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Chapter 4 - Excavation and Earthwork: Notes
Chapter 4 - Excavation and Earthwork: Notes
Notes: -
1. Measurements- (A) Measurements of earthwork will be taken by cross
sectional measurements. Only when such measurements are not
possible, pit measurements may be taken, but full measurements will be
checked by E.E.
In case of cross sectional measurements the following deductions shall be
made: -
Percentage Percentage
deduction to addition to
be made in designed
completed height for
sectional shrinkage
measurement allowance
NOT TO SCALE
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN METRE
NOT TO SCALE
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE- IN METRE
(ii) For soft rock cut strata i.e. from6.0 m to 10.0 m depth.
Quantity of rock cut for = 1 X (4.0+2.0) / 2 x 4
which extra lift is
payable (Section HGDC)
= 12.00 cum.
C.G. of Sect ion HGDC =[(2 X 1 X4 / 2 X 4 / 3) + (2 X4 X 4 / 2)]/
(G-2) [(4+2) /2x4]
= 1.778 m
Extra lift payable = 6.0+1.778-1.5
= 6.278 m Say 6.28 m. I.e. 21 lifts of 0.3 m.
each for 12.0 cum quantity.
NOT TO SCALE
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE- IN METRE
NOT TO SCALE
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE- IN METRE
Quantity of cutting = 1 x (4.75+13.75) / 2 x 3 = 27.15 Cu-
m
Centre of gravity of cutting G-1 = [{2 X(3 x 4.5) / 2 X(3 / 2)} + {(4.75x3)
(3/2)}] / [{(4.75x3)}+{2x(4.5x3)/2}]
= 1.26 m below G. L.
A. Calculations for formation of Banks: - Left Bank Is to be 2.95 m high with
top width as 5 m & side slopes as 1 in 1.5, hence the bottom width would
be 13.85 M. The height of this Bank which could be formed from half of
the quantity of cutting would be, X, which is solved mathematically.
27.75 / 2= ((13.85 -1.5 x 2X + 13.85 ) x X / 2)
or x = 27.70± [(27.70)2 -4x3x27.75]½
2x3
x = 1.143 m say 1.14 m
The balance height of 2.95 -1.14 = 1.81 m shall be formed with earth
borrowed. No extra lift would be payable for forming the bank from the
height above. 1. 1 4 m up to 1.5 m. being included In the initial lift of
excavation.
The right bank which has to be of 2.95 m height, top width of 1.5 m, side
slopes of 1 In 1.5, the bottom width would be 10.35 m:, and the height to
which this bank with half the quantity of cutting could be formed would be
y, which is solved mathematically.
27.75 / 2= ((10.35 –2.0 x 1.5 XY + 10.35 ) x Y / 2)
or y = 20.70+ [(20.70)2 -4x3x27.75](½)
2x3
Y= 1.82 m
Hence, the balance height of 2.95-1.82 =1.13 m shall be formed with earth
borrowed.
B. Earthwork quantity for left bank.
1. (a) From G.L. up to 1.14m = 1 x (13.85+10.43)/ 2 x 1. 14 = 13.84
cum
(b) From 1.14 m up to 2.95 m = 1 x (5.0+10.43)/ 2 x (2.95-1.14)
= 13.96 cum
Check total quantity for left bank. = 13.84 + 13.96 = 27.80 cum
or = 1 x (5+13.85)/ 2 x 2.95 = 27.80 cum
C. Earth work quantity for right bank-
(1). From G.L. up to 1.82 m = 1 x (10.35+4.89)/ 2 x 1. 82 = 13.87
height cum
(2) From 1.82 m up to 2.95 m = 1 x (4.89+1.5)/ 2 x (2.95-1.82)
height = 3.61 cum
Check total quantity for right = 13.87 + 3.61 = 17.478 cum say
bank. 17.48
or = 1 x (1.5+10.35)/ 2 x 2.95 = 17.48
cum
D. Centre of gravity calculations-
(1) Left Bank
(a) From G. L. up to 1.14 m =[{2 x (1.71 x 1.14 )/ 2 x (1.14 /3)} +
height (G-2) {(10.43 x 1.14) x( 1.14 / 2 )}]/
[(13.85+10.43) / 2 x 1.14)] = 0.54 m
(b) From 1.14 m up to 2.95 m = [{2x(2.72x1.81)/2x(1.81/3)}+{(1.81 x5)
(G.- 3) x (1.81/2)}]/[(5+10.43)/2x1.81]
1.81) = 0.80 above 1.14 m