 1) wind-
ing redesign, 2) exploration of converter-machine integrated
topology, 3) improving controllers to achieve high dynamic
performance. In particular, such machines have the potentiality
to replace the existing slip power recovery drives offering a
brushless version of the same and can be an integral part of
future microgrids with a brushless and magnetless generating
system.
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4652
Saptarshi Basak (S’14) received the B.E. de-
gree in electrical engineering from Jadavpur
University, Kolkata, India, in 2010 and the
M.Tech. degree in electrical engineering with
specialization in machines, drives, and power
electronics from the Indian Institute of Tech-
nology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India, in 2012,
where he is currently working toward the
Ph.D. degree in the Department of Electrical
Engineering.
His research interests include design and
control of brushless generation systems and estimation techniques and
control of ac drives.
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE. Downloaded on May 20,2020 at 00:45:06 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 62, NO. 7, JULY 2015
Chandan Chakraborty (S’92–M’97–SM’01–
F’15) received the B.E. and M.E. degrees in
electrical engineering from Jadavpur University,
Kolkata, India, in 1987 and 1989, respectively,
and Ph.D. degrees from the Indian Institute of
Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India, and
Mie University, Tsu, Japan, in 1997 and 2000,
respectively.
He is a Professor with the Department
of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India. His
research interests include power converters, motor drives, electric ve-
hicles, and renewable energy.
Dr. Chakraborty was awarded the Japan Society for the Pro-
motion of Science Fellowship to work at The University of Tokyo,
Tokyo, Japan, during 2000–2002. He received the Bimal Bose Award
in power electronics from the Institution of Electronics and Tele-
communication Engineers (India) in 2006. He has regularly contributed
to IEEE Industrial Electronics Society conferences, such as IECON,
ISIE, and ICIT as a Technical Program Chair/Track Chair. He is an
Administrative Committee Member of the IEEE Industrial Electronics
Society. He is one of the Associate Editors of the IEEE T RANSACTIONS
ON I NDUSTRIAL E LECTRONICS and the IEEE Industrial Electronics
Magazine and an Editor of the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON S USTAINABLE
E NERGY. He is the Founding Editor-in-Chief of IE Technology News,
which is a web-only publication for the IEEE Industrial Electronics
Society. He is a Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering.