Tropical cyclone warnings and watches

Tropical cyclone warnings and watches are two levels of alert issued by national weather forecasting
bodies to coastal areas threatened by the imminent approach of a tropical cyclone of tropical storm or
hurricane intensity. They are notices to the local population and civil authorities to make appropriate
preparation for the cyclone, including evacuation of vulnerable areas where necessary. It is important that
interests throughout the area of an alert make preparations to protect life and property, and do not disregard
it on the strength of the detailed forecast track. Tropical cyclones are not points, and forecasting their track
remains an uncertain science,

Contents
Western hemisphere
Canada
West Pacific systems
People's Republic of China
Guangdong
Shenzhen
Zhuhai
Ball signal
Shenzhen and Zhuhai
Ports
Hong Kong and Macau
Japan
Philippines
South Pacific basin
Indian Ocean systems
India
Military advisories
HURCON/TCCOR
See also
References
External links

Western hemisphere
New tropical cyclone position and forecast information is available Hurricane Warning
at least every twelve hours in the Southern Hemisphere and at least Hurricane conditions
every six hours in the Northern Hemisphere from Regional
expected within 36 hours.
Specialized Meteorological Centers and Tropical Cyclone Warning
Centers.[1][2][3][4][5] In conjunction with the National Hurricane Hurricane Watch
Center, the national meteorological and hydrological services of Hurricane conditions
Central America, the northern Atlantic Ocean, and the northeastern possible within 48 hours.
Pacific Ocean east of the 140th meridian west, excluding mainland
Tropical Storm Warning
Africa and Europe, all issue tropical storm/hurricane watches and
warnings.[6] Tropical storm watches are issued when gale and storm Tropical storm conditions expected
force winds of between 34–63 knots (39–73 mph; 63–118 km/h) are within 36 hours.
possible, within 48 hours in a specified area in association with a Tropical Storm Watch
tropical, subtropical or post-tropical cyclone.[7] These watches are
Tropical storm conditions possible
upgraded to tropical storm warnings, when gale and storm force
winds become expected to occur somewhere in the warning area within 48 hours.

within 36 hours.[7] Hurricane watches are issued when sustained

winds of 64 knots (74 mph; 119 km/h) are possible, within 48 hours
in a specified area in association with a tropical, subtropical or post-
tropical cyclone.[7] These warnings are upgraded to hurricane
warnings, when hurricane-force winds become expected to occur
somewhere in the warning area within 36 hours.[7]

Because hurricane preparedness activities become difficult once

winds reach tropical storm force, the hurricane watch and warnings
are issued in advance of the anticipated onset of tropical-storm-force
winds, rather than in advance of the anticipated onset of hurricane- alert issued for the Big Island about
[7]
force winds. At times a tropical storm warning and a hurricane the message of hurricane warning
during Hurricane Lane.
watch can both be in effect due to uncertainties in the forecast. These
watches and warnings are also issued by the Central Pacific
Hurricane Center for the Hawaiian Islands and the Weather Forecast
Office in Guam for parts of Micronesia but not for American Samoa due to an international agreement.[8]

Within the United States an extreme wind warning is issued by the National Weather Service for any land
areas that are expected to be impacted by a major (Category 3 or higher) hurricane and by sustained surface
winds greater than or equal to 100 knots (115 mph; 185 km/h).[8] The warning is issued just prior to when
the strongest winds of the eyewall are expected to impact an area.[9] The warning is to be issued for the
smallest area possible, and be valid for times of two hours or less.[9] It was developed in response to
confusion resulting from the landfall of Hurricane Katrina. NWS offices in Jackson and New Orleans/Baton
Rouge issued 11 tornado warnings for areas that would not experience an actual tornado, but would
experience extreme wind speeds commonly associated with tornadoes.[10] The extreme wind warning is now
expected to be used in these situations.

In 2017, the National Hurricane Center introduced a new system of warnings and watches for storm surge,
which would cover the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States. A storm surge watch would be issued
when a life-threatening storm surge, associated with a potential or ongoing tropical, subtropical or post-
tropical cyclone, is possible within the next 48 hours. These watches would be upgraded to storm surge
warnings when there is a danger of life-threatening storm surge occurring within 36 hours. However, both
watches and warnings may be issued earlier than specified if environmental conditions are expected to
hamper preparations.[11]

In Mexico, a color coded alert system is used to keep the public informed when a tropical cyclone or
possible tropical cyclones poses a threat to the nation. The scale starts with blue at the bottom being minimal
danger, then proceeds to a green alert, which means low level danger. A yellow alert signifies moderate
danger, followed by an orange alert that means high danger level. The scale tops off with a red alert, the
maximum level of danger.[12]

Canada
In Canada, terminology is fairly similar to that of the United States, but there are a few differences:[13]

Watches are issued 36 hours prior to a tropical cyclone making landfall.

Warnings are issued 24 hours prior to the tropical cyclone making landfall.
If sustained winds 70 km/h and/or gusts 90 km/h or stronger are predicted, a conventional
wind warning will be issued along with the tropical cyclone watches and warnings.
A storm surge warning may be issued if abnormally high water levels are predicted.

West Pacific systems

People's Republic of China

A two-stage warning system was long-established in China for tropical cyclones of tropical storm intensity
of above.[14] Nowadays, the use of this system is restricted to coastal waters only. Thus, warnings may be
discontinued even if a cyclone is maintaining tropical storm intensity inland. Color-coded alerts (below)
may be in effect independently of any two-stage warnings.

Later, China Meteorological Administration standardized the system for national use.[15] This set is part of a
larger warning system that covers other forms of severe weather conditions, such as extreme temperature,
torrential rainfall, drought, etc.

Level Name Sign Meaning

Within 24 hours, it may or may have been affected by tropical

Blue typhoon alert
Ⅳ cyclones. The average wind power on the coast or land is above 6,
台风蓝色预警信号
or the gust above 8 and may continue.

Within 24 hours, it may or may have been affected by tropical

Yellow typhoon alert
Ⅲ cyclones. The average wind power on the coast or land is above 8,
台风黄色预警信号
or the gust above 10 and may continue.

Orange typhoon Within 12 hours, it may or may have been affected by tropical
Ⅱ alert cyclones. The average wind power on the coast or land is above
台风橙色预警信号 10, or the gust above 12 and may continue.

Within 6 hours, it may or may have been affected by tropical

Red typhoon alert
Ⅰ cyclones. The average wind power on the coast or land is above
台风红色预警信号
12, or the gust above 14 and may continue.

Guangdong

Guangdong continued to set up the White typhoon alert for typhoon, indicating that tropical cyclones may
affect the area within 48 hours. In some inland areas that are less affected by tropical cyclones (such as
Qinghai, etc.), there is no typhoon warning signal, but when it is hit by tropical cyclones, a strong wind
warning signal will be issued. The winds represented by each color are consistent with the typhoon warning
signal.

Typhoon warning signals used in Guangzhou from June 1, 1995 to November 1, 2000:[16]
 Name
Windproof Info (Tropical
Storm or Typhoon Info)
Windproof Warning
(Tropical Storm and
Typhoon Warning)
Windproof Special Alert
(Tropical Storm or Typhoon
Emergency Alert)
Disarming (Tropical Storm
or Typhoon Disarming
Alert)
Typhoon warning signals used from November 1, 2000 to May 2006[17]：
Name Signal
White typhoon alert
Green typhoon alert
Yellow typhoon alert
Red typhoon alert
Black typhoon alert
Typhoon warning signals used from June 1, 2006 to December 31, 2014:[18]
Meaning
indicates that a tropical storm or typhoon has entered the South China Sea (or has
formed in the South China Sea) and is likely to move to the coastal areas of the
province.
Indicating that a tropical storm or typhoon warning enters the South China Sea, its
route is moving in the direction of the Pearl River Estuary. If there is no change, it may
land within 48 hours.
Indicating that a tropical storm or typhoon hits the Pearl River Estuary within 24 hours,
or landed in a coastal area within 150 kilometers of the Pearl River Estuary, which will
have a serious impact on Guangzhou.
indicates that a tropical storm or typhoon has landed (or weakened to a low pressure).
Meaning
Tropical cyclones may affect the area within 48 hours.
Tropical cyclones will be within 24 hours or are affecting the area, with an
average wind level of strong winds (6-7) (41-62 km/h).
Tropical cyclones will be within 12 hours or are affecting the area, with an
average winds level of strong gale (8-9) (63-87 km/h).
Tropical cyclones will be within 12 hours or are affecting the area, with an
average winds level of strong storm (10-11) (88-117 km/h).
Tropical cyclones will be within 12 hours or are affecting the area, with an
average winds level of typhoon (>12).
 Name Signal Meaning

White typhoon alert Tropical cyclones may affect the area within 48 hours.

It may be affected by tropical cyclones within 24 hours, the average wind

power can reach above level 6, or gusts above 7; or it has been affected by
Blue typhoon alert
tropical cyclones with an average wind power of 6–7, or gusts of 7–8, and
may continue.

It may be affected by tropical cyclones within 24 hours, the average wind

power can reach above level 8, or gusts above 9; or it has been affected by
Yellow typhoon alert
tropical cyclones with an average wind power of 8–9, or gusts of 9-10, and
may continue.

It may be affected by tropical cyclones within 12 hours, the average wind

power can reach above level 10, or gusts above 11; or it has been affected
Orange typhoon alert
by tropical cyclones with an average wind power of 10–11, or gusts of 11–
12, and may continue.

It may be affected by tropical cyclones within 6 hours, the average wind

Red typhoon alert power can reach above level 12; or it has been affected by tropical
cyclones with an average wind power of 12, and may continue.

Typhoon warning signals used since January 1, 2015:[19]

Name Signal Meaning

White typhoon alert Tropical cyclones may affect the area within 48 hours.

It may be affected by tropical cyclones within 24 hours, the average wind

power can reach above level 6, or gusts above 7; or it has been affected by
Blue typhoon alert
tropical cyclones with an average wind power of 6–7, or gusts of 7–8, and
may continue.

It may be affected by tropical cyclones within 24 hours, the average wind

power can reach above level 8, or gusts above 9; or it has been affected by
Yellow typhoon alert
tropical cyclones with an average wind power of 8–9, or gusts of 9-10, and
may continue.

It may be affected by tropical cyclones within 12 hours, the average wind

Orange typhoon power can reach above level 10, or gusts above 11; or it has been affected
alert by tropical cyclones with an average wind power of 10–11, or gusts of 11–
12, and may continue.

It may be affected by tropical cyclones within 6 hours, the average wind

Red typhoon alert power can reach above level 12; or it has been affected by tropical
cyclones with an average wind power of 12, and may continue.

Shenzhen
Shenzhen currently uses a different signal from Guangdong Province:[18][20]

Zhuhai

Zhuhai adopts the signal style of Guangdong Province, but the meaning of the signal is different:[21]

Ball signal

Shenzhen and Zhuhai

Shenzhen and Zhuhai used digitally arranged typhoon signals from June 4, 1994 to November 1, 2000,[22]
but they have now been replaced by typhoon warning signals.

Ports

The coastal ports of various cities in mainland China will still hang the squash signal when the typhoon
hits.[23] The sign is roughly the same as the typhoon signal used in Shenzhen and Zhuhai.[24]

Hong Kong and Macau

The Pearl River Delta uses a variety of warning systems to inform the public regarding the risks of tropical
cyclones to the area.

The Hong Kong Observatory issues typhoon signals to indicate the existence and effects of a tropical
cyclone on Hong Kong. The first numeric warning system was used in 1917.

The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau in Macau uses a similar system.[25]

In Hong Kong the typhoon signal system consists of 8 signals in 5 levels numbered non-consecutively for
historical reasons.[26][27] Each signal has a day signal and a night signal for hoisting, which are still hoisted
in Macau but no longer hoisted in Hong Kong. Day signals are also used as signal symbols in both places.
 Signal Symbol Note Wind speed Gust

(Standby) A tropical cyclone is centred within 800 km of

No.1 NA NA
the territory.

A definite warning that a tropical cyclone is expected to

come near enough to Hong Kong to cause strong winds
in Hong Kong. It normally gives 12 hours warning of
strong winds generally over Hong Kong at sea level, but Strong wind with a
in exposed areas, winds may become strong sooner. ≥
No.3 sustained speed of
110 km/h
41–62 km/h
Implication for citizens: Do not need to go to
kindergartens, some places and events.

Gale or storm force wind.

4 different symbols for different directions.

sustained speed of
No.8.
63–117 km/h from
NW / Implication for citizens: usually no need to go the northwest, ≥
SW /
to school or work for most people if hosted southwest, northeast, 180 km/h.
NE /
before a certain hours before official work southeast quadrants
SE
respectively
hours; depends on official announcement &
employment contracts.

It usually implies that

(Hong Kong) Gale or storm force wind is increasing or
wind speeds are
expected to increase significantly in strength. / (Macau)
No. 9 expected to reach the
The centre of a tropical cyclone is approaching and
range 88 to 117
Macau is expected to be severely affected.
kilometres per hour.
Hurricane-force wind.
winds range upwards
≥
No. 10 Implication for citizens: no need to go to work from 118 kilometres
220 km/h
or school. Most public transportation stop. per hour.

Japan

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) is the government agency responsible for gathering and providing
results for the public in Japan, that are obtained from data based on daily scientific observation and research
into natural phenomena in the fields of meteorology, hydrology, seismology and volcanology, among other
related scientific fields. Its headquarters is located in Tokyo.

is also designated one of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers (RSMC) of the World
Meteorological Organization. It has the responsibility for weather forecasting, tropical cyclone naming and
distribution of warnings for tropical cyclones in the Northwestern Pacific region.

Philippines
PAGASA's
Tropical Cyclone Warning Signals (TCWS)[28][29]
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical Warning Signal Meaning
and Astronomical Services Administration winds of 30–60 km/h (20-37 mph)
(PAGASA) releases tropical cyclone TCWS #1
are expected to occur within 36 hours
warnings in the form of Tropical Cyclone winds of 61–120 km/h (38–73 mph)
Warning Signals (or just storm TCWS #2
are expected to occur within 24 hours
signals).[30] An area having a storm signal
winds of 121–170 km/h (74–105 mph)
may be under: TCWS #3
are expected to occur within 18 hours
TCWS #1 - Tropical cyclone winds winds of 171–220 km/h (106–137 mph)
TCWS #4
of 30–60 km/h are expected within are expected to occur within 12 hours
the next 36 hours. (Note: If a winds greater than 220 km/h (137 mph)
TCWS #5
tropical cyclone forms very close are expected to occur within 12 hours
to the area, then a shorter lead
time is seen on the warning bulletin.)
TCWS #2 - Tropical cyclone winds of 61–120 km/h are expected within the next 24 hours.
TCWS #3 - Tropical cyclone winds of 121–170 km/h are expected within the next 18 hours.
TCWS #4 - Tropical cyclone winds of 171–220 km/h are expected within 12 hours.
TCWS #5 - Tropical cyclone winds greater than 220 km/h are expected within 12 hours.

These storm signals are usually hoisted when an area (in the Philippines only) is about to be hit by a tropical
cyclone. Thus, as a tropical cyclone gains strength and/or gets closer to an area having a storm signal, it may
be raised to another higher signal in that particular area. Whereas, as a tropical cyclone weakens and/or gets
farther away from an area, it may be downgraded to a lower signal or may be lifted (that is, an area will have
no storm signal).

South Pacific basin

The Australian Bureau of Meteorology will issue a cyclone watch for a specified part of Australia, when a
tropical cyclone is expected to cause gale-force winds in excess of 62 km/h (40 mph) within 24–48 hours
and subsequently make landfall.[31] A cyclone warning is subsequently issued for a specified part of
Australia when a tropical cyclone, is expected to cause or is causing gale-force winds in excess of 62 km/h
(40 mph) within 24 hours and is subsequently expected to make landfall.[31]

The Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) issues a tropical cyclone alert for the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati,
Nauru, Niue, Tokelau and Tuvalu, when a tropical cyclone has a significant probability of causing gale-force
winds or stronger winds within 24–48 hours.[32] Gale, storm and hurricane-force wind warnings are
subsequently issued for the above areas by FMS, when a tropical cyclone is either causing or expected to
cause either gale storm or hurricane-force winds within 24 hours.[32]

Météo-France is responsible for the issuance of tropical cyclone watches and warnings for New Caledonia,
Wallis and Futuna, French Polynesia and the Pitcairn Islands.[32] The National Meteorological and
Hydrological Services of the Solomon Islands, Samoa, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, New Zealand,
Vanuatu, Timor Leste and American Samoa are responsible for their own watches and warnings.[32]

Indian Ocean systems

The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD/RSMC New Delhi) is responsible for tracking tropical
cyclones within the North Indian Ocean. Météo-France in Réunion (MFR/RSMC La Reunion) is responsible
for the issuing advisories and tracking of tropical cyclones in the southwest part of the basin, however, the
naming of systems is deferred to the Mauritius and Madagascar weather services.
India

The IMD issues warnings in four stages for the Indian coast. Cyclone Watch
Cyclonic storm conditions possible
Stage 1: Cyclone watch - Issued 72 hours in advance, it within 72 hours.
discusses the likelihood of development of a cyclonic
disturbance in the north Indian Ocean and the coastal Cyclone Alert
region likely to experience adverse weather. Cyclonic storm conditions possible
Stage 2: Cyclone alert - Issued 48 hours in advance of the within 48 hours.
commencement of adverse weather over the coastal
areas. Cyclone Warning
Stage 3: Cyclone warning - Issued 24 hours in advance of Cyclonic storm conditions expected
the commencement of adverse weather over the coastal within 24 hours.
areas. The location of landfall is discussed at this stage.
Landfall Outlook
Stage 4: Landfall outlook - Issued 12 hours in advance of
Cyclonic storm conditions expected
the commencement of adverse weather over the coastal
areas. The track of the cyclone after the landfall and the within 12 hours.
possible impact inland is discussed at this stage.

Cyclonic storm conditions mean what winds in excess of 63 km/h (39 mph) are possible.[33]

Military advisories

HURCON/TCCOR

The United States Department of Defense uses a multi-stage system called the Hurricane Condition
(HURCON) in the North Atlantic and the Northeast Pacific and the Tropical Cyclone Condition of
Readiness (TCCOR) in the western Pacific to prepare bases and evacuate assets and personnel in advance of
adverse weather associated with tropical cyclones.[34]

The alerts are recommended by weather facilities either on base or by central sites like the National
Hurricane Center or the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and are generally related to the timing and potential
for destructive sustained windspeeds of above 50 kn (58 mph; 93 km/h).[34] Recommendations are then
considered by base or area commanders along with other subjective factors for setting the alert status like
assets, holidays or the bases experience in emergency preparedness.[34] The bases prefer to set these alerts
sequentially, from HURCON or TCCOR 5 with destructive winds expected within 96 hours, through levels
4, 3, 2 and if needed to a series of four different level 1 conditions, however depending on the cyclone's
movement or location some of these signals can be skipped.[34][35] After a system passes and stops affecting
the base, the authorities can decide to revert to the lowest level or stay in a heightened approach if another
tropical cyclone is approaching.[34]

See also
Gale warning
HURCON
iTyphoon
Severe weather terminology (disambiguation)
Small craft advisory
Storm warning
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External links
NHC - watches and warnings (http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/forecast/warnings.shtm
l)

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