Ishikawa diagrams (also called fishbone diagrams, herringbone diagrams, cause-and-effect diagrams, or

Fishikawa) are causal diagrams created by Kaoru Ishikawa that show the causes of a specific event.[1]

Ishikawa diagram

Cause and effect diagram for defect XXX.svg

One of the Seven Basic Tools of Quality

First described by

Kaoru Ishikawa

Purpose

To break down (in successive layers of detail) root causes that potentially contribute to a particular
effect

Common uses of the Ishikawa diagram are product design and quality defect prevention to identify
potential factors causing an overall effect. Each cause or reason for imperfection is a source of variation.
Causes are usually grouped into major categories to identify and classify these sources of variation.

Overview Edit

Sample Ishikawa diagram shows the causes contributing to problem.

The defect is shown as the fish's head, facing to the right, with the causes extending to the left as
fishbones; the ribs branch off the backbone for major causes, with sub-branches for root-causes, to as
many levels as required.[2]

Ishikawa diagrams were popularized in the 1960s by Kaoru Ishikawa,[3] who pioneered quality
management processes in the Kawasaki shipyards, and in the process became one of the founding
fathers of modern management.
The basic concept was first used in the 1920s, and is considered one of the seven basic tools of quality
control.[4] It is known as a fishbone diagram because of its shape, similar to the side view of a fish
skeleton.

Mazda Motors famously used an Ishikawa diagram in the development of the Miata (MX5) sports car.[5]

Advantages Edit

Highly visual brainstorming tool which can spark further examples of root causes

Quickly identify if the root cause is found multiple times in the same or different causal tree

Allows one to see all causes simultaneously

Good visualization for presenting issues to stakeholders

Disadvantages Edit

Complex defects might yield a lot of causes which might become visually cluttering

Interrelationships between causes are not easily identifiable[6]

Root causes Edit

Learn more

This section does not cite any sources.

Root-cause analysis is intended to reveal key relationships among various variables, and the possible
causes provide additional insight into process behavior.

The causes emerge by analysis, often through brainstorming sessions, and are grouped into categories
on the main branches off the fishbone. To help structure the approach, the categories are often selected
from one of the common models shown below, but may emerge as something unique to the application
in a specific case.

Each potential cause is traced back to find the root cause, often using the 5 Whys technique.
Typical categories include:

The 5 Ms (used in manufacturing) Edit

See also: 5M model

Originating with lean manufacturing and the Toyota Production System, the 5 Ms is one of the most
common frameworks for root-cause analysis:[7]

Man / mind power (physical or knowledge work, includes: kaizens, suggestions)

Machine (equipment, technology)

Material (includes raw material, consumables, and information)

Method (process)

Measurement / medium (inspection, environment)

These have been expanded by some to include an additional three, and are referred to as the 8 Ms:[8]

Mission / mother nature (purpose, environment)

Management / money power (leadership)

Maintenance

The 8 Ps (used in product marketing) Edit

See also: Marketing mix

This common model for identifying crucial attributes for planning in product marketing is often also used
in root-cause analysis as categories for the Ishikawa diagram:[8]

Product (or service)

Price

Place

Promotion
People (personnel)

Process

Physical evidence

Performance

The 8 Ps are primarily used in product marketing.

The 4 Ss (used in service industries) Edit

An alternative used for service industries, uses four categories of possible cause:[9]

Surroundings

Suppliers

Systems

Skill