BDS Curriculum 2016

CURRICULUM
FOR
BACHELOR OF DENTAL SURGERY
(BDS)
PART - ONE
BASIC MEDICAL AND DENTAL SCIENCES
KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
Dhulikhel, Kavre
REVISED IN 2014
I
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CURRICULUM
This curriculum, which has been designed embracing modern

Educational Science Technology - as applied to Dental
Education, provides for acquisition of core knowledge; the basic
dental doctor must possess:
n Clinical skills to diagnose and manage disease.
n Desirable characteristics and attitudes ingrained in the
profession.
n Competency to determine and resolve health problems of
the community.
n Proficiency to function in diverse health care settings.
n Interest in continuing dental education.
FEATURES OF THE CURRICULUM
This curriculum is
Student centered (rather than teacher centered)
Problem based (rather than subject based)
Integrated (rather than discipline based)
Community oriented (rather than hospital centered)
Electives embodied (rather than standard program oriented)
Systematic (rather than apprentice based)
II
THE CURRICULUM OUTLINE
The aim of this curriculum for the BDS degree is to produce a

well-rounded dental graduate who as a result of the four and
a half years of undergraduate education programme in dental
surgery will be competent to carry out preventive, promotive
and curative functions expected of a dental surgeon. The accent
of the curricular approach is community orientation, integrated
teaching-learning and problem-based learning.
The curriculum has been prepared after reviewing the various

dental science curricula available in Nepal and India. The four-
and-a half-year span of the BDS course of study is divided into
nine units, each of six months duration. The first four units
are devoted to the Basic Medical Sciences. The nest five units
are devoted to Clinical Sciences in Dentistry. After successful
completion of the course of study of four-and-half years, and
having passed the final BDS examination, the students will
have to complete one year of Compulsory Rotating Residential
Internship to become eligible for being conferred with the
degree of BDS of the Kathmandu University.
The BDS Curriculum is divided into four parts. Part One (I)
includes the curriculum of the first and second year. Part Two
(II) includes the curriculum of third year BDS, Part Three (III)
includes the curriculum of fourth year BDS, and Final BDS
includes the curriculum of fifth year BDS.
Basic Sciences (first year and second year)
The First year and the Second year syllabus cover Integrated
Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Community Medicine and
Clinical Orientation.
III
Basic Medical and Dental Sciences include Anatomy,
Biochemistry, Microbiology, Pathology, Pharmacology, Dental
Pharmacology, Physiology, Oral Biology, Dental Material, Pre-
clinical Prosthodontics, Pre-clinical Conservative Dentistry,
and Pre-clinical Orthodontics. These subjects will be taught in
an integrated manner and would be threaded into Community
Medicine and Clinical Orientation, as appropriate. Also, during
this phase the student will be introduced clinical knowledge and
skills utilizing a problem solving approach. Medical Informatics
will provide computer literacy relevant to medical education.
IV
CURRICULUM FOR BACHELOR OF
DENTAL SURGERY (BDS)
As there is a trend in adopting a integrated teaching and

learning approach in various subjects of basic medical sciences
which the medical curriculum of Kathmandu University,
Tribhuvan University and BPKIHS Dharan and BDS curriculum
in the later two have already adopted, it would be reasonable to
attempt the integration, as a trend in leading dental schools all
over the world have already adopted, to integrate basic dental
science and clinical dental sciences as much as possible.
Although guidelines or standards for such integration are not

yet fully available, attempts are there in the implementation of
the curriculum to integrate teaching on basic clinical sciences in
undergraduate dental curriculum.
To focus on the need of the student-centered curriculum,

the curriculum is patient-based and oriented towards to the
community. A problem-based approach and integration of
different subjects and specialties, to the possible extent, are
encouraged and aims at
n Providing the basic skills and understanding, required for
general dental practice of standards that are expected
n Recognizing the achievement of appropriate standards
of patient care based on needs of an individual and the
community as a whole
n Appraisal for commitment for continuing education
n Preparing for higher training in a dental specialty
tRaising the standards of dental sciences and dental practice for
the benefit of patient and the community
For integrated approach – The following subjects classically

taught in the dental schools all throughout its four and half year
curriculum, could be grouped as follows:
V
General Medical Sciences – Basic Medical Sciences, Internal
Medicine, Surgery, Anesthesiology
Oral Structure, Function and Development – Oral Biology - Oral

Anatomy and Embryology, Oral Physiology, Oral Biochemistry,
Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics
Oral Pathogenesis and Disease Prevention – Dental

Microbiology, Dental Pharmacology, Community and
Preventive Oral Health, Periodontology, Oral Medicine, Oral and
Maxillofacial Pathology and Radiology, Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery
Oral Functional Sciences and Rehabilitation – Dental Materials

Sciences, Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Prosthodontics,
Oral Implantology
General Dentistry – General Dental Practice, Practice Ethics,

Dental Practice Administration, Geriatric Dentistry, Dentistry
for the disabled and special need dentistry
Others – Legislation and Forensic Odontology
Key skills – The students should have key skills on:

Ethics and legislation, health and safety, record keeping, cross
infection control, clinical audit, peer review, dental public
health, medical emergencies, practice management, general
dental practice, quality assurance and clinical governance.
VI
OBJECTIVES OF THE BDS PROGRAM
On completion of four and a half years of BDS program, the

Dental Graduate should be able to:
a) Demonstrate the understanding of principles and practice of

modem dentistry with an in-depth knowledge of structure
and functions of human body, normal and in diseases.
b) Develop a holistic approach to the practice of modem
dentistry
c) Advance ones own knowledge and skills through higher
education via continuing dental education programs and
research.
d) Demonstrate an understanding of contemporary knowledge
and skills.
e) Possess qualities of a compassionate and socially accountable
human being.
f) Discharge job responsibilities with concern and care.
g) Provide immediate management care to life threatening
situations by self.
h) Identify common dental health problems, manage them
initially, ask opinion from seniors or refer to appropriate
health institutions when required.
i) Provide education to people on oral health and health
related matters.
j) Participate in immunization and dental health programs
and in health camps.
k) Communicate well with patient and patient’s relatives by
explaining matters known and refer them to appropriate
persons when matters are not clear to self.
l) Provide all information on matters of management of
patients to the patient and the relatives.
m) Identify medico legal dental cases and function as required.
n) Develop a dental health care team-approach and give
respect to all other members of the team.
o) Give due care to children, elder citizens and women.
p) Provide dental health care by becoming aware of the ethos
of dental ethics.
VII
VIII
CURRICULUM FLOWCHART
PART ONE (1)

BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES AND DENTAL SUBJECTS
1st Year UNIT - I

Basic concepts
Autonomic Nervous System
Haemopoietic System, Reticuloendothelial
System- Basic Concepts of Immunity Musculo-
skeletal System-I - Upper and Lower Limbs, and
Head & Neck
Community Medicine/ Dentistry
Oral Biology
Dental Materials
Pre-Clinical Prosthodontics
Pre-Clinical Conservative Dentistry
UNIT - II
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Oral Biology
Dental Materials
IX
2nd Year UNIT - III
Gastrointestinal System
Hepatobiliary System
Renal - Electrolyte System
Metabolism and Endocrine System
Reproductive System
Growth, Development and Genetics
Dental Materials
Pre-Clinical Orthodontics
UNIT - IV
Immune System and Immunology
Integumentary System
Central Nervous System and Special Senses
Musculo-skeletal System-II
Dental Materials
Pre-Clinical Orthodontics
X
ALLOCATION OF TEACHING HOURS FOR BDS UNIT I & UNIT II
Basic Medical Sciences

Unit I Unit II Total of
Subject
Theory Practical Total Theory Practical Total I & II
Anatomy 30 30 60 30 30 60 120
Biochemistry 40 20 60 15 5 20 80
Physiology 40 10 50 40 10 50 100
Pathology 30 10 40 18 2 20 60
Pharmacology (including
20 10 30 20 10 30 60
Dental Pharmacology)
Microbiology 25 15 40 10 10 20 60
Community Medicine/
20 10 30 20 20 40 70
Dentistry*
Total 205 95 300 143 172 315 615
n Community Medicine Practical MUST HAVE exclusive 15 Days of residential field posting in UNIT IV. No classes
SHOULD BE scheduled during this period.
XI
XII
Basic Dental Science
Subject
Oral Biology 60 40 100 80 40 120 220
Dental Materials 30 20 50 30 20 50 100
Pre-Clinical Prosthodontics 20 30 50 20 30 50 100
Pre-Clinical Conservative
10 30 40 10 30 40 80
Dentistry
Total 125 115 240 145 115 260 500
Grand Total 337 213 550 294 256 550 1115
ALLOCATION OF TEACHING HOURS FOR BDS UNIT III & UNIT IV
Basic Medical Sciences

Unit III Unit IV Total of
Subject
Theory Practical Total Theory Practical Total III & IV
Anatomy 25 35 60 25 35 60 120
Biochemistry 40 20 60 8 2 10 70
Physiology 30 0 30 30 20 50 80
Pathology 31 5 36 9 5 14 50
Pharmacology (including
18 6 24 18 8 26 50
Dental Pharmacology)
Microbiology 15 10 25 10 5 15 40
Community Medicine/
25 5 30 15 50 65 95
Dentistry
Total 179 76 255 110 75 185 440
XIII
XIV
Basic Dental Science
Subject
Dental Materials 40 20 60 40 20 60 120
Pre-Clinical Orthodontics 10 60 70 10 60 70 140
Pre-Clinical Prosthodontics 30 70 100 30 70 100 200
Pre-Clinical Conservative Dentistry 15 55 70 15 55 70 140
Total 130 170 300 130 170 300 600
Grand Total 309 246 555 240 245 485 1040
COMPARATIVE TEACHING HOURS ALLOCATED BETWEEN THE SYLLABUS OF
MBBS AND BDS IN BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES
Subjects MBBS Course BDS Course

Anatomy 472 240
Biochemistry 300 150
Microbiology 208 100
Pathology 300 110
Pharmacology 267 110
Physiology 306 180
Community Medicine / Dentistry 314 165
Basic Medical Science Subjects 2167 1055
Dental Science Subjects 0 1100
Total Hours of Teaching 2167 2155
XV
XVI
COMPARATIVE TEACHING HOURS OF BDS PROGRAM OF VARIOUS DENTAL INSTITUTIONS
S. No. Subject KU TU (IOM) BPKIHS DCI RGUHS

1. Human Anatomy 240 232 232 270 275
2. Human Physiology 180 200 171 180 180
3. General Pathology 110 200 122 105 110
4. Microbiology 100 150 74 95 95
5. Biochemistry 150 150 105 130 130
6. General & Dental Pharmacology 110 140 119 90 90
Basic Science Total 890 1070 823 870 880
7. Oral Biology 220 130 165 200 115
8. Dental Materials 220 275 125 220 150
9. Pre-Clinical Prosthodontics 300 NA* 334 400 635
10. Pre-Clinical Conservative Dentistry 220 NA* 118 300 175
Dental Subject Total 960 405 742 1120 1075
GRAND TOTAL 1850 1477 1565 1990 1955
NA*: Not Available
KU: Kathmandu University
TU (IOM): Tribhuvan University (Institute of Medicine)
BPKIHS: B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences
DCI: Dental Council of India
RGUHS: Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences
MARKS ALLOCATION FOR UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION IN BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCE SUBJECTS FOR
BDS COURSE
1st Year 2nd Year

Subjects Remarks
Theory Practical Theory Practical
Anatomy 100 50 100 50
Biochemistry 100 50 100 50
Microbiology 100 50 100 50
Division of marks in
Pathology 100 50 100 50
theory, practical, viva and
Pharmacology 100 50 100 50
internal assessment shall
Physiology 100 50 100 50
be as per K.U. rules.
Community Exam will be conducted along with community Dentistry at the
Medicine end of third year.
Total 600 300 600 300
XVII
XVIII
MARKS ALLOCATION FOR UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION IN
BASIC DENTAL SCIENCE SUBJECTS FOR BDS COURSE
1st year 2nd year

S.N Subjects
Theory Practical Theory Practical
1 Oral Biology 100 100 - -
2 Dental Materials - - 100 -
3 Pre – clinical Prosthodontics - - - 100
Pre- clinical Conservative
4 - - - 100
Dentistry
5 Pre-clinical Orthodontics - - - 100
Total 100 100 100 300
CALENDAR OF OPERATION FOR AN
ACADEMIC YEAR
Dental college is required to prepare its own calendar of

operations for an academic year at the beginning of academic
year, which may be in the month of August.
Dental college may also prepare its own holiday list, by taking
note of Nepal Government, Kathmandu University and the
local practices. Dental college will make decisions on matters
related to vacations and holidays as per its rules and practices.
Tentative allocated days for different purposes during a

calendar year:
1. Summer and Winter Vacations 45 days maximum

2. Dashain and Tihar Vacations 18 days maximum
3. Other Holidays (local and national) 10 days maximum
4. Days required for holding
2 Sessional Examinations
(Theory + Practical) 30 days
5. Annual University Examinations -
Period for preparatory leave 30 days
Total 133
XIX
GUIDELINES FOR BDS PROGRAM
Entry criteria: I.Sc. or 10+2 with biology with 50% marks in all
subjects and in aggregate.
All rules, regulation of k.u. Regarding teaching/learning
methodology evaluation procedures, allocation of marks in
each subject shall be the same as adopted for medical science
undergraduate.
The following basic dental science laboratories should be

developed and made available on day 01 of the program.
n Dental material laboratory with adjoining plaster room

n Oral Biology laboratory
n Pre-Clinical Prosthodontic laboratory
n Pre-Clinical Conservative laboratory
n Pre-Clinical Orthodontics laboratory
XX
GUIDELINES TO DENTAL COLLEGE AND
THE FACULTY
n The Dental College should adhere to the curriculum

guidelines in imparting knowledge to the undergraduate
student.
n Emphasis should be laid to ensure that the undergraduate
student grasps the basic concepts throughout the course.
n When time-tabling the semester schedules, the concerned
academic departments should get together and identify in
an integrated manner, the instructional objectives to be
covered.
n As a rule, the departments concerned should ensure
integration of related subject matter of a particular System /
Topic by carrying out teaching synchronously.
n In instruction, common clinical dental problems should
form the prologue to establish relevance of basic sciences to
clinical dental medicine.
n In correlation seminars, the student should be guided to
address common problems common clinical dental problems
serving as themes, around which discipline-wise subject is
threaded coherently.
n Basic sciences should be revisited as a rule whilst
implementing Part-II of the curriculum of clinical disciplines.
n Clinical symptoms and clinical signs must be emphasized
upon and should be explained, referring to basic sciences,
wherever possible.
XXI
XXII
BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCE
1
2
ANATOMY
ALLOCATION OF TEACHING HOURS FOR BDS UNIT I - IV

Unit I Unit II Unit III Unit IV
TOTAL
T P T P T P T P
30 30 30 30 25 35 25 35 240
UNIT I
BASIC CONCEPTS
Learning Objectives:
Students should be able to:

1. Explain different anatomical positions.
2. Demonstrate different anatomical positions.
3. Name different anatomical planes.
4. Identify different anatomical planes in specimen and
radiographs.
5. Describe the structures and functions of eukaryotic cell and
subcellular organelles.
6. Name different types of epithelial tissue.
7. Describe the morphology of the different types of epithelial
tissues.
8. Classify exocrine glands.
9. Enumerate types of connective tissue cells and fibers.
10. Classify different types of cartilage with their examples.
11. Differentiate bones and cartilages
12. Classify different types of bone.
13. Identify parts of a long bone.
14. Illustrate the arterial supply of long bone.
15. List different types of joints with examples.
3
16. Differentiate the skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles in
terms of structure and function.
17. Define the terms: gametogenesis, ovulation, fertilization.
18. Describe the steps of oogenesis and spermatogenesis.
19. Outline the structure of a mature spermatozoon, graffian
follicle and secondary oocyte.
20. Mention the different phases of menstrual cycle.
21. Describe ovarian cycle with special emphasis on ovulation
and formation and fate of corpus luteum.
22. Mention the normal site, steps and effects of fertilization.
23. Describe the formation of morula and blastocyst.
24. State the normal and abnormal sites and the process of
implantation of blastocyst.
25. Explain the process of implantation and formation of
decidua.
26. Recall formation of bilaminar germ disc layer.
27. Recall formation of trilaminar germ disc layer.
28. Mention the derivatives of germ layers and understand
establishment of body form.
29. Understand the development of fetus.
30. Outline the changes, which take place in the germinal,
embryonic, and foetal periods of gestation.
31. Explain the process and effects of foldings of embryo.
32. Outline the development, structure, functions of human
placenta.
33. Enumerate the contents of umbilical cord.
34. Define teratogens, its type and effect of teratogen on
growing fetuses.
4
BASIC CONCEPTS (ANATOMY)
General Anatomy
General Histology
General Embryology
CONTENTS
General Anatomy:
Introduction to anatomy: Anatomical positions, planes and
terms.
Cartilage: Classification, sites of occurrence, nutrition and
difference between bones and cartilages
Bones: Classification with examples, parts and blood supply
of growing long bone, types of ossification and law of
epiphyseal union.
Joints: Classification with examples.
Muscles: Types, classification of skeletal muscle with
examples.
General Histology:
Cell and subcellular organelles: Cell membrane, Nucleus,
Mitochondrion, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
Lysosome- structure and function (in brief).
Epithelial tissues: Definition, classification with sites of
occurrence, functions.
Exocrine glands: Classification with examples
Connective tissues: Basic types of connective tissue cells,
fibers and tissues with sites of occurrence.
Sclerous tissue: Compact and spongybone; hyaline, elastic
and fibrocartilage
Muscles: Striated, smooth and cardiac muscles.
Nervous tissue: Myelinated nerve fibers, spinal ganglion,
sympathetic ganglion.
5
General Embryology:
Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis and oogenesis– time of
onset, site of occurrence and steps.
Ovarian cycle: Mechanism of ovulation, formation and fate
of Corpus luteum.
Menstrual cycle: Different phases.
Fertilization: Normal site, steps and effects.
Formation of morula and blastocyst
Implantation of blastocyst: Normal and abnormal sites,
process.
Formation of chorion, amnion, yolk sac and bilaminar
germ disc
Formation of primitive streak, notochord and trilaminar
germ disc
Neurulation: Outline of mechanism.
Subdivisions of Intraembryonic mesoderm and their

derivatives
Foldings of embryo: Types cause and effects.
Placenta: Formation, structure, functions.
Umbilical cord: Contents
Twinning: Types
Teratology: Basic principles
6
UNIT I
NERVOUS SYSTEM - I
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Describe the general organization of nervous system.
Describe the origin, organization and distribution of sympathetic
and parasympathetic nervous system
ANATOMY
Introduction to Nervous System
Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Nervous Tissue:
Structural and functional classification
Neurons: structures and types
Nerve fibers
Neuroglial cells
Autonomic nervous systems:

Anatomical organization of sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system
7
HAEMOPOIETIC SYSTEM, RETICULOENDOTHELIAL
SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Describe gross anatomy, microanatomy and clinical
anatomy of lymph node, thymus, palatine tonsil and spleen.
ANATOMY
Anatomy of Lymphatic System
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Gross structure of:
Palatine Tonsil and spleen
Microscopic structure of:
Lymph node, thymus, palatine tonsil and spleen
8
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Describe gross, microscopic structure and development of
skin and its appendages.
ANATOMY
Skin and its appendages
CONTENTS
Structure of thick and thin skin
Appendages of skin: Name of the components
9
MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
(HEAD AND NECK, UPPER LIMB, LOWER LIMB)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Name the bones forming neurocranium and
splanchnocranium.
n Describe layers, blood supply and nerve supply of scalp.
n List the muscles of facial expression with their innervations.
n Describe the blood supply of face.
n Describe the anatomy of lacrimal apparatus.
n Describe the deep cervical fascia.
n Describe boundaries and content of anterior and posterior
triangles of neck.
n Outline the boundaries and contents of infratemporal and
pterygopalatine fossae.
n Describe type and movements of cranio vertebral joints.
n Describe type, capsular attachments, movements and
muscles causing movements of temperomandibular joint.
n Identify the bones of upper and lower limbs.
n Describe the gross features of the bones of upper and lower
limbs (specify the bones in content)
n Name the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdle.
n Name the muscles of the upper and the lower limbs.
n Identify the muscles of the upper and the lower limbs.
n Name the muscles involved in different movements of
the upper and lower limbs. (specify the movements in the
content)
n Mention the location, nerve supply and actions of muscles
of upper and lower limbs. (co-relate with applied anatomy
and restrict in content)
n Describe the boundaries and contents of axilla.
10
n Mention different groups of axillary lymph nodes with
their locations and drainage areas.
n Describe the formation, parts, branches and applied
anatomy of brachial plexus.
n Describe the boundaries and contents of cubital fossa.
n Describe carpal tunnel, palmar aponeurosis and palmar
spaces and their clinical significance.
n Describe the origin and distribution of musculocutaneous,
median, radial and ulnar nerves and effects of their lesions.
n Describe the type, constituent bones, capsular attachment,
ligaments, movements and muscles causing the movements
of acromio-clavicular, sterno-clavicular, shoulder, elbow,
radio-ulnar, wrist and first carpo-metacarpal joints.
n Describe the origin, termination and principal branches
of axillary, brachial, radial and ulnar arteries and palmar
arches.
n Mention the origin, course and termination of cephalic,
basilic and median cubital veins
n Outline the dermatomes of the upper and lower limbs.
n Identify the bony landmarks and joints in normal
radiographs of upper and lower limbs.
n Mark important bony prominences, arteries, veins and
nerves from the surface in upper and lower limbs.
n Describe the boundaries and contents of femoral triangle.
n Mention the formation and contents of femoral sheath.
n Mention the boundaries and contents of adductor canal.
n Mention different groups of inguinal lymph nodes with
their locations and drainage areas.
n Describe the boundaries and contents popliteal fossa.
n Describe the origin and distribution of femoral, obturator,
sciatic, tibial, common peroneal, superficial and deep
peroneal nerves.
n Describe the type, constituent bones, capsular attachments,
ligaments, movements and muscles causing the movements
of hip, knee, ankle, subtalar and midtarsal joints.
11
n Describe the arches of the foot and its applied aspects.
n Describe the origin, termination and principal branches
of femoral, popliteal, dorsalispedis, anterior and posterior
tibial arteries.
n Mention the origin, course, termination and tributaries of
long saphenous, small saphenous, femoral and popliteal
veins.
ANATOMY
Head and Neck
Upper limb
Lower limb
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Head and Neck
Branchial apparatus: Derivatives
Development and anomalies of face and palate:
Osteology:
Cranial Bones:
Parietal, Frontal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Temporal, Maxilla,
Mandible and Zygomatic Bones: Details of gross features,
major attachments, blood and nerve supply, ossifications
and applied anatomy.
Features of normafrontalis, verticalis, lateralis, occipitalis
and basalis
Boundaries and features of anterior, middle and posterior
cranial fossae
Vertebral Column:
Constituent bones, identifying features (cervical, thoracic
and lumbar), curvatures, intervertebral disc, joints and
attachments of the muscles of the back

12
Cervical vertebrae:
Identification, details of gross features, major attachments,
ossifications and applied anatomy
Scalp:
Layers, blood supply, nerve supply, applied anatomy
Face:
Muscles, motor and sensory innervation, blood supply,
lymphatic drainage and applied anatomy
Lacrimal apparatus:
Constituent parts and mode of drainage
Temporal region:
Extent and contents
Infratemporal and Pterygopalatine fossae:

Boundaries and contents (details of maxillary artery and its
branches; and mandibular nerve and its branches)
Parotid region:
Boundaries and contents
Submandibular region:
Boundaries and contents
Tissue spaces around the upper and lower jaws:

Names and applied anatomy.
Deep cervical fascia:

Disposition and modifications of its different layers
Cervical group of lymph nodes:

Subgroups, drainage areas and applied aspects
13
Anterior and posterior triangles of neck:
Subdivisions with their boundaries and contents
Muscles:
Muscles of mastication, supra and infra hyoid group of
muscles, sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

Vessels:
Common carotid artery, external carotid artery, internal
carotid artery, subclavian artery, external jugular vein and
internal jugular vein
Joints:
Temporomandibular Joint:
Type and sub type, constituent bones, capsular attachment,
ligaments, movements with muscles involved, blood supply,
nerve supply and applied anatomy
Craniovertebral joints:
Atlanto-occipital and Atlanto-axial joints- type, constituent
bones, capsular attachment, ligaments, movements with
muscles involved, blood supply, nerve supply and applied
anatomy
Upper Limb
Osteology:
Gross features of: Clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius and
ulna
Identification of carpal bones in an articulated hand
Muscles:
Enumeration of pectoral muscles, scapular muscles, deltoid,
flexor and extensor groups of muscles of arm and forearm
and intrinsic muscles of hand

14
Brachial plexus:
Formation, parts, branches and applied aspects
Arteries:
Origin and principal branches of axillary, brachial, radial
and ulnar arteries
Veins:
Formation, course and terminationof basilic, cephalic and
median cubital veins
Boundaries, contents, applied aspects of:

Axilla, cubital fossa, anatomical snuffs box and carpal
tunnel
Joints:
Types and movements (with muscles involved) of
sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, shoulder, eIbow, radio-
ulnar and wrist joints
Lower Limb
Muscles:
Enumeration of muscles of gluteal region, extensor, adductor
and flexor compartments of thigh; extensor, peroneal and
flexor compartments of leg and layers of sole of foot
Lumbar and sacral plexus:

Formation, branches and applied aspects
Arteries:
Origin and principal branches of femoral, popliteal
andtibialarteries
15
Veins:
Formation, course and termination of long and short
saphenous, popliteal and femoral veins
Femoral triangle and popliteal fossa:

Boundaries, contents, applied aspects
Joints:
Types and movements (with muscles involved) of hip, knee,
ankle, sub-talar and mid-tarsal joints
Osteology:
Gross features of: Hip bone, femur, patella, tibia and fibula
Identification of tarsal bones in an articulated foot
16
UNIT II
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n Describe the boundaries and features of lateral wall of nasal
cavity
n Describe the formation and blood supply of nasal septum.
n Describe different paranasal air sinuses and their applied
aspects
n Enumerate cartilages and muscles of larynx with their
nerve supply
n Explain gross features, blood supply, nerve supply and
lymphatic drainage of larynx.
n Outline gross and miscroscopic features, relations, blood
supply and nerve supply of trachea.
n Describe the gross and microscopic features of primary,
secondary and tertiary bronchi
n Describe the parts, recesses, blood supply and nerve supply
of pleura
n Describe the gross features, blood supply, nerve supply,
lymphatic drainage and microanatomy of lungs
n Enumerate the bronchopulmonary segments and their
clinical significance
n Outline the development of respiratory system
n Describe the skeletal framework of thoracic cage.
n Enumerate the structures passing through superior and
inferior thoracic apertures
n Describe the development and gross anatomy of diaphragm.
n Enlist the structures passing through major opening of the
diaphragm.
n Interpret normal X-ray chest (PA view).
n Perform surface marking of trachea, lungs and pleural
reflection
17
ANATOMY
Nasal cavity
Para-nasal air sinuses
Larynx
Trachea
Thoracic cage
Bronchial tree
Pleura
Lung
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Nasal cavity:
Boundaries, gross features of lateral wall of nasal cavity,
blood supply, nerve supply lymphatic drainage, applied
anatomy
Nasal septum: Formation, blood supply, nerve supply,
applied anatomy
Para-nasal air sinuses:

Names, sites of opening of various air sinuses and functions
Maxillary air sinus: boundaries, blood supply, nerve supply,
lymphatic drainage, applied anatomy
Larynx:
Skeletal framework
Names and actions of intrinsic muscles
Parts and features of cavity of larynx
Motor and sensory innervations, blood supply, lymphatic
drainage and applied anatomy
Trachea:
Extent, gross and microscopic features, important relations,
blood supply, nerve supply and applied anatomy
18
Thoracic cage:
Osteology:
Gross features of ribs, thoracic vertebrae and sternum

Inlet and outlet:
Boundaries and structures passing through them

Typical intercostal space:
Boundaries, contents and applied aspects
Diaphragm:
Attachments, major openings, nerve supply and
development
Respiratory movements:
Outline of mechanism of different types of respiratory
movements

Bronchial Tree:
Parts of bronchial tree
Bronchopulmonary segments and their applied anatomy
Pleura:
Parts, recesses, blood supply, nerve supply, applied anatomy
Lung:
Gross and histological features, blood supply, nerve supply
and lymphatic drainage.
Development of respiratory system (in brief)
19
UNIT II
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe thoracic mediastinum, its subdivisions, boundaries
and contents.
n Describe pericardium – its parts, recesses, sinuses, blood
supply and nerve supply.
n Describe the external features of the heart.
n Describe the internal features of the chambers of the heart.
n Describe the origin and distribution of the coronary arteries.
n Describe the venous drainage and innervations of the heart.
n Outline the components of the conducting system of the
heart.
n Describe extent and branches of arch of aorta and
descending thoracic aorta.
n Describe formation and tributaries of SVC.
n Describe formation, termination and tributaries of azygous
vein.
n Describe origin, termination and tributaries of thoracic duct
along with areas of drainage.
n Outline the development and congenital anomalies of
various chambers of heart, interatrial and interventricular
septum.
n Describe fetal circulation and circulatory changes occurring
at birth.
n Mark the following structures from the surface:
i. Apex, borders, and valves of the heart,
ii. Arch of aorta
iii. Pulmonary trunk
iv. SVC and IVC.
20
ANATOMY
Mediastinum
Pericardium
Heart
Blood vessels
Thoracic duct
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Mediastinum:
Subdivisions: boundaries, contents and applied aspects
Pericardium:
Parts, sinuses, blood supply, nerve supply and applied
anatomy
Heart:
External features
Internal features of chambers
Blood supply
Inter atrial and interventricular septae: Development and
anomalies
Blood Vessels:
Ascending aorta, arch of aorta and descending thoracic
aorta: Extent and branches
Superior vena cava and azygous vein: Formation,
termination and major tributaries
Microscopic features of elastic and muscular arteries and
large sized vein
Thoracic duct: Formation, termination and areas of drainage
21
UNIT III
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe the parts, gross features, musculature, nerve
supply, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, microscopic
structure and development of tongue.
n Describe the parts of palate, muscles of soft palate with their
arrangements and nerve supply.
n Describe development of palate, congenital defects and
their prevention.
n Describe the parts, blood supply and nerve supply of tooth.
n Describe dental formula in child and adult.
n Describe gross features, secretomotor supply, microscopic
structure and development of parotid and submandibular
salivary glands.
n Describe the subdivisions, muscles with their actions and
nerve supply of pharynx and its role in deglutition.
n Describe the extent, normal constrictions, important
relations, blood supply, innervations, lymphatic drainage
and microstructure of oesophagus.
n Outline the different regions of abdomen.
n Describe the layers of anterior abdominal wall and their
functions.
n Describe the formation and contents of rectus sheath.
n Describe peritoneum in terms of its dispositions, sacs,
recesses and omenta.
n Describe the boundaries, contents and applied importance
of inguinal canal.
n Describe gross features of lumbar vertebrae.
n Describe gross features of sacrum.
22
n Name the major tributaries of inferior vena cava.
n Describe the formation and branches of lumbar plexus.
n Outline the development of GIT and its common congenital
anomalies.
n Describe the location, subdivisions, gross features,
ligaments, important relations, blood supply, innervations,
lymphatic drainage and microstructure of stomach.
n Describe the parts of small intestine and their macroscopic
and microscopic differences.
n Describe the parts, gross features, relations, blood supply,
innervations, lymphatic drainage and microstructure of
duodenum.
n Describe the parts and cardinal features of large intestine.
n Describe the functions of different parts of large intestine.
n Describe the macroscopic and microscopic differences
between small and large intestines.
n Describe the location, gross features, posterior relations,
internal features, blood supply, innervations, and lymphatic
drainage of caecum.
n Describe various positions, gross features, blood supply,
innervations, microstructure and applied anatomy of
vermiform appendix.
n Describe the parts of colon with their blood supply,
innervations, and lymphatic drainage.
n Describe the extent, curvatures, posterior relations, blood
supply, innervations and lymphatic drainage of rectum.
n Describe the gross features, internal features, blood supply,
innervations, lymphatic drainage and sphincters of anal
canal.
23
ANATOMY
Oral Cavity
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Anterior abdominal wall
Inguinal canal
Stomach
Intestines
Pancreas
Peritoneum
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Oral cavity:
Subdivisions with boundaries, gross features of lip, cheek,
gum
Tooth:
Parts, gross and microscopic features, dentition and dental
formulae
Palate:
Parts, muscles of soft palate with their arrangement, nerve
supply and actions
Tongue:
Parts, gross and microscopic features, musculature with
actions, blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage,
applied aspects and development with anomalies
24
Salivary glands:
Gross and histological features, blood supply, nerve supply
and applied anatomy of parotid, submandibular and
sublingual salivary glands

Pharynx:
Parts, gross features, relations, muscles with innervations
Development:
Extent and derivatives of foregut, midgut and hindgut
Oesophagus:
Extent, normal constrictions, gross and microscopic features,
blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage and applied
aspects
Anterior abdominal wall:

Regions, layers, rectus sheath (formation and contents)
Inguinal canal:
Boundaries, contents and applied aspects
Stomach:
Location, parts, Gross and microscopic features, blood supply,
innervations, lymphatic drainage and applied aspects
Small intestine:
Macroscopic and microscopic differences amongst
duodenum, jejunum and ileum
Duodenum:
Location, parts, external features, internal features of second
part, microscopic features, blood supply, innervations,
lymphatic drainage and applied aspects
25
Large Intestine:
Parts, cardinal features, macroscopic and microscopic
differences between large and small intestines
Caecum and Appendix:

Location, gross features, blood supply, innervations,
lymphatic drainage and applied aspects.
Rectum and anal canal:

Extent, external and internal features, blood supply,
lymphatic drainage and applied aspects
Pancreas:
Location, parts, gross and microscopic features
Peritoneum:
Greater and lesser sacs, omenta, mesentery and mesocolon
26
UNIT III
HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe the location, gross features, lobes and segments,
ligaments, important relations, blood supply, innervations,
lymphatic drainage and microstructure of liver.
n Name the components of extrahepatic biliary apparatus.
n Describe the location, parts, blood supply and microanatomy
of gall bladder.
n Describe the formation, parts, important relations,
termination and blood supply of bile duct.
n Describe the formation, immediate relations and major
tributaries of portal vein.
n Name the sites of porta-caval anastomosis.
n Outline the development of liver and gall bladder and their
congenital anomalies.
ANATOMY
Liver
Gall Bladder
Extrahepatic biliary apparatus
Portal vein
Portacaval anastomosis
27
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Liver:
Location, gross and microscopic features, blood supply and
applied anatomy
Gall Bladder:
Location, parts, gross features, blood supply and applied
anatomy
Extrahepatic biliary apparatus:

Parts, formation, course with important relations and
termination of bile duct
Portal vein:
Formation, tributaries and applied aspect
Portacaval anastomosis:
Sites and contributing vein
28
UNIT III
RENAL ELECTROLYTE SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe the location, gross features, anterior and posterior
relations, macroscopic features on coronal sections, blood
supply, vascular segments and microstructure of kidney.
n Describe the extent, normal constrictions, parts, important
relations, blood supply and microstructure of ureter.
n Describe the location, gross features, important relations,
ligaments, internal features, blood supply, nerve supply,
lymphatic drainage and microstructure of urinary bladder.
n Describe the parts, relations, internal features and
sphincters of male urethra.
n Describe the features of female urethra.
n Outline the development of urinary system and common
congenital anomalies.
n Perform surface markings of kidney and ureter.
n Identify urinary organs in normal plain and contrast
radiographs.
n Describe the structure and function of different parts of a
nephron and its blood supply.
ANATOMY
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
29
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Kidney:
Location, gross and microscopic features, relations, blood
supply and applied aspects
Ureter:
Parts, normal constrictions and applied anatomy
Urinary bladder:
Location, external and internal features, nerve supply and
applied anatomy
Urethra:
Parts of male urethra
Development:
Brief outline of development of urinary system
30
UNIT III
METABOLISM AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe the location and gross features of hypothalamus.
n Describe the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.
n Describe the location, parts, gross features, important
relations, blood supply, microstructure and development of
pituitary gland.
n Describe the location, parts, gross features, important
relations, blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage,
microstructure and development of thyroid gland.
n Describe the locations, blood supply, microstructure and
development of parathyroid glands.
n Describe the location, gross features, blood supply,
microstructure and development of adrenal glands.
n Perform surface marking of thyroid gland.
ANATOMY
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
31
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Pituitary gland:
Location, parts, gross and microscopic features, vasculature
and development
Thyroid gland:
Location, parts, gross and microscopic features, relations,
vasculature, lymphatic drainage, development with
anomalies and applied aspect
Parathyroid Glands:
Location, relations, development with anomalies and
applied aspect
Adrenal Gland:
Location, gross and microscopic features, vasculature,
development and applied aspect
Pancreas:
Microscopic features
32
UNIT III
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n List the organs of male reproductive system
n Describe the development of male reproductive system
n Describe the gross anatomy and microscopic structure of
testes
n Describe the gross anatomy and miscroscopic structure of
prostate
n Describe the gross features of epididymis, vas deferens,
spermatic cord and seminal vesicle
n Describe gross structure of scrotum and penis
n Name the organs of female reproductive system
n Describe the development of female reproductive system
n Describe gross anatomy and microscopic structure and
supports of uterus
n Describe gross anatomy and microscopic structure of
uterine tube and ovary
n Describe gross anatomy and microscopic structure and
development of mammary gland.
n Outline the differences between female bony pelvis
n Name the muscles forming pelvic diaphragm
n Describe the boundaries and contents of ischeorectal fossa
n Describe spaces, contents and applied aspects of perineum
ANATOMY
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System including Breast and Pelvis
33
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Male Reproductive System:
Name of the components of internal reproductive organs
and external genitalia
Gross and microscopic features of testes, vas deferens,
prostrate
Female Reproductive System:

Name of the components of internal reproductive organs
and external genitalia
Uterus:
Location, parts, gross and microscopic features, supports,
blood supply, lymphatic drainage
Ovary:
Gross and microscopic features
Fallopian tube:
Parts
Breast:
Location, structure, blood supply and lymphatic drainage
Bony pelvis:
Differences between male and female pelvis, types of
female pelvis
34
UNIT III
GROWTH - DEVELOPMENT AND GENETICS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe the numerical and structural abnormalities of
chromosomes.
n Describe the utility of karyotyping.
ANATOMY
Chromosome
Cell division
Chromosomal Aberrations
Genetic terms and Symbols
Patterns of Inheritance
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Chromosome: Morphology and classification.
Cell division: Steps of mitosis and meiosis.
Chromosomal aberrations: Morphological and numerical
Syndromes: Autosomal (Down's) and Sex chromosomal

(Turner's and Klinefelter's)
Genetic Terms and Symbols
Patterns of inheritance
35
UNIT IV
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SPECIAL SENSES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Students should able to:

n Describe meninges of brain and dural venous sinuses.
n Describe the gross features of the cerebral hemispheres.
n Describe the microstructure of cerebral cortex.
n Describe the functional areas of cerebral cortex.
n Describe the boundaries of ventricles of brain and CSF
circulation.
n Describe the types of nerve fibers of brain.
n Describe the parts and blood supply of internal capsule of
brain.
n Describe the parts and connection of corpus callosum.
n Describe the components of diencephalon.
n List the parts, relations and nuclei of thalamus.
n Describe the gross features and important connection of
hypothalamus.
n Describe the components of basal ganglia.
n List the components of limbic system.
n Name the parts of brain stem.
n Describe external and internal features of mid brain, pons
and medulla oblongata.
n Describe the blood supply of brain
n Describe gross features, subdivisions, deep nuclei with
connections, blood supply and microscopic structure of
cerebellum.
n Describe nuclear origin, functional components and
distribution of cranial nerves.
n Describe gross features, coverings, positions of different
tracts, microscopic structure and blood supply of spinal cord.
36
n Describe origin, course, termination of corticospinal,
spinothalamic and posterior column tracts.
n Outline the development of CNS.
n Describe the boundaries and contents of orbit.
n Describe the tunics of eyeball.
n Describe the histological features of cornea and retina.
n Describe the refractory media of eyeball.
n Describe the extraocular muscles associated with
movements of eyeball.
n Describe the optic nerve, visual pathway and functional
organization of visual receptors in the retina.
n Describe gross and microscopic structure and development
of ear.
n Describe the components of external ear.
n Describe the boundaries and contents of middle ear.
n Describe the gross anatomy of auditory tube.
n Describe the structure of internal ear, auditory pathway
and organ of Corti.
n Describe the histological features of olfactory mucosa.
n Explain the olfactory pathway.
ANATOMY
Central nervous system:
Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Limbic System
Basal nuclei
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Meninges of brain
Dural venous sinuses
Spinal cord
Ventricular system
Cranial nerves
Blood supply of brain and spinal cord
37
Special senses:
Eye
Ear
Nose
Taste buds
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Central nervous system
Derivatives of three primitive brain vesicles
Cerebral hemispheres:
Poles, borders, surfaces, sulci, gyri, lobes, microscopic
features of cerebral cortex and functional areas with applied
aspect
Nerve fibers of cerebrum: Types, parts of corpus callosum

and internal capsule.
Base of brain: Interpeduncular fossa, circle of Willis and

surface attachments of cranial nerves.
Diencephalon:
Parts with locations.
Gross features and major nuclei of hypothalamus and
thalamus
Limbic System:
Name of the components
Basal nuclei:
Name of the components
38
Brainstem:
Mid-brain, pons, medulla: external features and important
internal features (positions of cranial nerve nuclei)
Cerebellum:
Divisions, gross features and deep cerebellar nuclei
Meninges of brain:
Layers and folds of dura mater
Dural venous sinuses:

Names and positions
Location, important relations, communications and applied
aspect of cavernous sinus
Spinal cord:
Extent, coverings, external features and cross section at
the level of first cervical segment to show the positions of
various tracts
Ventricular system:
Names and communications
Features in the floor of fourth ventricle
Cranial Nerves:
Enumeration.
Deep (nuclear) origin, functional components, superficial
origin, exit through cranium, extracranial course, branches
and applied aspects of V and VII cranial nerves
Blood supply of brain and spinal cord
39
Special senses
Eye:
Tunics, components of refractive media, optic nerve and
visual pathway (in brief) extrinsic muscles of eyeball:
Enumeration, actions, nerve supply and applied anatomy
Microscopic structure of retina
Ear:
External ear: Parts and features

Middle ear: Boundaries, contents and applied aspect
Internal ear: Parts
Nose: Olfactory pathway (outline)
Taste buds: Gustatory pathway (outline)
40
PRACTICAL ANATOMY
UNIT I
GROSS ANATOMY PRACTICAL
Basic concepts and Introduction To Nervous System:

n Study of body parts and regions.
n Study of parts of nervous system - brain, spinal cord and
nerves and autonomic system.
n Study of models of spermatozoa, ova, spermatogenesis,
oogenesis.
n Study of models of fertilization, implantation, blastocyst,
early development of embryo.
n Study of models of placenta, umbilical cord.
Reticulo-endothelial System:
n Gross anatomy of spleen, lymph nodes.
n Gross anatomy of tonsil, thymus.
Histology Practical: - Basic Concepts:

n Study of microscope. Histological techniques, histological
structures of an animal cell.
n Histological structure of simple epithelium.
n Histological structure of compound epithelium.
n Histological structure of fibrous and adipose tissue.
n Histological structure of bone.
n Histological structure of different types of cartilages.
n Histological structure of skeletal muscle.
n Histological structure of plain muscle and cardiac muscle.
n Histological structure of nerve.
n Histological structure of ganglion - spinal and sympathetic.
Introduction to Nervous System:

1. Histological structure of a nerve cell.
41
Reticulo-Endothelial System:
n Histological structure of lymph node, spleen.
n Histological structure of tonsil, thymus.
Integumentary System:
n Histological structure of thick and thin skin.
Musculo-skeletal System:
Head and Neck

Dissection Topics:
n Scalp
n Face including deeper dissection
n Posterior triangle of neck, locate accessory nerve.
n Anterior triangles of neck -
Median region
Digastric triangle
Carotid triangle.
n Deep dissection of neck
Thyroid gland
Great vessels of neck
n Parotid region, locate parotid grand
n Infra temporal fossa-
Muscles of mastication
Mandibular nerve and its branches
Maxillary artery
Temporo-mandibular joint
n Sub mandibular region - gland, hyoglossus and its relations
n Dissection of cranial nerve V, VII, IX, X in the region of head
and neck.
Osteology of Head & Neck:

Skull - exterior - Norma and vault: Interior - Cranial fossae.
Individual bones - mandible, maxilla, frontal, parietal, occipital,
temporal, zygomatic, ethmoid, sphenoid, vomer, palatine, nasal
bones.
42
Upper Limbs:
n Demonstration of pectoral region and breast.
n Demonstration of axilla, axillary artery, brachial plexus.
n Demonstration of shoulder and deltoid region.
n Demonstration of scapular muscles, muscles of back.
n Demonstration of upper arm - front and back.
n Demonstration of shoulder joint, sterno-clavicular joint,
acromio-clavicular joint, movements of scapula.
n Demonstration of cubital fossa and front of forearm.
n Demonstration of back of forearm.
n Demonstration of palm, back of hand and carpal tunnel.
n Demonstration of elbow joint and radio-carpal joint.
Lower Limbs:
n Demonstration of hipbone, femur, tibia, patella and fibula.
n Demonstration of hip joint, knee joint, ankle joint and sub-
talar joint.
n Identification of Tarsal bones in an articulated foot.
n Demonstration of the boundaries and contents of femoral
triangle.
n Demonstration of the boundaries and contents of adductor
canal.
n Demonstration of muscles of gluteal region, extensor,
adductor and flexor compartments of thigh.
n Demonstration of the boundaries and contents popliteal
fossa.
n Demonstration of muscles of extensor, peroneal and flexor
compartments of leg.
n Demonstration of vessels of lower limb.
n Demonstration of femoral, obturator, sciatic, tibial, common
peroneal, superficial and deep peroneal nerves.
43
UNIT II
GROSS ANATOMY PRACTICAL AND

HISTOLOGY PRACTICAL
Respiratory System:
n Demonstration of thoracic wall- inter costal muscles.
n Demonstration of thoracic wall- inter costal nerves, vessels,
internal thoracic vessels.
n Demonstration of structures of inlet of thorax.
n Demonstration of outlet of thorax, thoracic diaphragm.
n Demonstration of pleura, different parts of pleura, pleural
recess, para-nasal sinuses.
n Gross anatomy of right lung, relations of mediastinal
surface.
n Gross anatomy of left lung, relations of mediastinal surface.
n Demonstration of structures of root of lung - right and left.
n Demonstration of structures in superior mediastinum-arch
of aorta.
n Demonstration of structures in superior mediastinum -
trachea, oesophagus brachiocephalic veins, superior vena
cava.
n Demonstration of structures in posterior mediastinum -
descending aorta.
n Demonstration of structures in posterior mediastinum-
oesophagus, thoracic duct azygos and hemiazygos veins.
Histology Practical
n Histological structure of trachea, bronchus and lungs.
Cardio-Vascular System:
n Demonstration of pericardium - fibrous and serous
pericardium, sinuses of pericardium.
n Study of external features of heart and its surface markings.
n Demonstration of arteries supplying heart.
44
n Demonstration of veins draining venous blood from heart.
n Demonstration of right atrium - features in the interior.
n Demonstration of right ventricle - features in the interior.
n Demonstration of left atrium - features in the interior.
n Demonstration of left ventricle- features in the interior.
n Demonstration and study of interatrial and interventricular
septa, neuromyocardium.
n Demonstration of ascending aorta, cardiac plexuses.
n Demonstration of pulmonary trunk and pulmonary veins.
n Demonstration of superior vena cava and inferior vena
cava.
Histology Practical
n Histological structure of artery, vein and cardiac muscle.
45
UNIT III
GROSS ANATOMY PRACTICAL AND HISTOLOGY

PRACTICAL
Gastro-intestinal System:
n Demonstration of anterior abdominal wall - rectus sheath.
n Demonstration of anterior abdominal wall - inguinal canal.
n Demonstration of stomach.
n Demonstration of coelic axis artery.
n Demonstration of duodenum, pancreas.
n Demonstration of superior mesenteric artery jejenum,
ileum, mesentery.
n Demonstration of inferior mesenteric artery, caecum,
appendix.
n Demonstration of colon- ascending, transverse, descending,
sigmoid, marginal artery.
n Demonstration of omental bursa, sub diaphragmatic space.
n Demonstration of portal vein.
Histology Practical
n Histological structure of esophagus, stomach, duodenum,
ileum, jejunum, appendix and colon.
Hepatobiliary System:
n Gross anatomy of liver - borders, surfaces, relations.
n Gross anatomy of lesser omentum, peritoneal ligaments of
liver.
Histology Practical
n Histological structure of liver and gall bladder.
Renal Electrolyte System:

n Gross anatomy of kidneys - surfaces, relations, hilum, blood
vessels.
46
n Gross structure of kidney.
n Gross structure of ureters and urinary bladder.
Histology Practical
n Histological structure of Kidney,
Endocrine System:
n Gross anatomy of thyroid gland and parathyroid gland.
n Gross anatomy of suprarenal gland - relations, blood supply.
n Gross anatomy of pancreas, relations, blood supply.
Histology Practical
n Histological structure of pituitary gland, thyroid and
parathyroid gland.
n Histological structure of adrenal gland and pancreas.
Reproductive System:
Male:
n Gross anatomy of testis, scrotum and spermatic cord.
n Gross anatomy of penis.
n Gross anatomy of vas deferens and seminal vesicle.
n Gross anatomy of prostate gland.
Female:
n Gross anatomy of ovary, relations, blood supply.
n Gross anatomy of fallopian tube.
n Gross anatomy of uterus, broad ligament, supports of uterus.
n Gross anatomy of vagina and levator ani.
Histology Practical
n Histological structure of testis, vas deferens and prostate.
n Histological structures of ovary and uterus.
47
UNIT IV
GROSS ANATOMY PRACTICAL AND

HISTOLOGY PRACTICAL
Integumentary System:
Study of different parts of skin.
Central Nervous System:

n Demonstration of meninges of brain and folds of duramater.
n Demonstration of arteries of brain, circle of Willis.
n Demonstration of veins of brain and venous sinuses of skull.
n Demonstration and study of attachment of cranial nerves
on base of brain.
n Demonstration and study of external features of medulla
oblongata.
n Demonstration and study of external features of pons and
mid-brain.
n Demonstration of cerebellum - its parts and important
fissures.
n Demonstration of fourth ventricle of brain.
n Demonstration of parts of diencephalon and structures the
floor of third ventricle.
n Study of external features of cerebrum - sulci, gyri and
lobes, cortical areas.
Histology Practical
n Histological structure of cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal
cord.
Special Senses:
n Demonstration of tongue and study of papillae of tongue.
n Demonstration of nasal cavity - septum of nose, lateral wall
of nose- opening in lateral wall of nose.
48
n Demonstration of extra-ocular muscles of eyeball, their
nerve supply.
n Demonstration of arteries and veins of eyeball.
n Demonstration of eyeball - its internal structure.
n Demonstration of ear- external, middle and internal ear.
Histology Practical
n Histological structure of retina.
Surface Anatomy: (to be included in practical only)

Superior sagittal sinus; middle meningeal artery; pterion; facial
artery; parotid gland and duct; facial nerve on face; common,
external, internal carotid arteries; palatine tonsil; vocal cards;
thyroid gland, spinal accessory nerve.
49
BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCE TEXT BOOKS
Text books
n Human anatomy Volume-I, II and III: - B. D. Chaurasia
n Inderbir Singh- Osteology and Human Embryology
n DiFlore’s Atlas of Histology with functional Correlation
n Emery’s elements of medical genetics- Muller, young
Reference books
n Gray’s Anatomy
n A Method of Anatomy by Grant
n Textbook of Anatomy by Holluixhead
n The Developing Human (Clinical Orientated Embryology)
by Moore
n Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy
n Cunningham’s manual of practical Anatomy Vol. I, II and III
50
BIOCHEMISTRY

TOTAL
T P T P T P T P
40 20 15 5 40 20 8 2 150
UNIT I
BASIC CONCEPTS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe biomedical importance and classification of
Carbohydrates
n Describe the structure and properties of homo, hetero-
polysaccharides and glycosaminoglycans
n Describe biomedical importance of amino acids and proteins
n Classify amino acids (essential and non-essential, glucogenic
and ketogenic)
n Explain the peptide bond and its characteristics
n Explain the structural organization of proteins.
n Enumerate the functions of proteins
n Describe biomedical importance of lipids
n Classify lipids and their function.
n Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty
acids.
n Define DNA, RNA and classify them
n List the nitrogenous bases present in nucleic acids and their
derivatives
n Differentiate between DNA and RNA structurally and
functionally
51
n Describe the structures and functions of different types of
RNA
n Define enzymes and their IUB and SI classification
n Describe the effect of different factors on enzyme activity
n Describe enzyme inhibition and regulation of enzyme
activitgy
n Explain the mechanism of regulation of enzymes.
n Describe co-enzymes. Define iso-enzymes and its
application.
n Define anabolism and catabolism, and overview of
intermediary metabolism
n Explain the integration of the main biochemical pathways.
n Describe aerobic an anaerobic glycolysis and regulation of
glycolysis
n List the essential micronutrients, RDA, their biochemical
functions and their deficiency symptoms.
n List the macro and micro minerals, RDA, their biochemical
functions and their deficiency symptoms.
Carbohydrates:
n Functions, classification
n Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides:
starch, glycogen, cellulose - structure and properties,
glycosaminoglycans
Amino acids and Proteins:

n Classification (Essential and Non-essential, Glucogenic and
ketogenic), formation of peptide bond
n Classification and structural organization of proteins,
proteoglycans, glycoproteins
Lipids:
n Fatty acids, triacylglyceros, phospholipids, prostaglandins,
steroids and eicosanoids (Classification and function)
52
Nucleic acids
n Nucleotides: Purines and pyrimidines, nucleosides,
nucleotides
n DNA- Structure (B-DNA) and function
n RNA: Types, structure, function
Enzymes:
n Definition, classification, factors affecting enzyme activity,
Inhibition, Regulation, co-enzymes, Isozymes, Diagnostic
importance
Metabolism:
n Definition, concept of anabolism and catabolism, overview
of integration of major metabolic pathways of glucose, TAGs
and amino acids
n Glycolysis and its regulation, Aerobic and anaerobic
glycolysis
Vitamins:
n Definition, classification, Vitamin co-factors, biochemical
functions, deficiency symptoms
Macro and micro minerals

n Biochemical functions.
53
UNIT I
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe synthesis and function of acetyl choline and
catecholamines
n Describe biochemical mechanism of organophosphorous
poisoning and myasthenia gravis
Acetyl Choline and catecholamines: Synthesis, function

Organophosphorous poisoning, Myasthenia gravis, oral health
considerations in myasthenia gravis
54
UNIT I
HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe the synthesis structure & function of hemoglobin.
n Explain the different types of hemoglobinopathy.
n Describe the different types of porphyrias.
n Describe iron metabolism.
n Describe biochemical indications & laboratory diagnosis of
iron deficiency anemia.
n Describe the metabolism, Vit. B 12 & folic acid.
n Relate glycolytic pathway and HMP pathway to red cell
function.
n Describe oxidants and anitoxidants inside RBCs
n Describe the biochemical basis of G6PD deficiency
Haemoglobin:
n Structure, functions, structure-function relation,
comparison with myoglobin
n Biosynthesis: Chromosomes globin genes, chronology of
gene expression.
n Haem Biosynthesis: Building materials, reaction at
commencement / termination, general overview of
pathway, key intermediates, chromogenic nature of haem.
n Haemoglobinopathy: Definition, genetic basis.
n Abnormal haemoglobin: HbS as an example - genetic basis,
molecular disease concept,
n Laboratory identification of HbS. Thalassaemias: Molecular
basis of a-thalassaemias, b-thalassaemias.
n Porphyrias: Definition, acquired - one example, congenital -
one example.
55
Iron Metabolism:
n Functions, absorption, transport, storage, release, utilisation,
requirement for haemopoiesis, elimination, menstrual
losses, Fe-cost per pregnancy
n Iron deficiency anaemia: Biochemical indicators, laboratory
diagnosis.
Vitamin B12: Absorption, metabolism, biochemical
function, pernicious anemia
Folic Acid: Absorption, metabolism, biochemical function,
folate trap, megaloblastic anemia
RBC metabolism: Glycolysis in the RBC, HMP Shunt,
Oxidants and antioxidants inside the RBC, G-6PD deficiency
56
UNIT II
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe cellular respiration
n Describe the pathways involving oxidation-reduction
reactions.
n Describe the process of and factors affecting electron
transport chain and ATP synthesis
n Describe oxidative stress and antioxidant systems
Cellular Respiration
Biological Oxidation
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Systems
Cellular Respiration / Biological Oxidation:

Biological oxido-reduction: mechanism, examples.
Citric acid cycle: feeder pathways, pathways leading from,
overview of reactions, regulation, amphibolism, clinical
application of knowledge.
Electron transport chain: cellular location, channeling of
reducing equivalents, mechanism of ATP synthesis.
Oxidative phosphorylation: chemiosmotic theory, clinical
application of inhibitors / uncouplers.
Brown adipose tissue energy metabolism, thermogenin.
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Systems:

Spontaneously generated pro-oxidants, antioxidant
systems, other biological anti-oxidants, failure of antioxidant
systems - clinical implications.
57
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe absorption, transportation and function of
cholesterol
n Describe cholesterol metabolism.
n Describe the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids and its
excretion
n Describe lipogenesis and lipolysis and their regulation.
n Describe the metabolism of ketone bodies.
n Describe the causes of ketosis
n Name the physiological and pathological conditions in
which synthesis of ketone bodies are increased.
n Describe the different lipoproteins and their metabolism.
n Describe metabolism of eicosanoids and its biochemical
roles
n Describe cardiac muscle metabolism
n List the different cardiac markers and their clinical
relevance.
n Interpret lipid profile.
Cholesterol Metabolism:
Absorption, transport, functions.
Synthesis, regulation of synthesis - factors - mechanism,
conversion to bile acids and excretion
Fatty acid - TAG Metabolism

Aspects on oxidation ((b) of a fatty acid
The feed - fast cycle and regulation of lipogenesis - lipolysis
Ketone Body Metabolism:

Synthesis, Utilization, Regulation, Ketonaemia, Ketonaemia
- undesirable aspects, Ketonuria,
58
Lipoprotein Metabolism:
Chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL metabolism
Interpretation of Lipid profile
Variations predisposing to common clinical disorders,
biochemical basis of clinical intervention to normalize the
profile
Eicosanoids:
Formation, biochemical functions of eicosanoids, role in
periodontal repair
Metabolism in the Cardiac Muscle:

Fuel molecules, energy metabolism, metabolic alterations if
tissue is made anoxic, cardiac markers. Reperfusion-injury
due to free radicals
59
UNIT III
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe the dietary carbohydrates, proteins and fats
n Enlists digestive enzymes
n Describe digestion and absorption of carbohydrate, protein
and fat.
n Describe the advantages and disadvantages of dietary fiber
n Describe the etiopathogenesis and consequences of Lactose
intolerance, steatorrhoea, protein intolerance maldigestion
and malabsorption.
n Describe biochemical prospect of starvation and obesity
Carbohydrate Digestion:
Dietary carbohydrates.
Enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates: salivary, pancreatic,
intestinal enzymes.
Intestinal absorption of monosaccharides: glucose, galactose,
fructose.
Lactose intolerance.
Dietary fiber: advantages and disadvantages.
Gastric function tests
Proteins Digestion:
Enzymatic digestion of proteins - gastric, pancreatic,
intestinal enzymes
Intestinal absorption of amino acids - carrier systems for
absorption of amino acids
Protein intolerance.
60
Lipids Digestion:
Dietary lipids.
Enzymatic digestion of lipids: - pancreatic, role of bile.
Intestinal absorption of lipids
Maldigestion, malabsorption, steatorrhoea.
Starvation and Obesity
61
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe bilirubin metabolism and its genetic disorders.
n Describe biochemical basis of differentiation of different
types of jaundice.
n Describe metabolism and importance of gluconeogenesis,
glycogen metabolism, and regulations.
Bile Acids
Bilirubin Metabolism
Jaundice
Liver Functions
Bile Salts
Synthesis and role in digestion of lipids
Bilirubin Metabolism:
Tissue cells involved, pathway, enterohepatic circulation,
bilirubin metabolism and excretion.
Jaundice:
Types, Differential diagnosis
Liver Function tests:

Liver functions from a biochemical aspect
Tests based on: synthetic, detoxification, excretory,
secretory, metabolic functions, plasma enzyme elevations.
62
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe electrolytes homeostasis
n Describe the role of kidney in regulation of blood pH,
acidosis, alkalosis and its compensation.
n Describe urea cycle and its regulations.
n Describe urea cycle disorders and ammonia toxicity.
n Enlists renal function tests
n Describe Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), factors affecting
it and the principle of its measurement
Sodium and Potassium homeostasis
Role of Kidney in regulation of blood pH
Metabolic Acidosis & Alkalosis, Compensation
Renal Function Tests
Urea Cycle:
Synthesis of urea, Disorders of urea cycle, significance of altered
values in blood
63
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe classification of hormones and mechanism of
action of group I and group II hormones.

n Describe the mechanism of action of group I and group II
hormones.
n Name the anterior and posterior pituitary hormones, their
synthesis and secretion, biochemical role and mechanism of

action.
n Explain the conditions of pituitary hyper and hypo function
and its laboratory diagnosis.

n Describe synthesis, storage, secretion and actions of thyroid
hormones.
n Identify the role of transport protein in thyroid hormone
transport and metabolism.

n Enlists thyroid function tests and interpretation of thyroid
function tests
n Describe the synthesis of PTH, Vit. D3 and calcitonin
n Explain the role of hormones in calcium homeostasis.
n Describe the synthesis, mechanism of release, transport,
mechanism of action and biochemical effects of insulin and

glucagon
n Describe blood glucose homeostasis
n Describe and classify diabetes mellitus
n Describe WHO criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus,
and laboratory tests for the monitoring of diabetes mellitus

n Describe the synthesis, functions and mechanism of action
of the hormones of adrenal medulla

n Describe the features of hypo and hyper secretion of adrenal
gland.
Classification of Hormones:
Polypeptide, steroid
64
Mechanism of Hormone Action:
Polypeptide, steroid
Hormones of the pituitary: secretion, biochemical function,

deficiency/excess symptoms
Thyroid Hormones:
Chemistry, biosynthesis, transport, functions, metabolism
Iodine metabolism, hypo and hyperthyroidism including
oral manifestations, thyroid function tests
Calcium Homeostasis:
Integrated role of parathormone, vitamin-D, calcitonin
Vitamin D: source, chemistry, functions, deficiency
symptoms.
Parathyroid hormone: physiological effects and mechanism
of action.
Regulation of release, consequences of hypo and hyper
parathyroidism including oral manifestations, Rickets,
osteomalacia
Calcitonin - source, physiological effects.
Ca2+ as an intracellular messenger
Endocrine Pancreas:
Insulin: synthesis, transport, metabolism, mechanism of
action, biochemical effects
Glucagon: biochemical effects.
Homeostasis of blood glucose. Diabetes mellitus: definition,
classification, biochemical basis of clinical complications,
oral manifestations, Diagnostic and prognostic tests.
Adrenal Cortex:
Hormones of Adrenal Cortex
Synthesis of Adrenal cortical hormones
Action mechanism of adrenal cortical hormones
65
GROWTH DEVELOPMENT AND GENETICS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Define gene and genetic code and base sequence
determination
n Define genetic mutation and its consequences
n Describe the replication of DNA
n Describe transcription and translation.
n List the ways of regulation of gene expression
n Delineate the pathways of nucleotide biosynthesis and
degradation (salvage pathway).

n Describe the disorders associated with nucleotide
metabolism, uric acid and gout
Genes:
Definition, base sequence determination, types of mutation,
mutagens
Replication:
Cell cycle and its regulation, semi-conservative replication,
mechanism.
Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA:

Chemistry, Structure of DNA, types of RNA, Watson-Crick
model of DNA
Protein Synthesis:
Eukaryotic Transcription, translation
Cancer: oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
Tumor markers; definition, commonly assessed tumor
markers
Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism:

Synthesis and degradation, salvage pathway, uric acid, gout.
66
UNIT IV
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe cell involved and abbreviated pathway of melanin
synthesis
n Describe molecular defect in albinism, implications and
melanotic macule
n Describe structure and synthesis of collagen, elastin and
fibrillin
n Describe disorders of collagen synthesis (Dentinogenesis
imperfecta Type I, Ehlers-dandlors syndrome, Marfan
syndrome)
n Describe role of vitamin C and scurvy
Melanin Synthesis:
n Synthesis: cells involved, abbreviated pathway
Albinism: the molecular defect, implications, melanotic
macule
n Stromal Matrix: Collagen, elastin fibrillin, GAGs
Collagen structures, synthesis, Dentinogenesis imperfecta
Type I,
n Ehlers-dandlors syndrome, Marfan syndrome,
Role of Vitamin C, Scurvy
67
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM II
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe energy metabolism switch over in conditions from
resting to contracting, adequacy and limited oxygen and fed
to fast
n Delineate the pathways of cori’s cycle
n Synthesis of creatine and creatine phosphate and its
function
n Describe markers of muscle damage
n Describe biological mineralization and mechanism of
mineralization of alveolar bone, cementum and dentine
n Describe role of vit. A and K in bone mineralization
n Describe bone resorption and deposition, osteogenesis
imperfecta, osteoporosis, osteromalacia, Rickets
n Describe role of fluoride in prevention from dental caries
Muscle Metabolism:
Glycogen metabolism.
Energy metabolism switch over in conditions: from resting
to contracting, adequate O2 to hypoxic, fed to fasting, Cori
Cycle.
Creatine and Creatine Phosphate:

Synthesis from precursors, catabolism, creatine phosphate
function, creatine clearance
Markers of Muscle Damage:

Myoglobin, troponins, enzymes
Bone mineralization
Biological mineralization: Calcium phosphate precipitation,
68
hydroxyapatite in bone and teeth
Osteocalcin, role of Vitamin A and K
Mechanism of mineralization of alveolar bone, cementum
and dentine
Bone resorption and deposition, osteogenesis imperfecta,
osteoporosis, osteromalacia, Rickets
Role of fluoride in prevention from dental caries
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe synthesis and mechanism of action of GABA,
serotonin, NO, glycine and catecholamines
n Describe the biochemical mechanism of parkinson’s and
alzheimers disease
CNS Neurotransmitters:
GABA, Serotonin. Nitric oxide, Catecholamines, Parkinson’s
disease, Alzheimers disease
69
PRACTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
UNIT I & II
Practical:
n Principle of colorimetry
n Estimation of serum protein and A/G ratio
n Estimation of blood glucose
n Estimation of serum creatinine
n Serum Total cholesterol (quantitative)
n Serum Triglycerides (quantitative)
n Estimation of serum calcium and phosphate
n Interpretation of lipid profile
UNIT III & IV
Practical:
n Urine analysis-normal and pathological.
n Estimation of blood glucose
n Oral glucose tolerance test. Student should be able
to interpret OGTT findings and know the criteria for
diagnosing diabetes mellitus.
n Estimation of serum bilirubin (conjugated and un-
conjugated)
n Estimation of serum- urea,
n Estimation of serum and urine creatinine
n Calculation of creatinine clearance
n Estimation of uric acid.
n Interpretation of liver function tests
70
MICROBIOLOGY

TOTAL
T P T P T P T P
25 15 10 10 15 10 10 5 100
UNIT I
BASIC CONCEPTS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

n Cite examples of contributions that microbiology has made
to mankind.
n Describe properties of unicellular prokaryotic organisms in
contrast to those of Eukaryotes.
n State the rational of classification of microbes.
n Describe the variety of interaction between microbes and
human hosts from commensalism to pathogenesis.
n List the growth requirements of microbes.
n Explain the principal and process of disinfection,
sterilization, antisepsis and decontamination.
n Define health care associated infections.
n Enumerate the general features of common and medically
important bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.
n Explain the basic principal of identifying microbes.
n Explain the mode of action of antimicrobial drugs; describe
the tests necessary to determine drug susceptibility.
71
Contribution of Microbiology to Medical Science:
Historical prospective and contribution of microbiology in
modern medical sciences
Prokaryote - Eukaryote:
Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Classification and Nomenclature of Micro-organisms:

Introduction of microbes, classification and nomenclature of
medically important microbes
Normal Flora:
Preliminary concepts, interactions between microbes and
human host
Disinfection, Sterilization, Antisepsis, Standard safety

precautions:
Definitions, methods of disinfection, sterilization, antisepsis
and standard safety precautions
Health care associated infections:

Definition, types, control and prevention
Bacteria:
Introduction, classification, morphology, growth
requirements and bacterial genetics
Fungi:
Introduction, Classification, Structure, identification of
medically important fungi
Viruse :
Introduction, classification of medically important viruses,
replication and laboratory diagnosis of viral infection
72
Parasites:
Introduction, classification of medically important parasites
and laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infection
Antimicrobial Agents:
Types of antimicrobial agents, mode of action, antimicrobial
susceptibility test
Anaerobiosis:
Definition, medically important anaerobes, methods of
anaerobiasis
73
SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Define immunity and its type
n Biological properties of antigen, antibody and describe
antigen-antibody reaction
n Define different types of hypersensitivity reactions
n Define vaccine with examples
n List common immunological and serological test for the
diagnosis of infectious diseases.
n Explain the precautions to be taken while collecting blood
for culture
n Enumerate bacteria commonly associated with septicemia
n List fungi causing systematic infections.
n List virus causing immunodeficiency
n List oncogenic viruses
Immunity:
Introduction
Mechanism of innate, acquired, active and passive immunity
Types of immune response: Humoral and cell mediated
Vaccines and immunoprophylactic agents: Definition, types
with examples
Antigens and Antibodies, Hypersensitivity Reactions:

Definition: Antigen and its types, hapten, epitope
Antibody - Structure, classes, functions
Types of antigen-antibody reaction
Introduction, types, mechanisms and examples of
hypersensitivity reaction
Common immunological and serological tests used for
diagnosis
74
Introduction to blood born infections:
Definition with examples of bacteraemia, septicaemia,
pyaemia. viremia, fungemia and parasitemia
Blood borne parasitic infections:

Morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis
of:
Leishmaniasis, Toxoplasmosis, Malaria and Filariasis
Viruses:
Introduction to oncogenic viruses
List blood borne viral diseases: Structure, replication,
pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of EBV, CMV
Fungi:
Systemic mycosis: Histoplasma, Candida: Morphology,
pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis
75
UNIT II
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n List normal flora of upper respiratory tract and the common
pathogens
n List the bacteria, fungi, viruses causing respiratory tract
infections and their diagnosis
Normal Flora:
List normal flora of upper respiratory tract
Respiratory Tract Infection:

Introduction, classification of respiratory tract infection
Pathogens of respiratory tract infection
Bacteria: Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus
pneumoniae, Corynebacterium diptheriae, Bordetella Portusis,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis; morphology, pathogenesis and
laboratory diagnosis
Fungi: Fungal agent associated with respiratory tract
infections
Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus species: morphology,
pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis
Viruses: Influenzae and parainfluenzae viruses
76
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n List agents causing infective endocarditis and their
n Consequences of post Streptococcal sore throat
Acute Rheumatic Fever:

Aetiopathogenesis, laboratory investigations, interpretation
of findings
Rheumatic Heart Disease:

Post-Streptococcal rheumatic heart disease
Infective Endocarditis:
Definition and causative agents
Laboratory diagnosis (Collection of appropriate samples and
interpretation of findings)
77
UNIT III
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Enumerate the normal flora of intestine and their
importance
n List common pathogens responsible for causing acute
gastroenteritis
n Tabulate the difference between amoebic and bacillary
dysentery
n Observe and identify intestinal parasites
Normal Flora:
Normal flora of gastrointestinal tract
Gastrointestinal Infections:
Introduction: Gastroenteritis, Diarrhoea, Dysentery,
Pseudomembraneous colitis (enterocolitis), Entamoeba Coli
Bacteria associated with gastrointestinal infections:
Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae,
Helicobacter pylori, Clostrdium difficale: Morphology,
pathogenesis, clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis
Parasites associated with gastrointestinal infection/
infestation: Entamoeba species, Giardia lamblia,
Cryptosporidium parvum, Ascaris lumbricoides,
Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, Strongyloides
stercoralis. Taenia solium, Taenia saginata. Trichinella spiralis.
Diphylobothrium latum, Eenterobious vermicularis, Trichuris
trichiura: Morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory
diagnosis
Infections of Oral cavity and oral manifestations of
systemic infections
78
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n List the common aetiological agents of acute hepatitis
Liver Abscess:
Echinococcus granulosus: Morphology, Development of
Hydatid cyst, laboratory diagnosis.
Infective Hepatitis:
List the pathogens causing hepatitis
Hepatitis A to E: Structure, pathogenesis, clinical
presentation, laboratory diagnosis and prevention
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n List the common aetiological agents of urinary tract
infection.
n Approach to laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infection.
n Pathophysiology of post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Urinary Tract Infections:

Common agents causing urinary tract infection, laboratory
diagnosis
Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis:
Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis
79
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n List the common aetiological causing sexually transmitted
infection.
n Laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infection.
n Pathogenesis of sexually transmitted infection
Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI):

Classify and list the agents causing STIs
Syphilis, Gonorrhea: Pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis
Herpes Simplex:
Introduction, Structure, Pathogenesis, Clinical presentation
and Laboratory diagnosis
HIV/AIDS:
Viral structure, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and
GROWTH - DEVELOPMENT AND GENETICS
Congenital intrauterine infection causing congenital

manifestations
Rubella: Structure, pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis
80
UNIT IV
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
List the common aetiological causing skin infection.

Laboratory diagnosis of skin infection.
Pathophysiology of skin infection
Bacterial skin Infections

Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus
anthracis: Morphology, pathogenesis, clinical picture of skin
lesions, laboratory diagnosis
Leprosy
Mycobacterium lepre: Morphology, classification, pathogenesis,
clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis
Atypical Mycobaterium
Viral Infections of skin

Varicella zoster, Measles, Mumps: Morphology, Pathogenesis,
clinical feature, laboratory diagnosis
81
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n List the common aetiological causing bones and joints
infection.
n Laboratory diagnosis of bones and joints infection.
n Pathophysiology of bones and joints infection
Infection of bones and joints

Arthritis: Aetiopathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis
Osteomyelitis: Type, agents, pathogenesis, laboratory
diagnosis
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n List the common aetiological agents causing central nervous
system infection.
n Laboratory diagnosis of central nervous system infection.
n Pathophysiology of central nervous system infection
Microbial diseases of central nervous system:

Meningitis and encephalitis: Bacteria, virus, fungus and
parasites causing meningitis and encephalitis, pathogenesis,
clinical presentation, approach to laboratory diagnosis
Introduction to: Botulism, Rabies, Conjunctivitis, Trachoma,
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
Tetanus:
Agent, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis
82
]PRACTICAL MICROBIOLOGY
UNIT I & II
PRACTICAL
n Study of different types and parts of microscope.
n Application of different sterilization and disinfection
methods.
n Identify the different types of culture media, their
composition. Study of colony characteristics of bacteria on
different media plates.
i. Lactose fermenting
ii. Non Lactose fermenting
iii. Hemolytic properties
n Prepare and perform simple staining techniques: -
i. Gram’s staining
ii. ZN staining
iii. Negative staining
iv. Hanging drop preparation
n Demonstration of blood and intestinal parasites.
n Demonstration of medically important.
n Interpret the result of Disc diffusion test and MIC/MBC
value of antibiotics sensitivity test.
n Demonstration of antigen-antibody reaction
i. Rapid chromatography
ii. ELISA
iii. Slide agglutination
n Blood culture technique.
n Isolation and identification of Streptococcus pyogens from
sore throat.
83
UNIT III & IV
PRACTICAL
n Demonstration on isolation and identification of Salmonella
and Shigella from diarrheal stool.
n Demonstration of WIDAL test.
n Stool microscopy; preparation of wet mount and
identification of intestinal parasites.
n Microbiological examination of urine sample from urinary
tract infection.
n Demonstration of VDRL/RPR test.
n Microbiological examination of pus sample from wound
specimen
n Demonstration of India ink preparation.
n Serological test for the diagnosis of HIV infection.
n Study of given fungi (yeast and mould).
84
PATHOLOGY

TOTAL
T P T P T P T P
30 10 18 2 31 5 9 5 110
UNIT I
BASIC CONCEPTS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, student should be able to:

n Describe the important terminologies used in pathology.
n Describe cellular adaptive changes with reference to
atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia giving
suitable examples.
n List the causes of cell injury. Describe the morphological
changes in reversible and irreversible cell injury.
n Define necrosis. List its types and morphological changes.
n Differentiate necrosis from apoptosis.
n Describe pathologic calcification.
n Define inflammation and describe its types with suitable
examples.
n Describe vascular and cellular responses in inflammation,
role of chemical mediators and inflammatory cells in
inflammation.
n Define a granuloma. List the causes of granulomatous
inflammation.
n Describe the systemic effects of inflammation.
n Describe wound healing by primary and secondary
intention.
85
n List the factors that influence wound healing.
n Describe the pathophysiology of oedema. Differentiate an
ilitary from a transudate.
n Describe the pathogenesis of thrombosis, its morphology
and fate.
n Define embolism. Describe its types and consequences.
n Define infarction. Describe its types and morphology.
n Describe chronic venous congestion of lungs and liver and
list its morphological changes.
n Define shock. List its types and explain its aetiopathogenesis
with special references to cardiogenic and septic shock.
n Define dysplasia, carcinoma-in situ, neoplasia and allied
definitions.
n Classify neoplasms. Describe the characteristics of benign
and malignant neoplasms.
n Describe the modes of spread of malignant tumours with
suitable examples.
n Discuss the grading and staging of neoplasms.
n Discuss the aetiopathogenesis and clinical presentation of
tumours.
n List the classes of carcinogens with suitable examples.
n Discuss paraneoplastic syndrome.
n Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of neoplasms.
CONTENTS
Cell injury:
Introduction to Pathology
Cellular adaptation: definition, types with examples.
Cell injury and cell death: definition, types, causes,
morphologic changes.
Pathologic calcification: definition, types with examples.
86
Inflammation and repair:
Acute and chronic inflammation: definition, vascular
and cellular response, role of chemical mediators in
inflammation, systemic effects of inflammation.
Granuloma: definition, list of granulomatous diseases.
Wound healing: healing by primary and secondary
intention, factors affecting wound healing.
Haemodynamic disorders:
Oedema: pathophysiology, differences between transudate
and exudates.
Chronic venous congestion: causes, morphological changes
in lungs and liver.
Thrombosis: pathogenesis, types and fate of thrombus.
Embolism: definition, types and sequelae.
Infarction: definition, types and consequences.
Shock: definition, types, aetiopathogenesis of cardiogenic
and septic shock.
Neoplasia:
Definitions of neoplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma-in-situ and
allied definitions
Classification of neoplasms
Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms
Routes of spread of malignant neoplasms
Aetiopathogenesis and clinical presentation of tumours
Grading and staging of malignant neoplasms
Paraneoplastic syndrome.
Laboratory diagnosis of neoplasms
87
HEMOTOPOIETIC SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the block, the students should be able to:

n Define anemia and classify it based on aetiology and
morphology.
n Describe the aetiopathogenesis, morphological features and
laboratory diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia.
n Describe the aetiopathogenesis, morphological features,
laboratory diagnosis of megaloblastic anemia.
laboratory diagnosis of aplastic anemia.
laboratory diagnosis of sickle cell anemia.
laboratory diagnosis of thalassemia.
n Define leukocytosis and leucopenia. List its causes.
n Classify leukemia. List the aetiological factors of leukemia.
n Discuss the clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis of
AML, ALL, CML and CLL.
n List the common causes of lymphadenitis. List the
microscopic features of reactive and tuberculous
lymphadenitis.
n Classify lymphomas with special reference to Hodgkin
lymphoma.
n Describe the morphological features of Hodgkin lymphoma
(nodular sclerosis and mixed cellularity).
n Discuss the clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of
multiple myeloma.
n List the common basic screening tests and discuss its
significance in bleeding disorders.
n List the common bleeding disorders.
88
n Describe the aetiopathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).
hemophilia.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC).
CONTENTS
Anemias:
Definition, morphologic and etiologic classification
Iron deficiency anemia: aetiology and laboratory diagnosis.
Megaloblastic anemia: aetiology and laboratory diagnosis.
Aplastic anaemia: aetiology and laboratory diagnosis.
Sickle cell anaemia: aetiology and laboratory diagnosis.
Thalassemia: aetiology and laboratory diagnosis.
Leukemias:
Leukocytosis and leucopenia: definition, causes
Classification of leukemia
Clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis of AML, ALL,
CML and CLL
Lymphadenitis:
Causes of lymphadenitis
Morphology of reactive and tuberculous lymphadenitis
Lymphomas:
Classification of lymphoma with special reference to
Hodgkin lymphoma
Morphology of Hodgkin lymphoma (mixed cellularity and
nodular sclerosis)
89
Multiple myeloma:
Clinical features and laboratory diagnosis
Haemorrhagic Diathesis:
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP):
aetiopathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis.
Hemophilia: aetiopathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC): aetiology
and laboratory diagnosis.
90
UNIT II
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the block, the student should be able to:

n Describe the pathogenesis and clinical features of chronic
bronchitis.
n Describe the aetiopathogenesis and clinical features of
bronchial asthma.
n Describe the pathogenesis of emphysema and list its types.
n Discuss cor-pulmonale. List its common causes.
bronchiectasis.
n Describe the aetiopathogenesis, types, stages and
complications of pneumonia.
n Describe the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and
morphology of tuberculosis.
n Discuss primary, secondary and _ilitary tuberculosis.
n Define Ghon focus and Ghon complex.
n Classify lung tumors. Describe the aetiopathogenesis of
lung cancer. List the morphology features of squamous cell
carcinoma.
n List the common causes of pleural effusion.
CONTENTS
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD):

Chronic bronchitis: definition, pathogenesis and clinical
features.
Bronchial asthma: aetiopathogenesis and clinical features.
Emphysema: pathogenesis and types.
Bronchiectasis: aetiopathogenesis and clinical features.
91
Pneumonia:
Pneumonia: aetiopathogenesis, types, stages and
complications of pneumonia.
Tuberculosis:
Tuberculosis: aetiopathogenesis, types, clinical features and
morphology
Clinical features, types and.
Lung cancer:
Lung tumours: classification, aetiopathogenesis, morphology
of squamous cell carcinoma.cancer
Pleural effusion: causes
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (CVS)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n List the common types of congenital heart diseases.
n Describe the risk factors and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
n Classify hypertension. Describe its aetiopathogenesis and
complications.
n Describe the aetiopathogenesis, diagnostic criteria and
morphology of rheumatic heart disease.
n Describe the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features,
morphology and complications of infective endocarditis.
complications of myocardial infarction.
n Describe the pathophysiology of congestive cardiac failure.
List its causes.
92
CONTENTS
Congenital heart diseases:

Common types
Atherosclerosis:
Risk factors and pathogenesis
Hypertension:
Classification, aetiopathogenesis and complications
Rheumatic heart disease:

Aetiopathogenesis, diagnostic criteria and morphology
Infective endocarditis:
Aetiopathogenesis, clinical features, morphology and
complications
Myocardial infarction:
Aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and complications
Congestive cardiac failure:

Causes and pathophysiology
GASTROINTESTINAL & HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the block the student should be able to:

n List the common types of inflammatory, premalignant and
malignant lesions of the oral cavity.
n List the causes and morphological features of leukoplakia
and erythroplakia of the oral cavity.
93
n Describe the aetiopathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma
of the oral cavity.
n List the inflammatory conditions and common tumors of
the salivary glands. List the morphological features of a
pleomorphic adenoma.
complications of peptic ulcer.
n Differentiate the gross features of a benign and malignant
gastric ulcer.
n Describe the aetiopathogenesis and morphology of a gastric
carcinoma.
n Describe the pathogenesis of jaundice. List its types.
n Define cirrhosis of the liver. List the causes and morphological
features of cirrhosis.
n List the causes, morphological features and complications of
liver abscess.
n Describe the pathophysiology of hepatocellular failure.
CONTENTS
Oral Pathology:
Inflammatory lesion: common types.
Premalignant lesions: causes, types and morphology.
Squamous cell carcinoma: aetiopathogenesis, clinical
features and morphology.
Salivary gland lesions:

Inflammation: types and causes
List of common tumours
Morphology of pleomorphic adenoma
Peptic ulcer:
Definition, sites of occurrences
Aetiopathogenesis and complications
Difference between benign and malignant gastric ulcer
94
Carcinoma of stomach:
Risk factors, aetiopathogenesis and morphology.
Jaundice:
Types and pathophysiology
Cirrhosis of liver:
Definition, aetiologic and morphologic types
Liver abscess:
Amoebic and pyogenic: morphology and complications.
Hepatocellular failure:
Pathophysiology.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Define nephrotic and nephritic syndromes and differentiate
between them.
n Describe the aetiopathogenesis and clinical features of acute
post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
n Describe the aetiopathogenesis and clinical features of acute
and chronic pyelonephritis. List the morphological features
of chronic pyelonephritis.
n List the types and complications of renal calculi.
CONTENTS
Nephrotic and Nephritic syndromes:

Definition, differences
95
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis:
Aetiopathogenesis and clinical features
Acute and chronic pyelonephritis:

Aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and morphology
Renal calculi:
Types and complications
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n List the causes and clinical features of hyperpitutarism and
hypopitutarism.
n List the causes and clinical features of hypothyroidism and
hyperthyroidism.
n Describe the aetiopathogenesis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
and Graves’ disease. List the other types of thyroiditis.
n Describe the aetiopathogenesis and morphology of goiter.
n Classify the tumors of thyroid gland. List the morphologic
features of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid.
n List the causes and clinical features of hypoparathyroidism
and hyperparathyroidism.
Cushing’s syndrome.
n Classify diabetes mellitus. Describe its aetiopathogenesis,
clinical features and complications.
rickets and osteomalacia.
96
CONTENTS
Diseases of pituitary gland:

Hypopituitarism and hyperpituitarism: causes and clinical
features.
Diseases of thyroid gland:

Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism: causes and clinical
features.
Hashimoto thyroiditis: aetiopathogenesis, list of other types
of thyroiditis.
Graves disease: aetiopathogenesis.
Goiter: aetiopathogenesis, types and morphology.
Tumors: classification and morphology of papillary
carcinoma.
Diseases of Parathyroid gland:

Hyper and hypoparathyroidism- causes and clinical features
Diseases of Adrenal gland:

Cushing’s syndrome: aetiopathogenesis and clinical features.
Diabetes mellitus:
Classification, aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and
complications
Metabolic bone diseases:

Rickets and osteomalacia: aetiopathogenesis and clinical
features.
97
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe the aetiopathogenesis and morphologic features of
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
n Describe the aetiology and risk factors of cervical carcinoma.
List the morphology of squamous cell carcinoma.
n List the morphologic features and complications of
leiomyoma.
n List common tumors of the breast. List the morphologic
features of a fibroadenoma.
n Describe the aetiopathogenesis and risk factors of breast
cancer. List the causes of breast abscess.
CONTENTS
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH):

Aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and morphology
Carcinoma of cervix:
Aetiology and risk factors
Morphology of squamous cell carcinoma
Leiomyoma:
Morphology and complications
Breast:
Causes of breast abscess
List of the common tumours
Morphology of a fibroadenoma
Risk factors of breast cancer.
98
UNIT IV
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe the aetiopathogenesis of leprosy. List the
differences between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy.
n Describe the aetiopathogenesis of melanoma, basal cell
carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
n List the morphological features of melanoma and basal cell
carcinoma.
CONTENTS
Leprosy:
Aetiopathogenesis.
Differences between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy
Skin tumours:
Aetiology: squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma and basal
cell carcinoma.
Morphology of melanoma, and basal cell carcinoma
99
MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Explain the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and
complications of osteomyelitis.
n Describe the aetiopathogenesis and complications of
rheumatoid arthritis and gouty arthritis.
n List the common bone tumours. List the morphologic
features of an osteosarcoma and giant cell tumour
(osteoclastoma).
n List the common soft tissue tumors. List the morphological
features of lipoma, leiomyoma and fibrosarcoma.
CONTENTS
Osteomyelitis:
Aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and complications
Rheumatoid arthritis and gouty arthritis:

Aetiopathogenesis and complications
Bone tumors:
Clinical features, X-ray findings and morphology of
osteosarcoma and osteoclastoma
Soft tissue tumours:

Morphology of lipoma, leiomyoma and fibrosarcoma
100
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the block, the students should be able to:

meningitis.
n Discuss the role of CSF examination in the differential
diagnosis of meningitis.
n Describe the aetiopathogenesis of brain abscess.
n Describe the types and causes of intracranial haemorrhage.
CONTENTS
Meningitis:
Aetiopathogenesis and clinical features
Role of CSF in differential diagnosis of meningitis
Brain abscess:
Aetiopathogenesis.
Cerebrovascular disease:
Intracranial haemorrhage: types and causes.
101
PRACTICAL PATHOLOGY
UNIT I & II
PRACTICALS
n Orientation to the Pathology laboratories and knowing some
of its equipments and instruments (used in Histopathology
and hematology).
n Study of the microscope, use and care of microscope.
n Hematology:
i. Collection of blood, anticoagulants, hemoglobin
estimation by Sahli’s method, Blood grouping- ABO
and Rh, Demonstration of peripheral blood smear in
different diseases.
n Interpretation of laboratory tests and clinical reports
n Selected gross specimens and microscopic slides which are
included in the theory part of the curriculum (depending on
availability of slides , gross specimens or its photographs)
UNIT III & IV
PRACTICALS
n Interpretation of laboratory tests and clinical reports
n Selected gross specimens and microscopic slides which are
included in the theory part of the curriculum (depending on
availability of slides , gross specimens or its photographs)
102
PHARMACOLOGY

TOTAL
T P T P T P T P
20 10 20 10 20 6 18 6 110
UNIT I
BASIC CONCEPTS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Explain various terms used in Pharmacology.
n Able to enumerate drug nomenclature with example
n Describe common sources and nature of drugs
n Describe routes of drug administration with their
advantages and disadvantages
n Describe various processes (parameters) of pharmacokinetics
n Describe the concept of pharmacodynamics including
principle of drugs' action, mechanism of action, dose-
response relationship and therapeutic index.
n Mention the clinical importance and indication of
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring.
n Describe factors affecting drug response
n Describe combine effect of drugs
n Describe various adverse drug reaction and its clinical
significance
n Describe principle and importance of essential drug concept
and rational drug therapy including 'P' drug concept
103
PHARMACOLOGY
Introduction
Sources and Routes of Drug Administration
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Adverse Drug Reactions
Essential Drugs Concept and Rational Drug Therapy
PHARMACOLOGY
Introduction to General Pharmacology:

n Explanation of terms: Pharmacology, drug, pharmacokinetics,
pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapeutics, chemotherapy,
clinical pharmacology, toxicology, pharmacy,
pharmacognosy, pharmacopoiea, Drug nomenclature:
Chemical, proprietary and non-propietary (US approved,
British approved and International non proprietary).
Sources and Routes of Drug Administration:

n Sources of drugs: synthetic, plant, animal.
n Nature of drugs: alkaloid, glycoside, oil, tannin
n Routes of drug administration, its advantages and
limitations: Enteral: (Oral and sub-lingual), parenteral
(intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous) and others
(Inhalation, intrathecal, topical, transdermal and rectal)
Pharmacokinetics:
n Absorption: Passage (transport) of drug across the membrane
(filtration, passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active
transport, pinocytosis)
n Factors affecting drug absorption
n Bioavailability and bioequivalence: Definition and their
significance
n Therapeutic half-life and Steady-state plasma concentration:
104
Definition and significance
n Distribution of drugs: concept of apparent volume of
distribution, plasma protein binding of drugs, role of blood
brain barrier and placental barrier in drug distribution.
n Metabolism: definition, types of reactions, consequences,
factors affecting metabolism, clinical significance.
n Excretion: routes of drug excretion, concept of drug
clearance, factors affecting drug excretion.
n Kinetics of drug elimination: first order, zero order
n Optimization of dosage regimen: loading dose and
maintenance dose
n Therapeutic drug monitoring: clinical importance and
indications.
n Methods of prolonging the duration of action of a drug
Pharmacodynamics:
n Principles of drug action
n Mechanism of drug action
n Dose response relationships,
n Concept and clinical significance of Therapeutic index
n Factors affecting drug response
n Combine effect of drugs: Synergism, antagonism,
cumulation.
Adverse Drug Reactions:

n Adverse drug reactions - definition, Rawlin-Thompson's
classification, types (side effect, untoward effect and toxic
effect); clinical significance
n Definition and types of hypersensitivity reaction
Essential Drug Concept and Rational Drug Therapy:

n Essential drug concept: principles, importance, model list
preparation.
n Concept of rational drug therapy
n Selection of 'P' drug
105
UNIT I
NERVOUS SYSTEM – I
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Relate actions of drug with cholinergic and adrenergic
neurotransmission
n Classify cholinergic and adrenergic receptors.
n Mention the distribution and functions of cholinergic and
adrenergic receptors
n Classify cholinergic receptor agonist and muscarinic
receptor antagonist
n Classify adrenergic receptor agonist and its antagonist.
Emphesis on Adrenaline.
n Explain mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications,
adverse effects and contraindication of Atropine, Hyoscine,
Ephedrine, and Amphetamine acting on autonomic nervous
system.
n List the drugs used in glaucoma, myasthenia,
organophosphorous compound poisoning
PHARMACOLOGY
Introduction
Cholinergic Receptor Agonists
Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists
Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
106
CONTENTS
PHARMACOLOGY
Introduction:
n Neurohumoral transmission.
n Classification of cholinergic receptors and adrenergic
receptors
n Distribution and functions of cholinergic and adrenergic
receptors
Cholinergic Receptor Agonists:

n Definition, classification
n Esters of choline - acetylcholine (prototype)
n Alkaloids - pilocarpine (prototype).
n Anti cholinesterases - neostigmine, physostigmine
n List of drugs used in glaucoma, myasthenia,
organophosphorous compound poisoning.
n General features, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics,
indications, adverse effects and contraindications of
prototype cholinomimetics
Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists:

atropine
Adrenergic Receptor Agonists:

n Comparison of effects of endogenous catecholamines -
epinephrine, nor-epinephrine, dopamine
107
n Biosynthesis, storage and release of norepinephrine
epinephrine
Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists:

Prazosin and Propranolol
n Advantages of Atenolol over propranolol

SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n List commonly used haemostatics in dental practice,
including Adrenaline.
n Classify drugs used in thromboembolic disorders with uses
e.g. streptokinase in Acute Myocardial infarction.
n Explain mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics,
indications, adverse effects and contraindication, low dose
aspirin, streptokinase.
n Classify drugs used in treatment of iron deficiency anaemia,
megaloblastic and pernicious anaemia.
n Classify and mention uses of anthelminthics.
adverse effects and contraindication of Albendazole
n Outline the drugs used in treatment of leukemia.
n Describe the therapy of shock
n Detail of Anaphylactic shock
108
CONTENTS
PHARMACOLOGY
Haemostatics
Therapy of Thromboembolic Disorders
Therapy of Iron Deficiency Anaemia
Therapy of Megaloblastic And Pernicious Anaemias
Therapy of Parasitic Infections
Therapy of Leukaemia
Therapy of Shock
Haemostatics:
Commonly used drugs (Vitamin K, fibrinogen, fibrin, gelatin
foam, cellulose, thrombin, adrenaline)
Therapy of Thromboembolic Disorders:

Classification of drugs used in thromboembolic disorders.
Mechanism of action, indications, adverse effects and
contraindications of prototype drugs belonging to:
Thrombolytics: streptokinase
Anticoagulants: - heparin and warfarin.
Antiplatelet agents: - aspirin
Therapy of nutritional Deficiency Anaemia:

Definition of anemia, etiological classification
List iron Preparations: indications for parenteral iron
therapy, adverse effects
Therapy of Megaloblastic Anaemia With / Without
Neurological Involvement, Inter-relationship between folic
acid and vitamin B12
Antihelminthics
Classification and uses of antihelminthic
109
Therapy of Parasitic Infections:
Malaria: - Classification of drugs according to parasitic stage:
Blood Schizonticides: chloroquine, mefloquine, quinine,
artesunate
Tissue Schizonticide: Primaquine,
Gametocides: primaquine, artesunate
Mechanism of action and adverse effects of chloroquine
Kalaazar: classification, mechanism of action and adverse
effects of Sodium stibogluconate
Filariasis: classification,mechanism of action and adverse
effects of diethylcarbamazine
Antileukaemic Drugs:
List of Drugs used in leukaemia,
Common adverse effects
Therapy of Shock:
Drugs used in different types of shock, rationale for using
these drugs, adverse effects and precautions.
Anaphylactic shock
110
UNIT I
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n List drugs used in leprosy
PHARMACOLOGY
Antileprosy Drugs
CONTENTS
PHARMACOLOGY
Antileprosy
List of drugs used in leprosy. Drug regimen for leprosy
111
UNIT-I
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Classify non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on
the basis of their mechanism of action
adverse effects and contraindication of commonly used
NSAIDs; Newer anti inflammatory agent (monoclonal
antibodies)
n Classify drugs used in rheumatoid arthritis
n Classify drugs used in Gout
n Classify Skeletal muscle relaxant

PHARMACOLOGY
Nonsteroidal Anti inflammatory Drugs (NSAID)
Gout - Hypouricaemic Drugs
Rheumatoid Arthritis - Steroidal and NSAIDS
Skeletal Muscle_ Relaxants
CONTENTS
PHARMACOLOGY
NSAID
Classification of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) on the basis of their mechanism of action: non-
selective COX inhibitor, preferential COX-2 inhibitor,
selective COX-2 inhibitor and analgesic-antipyretic with
poor anti-inflammatory action
112
General features, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics,
indications, adverse effects and contraindication of
commonly used NSAIDs: Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Indomethacin,
Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Celecoxib, Paracetamol
Gout
Classification of drugs used in Gout
Rheumatoid arthritis
Classification of drugs used in Rheumatoid arthritis
Skeletal muscle relaxant

Classification of Skeletal muscle relaxant
113
UNIT II
ANTIMICROBIALS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe principles of antimicrobial therapy.
n Classify anti microbials with examples
anti-microbials
Antimicrobials
General principles of antimicrobial therapy
Classification of antimicrobials:
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillin, Cephalosporin
Protein synthesis inhibitors

DNA gyrase inhibitor: Fluoroquinolones
DNA synthesis inhibitor: Acyclovir, Zidovudine
Drugs that alter cell membrane permeability
Folic synthesis inhibitors: Sulphonamide (prototype),
Trimethoprim, Cotrimoxazole
indications, Adverse effects and contraindications of
commonly used antimicrobials.
List of anti-retroviral drugs
Antifungals:
Classification of antifungal drugs
Mechanism of action and adverse effect of amphotericin B
and clotrimazole
114
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Classify bronchodilators
n Explain the mechanism of action, indication, adverse effect
and contraindication of commonly used bronchodilators.
n Outline the drugs used in chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD)
n List the drugs used in cough with drug interaction.
n Describe the approach the management of dry and
productive cough
n List the first line, second line and third line and adjuvant
anti-tubercular drugs with drug interactions.
n Explain mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and
common adverse effects of first line antitubercular drugs.
PHARMACOLOGY
Therapy of Bronchial Asthma - Bronchodilators
Antihistaminics
Therapy of Cough - Antitussives and Mucolytics
Therapy, of Tuberculosis - Antitubercular Drugs
CONTENTS
PHARMACOLOGY
Therapy of Bronchial Asthma and COPD:
Classification of drugs used in bronchial asthma and COPD
Mechanism of action and advserse effects of salbutamol,
ipratropium, theophyllin, sodium cromoglycate,
montelukast and budesonide
115
Antihistaminics:
Classification of antihistaminics
Uses and adverse effects of chlorpheniramine (prototype)
and cetrizine
Therapy of Cough:
Classification of Antitussives and mucolytic agents with
examples
Mechanism of action and adverse effects of codeine and
bromohexine
Therapy of Tuberculosis:
Classification according to antibacterial effect
Regimens for short course chemotherapy
Mechanism of actions, pharmacokinetics, and adverse
effects of isoniazide, rifamin, pyrizinamide, ethambutol, and
streptomycin
116
UNIT II
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Classify anti-anginal drugs
n Give rationale for drugs used in treatment of angina pectoris.
Management of Angina with dosage form.
n Outline drug and non-drug treatment of myocardial
infarction
n Enumerate drugs used in treatment of hypertension with
their rationale
adverse effects and contraindications of prototype drugs
within thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel
blockers, beta-blockers and cardiac inotropic agents.
n List the drugs used in treatment of cardiac failure with their
rationale
n Classify antiarrhythmic drugs.
n Classify antihyperlipidemic drugs
PHARMACOLOGY
Therapy of Myocardial Ischaemia
Therapy of Hypertension
Therapy of Cardiac failure
Therapy of Arrhythmia - Antiarrythmic Drugs
Therapy of Hyperlipoproteinaemias
Therapy of Thromboembolic Disorder
117
CONTENTS
PHARMACOLOGY
Therapy of Myocardial Ischaemia:
Classification of antianginal drugs, outline the treatment of
myocardial infarction including drug and non-drug therapy
Therapy of Hypertension
Classification of antihypertensives with examples
Mechanism of action, , indications, adverse effects and
of Hydrorochlorothiazides, Enalapril, Amlodipine and
Propranolol
Therapy of Congestive heart failure
Classification of drugs used in the treatment of
congestive heart failure
Mechanism of action, and adverse effects of Digoxin and
Dopamine
Therapy of Arrhythmia –
Classification of Antiarrythmic Drugs
Therapy of Hyperlipoproteinaemias
Classification of Antihyperlipidemic Drugs
118
UNIT III
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Classify drugs used in peptic ulcer with examples
drugs in peptic ulcer
n Enumerate drugs used in the eradication of H pylori
n Give the rationale of antacid combinations
n Classify drugs used to suppress or prevent vomiting.
n List drugs used in constipation and diarrhea
n Mention the composition and rationale of oral rehydration
solution
n List drugs used in worm infestation
n List drugs used in amoebiasis and Giardiasis
n Explain mechanism of action and adverse effects of
metronidazole with drug interaction.
PHARMACOLOGY
Peptic Ulcer
Worm Infestations
Amoebiasis
Giardiasis
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Constipation
119
CONTENTS
PHARMACOLOGY
Therapy of Peptic Ulcer:
Classification of drugs used in peptic ulcer
indications, adverse effects and contraindication of
commonly used drugs in peptic ulcer: Ranitidine and,
OmeprazoleRationale of antacid combination
Drugs used in the eradication of H pylori
Therapy of Vomiting/Emetics:
Classification of drugs used to suppress or prevent vomiting

Therapy of Diarrhoea:
List of drugs used in diarrhoea
Composition and rationale of Oral rehydration solution
Therapy of Constipation:
List of drugs used in constipation
Therapy of Amoebiasis:
List of drugs used in amoebiasis
Mechanism of action, indication and adverse effects of
metronidazole
Therapy of Giardiasis:
List of drugs used in Giardiasis.
120
UNIT III
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Hepatotoxicity of Drugs
CONTENT
PHARMACOLOGY
Hepatotoxicity of Drugs:
List of hepatotoxic drugs
121
UNIT III
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PHARMACOLOGY
Diuretics
Nephrotoxic Drugs
Drugs in Urinary Tract Infection
CONTENTS
PHARMACOLOGY
Diuretcis
Classification of Diuretics on the basis of mechanism of
action
Mechanims of action, indications and adverse effects of
furosemide, hydrochlorthiazide and spironolactone

Anti diuretics
List of antidiuretics
Nephrotoxic Drugs
List of nephrotoxic drugs
Urinary Tract Infection:

List of urinary antiseptics and analgesics
List of commonly used antimicrobials in the treatment of
UTI
122
UNIT III
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PHARMACOLOGY
Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs
Calcification and Bone Turnover Adrenocorticosteroids and
Synthetic Analogues Endocrine Pancreas
CONTENTS
PHARMACOLOGY
Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs:
Classification of antithyroid drugs with examples
List of drugs used in the treatment of hypothyrpoidism
Calcification and Bone Turnover

Therapeutic implications of parathormone, calcitonin and
vitamin-D
Adrenocorticosteroids and Synthetic Analogues:

List adrenocorticosteroi and synthetic analogue
Mechanism of action, indication, adverse effects and
contraindications of glucocorticoids
Pharmacology of Endocrine Pancreas:

Classification of hypoglycemic agents including insulin
preparations
Mechanism of action and adverse effects of insulin,
sulphonyl urea and biguanides
123
UNIT IV
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n List of types of hormonal contraceptives
n Mechanism of action and adverse effects of oral
contraceptive pills and its drug interaction
n List of antimicrobials and analgesics that are safe during
pregnancy and lactation
n List of Anabolic steroids
PHARMACOLOGY
Hormonal contraceptives
Anabolic steroids
Medication during pregnancy and lactation
CONTENTS
PHARMACOLOGY
124
UNIT IV
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Briefly describe the principles of neuropharmacology
adverse effects and contraindication of ethanol
n Classify general anesthetic drugs, Detail of Halothane, I.V
anesthetics
n List pre-anesthetic drugs
n Classify local anesthetic drugs
local anesthetic drugs.
n Describe uses and techniques of local anaesthetic drugs.
Detail of composition of LA preparation (e.g. lignocaine in
2%; Lignocaine+ Adrenaline), role of different components
used in preparation.
n Classify sedatives and hypnotics
n Explain mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications
and adverse effects of Benzodiazepine (prototype) and
barbiturates (prototype)
n Classify anti-seizure drugs
n Explain mechanism of action, indications and adverse
effects of phenytoin, sodium valporate and ethosuximide
n Classify drugs used in Parkinsonism with detail of L-Dopa.
n Classify opioid analgesic
n Explain mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics,
morphine (prototype)
n List opioid antagonist
125
n List partial opoid analgesic with uses, Mixed Agonist+
Antagonist, Newer component like Tremedol, Compare
between NSAIDs and Opoid analgesics.
n List the drugs of Abuse and CNS stimulant.
n Classify Anti-depressant drug with its drug interaction.
PHARMACOLOGY
Aliphatic Alcohols
General Anaesthetics
Local Anaesthetics
Therapy of Epilepsies
Therapy of Parkinsonism
Opioid Analgesics and Antagonists
CNS stimulant and Drug Abuse
Antidepressant drug
CONTENTS
PHARMACOLOGY
Introduction
Principles of neuropharmacology
Aliphatic Alcohols:
Mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects
and contraindications of ethanol and methanol
List of drugs used in methanol poisoning
General Anaesthetics:
Classification of general anesthetic drugs
List of pre-anesthetic drugs

Local Anaesthetics:
Classification of local anesthetic drugs
126
Mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications and
adverse effects of lignocaine
Uses and techniques of local anesthetic drugs
Sedatives, hypnotics, therapy of insomnia

Classification of sedativeand hypnotics
Mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications
and adverse effects of Benzodiazepine (prototype) and
barbiturates (prototype)
Therapy of Epilepsies:
Classification of anti-seizure drugs
Mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications
and adverse effects of phenytoin, sodium valporate and
ethosuximide
Therapy of Parkinsonism:
Classification of drugs used in Parkinsonism
Opioid Analgesics and Antagonists:

Classification of opioid analgesic
Mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications,
adverse effects and contraindications of morphine
(prototype)
List of opioid antagonists,List partial opoid analgesic with
uses.
Mixed agonist+ Antagonist,Newer component: Tremedol
Comparison between NSAID and Opoid analgesic
CNS Stimulant and drug abuse

List the drug
Antidepressant drug
Classification, drug interaction
127
UNIT IV
DENTAL PHARMACOLOGY
Common Clinical Problems:

Scurvy
Gingivitis
Periodontal Diseases
Oral Ulcers
Cancrum Oris
Learning Objectives:

n To provide learning input in dental pharmacology with basis
for understanding common medicines affecting common
dental and oral diseases.
Course Contents:
Obtundents
Mummifying agents
Sialogogues
Bleaching agents
Styptics
Fluoride Pharmacology
Antiseptics
Astringents
Dentifrices
Mouthwashes
Disclosing agent
128
PRACTICAL
BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES- PRACTICALS
n To compare Disintegration time, Dissolution time of Aspirin,

soluble Aspirin and enteric coated Aspirin.
n RATIONAL PRESCRIBING
n Students will:
Write dental prescription for nearly 5 dental conditions
commonly encountered in practice
a. Acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis
b. Acute herpetic gingivitis
c. Acute gingival abcess
d. Pericoronal abcess
e. Dental caries
Disintegration time, Dissolution time

Objectives:
To compare Disintegration time, Dissolution time of Aspirin,
soluble Aspirin and enteric coated Aspirin
Method:
Take One Beaker and fill it with 50 ml of distilled water. In
first beaker place Soluble Aspirin one tablet and start the
stopwatch simultaneously. Occasionally stir the contents
with stirrer. Note the time of its complete disintegration.
Repeat the same procedure with Enteric coated Aspirin and
Aspirin similarly. Note the time of disintegration of each
tablet.
129
OBSERVATIONS:
TABLE 1.
DRUG: Disintegration Time Dissolution Time

Aspirin
Soluble Aspirin
Enteric-coated aspirin
Remarks
TABLE 2.
Enteric coated aspirin Double distilled water OBSERVATIONS

1. HCI (Dil)
2. Soda bicarb.
CONCLUSIONS:
RATIONAL PRESCRIBING
Process of Rational Prescribing: The practical sessions in
pharmacology to provide systematic approach to prescribing
are designed with an objective that students will be able to
write an appropriate and correct prescription for a patient. For
achieving this objective, students will be given scenario that
should focus on therapy but not the diagnosis.
The sessions should make students learn:
To specify the therapeutic objective
To choose between drug and / or non-drug
To select a drug on the basis of comparative efficacy, safety,
cost and suitbiligy
To write a correct prescription
To counsel the patient
To make appropriate arrangements for follow-up
The guide to Good Prescribing (WHO) should serve as source of
clinical scenarios and discussions.
130
UNIT-III
Practical hours- 3Hrs

n Write dental prescription for nearly 5 dental conditions
i. Apthous ulcer
ii. Hyper sensitive dentine
iii. Dento Alveolar abcess
iv. Xerostomia
v. Acute toothache
UNIT IV
DENTAL PHARMACOLOGY
Practical:
n Student’s should:
i. Prepare tooth powder
ii. Prepare tooth pastes
iii. Prepare gum paints in different dilution
iv. Prepare mouth washes – Alkaline, Antiseptic,
Astringents
n Students should:
Write dental prescription for nearly 4 dental conditions
i. Post operative pain with swelling
ii. Oral candidiasis
iii. Scurvy
iv. Stomatitis
131
PHYSIOLOGY

TOTAL
T P T P T P T P
40 10 40 10 30 0 30 20 180
UNIT I
BASIC CONCEPTS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of the block students should be able to:

n Define homeostasis. Describe the control systems that
regulate homeostasis.
n Describe the distribution of total body water and the ionic
composition of body fluids.
n Describe the components and functions of cell membrane.
n Explain how transport of substances takes place across the
cell membrane by active and passive transport.
n Describe the intercellular connections and its functions.
n List the types of intercellular communication.
n Define resting membrane potential and explain the genesis
of resting membrane potential.
n Define an action potential and explain its ionic basis.
n Describe the characteristic features of an action potential.
n Define receptor potential and differentiate between
receptor potential and action potential.
132
CONTENTS
Introduction to Physiology
Distribution of total body water
Ionic composition of body fluids
Units for measuring concentration of solutes- moles,
equivalents, osmoles, concept of pH and H+ concentration
Structure and function of cell membrane- functional role of
proteins
Cell membrane transport
Intercellular connection
Cell to cell and local communication
Homeostasis
Definition, Homeostatic regulation- concept of negative and
positive feedback
Cell Biology
Structure inside the cell and their function
Bioelectricity
Excitable cells-neurons and muscles
Resting membrane potential
Action potential-ionic basis and properties
Receptors- classification and functions, generator potential
133
NERVOUS SYSTEM-I (AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Describe the general organization of central nervous system.
Define synapse and describe its properties.
Describe the mechanism of synaptic transmission.
Enumerate the functional differences between the sympathetic
and parasympathetic nervous system with regard to its role on
various organ systems.
List the neurotransmitters involved in them.
Describe the influence of higher centers on Autonomic nervous
system.
CONTENTS
General organization of CNS

Synapse- structure, properties and synaptic transmission
Functional organization of Autonomic nervous system:
divisions, transmitters and receptors
Higher control of ANS
Physiological role of ANS in the control of various body
functions.
134
UNIT I
HAEMOPOIETIC SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n List the composition and functions of blood.
n List the types of plasma proteins and its functions.
n Describe the overview of hemopoiesis.
n Define erythropoiesis. Describe its stages and regulation
factors.
n Define leucopoiesis. Describe its development and
regulation.
n Classify leucocytes and list its functions.
n Define hemostasis and describe its mechanism.
n List the types of blood groups and its significance.
n Describe the role of lymphocytes in immune response.
CONTENTS
Blood: Composition and functions of blood.

Plasma: normal constituents, plasma proteins- types,
concentrations, properties, functions.
Blood cells:
Overview of hemopoeisis
Erythropoeisis and erythrocytes: stages of erythropoeisis

& its regulation factors; Erythrocytes: morphology, fate,
functions, normal count, blood indices & its clinical
application
135
Leukopoeisis & Leucocytes: stages of leucopoeisis & its
regulation factors; Leukocytes: classification, morphology,
functions & normal counts
Platelets: formation & destruction, morphology, functions
Blood group:
ABO group, Rh group, Landsteiner's law
Blood transfusion: major and minor cross matching
Indication of blood transfusion, hazards of mismatch blood
transfusion, Rh incompatibility
Hemolytic disease of newborn (erythroblastosis foetalis)
Hemostasis: Physiology of coagulation- intrinsic & extrinsic

pathways, clot retraction, fibrinolysis, physiological
anticoagulant- mechanisms; tests for clotting
Basic concept of Immunity
136
UNIT II
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe the mechanism of breathing.
n Describe the various lung volumes and capacities and its
significance.
n List the components of surfactant. Explain its physiological
significance.
n Define compliance. Explain its significance.
n Define ventilation perfusion ratio and describe its
importance in respiratory diseases.
n Describe the process of transport of gases.
n Describe the nervous and chemical regulation of respiration.
n Define hypoxia. List types of hypoxia and its physiological
basis.
n Describe the process of acclimatization during ascent to
high altitude.
n Describe the effects of deep sea diving.
n Describe the respiratory adjustments that occur during
exercise.
n List the peculiar features of pulmonary circulation.
137
CONTENTS
Mechanics of Breathing:
Movements of thoracic cage during respiration
Muscles involved and their nerve supply.
Intrapleural and pulmonary pressure and volume changes
Pressure-volume inter-relationships.
Lung compliance-surfactant, airway resistance
Work of breathing
Spirometry:
Lung volumes & capacities: definitions, normal values,
significance
Timed vital capacity
Pulmonary Gas Exchange:

Alveolo-capillary membranes, diffusion capacity, partial
pressure gradients, factors influencing diffusion of gases
Zones of the lungs
Ventilation - perfusion ratio and its importance in
respiratory diseases.
Applied physiology - shunt and alveolo-capillary block
Gas Transport:
Oxygen transport: factors influencing the combination
of haemoglobin with oxygen, Oxygen dissociation curve:
plot, features, physiological advantage of its shape, factors
affecting the shift of curve, Bohr effect.
Carbon dioxide transport: tissue production, carriage in
blood and release at the lungs, role of red blood cell, chloride
shift, role in acid-base balance, Haldane effect.
138
Regulation of Respiration:
Neural control: respiratory centers
Chemical control: peripheral and central chemoreceptors;
chemical, non-chemical influences on respiration, integrated
responses.
Respiration in Unusual Environments:

Types of hypoxia
High altitude hypoxia and acclimatization
Deep sea diving and nitrogen narcosis
Hyperbaric oxygen and oxygen toxicity
Respiratory adjustment during exercise
Principles of Artificial Respiration:

Definition, types, principles, indications, advantage and
disadvantages
Oxygen therapy.
Pulmonary circulation:
Peculiar features of pulmonary circulation
139
UNIT II
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe the origin and spread of cardiac impulse.
n Define cardiac cycle. Describe the phases of cardiac cycle.
n Describe the waves seen in a normal electrocardiogram.
n Define cardiac output. Describe the factors affecting it.
n Define venous return. Describe the factors affecting it.
n Describe the control of heart rate.
n Define arterial blood pressure. Describe factors controlling
it.
n Describe the regulation of arterial blood pressure.
n Describe the physiological adjustments that occur during
hypovolemic shock.
n Describe coronary circulation and regulation of coronary
blood flow.
n Describe the formation and absorption of tissue fluids.
n Describe the lymphatic circulation and its functions.
n List the cardiovascular changes that occur during exercise.
CONTENTS
Introduction to Cardiovascular System:

Design of systemic and pulmonary circulation.
Introduction of the terms: pressure, flow, resistance
Types of blood vessels and their functions
140
Properties of Myocardial Cells:
Site of generation of cardiac impulse, pacemaker tissue/s,
mechanisms of spontaneous generation of impulses,
specialized conducting system & its importance, electrical
properties of myocardial cells, All - or - none phenomenon,
length-tension relationships, Frank-Starling law, neural
influences, effect of Ca2+ and chemicals on myocardial
contractility.
Cardiac output and its regulation:

Definition, factors affecting cardiac output, role of Frank-
Starling mechanism, venous return
Cardiac Cycle:
Definition, mechanical and electrical events, pressure-
volume relationship
Electrocardiography:
Definition, uses, principle, waves and their explanations
ECG recording techniques
Microcirculation:
Formation and absorption of tissue fluids & lymphatic
circulation
Arterial Blood Pressure and Its Regulation:

Definition, normal value, variations, measurement, mean
arterial pressure, determinants.
Short term control – baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, CNS
ischemic responses & their significance
Long term control - renal, body fluid, pressure control
mechanism.
141
Regional Circulation:
Coronary circulation and regulation of coronary blood flow
Normal values, special features, regulation.
Cardiovascular Changes During Exercise

Law of Laplace / Bernoulli's principle, Effect of 'G' on blood
pressure
Hypovolemic Shock:
Causes, stages and pathophysiology
142
UNIT III
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe the mechanism of salivary secretion and its
control.
n Define deglutition. Describe the mechanism of deglutition.
n List the composition of secretions produced by
gastrointestinal tract and describe its functions.
n Describe the mechanism of gastric secretion and its
regulation.
n Describe the characteristics of gastric motility and
regulation of gastric emptying.
n List the types of movements seen in different parts of the
gastrointestinal tract.
n Describe the process of digestion and absorption of food.
CONTENTS
Oral Cavity:
Mastication, digestion in the mouth, its importance, saliva
secretion - mechanism, composition, functions, regulation
Physiology of Deglutition:
Definition, stages, neural control
Stomach:
Overview of functions
Physiology of gastric secretion - mechanism, compositions,
function, control
Gastric motility - characteristics, control, gastric emptying,
antral pump mechanism
143
Pancreatic Secretions:
Functions, control.
Small Intestine:
Secretions, movements, control.
Large Intestine:
Movements, Functions
Physiology of Vomiting:
The reflex mechanism involved
Defecation:
Mechanism, control.
UNIT III
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe the functions of bile.
n Describe the control of bile secretion.
CONTENTS
Liver Functions:
Bile formation, secretion, secretion regulation, enterohepatic
circulation.
144
UNIT III
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Define GFR. Describe the factors regulating GFR.
n Describe the process of tubular reabsorption and tubular
secretion in the formation of urine.
n Describe the mechanism of concentration and dilution of
urine.
n Describe the role of kidney in regulation of volume and
concentration of body fluids.
n Define micturition. Describe the physiology of micturition
reflex.
CONTENTS
Functional anatomy of the kidney

Overview of functions of the kidney
Nephron - divisions of nephron & overview of their
functions
Processes involved in urine formation
Renal circulation:
pressure profile, peculiarities, functional significance.
Glomerular Filtration:
structure of glomerulus, mechanism of formation and
composition of glomerular filtrate, factors influencing and
regulation of GFR.
145
Tubular functions:
Mechanism of reasbsoprtion and secretion of electrolytes
and other substances in various segments of nephron and
the role of hormones.
Formation of urine:
Mechanism of formation of diluted & concentrated urine
(countercurrent multiplier & countercurrent exchanger
mechanisms)
Micturition:
Definition, micturition reflex,
Cystometrogram: principle
146
UNIT III
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe the role of hypothalamus in the release or
inhibition of pituitary hormones.

n List the hormones secreted by Pituitary gland.
n Describe the function of growth hormones and regulation
of its secretion.
n Describe the physiological effects of thyroid hormones and
regulation of its secretion.

n Describe the role of different hormones in the regulation of
calcium level.
n Describe the function of hormones released by adrenal
gland and regulation of its secretion.

n Describe the function of hormones released by endocrine
pancreas and regulation of its secretion.

n Describe the physiological mechanisms for coping up with
stress.
CONTENTS
Hypothalamus:
Role of hypothalamus, concept of hypothalamo-
hypophyseal system
Anterior Pituitary:
List the hormones.
Growth hormone - release, functions and regulation of
secretion and disorders
Posterior pituitary:
Hormones: Vasopressin, Oxytocin.
147
Physiological actions, mechanism of action, regulation of
release and disorders.
Thyroid Gland:
Review biosynthesis of T3 and T4.
Physiological effects, mechanism of action, regulation of
release, consequences of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism
Parathyroid Gland:
Calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Adrenal Cortex:
Glucocorticoids - names of hormones, physiological effects,
mechanism of action, regulation of secretion, consequences
of hyper and hypo secretion.
Mineralocorticoids - names of hormones, physiological
effects, mechanism of action, regulation of secretion,
consequences of hyper and hypo secretion.
Sex corticoids - names of hormones, physiological effects,
effects of excessive secretion, effects of hyper and hypo
functions.
Adrenal Medulla:
Review the physiological actions of epinephrine.
Stress:
Physiological mechanisms for coping up with stress
Endocrine Pancreas:
Hormones.
Insulin: sites of synthesis, secretion, transport, metabolism,
regulation of release, mechanism of action, physiological
effects, consequences of deficiency and excess.
Glucagon - review secretion, transport, metabolism,
physiological effects, mechanism of action, regulation of
secretion.
Insulin-glucagon molar ratio and implications in alternation
148
UNIT III
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Define puberty. Describe the changes that occur in males
and females at the time of puberty.
n Describe the process of spermatogenesis and its hormonal
regulation.
n Describe the actions of testosterone hormone.
n Describe the physiology of menstrual cycle.
n Describe the mechanism of ovulation.
n List the physiological effects of ovarian hormones.
n Describe the physiology of fertilization and implantation.
n Describe the hormonal changes in the maternal body
during pregnancy.
n Describe the physiological basis of contraception.
n Describe the physiology of parturition and lactation.
CONTENTS
Male Reproductive System:

Primary and accessory organs, their functions.
Spermatogenesis, its regulation
Testosterone: transport, metabolism, mechanism,
physiological actions. Control of testicular function -
feedback mechanism, abnormalities
Female Reproductive System:

Physiology of menstrual cycle: ovarian cycle, uterine cycle,
vaginal, cervical cycle.
149
Physiology of ovulation and its detection
Ovarian hormones: estrogen and progesterone; physiological
actions, mechanism of action. Control of ovarian function-
feedback mechanism, menopause, abnormalities
PHYSIOLOGY OF FERTILIZATION AND

IMPLANTATION
Physiology of Pregnancy:
Foeto-placental unit, endocrinal changes in mother during
pregnancy, tests for pregnancy.
Parturition, Lactation, Puberty & menopause,

contraception:
Puberty: definition, changes in males and females.
Menopause
Physiology of parturition and lactation
Physiological basis of contraception
PHYSIOLOGY OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Define growth and development.
n Describe the differential growth of specific organs and
tissues at various ages.
n Describe the factors influencing growth.
n Discuss the stages of growth spurts in human life.
CONTENTS
Define growth and development, patterns of growth and
development of various organ systems, factors affecting growth
and development.
Physiology of aging
150
UNIT IV
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n List the functions of skin.
n Describe the role of skin in control of body temperature.
CONTENTS
Skin – Functions
Thermoregulation & fever: control of body temperature and
mechanism of fever
151
UNIT IV
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Describe the process of neuromuscular transmission.
n Describe the process of excitation contraction coupling.
n List the different types of muscle fiber and describe the type
of muscle contraction.
n Describe the effect of exercise on skeletal muscles.
CONTENTS
Functional organization of striated muscles: sarcomere and

organization of contractile proteins and sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Comparison of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
Neuro-muscular transmission:
structure of Neuromuscular junctions, transmission,
mechanism of generation of End plate potential and muscle
action potential, Myasthenia gravis.
Muscle Contraction:
Excitation - contraction coupling in a skeletal muscle.
Sequence of events, role of ATP, sliding filament theory
Thermal changes, isometric and isotonic contractions.
Factors Influencing the Force of Contraction in a Skeletal

Muscle:
Type of the muscle- red/white, slow/fast, length of the
muscle. Frequency of stimulation, motor unit recruitment
and fatigue
Applied Physiology:
Effect of exercise and training on skeletal muscles
152
UNIT IV
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

n Classify different sensations and the sensory pathways
associated with it.
n Describe the physiology of pain.
n Define a reflex arc. Describe the significance of stretch
reflex.
n List the pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways
n List the functions of cerebellum, vestibular apparatus, basal
ganglia and reticular formation.
n Describe the physiological basis of sleep and the EEG waves
associated with the stages of sleep.
n List the functions of hypothalamus, thalamus, prefrontal
lobe and limbic system.
n Discuss the role of limbic system in learning and memory.
n Describe the image forming mechanism of the eye.
n Describe the changes that take place in the eye during light
and dark adaptation.
n Discuss the role of Organ of Corti in the mechanism of
hearing.
n Briefly describe the physiology of smell and taste.
CONTENTS
Cerebral circulation and BBB

Nerve fiber: classification
Nerve injury: Wallerian degeneration, regeneration
153
Sensory system
Sensory system: ascending tracts
Physiology of pain
Motor System and Higher Cortical Function

Reflexes: spinal and supraspinal
Motor pathways (pyramidal & extrapyramidal)
Physiology of vestibular apparatus
Neurophysiology of cerebellum & basal ganglia
Functions of cerebral cortex (sensory, motor & association
areas)
Functions of the hypothalamus
Reticular formation & physiological basis of sleep &
consciousness
Neurophysiology of speech
Limbic system
Learning & memory
Special Sense:
Vision: functional anatomy of eye, aqueous humor:
formation, drainage & circulation, optics of vision, errors
of refraction and lenses used to correct them, functions
of retina, optic pathway, neurophysiology of vision, color
vision
Hearing: functional anatomy of external, middle and inner
ear & mechanisms associated with them, auditory pathway
& auditory perception
Smell and taste: receptors, stimuli, pathways & disorders
154
PRACTICAL PHYSIOLOGY
UNIT I
Haematopoietic system practical:

n Preparation of blood smear and DLC
n Total leukocyte count
n Total RBC count
n Estimation hemoglobin
n BT, CT, Prothrombin time
n Determination of blood group
n Calculation of MCV, MCH, MCHC
n Demonstration of ESR and PCV
n Demonstration of osmotic fragility test
UNIT II
Respiratory System Practical:

n Spirometry – measurement of lung volumes and
capacities
n Measurement of peak flow rate
n Stethography and measurement of breath holding time
n Clinical examination of respiratory system.
Cardiovascular System Practical:

n Clinical Examination of CVS.
n Measurement of blood pressure.
n Recording of ECG - demonstration.
n Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
UNIT III & IV
Practical:
n Clinical examination of sensory system.
n Clinical examination of motor system.
n Clinical examination of reflexes.
n Clinical examination of cranial nerves.
n Visual activity, field of vision, colour vision.
n Tests for hearing: Rinner's test, Weber's test.
n Tests for taste and smell.
155
COMMUNITY & PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY

TOTAL
T P T P T P T P
50 40 10 10 5 2 2 2 121
UNIT I
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n Orientation to basic concepts of health and its determinants
n Orientation to the concept of epidemiological triad and
theories of disease occurrence
n Describe the levels of prevention and modes of intervention
n Describe principles of Primary Dental Health Care and
other related concepts.
n List the goals / targets set to achieve "Health for all"
n Describe the socio-cultural structure of the community
n Identify the environmental health problems
n Describe the existing dental health facilities (primary/
secondary/tertiary)
n Suggest and conduct a simple intervention for an identified
problem (at grass root level)
n State the National Health Policy and Planning
Themes and Topics:

n Definition of health and well-being
n Indicators of health including oral health
n Epidemiological determinants/ Epidemiological triad
n Dimensions and determinants of health
n Theories of disease causation
n Natural history of common disease (in brief)
156
n Risk factor concept (in brief)
n Concept of control of disease (communicable & non-
communicable disease in brief/ Control of disease with
emphasis on dental diseases)
n Levels of prevention
n Modes of intervention
n Primary Dental Health Care
n Goal/ target set to achieve "Health for All"
n Millennium Development Goal (MDG)
Principal Teaching-Learning methods to be used:

Lecture
Small group discussion
Problem-based learning
Practical exercises
HEALTH EDUCATION (INFORMATION, EDUCATION&

COMMUNICATION)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n Describe health education (Information, Education and
Communication) methods (with emphasis on Dental health
education methods).
n Design different health education aids e.g. posters, charts,
audio/visual, scripts for role play etc.
n Plan and conduct health education sessions for an individual
and community using different health educational aids.
n Describe Behavioural Changes.
n Develop communication skill/ Communicate effectively
with the individual, family and community.
Themes and Topics:

n Health educational methods including A-V aids for
individual, group and mass communication
157
n Advantages and disadvantages of health educational
methods
n Barriers of health education
n Strategies for Information Education Communication
Practical exercise:
Preparing and conducting a general health education
session on an issue like:
Personal hygiene
Clean water
Oral hygiene
Communication skill (art and skills of communication)

Lecture
Demonstration
Simulated practical exercises in class room: Role-play-
Students are to be encouraged to role play based on different
themes provided by the preceptors e.g. talking to a couple
about family planning, asking a woman about nutritional
habits and beliefs etc.
Student action: Each student will prepare a health education
session plan, after discussion with the preceptor. Students
should use simple A-V aids for presentation. Use of video
films to demonstrate simple methods of health education
and uses of simple A-V aids/ slide films covering the topics.
158
UNIT II
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n Describe physical environment:
n Describe the family environment and principles of good
housing.
n Describe the importance of water and sanitation in human
health.
n Define safe water obtained from tap, hand-pump (tube well),
open well/ community well, lakes, ponds, streams etc.
n Describe appropriate methods for making water safe at the
household level.
n Understand the methods of waste and excreta disposal.
Themes and Topics:

n Environment: Physical environment (internal & external
environment)
n Water: Safe water, Potable water, Purification of water at
the household and community levels

n Waste disposal (Household & Hospital) - Necessity of waste
disposal
n General principles of waste disposal
n Excreta disposal - Necessity of excreta disposal
n General principles of excreta disposal
n Family environment and principles of good housing
(In all of the above topics the general principles are to be taught
avoiding technical details)
Principal Teaching-Learning Methods To Be Used:

Lecture
Demonstration
Practical exercises
Field visit (Water treatment plant/ Waste disposal plant)
159
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
(Including Entomology)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n Define air pollution, cause of air pollution and describe
appropriate measure of prevention.
n List the hazards of smoking/ cooking smoky stove (chulla)
n Describe the sources of environmental pollution and its
impact on health.
n Describe and identify the arthropods of medical importance.
n Describe and apply measures to control such arthropods.
n Describe and identify the zoonosis of medical importance
Themes and Topics:

n Pollution abate
n Air Pollution: Source, effects, control, green house effect,
ozone layer
n Energy Conservation: alternate sources of energy
n Noise Pollution: source, effects and control
n Ventilation
n Lighting
n Radiation Hazards
n Meteorology of Medical Relevance
n Mosquito
n Housefly
n Rodents and their Control
n Zoonosis
General principles only to be covered in brief (Introduction,
control & prevention) avoiding technical details.

Lecture
Demonstration
160
Practical exercises
Student action: During the family health exercise students
will identify environmental problems and suggest
appropriate remedial measures
UNIT III
BASICS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n Understand and describe the basic epidemiological
measures.
n Use basic epidemiological tools to make rational decisions
relevant at the individual and community level.
n List and describe sources of epidemiological data.
Themes and Topics:

n Definition of Epidemiology
n Uses of Epidemiology in hospital, community and health
planning
n Basic measures in Epidemiology e.g. rate, ratio and
proportion.
n Mortality: concepts of crude, specific and standardized
death rates.
n Morbidity: concept of incidence and prevalence of disease.
n Significance of time, place and person distribution in
Epidemiology.
n Sources of epidemiological data.

Lecture discussion
Practical exercises in field situations: To calculate various
indices (including hospital indices) using data from hospital
or community
161
DEMOGRAPHY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n Describe basic demographic pattern of the country.
n Define vital statistics; describe their methods of collection.
Themes and Topics:

n Importance of Demography
n Demographic Cycle
n World population trends: regional differences, birth and
death rates, Growth Rates.
n Migration
n Demographic trends of the country: age and sex composition,
age pyramids, sex ratio, density of population, family size,
urbanization, literacy.
n Life expectancy.
n Fertility - determinants of fertility: biological and behavioral
determinants Fertility related statistics.
n Effect on population of changes in birth, death and growth
rates.
n Vital statistics and methods of collection: census, registration
of vital events, Hospital records, population surveys.

Lecture
Simulated practical exercises in classroom

162
BASIC RESEARCH METHODOLOGY &
BIOSTATISTICS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n Define, calculate and interpret commonly used statistical
methods.
n Select and use appropriate diagrammatic / graphical
presentation of statistical data.
n Health system research (HSR)
n Health management (Total Quality Management,
Management Information Service)
Themes and Topics:

n Basics of statistics and biostatistics
n Need of biostatistics in medicine/dentistry
n Sample size calculation of quantitative analysis
n Frequency distribution
n Measure of central tendency
n Proportions
n Statistical methods
n Presentation of statistical data
n Tables: simple and frequency distribution tables
n Charts and diagrams: bar, histogram, frequency polygon,
line diagram,
n Scattered diagram, Pie-chart, pictogram
n Health management (Total Quality Management,
Management Information Service)
n Basic Computer knowledge and its application

Lecture
Simulated practical exercises in the classroom: calculate
various statistical values using data from hospital or
community
163
UNIT IV
NUTRITION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n Describe determinants of nutritional status of individual /
family/community.
n Describe the nutritional sources and requirements at
different ages in males and females.
n Describe nutritional deficiency disorders especially protein
energy malnutrition (PEM), iron deficiency anaemia,
vitamin A deficiency.
n Assess nutritional status of a community.
n Describe and prioritize the nutritional problems in Nepal.
n Prescribe a balanced diet
n State the magnitude of Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in
Nepal.
n Describe the steps in the community assessment of IDD.
n Describe the importance of salt fortification (iodization).
Themes and Topics:

n Common Clinical Problems:
n Protein-energy malnutrition
n Micro-nutrient deficiency (Iron deficiency, Vitamin A, B, C,
D deficiency, folic acid)
n Determinants of nutritional status of individual / family/
community
n Nutritional sources and requirements
n Balanced diet
n Nutritional problems in Nepal
n Magnitude of the Problem in Nepal
n Community Assessment of IDD
n Salt Fortification
164
Practical exercise:
n Nutritional status assessment in a community and
presentation of data collected.
n Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD)

n Lecture
n Demonstration
n Small group discussion
n Problem-based learning
n Simulated practical exercises in class room
n Student action: The students as a group may conduct a
survey in community houses to collect information about
IDD, level of Iodine in salt at the household level and analyze
and present the data.
n Follow up intervention by the students regarding nutrition
education.
165
DENTAL HEALTH PROBLEM
(Brief Introduction Only)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n State the magnitude of the problem in Nepal.
n Give appropriate advice on protection of oral health
Themes & Topics:

n Dental health
n Maternal and child dental health
n Magnitude of problem
n Morbidity and mortality
n Dental health in school going age
Principal Teaching – Learning Methods To Be Used:

Lecture
Demonstration of various diseases
Problem based learning issues of oral health
Simulated practical exercise in class room: models and
patients
166
COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS PROGRAM
(PRACTICAL)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n Describe the principles and importance of community
diagnosis
n To acquire necessary skills for community diagnosis
n Diagnose and manage the common morbidity/mortality in
an individual / family / community
n To plan, conduct, collect, analyze an epidemiological field
exercise.
n To interpret and present community diagnosis data
n To plan, conduct, assess and evaluate an intervention
program with community participation.
n To assess immunization status before intervention.
n Describe the role of health services and National Health
Programs.
Themes and Topics:

n Collect demographic data
n Community Environment
n Family Support System
n Water Collection / Storage and analysis (Fluoride, Arsenic,
Lead, Iron content)
n Waste Disposal
n Personal hygiene/ oral hygiene
n Food Practices
n Morbidity/Mortality in the Family

Lecture
Demonstration
167
Student action: feasible community intervention to be done
at regular intervals.
Student will follow up and record the results of community
intervention
Reference
n Soben Peter: Essentials of Preventive & Community
Dentistry. 4th ed.
n A.H. Suryakanta: Community Medicine (Recent Advances)
n Dawson, Robert G. Trap: Basic & Clinical Biostatistics. 4th ed.
n Prem Prasad Panta: Biostatistics.3rd ed.
n Macxey Rosen Haul. Public Health. 15th ed.
n James Morse Dunning: Principles of Dental Public Health.
4th ed.
n J.S. Mathur. Textbook of Community Medicine for Nepal.
n K. Park: Park’s Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine.
21st ed.
n George M. Gluck, Warren M. Morgansfen: Jong’s Community
Dental Health & Community Dentistry. 5th ed.
n B.K. Mahajan: Methods in Biostatistics. 6th ed.
168
BASIC DENTAL SCIENCE
169
170
ORAL BIOLOGY
(Tooth Morphology, Oral Embryology, Oral Histology,
and Oral Physiology)
ALLOCATION OF TEACHING HOURS FOR UNIT I –II

UNIT - I UNIT - II
Total
Theory Practical Total Theory Practical Total
70 40 110 70 40 110 220
UNIT I
TOOTH MORPHOLOGY

n Dental caries
n Attrition, erosion and abrasion
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course the students should be able to:
n Identify the individual deciduous teeth, their chronology of
development and endodontic anatomy
n Identify individual permanent, chronology of development
of permanent teeth, endodontic anatomy and age related
changes.
n Identify the differences between deciduous and permanent
teeth.
n Estimate age by pattern of teeth eruption from plaster casts.
n Define factors influencing occlusion.
n Describe types of occlusion clinical significance of occlusion
and classification of malocclusion.
n Describe tooth morphology with the help of models and
specimens.
n Carve crowns of permanent in wax.
171
Course Contents:
Introduction to tooth morphology:
Human dentition, types of teeth and functions, Palmer’s
and Binomial notation systems, tooth surfaces, their
junctions – line angles and point angles, definition of terms
used in dental morphology, geometric concepts in tooth
morphology, contact areas and embrassures – clinical
significance.
Morphology of Permanent teeth:

Endodontic anatomy, chronology of development,
differences between the teeth and identification of
individual teeth.
Variations and anomalies commonly seen.
Morphology of deciduous teeth:

Differences between deciduous and permanent teeth.
Description of individual deciduous teeth, including,
endodontic anatomy, chronology of development, the
differences between teeth and identification of individual
teeth.
Occlusion:
Definition and factors influencing occlusion
Inclination of individual teeth – compensatory curves
Centric relation and centric occlusion – protrusive, retrusive
and lateral occlusion
Clinical Significance of Normal occlusion
Introduction and classification of malocclusion.
172
UNIT II
ORAL EMBRYOLOGY

n Hypoplastic dentition
n Pigmentation of teeth
n Fusion
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n State briefly the development of face, jaws, lip, palate and
tongue with applied aspects.

n Describe the various stages of normal development of teeth
and applied aspects.

n Describe the eruption of deciduous and permanent teeth
with applied aspects.

n Identify in histological section the different stages of
eruption of teeth.
n Describe the mechanism of shedding of deciduous teeth
and complication of shedding.
Course Contents:
n Brief review of development of face, jaws, lip, palate and
tongue with applied aspects
n Development of teeth.
Epithelial mesenchyal interaction, different stages of

development of crown, root and supporting tissues of tooth
and formation of calcified tissues.
Applied aspects of development of teeth
n Eruption of deciduous and permanent teeth
Mechanisms in tooth eruptions, different theories and

histology of eruption, formation, dentogengivial junction,
role of gubernacular chord in eruption of permanent teeth.
Applied aspects of eruption.
n Shedding of teeth
Factors and mechanisms of shedding of deciduous teeth.

Complications of shedding.
173
ORAL HISTOLOGY

n Macrodontia
n Microdontia
n Prognothism
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n Identify in histological sections – the enamel, dentin,
cementum and pulp tissue and describe age related changes
and applied aspects.
n Identify histological sections periodontal ligament and
alveolar bone and describe age related changes and applied
aspects.
n Identify the histological section of oral mucosa and its age
related changed and applied aspects.
n Identify the histological section of salivary glands and its
age related changed and clinical consideration.
n Describe the anatomy and histology of temperomandibular
with applied aspects.
n Describe the anatomy and histology of maxillary sinus with
applied aspects.
n Perform staining procedure of dental hard and soft tissues
for microscopy
Course Contents:
n Histology of enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp tissue – age
related changes and applied aspects, fluoride applications,
transparent dentin, dentin hyper sensitivity reaction
of pulp tissue to varying insults to exposed dentin, pulp
calcifications and hypercementosis.
n Histology of periodontal ligament and alveolar – age related
changes, histological changes in periodontal ligament and
174
bone in normal and orthodontic teeth movement, applied
aspects of alveolar bone resorption.
n Histology of oral mucosa. (Variation in structure in relation
to functional requirement. Mechanism of keratinization,
clinical parts of gingival, dento gingival and mucocutaneous
junctions and lingual papillae) Age related changes and
clinical considerations.
n Histology of salivary glands.
Acini and ductal system.
Age related changes and clinical considerations.
n T.M. joint
Anatomical, histology and clinical considerations
n Maxillary Sinus
Anatomy, histology and clinical relevance.
175
ORAL PHYSIOLOGY

n Xerostomia
n Stomatitis
n Bleeding Gum
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n Describe the composition, formation, mechanism of
secretion of saliva and its applied aspects.
n Describe in detail mastication and steps in deglutition.
n Describe the theories of mineralization, calculus formation
and metabolism of calcium phosphorous and fluoride.
n Describe the physiology of taste.
n Describe the physiology of speech and effect of dental
prosthesis and appliances on speech disorders.
Course Contents:
n Saliva:
a. Composition, variations, formation and mechanism of
secretion.
b. Salivary reflexes (brief review of secreto-motor
pathway), functions (role of saliva in dental caries and
applied aspects of hyper and hypo salivation)
n Mastication:
a. Masticatory force and its measurement – need for
mastication, peculiarities of masticatory muscles,
masticatory cycle, masticatory reflexes and neural
control of mastication.
n Deglutition:
a. Steps in deglutition, swallowing in infants, neural
control of deglutition and dysphagia
176
n Calcium, phosphorous and fluoride metabolism:
a. Source, requirements, absorption, distribution, functions
and excretion
b. Clinical considerations, hypo and hypercalcemia & hypo
and hyper phosphatemia and fluorosis
n Theories of mineralization:
a. Definition, mechanisms, theories and their drawbacks
b. Applied aspects of pathological considerations (Calculus
formation)
n Physiology of taste:
a. Innervation of taste buds and taste pathway,
physiological basis of taste sensation, age changes and
applied aspects.
n Physiology of speech:
a. Basic anatomy of larynx and vocal chords
b. Voice production, resonators, production of vowels and
different consonants – role of palate, teeth and tongue.
c. Effects of dental prosthesis and appliances on speech and
basic speech disorders.
177
DENTAL MATERIALS
ALLOCATION OF TEACHING HOURS FOR BDS UNIT I – IV

TOTAL
T P T P T P T P
50 40 40 30 30 40 40 30 300
UNIT I
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, the students should be able to:
n Describe the physical, mechanical, chemical, biological,
rheological and thermal properties
n Describe the basic principles of light, color and esthetics
n Differentiate between tarnish and corrosion
n Describe surface properties related to adhesion and
biocompatibility in context with enamel, dentin and bone
n Describe the various properties of different dental materials
n Describe in detail about the history, origin, development,
classification, types compositions ADA specification,
chemistry of setting reactions, physical and mechanical
properties, requirements, manipulation, uses & applications
advantages, disadvantages, indications, contraindications,
care, storage & disinfection and advances of all types of
impression materials used in dentistry.
n Describe in detail about the history, origin, ADA
classification, chemistry of setting reactions, physical and
mechanical properties, requirements, manipulation, uses,
advantages, disadvantages, indications, contraindications,
dental investment materials, care, storage and disinfection
of various types of Gypsum Products.
178
Introduction
n Brief History of the development of the sciences of Dental
Materials
n Aim of studying the subject of Dental Materials.
n Scope and requirements of Dental Materials
n Spectrum of materials – Clinical and laboratory applications
(Classification of materials)
Structure and behavior of matter

Basic principles – Physical and mechanical properties,
chemical properties, biological
Properties, rheological properties, thermal properties,
light, color and esthetics Tarnish and corrosion, surface
properties and adhesion, biocompatibility, allergy, toxicity,
setting reactions, Enamel, dentine and bone, Monomers and
polymers, Metals and alloys Ceramics, Composites
Standardization and assessment of dental materials
Impression materials and duplicating materials

Requirements, classification, desirable properties,
composition, setting properties,
Advantages, disadvantages, indications and manipulation of
inelastic and elastic materials. (Tray compound, impression
compound, low fusing compound, impression plaster, zinc
oxide eugenol impression paste, non eugenol paste, alginate,
agar, elastomeric impression materials)
Comparative studies between all.
Gypsum products in detail, die, cast and model materials

(including brief account of electroformed dies).
179
UNIT II
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, the students should be able to
n Describe in detail about the history, origin, development,
classification, types compositions ADA specification,
chemistry of setting reactions, physical and mechanical
properties, requirements, manipulation, polymerization,
uses & applications advantages, disadvantages, indications,
contraindications, care, storage, disinfection of all types of
Synthetic Resins (Acrylic and Restorative) used in Dentistry.
n Describe in detail about various types of waxes used in
dentistry
n Describe the types of direct filling gold; their indications,
contraindications, advantages and disadvantages and
manipulation.
n Describe in detail about the history, development,
composition, classification, requirements, properties, uses,
applications, advantages, disadvantages, manipulations and
recent advances in Dental Ceramics.
n Describe in detail about the various types of metals & alloys,
their physical properties, composition and uses.
n Describe in detail about soldering and welding.
Waxes and baseplate material

n Contents, properties, manipulation and uses (Modeling wax,
casting wax, beading/boxing wax, utility was, undercut
blocking wax, sticky wax), impression wax (Correcta and
n Iowa), carding wax, preformed wax patterns.
Chemistry of synthetic resins used in dentistry.

Denture base resins
Tray materials.
Temporary base materials – contents, properties,
manipulation, advantages and disadvantages
180
Dental Ceramics –
Types, composition, role played by each ingredient,
manipulation, advantages and disadvantages, aluminous,
porcelain, castable porcelain, metal fused porcelain, and
porcelain repair materials, brief study of all ceramics
including CAD-CAM
Direct filling Gold– types, indications, contraindications,

advantages, disadvantages,
Metals and Alloys – Solidification and microstructure of

metals, classification of alloys,
Relevant physical and mechanical properties, annealing,
heat treatment, soldering,
welding, fluxes and ant fluxes.
181
UNIT III
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n Describe knowledge about amalgam and its brief history.
n Describe thorough knowledge about the various
classifications, composition and the role played by each
component in the determination of the final property of
amalgam.
n Describe the different setting reactions.
n Describe the difference between amalgamation and
trituration.
n Describe manual and mechanical manipulation, along with
the steps in detail and uses of amalgam
n Describe mercury hazard and its management.
n Describe the various dental cements – their classification,
ideal requirements, composition, properties, chemistry of
setting, manipulation and uses in detail.
n Compare the mechanical, biological and esthetic properties
of all the cements.
n Describe the cements used for various purposes – as cavity
bases and/or as liners, varnishes.
n Describe importance of resins as tooth restorative materials,
their brief history and the various types of classification,
composition, properties, uses, manipulation, advantages and
disadvantages of filled resins (composite resins).
n Describe the enamel and dentin bonding systems - acid
etching, as well as the different generations of dentin
bonding agents.
n Describe about pit and fissure sealants.
n Describe in detail about casting alloys and casting
procedures.
182
Silver amalgam
Brief history, classification, composition, role played by
each ingredient, setting reaction, properties, manipulation
and uses, comparative study of all types of silver amalgams.
Mercury hygiene and toxicity
Dental Casting alloys

Casting Gold alloys: classification, corrosion, contents and
role-played by each ingredient, indications, white gold, uses
Base metal casting alloys – properties, composition and uses
of Co-Cr. Ni-Cr
Dental casting investments – (Refractory materials)
Classification, composition, setting reaction, manipulation
and technical consideration
Casting procedures and casting defects, (In brief)

Tooth restorative materials –
Classification and ideal properties: Dental cements –
classification ideal requirements of liners, base and luting
cements. Composition, properties, chemistry of setting,
manipulation and uses of silicate and silico phosphate
cements (in brief), zinc phosphate, zinc polycarboxylate,
calcium hydroxide, glass ionomer, modified glass ionomer
and resin cement. Comparative studies of mechanical,
biological and esthetic properties of all cements. Cavity
bases, liners and varnishes. Restorative resins – Brief
history of resins as tooth restorative materials, filled resins
(composite resins) – classification, chemistry of setting,
composition, properties, uses, manipulation advantages and
disadvantages, acid etching, bonding agents (Enamel and
dentin bonding systems), Pit and fissure sealants.
183
UNIT IV
DENTAL MATERIALS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n Briefly describe the various materials used for endodontic
purposes.
n Briefly describe about materials used for dental implant
procedures.
n Describe in detail about the infection control of various
types of dental materials
n Describe in detail about the various types of materials used
in the dental laboratory
n Procedures.
Materials used in Orthodontics.

n Stainless steel: Types, usage, composition, physical
properties, advantage, disadvantage
n Nickel Titanium: Types, usage, composition, physical
properties, advantages, disadvantages
n Other orthodontic wires: Beta titanium, Copper NiTi,
Cobalt-Chrome-Nickel alloy (Elgilloy) (Basic concepts only)
Abrasives and polishing agents

Clinical
Laboratory
Miscellaneous – (Desirable to know)

Dental implant materials (In Brief)
Infection control
Artificial tooth material
Separating media
Die spacers
184
Tray adhesives
Petroleum jelly
Articulating paper
Pressure indicating paste
Comparative studies between metallic and nonmetallic
denture base
Bioglass
Sprues
Setting expansion, hygroscopic expansion, thermal
expansion
Dentrifices.
185
DENTAL MATERIALS
PRACTICAL
UNIT I
Practical:
n mpression Material
a. Thumb, impression in compound and subsequently
poured in plaster
b. Mixing of various impression materials and their
respective clinical use highlighted
c. Impression making on acrylic models, edentulous and
dentulous arches
n Synthetic Resin:
n Demonstration denture base resins
n Dental waxes:
a. Demonstration of wax up procedure
n Mixing to heat cure acrylic resin and recording of time taken
for all stages.
UNIT II
Practical:
n Synthetic Resin:
a. Introduction to restorative resin and their clinical use.
n Dental Cements
a Properties of various dental cements. Mixing techniques
and clinical handling, demonstration of clinical use of
various cements as liners, base and luting agents
n Abrasive and Polishing Agents:
a. Dentifrices and Denture Cleaners
186
UNIT III
DENTAL MATERIALS
n Metal & Alloys

a. Mixing of dental amalgam both manually and by
mechanical amalgamator
n Trituration of silver amalgam and condensation into the
cavity prepared in extracted natural tooth.
187
PRE-CLINICAL CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY
ALLOCATION OF TEACHING HOURS FOR BDS UNIT I-IV

TOTAL
T P T P T P T P
10 30 10 30 15 55 15 55 220
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The objective of the Pre Clinical Conservative Dentistry classes
is to familiarize the dental student with all of the clinical
steps and laboratory procedures, which are required during
the treatment of patients who will receive different types of
restorations
At the end of the course, students should be able to:

n Knowledge: Acquire basic knowledge and competence in
treatment of dental caries (cavity formation, choice of filling
material and technique)
n Practical skills and competences: Form classical cavities
in the mandibular and maxillary teeth. They will be able
to choose appropriate filling material and fill the formed
cavities.
a. Properly identify, use and maintain applicable materials,
instruments and equipments.
b. Be competent to perform Class I and Class II cavities and
their restoration with amalgam
c. Restore Class III and Class V cavities with Glass Ionomer
Cement
d. Be competent to carry out small Composite restorations
n Define the Anatomy of permanent teeth
n Have a basic understanding of general dental laboratory
techniques and how to perform laboratory procedures
professionally, cleanly and safely.
188
UNIT I
Introduction to Operative Dentistry

n Definition
n History
n Indication
n Scope
n Function & purpose
Tooth anatomy & identification

n Types of permanent teeth
n Nomenclature of tooth surfaces
n Line angles, point angles
n Anatomical feature- cusp, ridges, fossa, pit, fissures
Tooth numbering system

n FDI system
n ADA system
n Zsigmondy - Palmer system
Dental Caries
n Definition
n Classification
n Etiology
Principles of tooth preparation

n Initial tooth preparation (in detail)
a. Outline form & initial depth
b. Primary resistance form
c. Primary retention form
d. Convenience form
n Final tooth preparation (in brief)
a. Class I cavity preparation for Amalgam
b. Class II cavity preparation for Amalgam
189
c. Class III cavity preparation for Amalgam
d. Class IV cavity preparation for Composite
e. Class V cavity preparation for Amalgam
f. Class VI cavity preparation
UNIT II
Dental Caries
n Epidemiology of dental caries
n Theories of dental caries
n Pathogenesis of dental caries
Hand instruments
n Introduction
n Classifications of hand instruments
n Parts of hand instruments
n Instrument design
n Instrument nomenclature
n Materials
n Identification, design, use of each instrument
Instruments grasps, rests, guards
Non-carious lesions: definition & clinical features

n Attrition
n Abrasion
n Erosion
n Abfraction
190
UNIT III
Rotary instruments
n Types
n Handpiece- development, classifications
n Bur - materials, classifications
n Parts of bur, bur size, bur design
n Factors affecting cutting efficiency of bur
n Recent advances in rotary instruments
n Abrasive instruments- types, classifications, parts
n Finishing & polishing instruments
n Hazards & precaution with rotary instruments
n Ultrasonic instruments (in brief)
n Laser (in brief)
n Sharpening of instruments
Ergonomics in dentistry
n Patient and operator positions:
n Right-handed dentistry
n Left-handed dentistry
n Four handed dentistry
Cavity preparation - final steps

n Removal of any remaining enamel pit or fissure, infected
dentin or old restorative material if indicated
n Pulp protection
n Secondary resistance & retention form
n Procedures for finishing the external walls of the
preparation
n Final procedure- cleaning, inspecting & sealing
Pulp protection
n Remaining Dentin Thickness, Base, Liners
191
Silver amalgam
Manipulation
Steps
Failures of restoration
Mercury hazards & its prevention
Contacts and contours

n Tooth Matricing
Definition
Requirements
Classification
Identification, parts, uses of each type of matrices
n Tooth separation
Reason for tooth separation
Method
Classification
Modified wedging techniques
UNIT IV
Glass Ionomer Cements

n Manipulations, uses, indication and contraindication and
clinical considerations
Composites Resin
n Manipulations, uses, indication and contraindication and
clinical considerations
Class I, II, III, IV, V, VI tooth preparation for composite
Finishing & Polishing

Silver amalgam
GIC
Composite
192
Indirect restoration
Definition
Types
Indications and contraindications
Difference between tooth preparation in Inlay and silver
amalgam
Infection control
Protective barriers
Sterilization and disinfection of operative instruments
193
PRACTICAL
UNIT I
n Demonstration of tooth anatomical features on plaster

model
n Demonstration of tooth numbering system
n Demonstration of caries classification on model or extracted
teeth
n Plaster model tooth preparation exercise
a. Class I occlusal cavity in 36 or 46- 1
b. Class I mesial & distal pit cavity in 16 or 26-1
c. Class I butterfly shaped cavity in 14 or 24 -1
d. Class I mesial & distal pit cavity in 35 or 45 – 1
e. Class I lingual pit cavity in 11 or 21 -1
f. Class I buccal pit cavity in 36 or 46 -1
UNIT II
n Hand instruments - identification & arrangements of

instruments
n Plaster model tooth preparation exercise
a. Class I with buccal extension -1
b. Class I with palatal extension -1
c. Class II MO - 2
d. Class II MOD -1
e. Class III in 11-1 (demonstration only)
f. Class IV in 11-1 (demonstration only)
g. Class V in 11-1
194
PRE-CLINICAL PROSTHODONTICS

TOTAL
T P T P T P T P
10 40 10 40 10 90 10 90 300
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The objective of the Pre-Clinical Prosthodontics classes is to
familiarize the dental student with all of the clinical steps and
laboratory procedures, which are required during the treatment
of patients who will receive complete dentures.
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:

n Describe the normal relations of the human teeth and jaws
in edentulous and dentulous patients.
n Define the Anatomy and Physiology of completely
edentulous state
n Understand and describe the techniques, technology,
theories and terminologies of Complete Denture
Prosthodontics
n Know the terminologies of Partial Denture Prosthodontics
and Fixed Partial Prosthodontics
n Outline the diagnosis, treatment plan and prognosis of
completely edentulous cases
n Understand and describe steps in construction of complete
denture
n Be competent:
To properly identify, use and maintain applicable materials,
instruments and equipments
To produce properly contoured casts
To fabricate accurate custom final edentulous impression
trays
To fabricate record bases and occlusion rims neatly
To articulate casts properly in a specified articulator
196

TOTAL
T P T P T P T P
10 40 10 40 10 90 10 90 300
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The objective of the Pre-Clinical Prosthodontics classes is to
of patients who will receive complete dentures.
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:

n Describe the normal relations of the human teeth and jaws
in edentulous and dentulous patients.
n Define the Anatomy and Physiology of completely
edentulous state
n Understand and describe the techniques, technology,
theories and terminologies of Complete Denture
Prosthodontics
n Know the terminologies of Partial Denture Prosthodontics
and Fixed Partial Prosthodontics
n Outline the diagnosis, treatment plan and prognosis of
completely edentulous cases
n Understand and describe steps in construction of complete
denture
n Be competent:
To properly identify, use and maintain applicable materials,
instruments and equipments
To produce properly contoured casts
To fabricate accurate custom final edentulous impression
trays
To fabricate record bases and occlusion rims neatly
To articulate casts properly in a specified articulator
196
To arrange complete denture teeth properly
To perform an esthetic wax-up for Complete Denture
Prosthodontics
n Gain basic understanding of general dental laboratory
professionally, cleanly, and safely.
197
UNIT I
Introduction to Prosthodontics
Masticatory apparatus and function
Maxilla & Mandible with and without teeth (anatomical
landmarks)
Muscles of mastication and accessory muscles of mastication
Brief anatomy of TMJ
Mandibular movements
Functions of teeth
Effect of loss of teeth

On general health
On masticatory apparatus
Need to replace lost teeth
Various branches of Prosthodontics and prosthesis, Outline of

Prosthodontics
Scope & limitation
Appliances v/s prosthesis
Dental prosthesis v/s non-dental prosthesis
Types of Prosthesis
Requirements of Prosthesis – Physical, biological, esthetic
considerations
Introduction to Complete Denture Prosthodontics

Types of complete denture
Various surfaces (Border and surface anatomy)
Components – Base and Teeth
198
UNIT II
Removable Partial Denture (Identification only)

Major and Minor Connectors
Direct Retainer
Rests
Indirect Retainer
Denture Base
Artificial Teeth
Fixed Partial Denture (Definitions and identification)

Retainer
Pontic
Connector
Abutment
Introduction to: fabrication of complete denture

n Definitions and terminologies related to various steps in
fabrication of complete denture from GPT (Glossary of
Prosthodontics Terms):
Example:
Impression
Model
Cast
Occlusion rim
Temporary denture base
Permanent denture base
Jaw relation – orientation, vertical and horizontal
Over-jet, over-bite
Occlusion
Christensen’s phenomenon
Key of occlusion
Balanced occlusion etc.…
199
Impression Making
Definition, requirements and types of impression
Various materials used for different impression
Different theories of impression making (in brief)
Impression Trays
Definition, classification, materials, advantages and
disadvantages
Selection of trays
Spacer design
Custom trays
Introduction to Jaw relation record

Definition and type
Temporary denture base- indications, advantages,
disadvantages, materials used
Occlusion rims – materials, shape, dimensions
Observation / visit to clinical set-up
UNIT III
Articulator
Basic out line
Need for articulator
Definition, classification, requirements, purpose, uses, parts,
advantages, limitations
Arrangement of teeth
Arrangement of teeth in detail with various factors of
esthetics, etc.
200
Occlusion (in brief)
Balanced Occlusion– need and advantages
Various factors of balanced occlusion
Observation / visit to dental clinic/lab
UNIT IV
Waxing, carving, polishing

Processing Procedures
Flasking
Dewaxing
Packing
Curing
Laboratory re-mounting- objectives
Finishing and polishing of acrylic denture
Observation / visit to dental clinic/lab
201
PRACTICAL
UNIT I
Practical:
n Introduction of instruments used in Prosthodontics
n Impression making and primary cast fabrication
n Beading and boxing of primary impression
n Study of anatomical landmarks and coloring of maxillary
and mandibular edentulous casts
UNIT II
Practical:
n Preparation of custom trays
n Preparation of temporary denture bases
n Preparation of occlusion rims
n Indexing of master casts
UNIT III
Practical:
n Mounting on a selected Articulator
n Teeth arrangement
202
UNIT IV
Practical:
n Final setup
a. Waxing up
b. Flasking, dewaxing, packing, curing and polishing
n Finishing and polishing of the dentures
n Laboratory remounting – Causes and correction of occlusal
discrepancies
203
PRE CLINICAL ORTHODONTICS
ALLOCATION OF TEACHING HOURS FOR UNIT III AND IV

Unit III Unit IV Total of
Theory Practical Total Theory Practical Total Unit III and IV
10 60 70 10 60 70 140
Learning Objective:
The objective of the Pre Clinical Orthodontics classes is to
of removable orthodontic appliances.
At the end of the course, student should be able to:

n Learn basic terminologies related to orthodontics and
orthodontic appliances
n Gain basic knowledge on removable orthodontic appliance
and its clinical use
n Gain knowledge on dental materials used for fabricating
removable orthodontic appliances
n Learn the basic principles of wire bending
n Develop manual dexterity in bending orthodontic wire
n Fabricate various components of removable orthodontic
appliance
n Acrylize simple removable appliance like Hawley’s
appliance.
n Gain basic understanding of general dental laboratory
professionally, cleanly, and safely.
204
UNIT III
Theory:
n Introduction to Orthodontics
n Basic concepts of Orthodontic appliances
n Removable orthodontic appliance
n Introduction
n Use, advantages and disadvantages
n Components
n Fabrication
n Clinical management and instruction to patients
Practical:
n Basic wire bending exercises Gauge 21/22 or 0.7/0.8 mm
a. Straightening of wire (2 nos.)
b. Bending of equilateral triangle (1 no.)
c. Bending of a rectangle (1 no.)
d. Bending of a square (1 no.)
e. Bending of a circle (1 no.)
f. Bending of zigzag (U, V) (1 no.)
Ga. Bending of various shapes (1 no.)
n Fabrication of Clasps (upper/lower) Gauge 21/22 or 0.7/0.8
mm
a. ¾ Clasp (C-Clasp) (1 no.)
b. Full Clasp (Jackson Clasp) (1 no.)
c. Adam’s Clasp (2 nos.)
d. tTriangular Clasp (1 no.)
205
UNIT IV
Theory:
n Basic concepts of Occlusion
n Basic concepts of Malocclusion
n Classification of malocclusion (Angle’s Classification only)
n Dental materials used in fabricating removable orthodontic
appliances
n Stainless steel
a. Types
b. Composition
c. Physical properties
Practical:
n Construction of Springs
a. Single Cantilever / Finger Spring (23 Gauge or 0.5mm) (1
no.)
b. Double Cantilever / Z spring (23 Gauge or 0.5mm) (1 no.)
c. Coffin spring (18/19 gauge or 1/1.2 mm) (1 no.)
n Construction of Canine retractors (Gauge 21/22 or 0.6/0.7
mm)
a. U-Loop Canine retractor (1 no.)
b. Helical canine retractor (1 no.)
c. Reverse loop canine retractor (1 no.)
d. Palatal canine retractor (1 no.)
n Labial Bow (Gauge 21/22 or 0.6/0.7mm)
a. Upper and lower (2 nos.)
n Hawley’s appliance
a. Appliance fabrication with acrylization, trimming and
polishing (1 no.)
Observation visit to clinical department
206
Kathmandu University
School of Medical Sciences
Evaluation Scheme for

Part-I BDS Program
2008
First revised 2010, second revised 2015
207
208
KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
EVALUATION SCHEME FOR PART-I BDS PROGRAM
Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) program is four and a half years

duration, which is divided into nine units (semesters), each of
which is of six months duration. After successfully completing
the program, one-year compulsory rotatory internship program
is provisioned.
The entire course is divided into following parts;

Part-I BDS: First and Second years (Unit I, II, and Unit III, IV)
Part-II BDS: Third year (Unit V, VI)
Part-III BDS: Fourth year (Unit VII, VIII)
Final BDS: Fifth year (Unit IX)
The Part-I BDS is devoted to the study disciplines of basic

medical sciences (1.Anatomy, 2.Biochemistry, 3.Microbiology,
4.Pathology, 5.Pharmacology, 6.Physiology), basic dental
sciences (1.Oral Biology, 2.Dental Materials, 3.Pre-clinical
Conservative Dentistry, 4.Pre-clinical Orthodontics, 5.Pre-
clinical Prosthodontics 6.Community & Public Health Dentistry).
During this period, the students are also introduced to basic

clinical knowledge and skill. The teaching learning experience
in Community & Public Health Dentistry is from first semester
through sixth semester. However, the university examination is
conducted at the end of sixth semester (third year) only.
209
210
PART-I BDS BASIC MEDICAL AND DENTAL SUBJECTS
1st Year 2nd Year
UNIT - I UNIT – II UNIT - III UNIT - IV
Anatomy Anatomy* Anatomy Anatomy*
Biochemistry Biochemistry* Biochemistry Biochemistry*
Microbiology Microbiology* Microbiology Microbiology*
Pathology Pathology* Pathology Pathology*
Pharmacology Pharmacology* Pharmacology Pharmacology*
Physiology Physiology* Physiology Physiology*
Dental Materials Dental Materials Dental Materials Dental Materials*
Oral Biology Oral Biology* Pre-clinical Orthodontics Pre-clinical Orthodontics*
Pre-clinical Conservative Pre-clinical Conservative Pre-clinical Conservative Pre-clinical Conservative
Dentistry Dentistry Dentistry Dentistry*
Pre-clinical Prosthodontics Pre-clinical Prosthodontics Pre-clinical Prosthodontics Pre-clinical Prosthodontics*
Community & Public Health Community & Public Health Community & Public Health Community & Public Health
Dentistry Dentistry Dentistry Dentistry
Subjects in asterisks* denote university exam-going subject in the particular semester.
EVALUATION

Evaluation of the Part-I BDS program is done as follows:
n Internal Assessment
n University Examination
1. lnternal Assessment
A. Performance of the student is judged by the internal
assessment, which has two components.
n Continuous Assessment
n Sessional (Semester) Examination
a. Continuous Assessment: The continuous assessment

process is carried throughout the semester at the end of
the chapter/system. It is done by the concerned faculty
members of each department in any of the following
ways:
n SAQ type written test n Practical/Clinical work
n Home assignment n MCQ
n Quiz n Project work
n Viva-voce n Open book test
n Workshop/ Seminar
b. Sessional Examination: The sessional examination is

conducted by the concerned department at the end of
every semester as shown in the table below.
The sessional examination shall consist of multiple-choice

question (MCQ), and structured short answer question (SAQ) or
essay type question with subdivisions and short notes, which
require the students to write short, brief and relevant answers
and illustrate them with appropriate diagrams.
211
The sessional examination is carried in semesters of the year in
exam-going subjects only. However the continuous assessment
is conducting during all semesters.
Table for Sessional Examinations for Part-I BDS

Subjects I II III IV
Anatomy √ √ √ √
Biochemistry √ √ √ √
Microbiology √ √ √ √
Pathology √ √ √ √
Pharmacology √ √ √ √
Physiology √ √ √ √
Oral Biology √ √ - -
Dental Materials - - √ √
Pre-clinical Conservative Dentistry - - √ √
Pre-clinical Orthodontics - - √ √
Pre-clinical Prosthodontics - - √ √
Community & Public Health Dentistry* - - - -
*University exam conducted at the end of Part-II (Third year)
BDS
B. The summative weightage for Part-I BDS examinations is

shown in the following table:
Evaluation Weightage percent (%)
Mode of
Theory Paper Practical
Assessment
Continuous
10 10
Internal Assessment
assessment Sessional
10 10
Examination
Total 20 20
University
Total 80 80
examination
Grand Total 100 100
212
C. The concerned department shall submit each assessment
record of the continuous assessment and sessional
examination within a week of assessment to the college
academic authority as designated by the university.
n The final marks of the each subject of the internal

assessment should be signed by respective Head
of the Department, which should be checked and
countersigned by the Principal of the College and sent
to Office of the Controller of Examinations two weeks
prior to the beginning of the university examination.
n Internal assessment marks should be calculated as per
the university norms.
n Relevant documents related to the internal assessment
should be kept in Principal's office
under safe custody and shall be made available at any
time on request.
2. University Examinations
The university conducts Part-I BDS Examinations as follows:
At the end of First year: (1) Anatomy, (2) Biochemistry, (3)
Microbiology, (4) Pathology, (5) Pharmacology, (6) Physiology
and (7) Oral Biology.
At the end of Second year: (1) Anatomy, (2) Biochemistry, (3)

Microbiology, (4) Pathology, (5) Pharmacology, (6) Physiology, (7)
Dental Materials, (8) Pre-clinical Conservative Dentistry, (9) Pre-
clinical Orthodontics and (10) Pre-clinical Prosthodontics.
n The university examination consists of theory and practical

examinations.
n The theory exam comprises of 3 sections with Section A
comprising of MCQ (30 marks), and Section B (25 marks) and
Section C (25 marks) comprising of SAQ’s.
n Section B and section C will assess the theory in short
213
structured answer questions pattern comprising of short
answer questions (SAQ) and short notes (SN).
n In both section B and section C, a total of 3 short answer
questions (SAQ) questions of 6 marks, 5 marks and 5 marks
and 3 short notes (SN) of 3 marks each will be asked.
n Theory papers shall be of 03 hours duration and question
pattern shall be as per the specification table.
n Initial 30 minutes of the theory exam is allotted for Section
A (MCQ). The remaining 02 hours 30 minutes is allotted
to Section B and Section C (SAQ); which is started after
collection of Section A paper.
3. Practical/Clinical Examination:
n Practical/clinical exercises/cases relevant to the objective of
the curriculum should be identified.
n Emphasis should be given on identifying common health
and dental problems in the community.
n The practical examination shall comprise of practical/
laboratory exercise, clinical case, problem-based case,
identification of slides/specimens, viva voce.
n The practical examination shall be conducted on the format
of objective structured practical/clinical examination
(OSPE/OSCE) comprising several stations.
n The student must present practical record book or log book
of the subject duly signed by the concerned faculty.
n Viva-voce is a part of the practical/pre-clinical exam, which
is assessed by both internal and external examiners.
4. Examination Schedule:
n The university examinations are conducted twice a year as
follows:
- Regular examinations at the end of Units II and IV
- Compartmental examination is conducted 06 months
after completion of regular university examination as
scheduled by the university.
214
n The theory examination for all subjects shall be held on
separate days with a gap of one day in between two subjects.
n No theory examination should be scheduled on a national
holiday including Saturday; but exemption shall be allowed
for conducting practical/clinical and viva-voce.
5. Appointment of Examiners:
n For Part-I basic dental and medical science subjects; faculty
holding the post of Assistant Professor and above. However
for basic dental science subjects; Lecturer with the teaching
experience of three years and above after post-graduation
may be eligible to become an internal examiner for the
appointment as University Examiner (only in case of
shortage of examiners).
n For basic medical science subjects; faculty holding the
post of at least Assistant Professor will be eligible for the
appointment as University Examiner.
6. Number of Examiners:
n For Part-I BDS University Examination, two examiners, one
of which must be from outside the College, shall evaluate
each student.
7. Eligibility Criteria for appearance in the University

Examination:
n Attendance: A minimum of 80% attendance is compulsory
for theory and practical/pre-clinical sessions separately.
n Internal assessment: A student securing less than 50%
marks in theory and practical/pre-clinical components of
internal assessment separately shall not be allowed to take
the university examination.
n The attendance and internal assessment record of
the students should reach Office of the Controller of
Examinations two weeks prior to the scheduled date of the
commencement of the university examination.
215
n Defaulters or such students shall be asked to repeat the
subject/course before appearing the examination to fulfill
the attendance and internal assessment criteria, only
after which the candidate shall be allowed to appear the
forthcoming university examination.
8. Result:
For the student to be declared pass in a subject he/she must
fulfill all the criteria laid down as follows;
a) Secure a minimum of 50% marks in written component of
each university theory paper (Full Marks = 80)
b) Secure a minimum of 50% marks in university practical/
pre-clinical examination (Full Marks = 80).
9. Grace Mark:
n A Grace mark is NOT provisioned in any of the component
of the BDS Part-I university exam including Theory and
Practical examinations.
10. Recognition of Merit:

n A candidate passing the university examination in the first
attempt and securing 80% or more in theory and practical/
pre-clinical combined in a subject shall be awarded
distinction in that subject irrespective of his/her aggregate
marks in other subjects.
n The merit award in the subjects of basic sciences will
be calculated on the combined Part-I BDS University
Examinations for each subject.
11. Re-totaling:
n Re-totaling shall be conducted as governed by the
examination rules as laid down by the University.
n There shall NOT be re-evaluation for the scoring of marks.
n Re-totaling shall be done for Theory papers only
n There shall NOT be re-totaling for practical and clinical
216
examinations and the University is NOT liable to entertain
any appeal with respect to the result in practical/pre-clinical
examinations.

12. Promotion:
n The student will be allowed to join Unit III (Second year
BDS) even if he/she fails to pass in any number of subjects of
Unit II (First year BDS) examination.
n The student must clear all subjects of Part-I BDS (Unit I, II, III
& IV) to promote to Part-II (Third year) BDS.
n If a student fails in any subject during Part-I university
exam; he/she is allowed only five additional chances to
appear in the failed subjects as follows:
a. First compartmental examination will be held within
six months after completion of regular university
examination as scheduled by the university.
b. If a student fails in the first compartmental examination
he/she will be allowed to reappear in the next regular
university examination on that subject.
c. If a student fails in this attempt, he/she will be allowed to
reappear in the following compartmental examination.
d. If a student fails again he/she will be given another
chance to reappear in the next regular university
examination.
e. If a student fails again he/she will be given last chance
to reappear in the next compartmental university
examination, failing of which will be subjected to
dismissal from the program.
n A student must clear all subjects of First year BDS within 3 ½
years of admission and clear all subjects of Second year BDS
within 4 ½ years of admission; otherwise the student will be
detained from the course.
n A student must clear all the subjects of Part-I BDS
Examination before he/she is allowed to go into Unit V.
n A student must successfully complete all the subjects of
217
Part-II and Part-III BDS examinations to promote to Unit IX
or Final BDS.
n All requirement of BDS program have to be completed
within ten years from the date of admission. Failing to do so
will lead to automatic dismissal from the program.
13. Disciplinary Action:

The conduct of examinee and examiners shall be governed by
the disciplinary rules as laid down by the University.
The candidate who has been suspended from the examination

by the university for any reason will not loose his/her chances
during the suspension period. The examination/s, which was
cancelled due to the disciplinary action, will not be counted,
but the examinations undertaken before suspension will be
counted as usual.
218
SUBJECT-WISE ALLOCATION OF MARKS FOR
PART-I BDS EXAMINATION
1st Year
Theory Paper
University Examination
Internal
Subject Total
Assessment Section A Section B Section C
(MCQ) (SAQ) (SAQ)
Anatomy 20 30 25 25 100
Biochemistry 20 30 25 25 100
Microbiology 20 30 25 25 100
Pathology 20 30 25 25 100
Pharmacology 20 30 25 25 100
Physiology 20 30 25 25 100
Oral Biology 20 30 25 25 100
Practical Examination
Internal
Subject Total
Assessment Practical
Viva-voce Log book
task
Anatomy 20 50 20 10 100
Pathology 20 50 20 10 100
Physiology 20 50 20 10 100
Oral Biology 20 55 20 5 100
219
2nd Year
Internal
Subject Total
Assessment Section A Section B Section C
(MCQ) (SAQ) (SAQ)
Anatomy 20 30 25 25 100
Pathology 20 30 25 25 100
Physiology 20 30 25 25 100
Dental Materials 10 30 25 25 90
Practical/ Pre-clinical Exam

Internal Viva Practical Log
Subject Total
Assessment voce task book
Anatomy 20 20 50 10 100
Pathology 20 20 50 10 100
Physiology 20 20 50 10 100
Dental Materials* - 10 - - 10
Pre-clinical
Conservative 20 20 55 5 100
Dentistry
Pre-clinical
20 20 55 5 100
Orthodontics
Pre-clinical
20 20 55 5 100
Prosthodontics
*Dental Materials viva voce shall be conducted during Pre-
clinical Conservative Dentistry and Pre-clinical Prosthodontics
practical examinations comprising of 5 marks each. The
examiners of Pre-clinical Conservative Dentistry and Pre-
clinical Prosthodontics should submit separate evaluation
sheets for Dental Materials viva voce.
220

BDS Curriculum 2016

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BDS Curriculum 2016

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CURRICULUM

This curriculum, which has been designed embracing modern

FEATURES OF THE CURRICULUM

The aim of this curriculum for the BDS degree is to produce a

The curriculum has been prepared after reviewing the various

Basic Sciences (first year and second year)

As there is a trend in adopting a integrated teaching and

Although guidelines or standards for such integration are not

To focus on the need of the student-centered curriculum,

the benefit of patient and the community

For integrated approach – The following subjects classically

Oral Structure, Function and Development – Oral Biology - Oral

Oral Pathogenesis and Disease Prevention – Dental

Oral Functional Sciences and Rehabilitation – Dental Materials

General Dentistry – General Dental Practice, Practice Ethics,

Others – Legislation and Forensic Odontology

Key skills – The students should have key skills on:

On completion of four and a half years of BDS program, the

a) Demonstrate the understanding of principles and practice of

PART ONE (1)

1st Year UNIT - I

Basic Medical Sciences

SHOULD BE scheduled during this period.

Basic Medical Sciences

Subjects MBBS Course BDS Course

S. No. Subject KU TU (IOM) BPKIHS DCI RGUHS

1st Year 2nd Year

1st year 2nd year

Dental college is required to prepare its own calendar of

Tentative allocated days for different purposes during a

1. Summer and Winter Vacations 45 days maximum

The following basic dental science laboratories should be

n Dental material laboratory with adjoining plaster room

n The Dental College should adhere to the curriculum

ALLOCATION OF TEACHING HOURS FOR BDS UNIT I - IV

Students should be able to:

Subdivisions of Intraembryonic mesoderm and their

Autonomic nervous systems:

Students should be able to:

Infratemporal and Pterygopalatine fossae:

Tissue spaces around the upper and lower jaws:

Deep cervical fascia:

Cervical group of lymph nodes:

Boundaries, contents, applied aspects of:

Lumbar and sacral plexus:

Femoral triangle and popliteal fossa:

Para-nasal air sinuses:

Development of respiratory system (in brief)

Students should be able to:

Thoracic duct: Formation, termination and areas of drainage

Students should be able to:

Anterior abdominal wall:

Caecum and Appendix:

Rectum and anal canal:

Students should be able to:

Extrahepatic biliary apparatus:

RENAL ELECTROLYTE SYSTEM

Students should be able to:

METABOLISM AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Students should be able to:

Students should be able to:

Female Reproductive System:

GROWTH - DEVELOPMENT AND GENETICS