DRAFTS IN WIDE

CIRCULATION
REFERENCE DATE
WRD 09/ T- 26 14-12-2010

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE: Dams and Spillways Sectional Committee, WRD 09

ADDRESSED TO:

a) ALL MEMBERS OF WATER RESOURCES DIVISION COUNCIL (WRDC)

b) ALL MEMBERS OF DAMS AND SPILLWAYS SECTIONAL COMMITTEE, WRD 09
c) OTHERS’ INTERESTED

Dear Sir(s),
As per the decision taken in the 11th meeting of the WRD9 sectional committee, we are posting the draft standard as mentioned below on the BIS website
www.bis.org.in for your ready reference.

Doc No. Title

WRD 09(520) Guidelines for preliminary Design of Spillway Aerators (first revision of IS 12804)
Kindly examine this draft standard and forward your views stating any difficulties which you are likely to experience in your business or profession, if these are
finally adopted as National Standards.
Last date for Comments :15-02-2011
In case no comments are received or comments received are of editorial nature, you may kindly permit us to presume your approval for the above document as
finalized. However, in case comments of technical in nature are received then they may be finalized, either in consultation with the Chairman, Sectional Committee
or referred to the Sectional committee for further necessary action, if so desired by the Chairman, Sectional Committee.
Comments can be mailed to wrd.bis@gmail.com in the enclosed proforma. In case you have any difficulty in accessing/downloading the documents, please write
to us for a hard copy which we will be glad to provide.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,

[J.C. Arora]
Head (Water Resources)
Encl: as above.
Draft for Comment Only
Doc. WRD 9(520)
December 2010

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

Draft Indian Standard

GUIDELINES FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF SPILLWAY AERATORS

(First Revision IS 12804)

(Not to be reproduced without the Last date for receipt

permission of BIS or used as a of comments is 15 Feb 2010
STANDARD)

FOREWORD

(Formal clauses of the foreword will be added later)

Spillways and outlets of high head dams may be exposed to high velocity flows and the associated destructive
phenomenon of cavitation. The extent of cavitation erosion depends to a large extent on the surface finish of
spillway/outlet. As velocity increases above a certain limit, the surface finish required to prevent cavitation erosion
exceeds the tolerance to be expected from standard construction practice. In such cases the spillway surfaces are usually
protected from cavitation damage by introducing air near the flow boundary. Devices called aerators which supply the air
are located on the spillway floors.

The procedure for design of spillway aerators is very much the state-of-art and subject to changes as advancement in
knowledge takes place. The procedure outlined in the existing standard (1989 version) has already become obsolete as a
result of advanced knowledge available from the recent research works. This revised standard incorporates the latest
information available for designing spillway aeration systems. In view of constant updating of information, use of word
'Criteria' seems to be inappropriate and therefore the word 'Guidelines' for preliminary design has been incorporated in the
title of this standard.

The existing standard also covered aeration demand for outlet structures. It was seen that the following two other Indian
Standards also covered the same topic.
1. IS 11485 : 1985 - criteria for hydraulic design of sluices in concrete and masonry
dams.
2. IS 11570 : 1985 - criteria for hydraulic design of irrigation intake structures.

Besides, the nature of air demand in outlet structures is quite different than in the spillway aerators. While cavitation
damage mitigation is primary consideration in the latter, ensuring satisfactory flow conditions downstream of outlet gate is
the main consideration in the former. In view of this, the portion containing air demand for outlet structures has been
deleted from the present standard. Therefore, the title of the revised standard is now "Guidelines for preliminary design of
spillway aerators".
 Draft Indian Standard

GUIDELINES FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF SPILLWAY AERATORS

(First Revision IS 12804)

1. SCOPE

1.1 This standard deals with provision of aeration for spillways to prevent or minimize cavitation damage.

2. TERMINOLOGY

2.0 The following terms and definitions shall apply for the purpose of this standard.

2.1 Cavitation

The phenomenon and consequential formation of cavities or pittings caused by sudden vaporization of a flowing liquid in
a zone of excessively low pressure.

2.2 Incipient cavitation

The onset of vaporization is called Incipient cavitation.

2.3. Cavitation index (σ )

2.3.1 The cavitation index is a parameter enabling prediction of onset of cavitation in a particular flow situation. It may be
written in the form
 ⎛ po − pv ⎞
σ = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟ …(1)
⎝ ρ V 0
2
/ 2 ⎠

where
σ = cavitation index

p 0 = pressure (absolute) at some reference point in the flow, N/m2

2
p v = vapour pressure (absolute) of the fluid, N/m

ρ = mass density of fluid, kg/m3

Vo = reference velocity near to the cavitation source, m/s

2.3.2 In the case of open channel flows and spillways the cavitation index can be written as

α V02
d cos α ± + pb − p v
gR
σ =
V02 / 2 g …(2)

where

d = depth of flow, m
α = angle of chute with horizontal, degree
R = radius of curvature of chute,m
Pb = barometric pressure, m of water column
Pv = vapour pressure, m of water column
Vo = reference velocity near to the cavitation source, m/s

The radius of curvature R can be worked out as

 32
⎡ ⎛ dy ⎞ 2 ⎤
⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎥⎦
R=⎣ …(3)
d2y
dx 2

αV02
The term has + sign for a concave slope and - sign for a convex slope.
gR

2.4. Incipient cavitation index (σ ι )

The cavitation index at the condition of incipient cavitation is called the incipient cavitation index.

2.4.1 While the cavitation index (σ ) is relevant to the flow condition, incipient cavitation index (σ ι ) is relevant to the object
or surface in question. In general, for all (σ ) > (σ ι ) cavitation will not occur.

2.5. Aerator

A device installed on the spillway floor to provide air to the flow near the boundary of the flow surface. This includes the
ramp, step, offset, groove and also the air intake conduit in the body of the spillway or the side walls.

3. THE NEED FOR AERATION

3.1 Spillways of high head dams may be exposed to high velocity flows and the associated destructive phenomenon of
cavitation. The inception of cavitation erosion depends to a large extent on the surface finish of the spillway. As velocity
,increases above a certain limit the surface finish required to prevent cavitation erosion exceeds the tolerance to be
expected from standard construction practice with velocities greater than about 25 m/s, protection of flow boundaries by
means of streamlining, lining critical areas with steel sheets, using improved surface finishes and/or cavitation erosion
resistant material is neither economical nor completely successful. In such cases, entrainment of adequate quantity of air
in cavitating flow significantly' reduces the damage caused by cavitation. The air dispersed throughout the region where
cavitation originates is believed to suppress formation of vapourous cavitation and provides cushioning effect. Hence,
aeration of high velocity flow is becoming a widely accepted method of preventing cavitation damage in hydraulic
structures.

3.2 Based on the experience from the operation of several spillways, the following general guidelines for cavitation
protection, based on cavitation index alone is given below:

> 1.80 No surface protection required.

0.25 – 1.80 Flow surface can be protected by surface treatments
including grinding of all roughness elements to specified
chamfers.

0.17 – 0.25 Flow surface can be protected by incorporating design

modifications to the chute profile (e.g. reducing convex
curvature) or by incorporating aeration devices etc.

0.12 – 0.17 Flow surface can be protected by incorporating aeration

devices into the design.

< 0.12 Flow surface probably cannot be protected from

cavitation a new design should be selected.

3.3 It has been found that with 2% or more entrained air in the flow (by volume) the damage due to the cavitation was
reduced markedly, while with 6-8% entrained air the damage was essentially eliminated.

4. SPILLWAY AERATION DEVICE

4.1. Description of device

4.1.1. Types of devices that could be used to introduce air into flowing water on a spillway chute include deflectors or
ramps, offsets, steps, grooves and combinations thereof. Such aeration devices are shown in figure 1. An aerator also,
requires that a passage may be provided to admit air to the underside of the jet. Wall slots or recesses, lateral wall
deflectors or wedges and air intake conduits are frequently used for the air admission system. A schematic diagram of an
aeration system with a ramp, offset and air intake conduit is shown in figure 2. Another type of system using a ramp, step
and air gallery with distribution duct is shown in figure 3. The mechanism of entrainment and detrainment of air in an
aerator is shown in figure 4.

4.2. Hydraulic action

4.2.1 The hydraulic action of a spillway aerator system consisting 'of ramp, step, air slot and air intake system is similar to
a water jet pump. The high velocity water jet issuing over the ramp draws some air already trapped in the groove and
creates partial vacuum. The rate of air demand of the jet depends principally on the velocity and length of the trajectory
(which is affected by the presence of sub atmospheric pressure in the groove). The sub atmospheric pressure in the
groove causes some air to be drawn through the atmosphere via the air intake system. The air flow rate through the air'
intake system is governed by the head loss through the system which in turn determines the magnitude of sub
atmospheric pressure in the cavity and consequently the jet trajectory length. This interaction continues until local
equilibrium is established for a given set of conditions.

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SPILLWAY AERATOR

5.1. General.

5.1.1 Procedure for designing an aerator is currently very much the state-of-art and subject to changes as advancements
are, made. Present design practice includes use of empirical relationships developed from model and prototype
measurements and limited amount of theoretical analysis. . The guide lines given below may be used for evolving a
preliminary design of aerator which should be checked on a hydraulic model.

5.2. Need for an aerator

Please refere clause 3.

5.3. Locating the first aerator

5.3.1 Locate the first aerator where the flow cavitation index (clause 2.3.2.) falls below 0.20. It is also desirable to have the
Froude number of the flow at that location, to be atleast 6.

5.4. Aerator and intake configuration

5.4.1 In the absence of any firm and definite guidelines, pertinent dimensions of, the aerator and intake systems can be
chosen, at least as a first approximation, 'by referring to the details of existing installations and finding a parallel case.
More refined calculations, if necessary, can be carried out in subsequent trials.

5.4.2. ANNEX I gives pertinent dimensions and other details in respect of existing aerator systems of some projects.

5.4.3. Relevant notations appearing in the design, calculations are shown in figure 5.

5.5. Estimation of desired air demand

5.5.1 The air discharge sucked through the air supply intake depends on the flow velocity and length of the trajectory
issuing from the ramp. Recent observations and analysis from a number of prototype installations (which have functioned
satisfactorily), have shown that air discharge per unit length of the aeration ramp, for the water discharges varying from 20
to 220 cumecs/metre remained almost constant,' say 10 cumecs/metre, thus

Qair = 10 W cumecs ( W = Width of spillway) …(4)

5.5.2 Further observations enabled developing an empirical relationship

β a = Qa Q = 0.015 + 0.464 exp(−31.58Fq ) …(5)

w

Where

qw
Fq =
( g H 11.5 ) …(6)

5.5.3 The larger of the Qa (or qa) obtained from equations (4) and (5) should be adopted.

5.6. Calculation procedure

- Calculate effective angle of aerator θ

 12
⎡ ⎛T ⎞⎤
θ = θ ⎢ tanh⎜ r ⎟⎥ …(7)
⎣ ⎝θ ⎠⎦

Where

θ = angle of ramp with chute (in radians)

Tr = relative height of aerator = tr/d

where tr = height of ramp with reference to original spillway surface

d = flow depth over the ramp.

Calculate jet trajectory length assuming atmospheric pressure in the air groove.

Aerator with ramp -

⎡ ⎛ 2 T cos α ⎞
1/ 2
⎤
Lmax F2θ ⎢
λ = = 1 +⎜ ⎟ ⎥ …(8)
max
d cos α ⎢
⎣
⎜ θF 2 ⎟
⎝ ( )⎠
⎥
⎦

L max = Length of jet trajectory assuming atmospheric pressure in the air groove.

Vw
F = Froude number of flow on ramp =
gd
Vw = Water velocity over the ramp.

ts + tr
T=
d

(Where ts = height of step (see fig.5))

α = angle of spillway chute with horizontal

Offset Aerator –

12
⎛ 2T ⎞
λ max = F⎜ ⎟
⎝ Cosα ⎠
Qa
- Calculate l max corresponding to λ max.
Qw

β max = 0.03(λmax − 5) forλmax > 7

= 0.03(λmax) forλmax < 7 …(9)

- Calculate minimum Euler number of flow, Emin

Emin =
10 3
2.3
[
(tan θ )1.15 exp 1.15(tan α ) 2 ] …(10)

- Calculate ∆E, the difference between actual Euler number E and Emin;

10 3 ⎡π ⎛ ξ ⎞
1 0.7
⎤
∆E tan ⎢ ⎜⎜ a ⎟⎟ ⎥ …(11)
3 ⎢⎣ z ⎝ ξ max ⎠ ⎥⎦

(Note : The larger of the ξa obtained from Eqs (4) and (5) should be used).

E = Emin +∆E …(12)

- Calculate average subatmospheric pressure below the jet

− Vw2
Δ p = ρw …(13)
E

ρw = mass density of water = 1000 kg / cum

- Calculate the air velocity Va in the intake system corresponding to Δ p .

2Δ p
Va =
0.43 (1 + 2 ξ tot ) ρ a
…(14)

Where

ξ tot = total head loss coefficient of the air supply system (typically 0.55)
ρ a = mass density of air (typically 1.207 kg/cum).

- Calculate cross-sectional area As of the air-duct

Qa
As = …(15)
Va

- Since there would be two air intakes on either side of the chute, each intake would have area of 1/2 As.

- The maximum air velocity in the air intake system may be upto 100 m/s to minimize the possibility of flow
separation, compression shocks and flow instabilities. In fact, it would be advisable to keep it as low as possible.

Check whether on consideration of requirement of cross sectional area of the duct and the maximum air velocity in
the air supply system, the pertinent dimensions of the entire system are required to be modified and calculations
repeated.

5.7. Aerator spacing

5.7.1 Design criteria for deciding aerator spacing have not been established a, yet. Data on aerator spacings of some
existing installations given in Appendix I would serve to provide useful guide lines. As a rule of thumb, one might generally
consider the required aerator spacing to be approximately equal to twice the average flow velocity in the reach, under
consideration.

Thus
 S=2V
S = distance between successive aerators, m
V = Avg velocity in the reach under consideration,' m/s

5.7.2 A sample calculation for design of aeration system for a typical spillway is given in
ANNEX 2.

6. MODEL STUDIES

As indicated in 5.1.1, the guide lines given above would be useful in preparing a preliminary design of an aerator system.
The final design should be evolved on the basis of studies on a hydraulic model constructed to an appropriate scale and
taking into consideration the scale effects involved in such a model study.

FIG.1 BASIC AERATOR SHAPES

FIG.2 AIR SUPPLY SYSTEM WITH IN TAKE CONDUIT
FIG.3 AIR SUPPLY SYSTEM WITH GALLERY AND DUCT
 FIG.4 ZONES DESCRIBING AERATOR MECHANISMS

M.W.L.

H1

Vw d

0 tr
ts

H1 = HEAD OVER THE AERATOR

Vw = WATER VELOCITY OVER THE RAMP
d = DEPTH OF FLOW OVER THE RAMP
= ANGLE OF CHUTE WITH HORIZONTAL
0 = ANGLE OF RAMP WITH CHUTE
t r = HEIGHT OF RAMP
t s= HEIGHT OF STEP
 FIG.5 NOTATIONS

ANNEX1
(Clause 5.4.2)

Project Details Spillway Design Details Air Supply System Details Aerator Design D
Sr.
No Type Ramp Step/ First
Hei- Discharge Width / No. Ramp Intake(3) (4)
Name Country of Length Slope Type Spacing angle offset ht. Aerator(2)
ght (1) cumecs diameter used Ht. size/Type Dist
dam (deg) m m

2@1.3x3.0C.
1 Alicura Argentina 130 Ch 537 39 2.86:1 R/S 4 63 0.17 9.9 126 N
SYMP
2 Amaluza Ecuador 155 Gr. 7700 90.34 0.414:1 R 0.06 1.66

3 Baishan China 149.5 Gr. 5072 49.2 0.5:1 S 1 5.7

4 Bratsk Russia 100 Gr. 6050 100 216 0.8:1 R 1 0.45 11.3 39 P N
5 Chamera I India 121 Gr. 22000 107 8 X 10m 1.26:1 6 G 1 - - - 2 41 2 X 2 C SYMP
7
6 Clyde New Zealand Gr. 0.77:1 R/S 1 0.45 5.7 0.45
100:1
7 Colbun Chile 116 Ch 8500 281.8 71.1 to R/S 2 60 0.25 11.3 2.25 3x1.5C SYMP 2.2
1.96:1
5.5 to
8 Emborcacao Brazil Ch 7800 330 R/S 2 103 0.3,0.2 7.1 2x2
3.35:1

0.6,0.1 0.6
9 Fengjiashan China T 1140/725 922 7.2x11 50.1.5 R/G,R 2 50 3.8,7.1 84 0.9 C
8 N
 Foz do 0.2,0.1 7.1,0.1 1.8x4.O C,
10 Brazil 160 Ch 11000 400 70.6 3.87:1 R/S 3 72,90 1.5 146 N
Areia 5 0 SYM

Glen 1.2x1.2 G,
11 USA 216 T 2@ 3908 400 12.5 0.7:1 R/G/S 1 0.0.18 0.7.7 0.31 50 1.2
Canyon SYM
Nat
Guri 7
12 Venezuela 150 Gr. 6000 140 48 0.8:1 R/RS 2 93 1,0.25 2.84 30 P C, ASYM A
(Chute 1) 5
1.25
Guri 0.8,1.3 7
13 Venezuela 150 Gr. 6000 145 51 R/RS 2 103 1,1.5 2.2 30 P AF, SYM 1.2
(Chute 2) 2.5:1 25
14 Karjan India 81 Gr. 16475 17.61 0.8:1 R 1 - 0.563 8 AG, SYM, 2.5
x 3.75
15 Karkaya Turkey Gr. 17000 392 0.67:1 S 1 - 0.5 - 110 AG 3 m
16 King Talal Jordan Ch 2160 35 2.78:1 S.R 2 - 0.574 7.8 1.4 40 W N
33.3:1t N
17 Laiban Philippines Ch 2960 397 25 R/S,R/G 4 40,64,56 0.20,0.4 5.2,5.71 180 C,C
02.7:1 AG
18 9:1 to
Mc Phee USA 82 Ch 950 303 18.3 90 R 1 - 0.91 6.4
2:1
19
Narmada Sagar India 100 Gr. 88315 109 495 0.86:1 60.3 R 1 - 0.2 2.5
20
Nurek Russia T, Ch 2400 10 Varies G/O 8 10-15
21
Varies
Piedra Del Argentina 111 Ch 10000 27.15 30:1 87 4 40-68
60-52
22
San 4:1
Philippines 210 Ch 12800 550 105 128. 4 R/O 7 50-60 0.5 9.6
Roaue Max.
23
Sardar Sarovar India 165 Gr. 65000 300 524.3 0.6:1 56.68 R/G 1 - 0.25 4

24
Tarbela Pakistan Ch 2690 126 Variable Variable 140 R/S 1 - 0.16 9.1
25
0.2
80
Tehri India 261 Ch 5487 718 39.5 1.94:1 41.87 R/G 3 0.15 5.71
100
0.1
26
Three Gorges China 181 Gr. 47900 127.5 23 X 7 m 4:1 95.17 O 1 - - -
27 R/S,R/ 60,1. 0.15
Toktogul Russia Gr. 2430 - 0.71:1 116 2 9.5
G 5 0.45
28
8:1 to 0.25 4.7
Uribante Venezuela 130 Ch 1100/300 391.6 12 R/S 2 153
2.5:1 0.30 5
29

Ullum Argentina Ch 1000 228.8 35 4:1 72.5 R 1 1.0 14

30
Vst-Ilim Russia Gr. 0.7:1 R 1 0.6 9.5
31 0to0.
Yellow tall USA T 2600 450 9.75 0.7:1 150 R/G/S 1 07 Oto6.3
List of Abbreviations

AG : Air Gallery
ASYM : Asymmetrical inlet condition.
C : Air intake conduit
Ch : Chute
D : Distribution duct
G : Groove
O : Offset
P : Pier
Po : Portal
R : Ramp
S : Step
SYM : Symmetrical inlet condition
T : Tunnel
W : Wall wedge

1) Where two values are given the first is spillway design discharge and the
second the aerator design discharge.
2) The distance given is that from the spillway crest to the first aerator
3) Describes how the air is delivered to the aerator from the atmosphere and
whether delivery is from both sides of the chute.
4) Describes how the air is conducted to the underside of the jet at the aerator.
5) The term 'Natural' means that no special appurtenances have been used to
distribute the air in the jet cavity void.
 ANNEX 2
(Clause 5.7.2)

Sample calculation for design of aeration system for a typical spillway

The cross section of the spillway is shown in fig. A-2.1.

The other details are as follows.

Number of spans : 4
Span width : 18.3 m
Thickness of piers/side walls : 4.7 m
Width at toe : 87.3 m
Design max. discharge : 11,785 cumecs
Max. water level : El. 100 m

1. Need for an aerator

Several trial calculations for cavitation index showed that its value is approximately
0.2 at El. 23.3 as shown below:

H =100 – 23.3 = 76.7 m.

For 100% discharge

V actual = 36.3 m/s d = 3.7 m

V2/2g = 68.81 m cos α = 0.9946
Pb = 10.3 m pv = 0.233 m

3.7 × 0.9946 + 10.3 − 0.233

δ= = 0.2
68.81

For 50% discharge

δ = 0.175

Thus there is a need for an aerator for the region downstream of E1.23.3 m. It may also
be seen that locating the aerator upstream of this point encroaches curvature of the toe
and hence not advisable. Therefore, the first aerator be located at El. 23.3.m.

2. Aerator and intake configuration

Referring to the details of the existing installations given in Annex 1, aerator of MC Phee
dam (Sr. No. 17 would appear to resemble (atleast to some extent) to the proposed
aerator under consideration. Therefore, calculations may begin with the following
parameters:

Angle of chute α = 5.950

Angle of ramp θ = 60 = 0.1047 radian
Height of ramp tr = 0.7m
Height of step ts = 0
Also

Vw = 36.3 m/s, d= 3.7m F= 6

tr + ts
T= = 0.188
d

- Calculate effective angle θ (Eq-7)

⎛ tr ⎞
θ = θ tanh⎜ ⎟ = 0.1019 radian
⎝θ ⎠

- Calculate λmax (Eq-8)

F2 θ ⎡ 2 T cos α ⎤
λmax = ⎢ 1+ 1+ ⎥
cos α ⎢
⎣ ( )
θ F ⎥⎦
2

36 × 0.1019 ⎡ 2 × 0.188 × 0.9946 ⎤

= ⎢1 + 1 + ⎥
0.9946 ⎢⎣ (0.1019 × 6)2 ⎥⎦

λmax = 8.9

- Calculate βmax (Eq-9)

βmax = 0.03 (λmax -5)

= 0.117

- Calculate E min. (Eq-10)

10 3
E min = (tan θ )1.15 exp[1.15(tan α ) 2 ]
2.3
 10 3
E min = (tan 0.1047)1.15 exp(1.15 (0.1042)2)
2.3

= 33

- Calculate desired air demand.

Eq.(4)

Q air = 10 W
= 10×87.3 = 873 cumecs

Eq. (5)

qw 135
Fq = = = 0.064
9 : 81 × (76.7 )
1.5 1.5
( gH 1

Qa
β= = 0.015 + 0.464 exp (-31.58 Fq)
Qw

= 0.015+0.464 exp (-2.026)

= 0.076
Qa = 0.076 ×135 ×87.3 = 895 cumecs

Therefore, adopt Qa = 895 cumecs

Qa 895
βa = = = 0.076
Qw 11785

- Calculate ∆E (Eq.11)

10 3 ⎡π ⎛ β ⎞
1 / 0.7
⎤
∆E = tan ⎢ ⎜⎜ a ⎟⎟ ⎥
3 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎝ β max ⎠ ⎥⎦

10 3 ⎛π ⎞
= tan⎜ ⋅ 0.54 ⎟
3 ⎝2 ⎠
NOTE - The quantity in bracket in the equation is in radians

∴ ΔE = 378

E = E min + ∆E
E = 33 + 378 = 411
 - Calculate average sub atmospheric pressure below the jet (Eq-13)

Vw 2
Δ p = ρw
E

36.3 2 Δp
Δ p = 1000 × = 3206 ⇒ Δp = = 0.088
411 ρ w gd

- Calculate air velocity Va in the duct (Eq-14)

Δp − 2 gd ρ
Va = × w
0.43(1 + 2ξtot ) ρ a

0.088 × 2 × 9.81 × 3.7 1

= × = 76.6m / s
0.43(1 + 2 × 0.55) 0.001207

Number of air ducts =2

1 Qa
Area of each air duct =
2 Va

1 895
= × = 5.84m 2
2 76.6

Say 6 m2

A duct size of 2m x 3m is found to be suitable considering the thickness of the side walls
and the space below the ramp. The entire arrangement of ramp, duct and recover y slope
etc along with the air intake system through he side walls is shown in figure 2.1.

3. Spacing between the aerators (Eq-16)

Considering the average velocity of bout 40m/s, the second aerator may be placed at a
distance of 80 m from the first aerator.

The flow conditions in the region of the second aerator must be observed in a hydraulic
model to ensure that the groove does not get filled in with water when low discharges are
passed down the spillway and ski-action is not initiated but a hydraulic jump forms with the
bucket lip acting like a sill.
FIG.A- 2.1 DESIGN OF AERATIONSYLSTEM DETAILS OF AIR INTAKE
(Clause 5.7.2 and APPENDIX 2) SYSTEM THROUGH SIDE WALL