Use of hybrid metaheuristic algorithms

for the minimization of entropy in heat

transfer problems in
electronic circuits one

Hybrid Meta-Heuristic Algorithms for Minimizing Entropy in Heat Transfer

Problems that May Be Present in Electronic

Circuits 2

Use of hybrid meta-heuristic algorithms to

minimize entropy in transfer problems
heat in electronic circuits 3

Rodrigo Correa-Cely 4
Iván Amaya-Contreras 5
Andrés Araque-Herrera 6
one Receipt date: December 9, 2010. Acceptance date: March 18, 2011. This article is derived from a research project called Use of
hybrid metaheuristic algorithms combined with the minimization of entropy in problems of heat transfer in electronic circuits, with
registration number 3863-e3t, developed by the Control, Electronics, Modeling and Simulation research group (CEMOS) and
funded by the Industrial University of Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.

2 Submitted on: December 9, 2010. Accepted on: March 18, 2011. This article results from the research project Usage of Metaheuristic

Hybrid Algorithms Combined with the Entropy Minimization in Heat Transfer Problems in Electronic Circuits,
(ID Number 3863-e3t) developed by the research group CEMOS and financed by the Universidad Industrial de Santander,
Bucaramanga, Colombia.
3Receipt date: December 9, 2010. Oil date: March 18, 2011. This article is derived from a research project called Use of hybrid
meta-heuristic algorithms combined with minimization of entropy in heat transfer problems in electronic circuits, with registration
number 3863-e3t, developed by the research group of Controle, Eletrônica, Modelado e Simulação (CEMOS) and financed by the
Universidade Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colômbia.

4 Chemical engineer, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. Master in Chemical Engineering, Universidad Industrial de

Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia. Master in Chemical Engineering, Lehigh University, United States. PhD in Polymer Science and

Engineering, Lehigh University. Full professor, Universidad Industrial de Santander. Email: crcorrea@uis.edu.co.

5 Mechatronic engineer, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia. He is studying for a Doctorate in Electronic

Engineering, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia. Email: iamaya2@gmail.com.

6 Electronic Engineer, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia. Email: andres_araqueh @ hotmail.com.

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 404 Rodrigo Correa-Cely, Iván Amaya-Contreras, Andrés Araque-Herrera
Summary
This article presents the development
and application of a hybrid metaheuristic
algorithm, particle swarm + simplex
(PSO + SX), to evaluate its behavior in
solving heat transfer problems in
electronic circuits. The minimum entropy
generation criterion was used to obtain
the objective function, required for the
optimal design of the cooling device. In
contrast to its validity, results taken from
the recent literature, obtained using
deterministic optimization techniques,
were used. They were able to reproduce
the results with lower computational cost
(derived from simpler programming),
allowing the designer to focus more on
the thermal problem than on the
numerical solution strategy.
Keywords
Metaheuristic algorithms, heat
transmission, electronic circuits.
Ing. Univ. Bogotá (Colombia), 15 (2): 403-421, July-December 2011
Engineering 15-2.indb 404
Abstract
This article presents both the
development and the application of a
hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm, Particle
Swarm Optimization + Simplex (PSO +
SX), and seeks to evaluate its
performance in the solution of heat
transfer problems shown by electronic
circuits. More specifically, the minimum
entropy generation criterion for the
design of micro-channels was used. In
order to check the validity of the
algorithm, this work used data from
recent literature, where deterministic
algorithms were implemented. It was
possible to reproduce the results with a
lowered computational cost (through
simpler programming,) which allows the
designer to focus on the heat problem
instead of the numerical solution.
Key words
Metaheuristic algorithm, heat-transmission,
electronic circuits.
I summarize
This article introduces or develops the
application of a hybrid meta-heuristic
algorithm, particle + simplex (PSO + SX)
algorithm, to evaluate its behavior in
solving problems of heat transfer in
electronic circuits. For this purpose, or
as a minimum entropy criteria, to obtain
the objective function, required for or
optimal development of the cold device.
No contrast of its validity will use the
results taken from recent literature,
obtained through deterministic
optimization techniques. The results will
be reproduced with less computational
custody (derived from a more simple
programming), or that allows the
designer to concentrate more on the
thermal problem than on a numerical
solution strategy. Either I propose a
more vantageous method than I do two
Lagrange multipliers,
Palavras chave
Meta-heuristic algorithms for heat
transmission, electronic circuits.
10/03/2011 07:21:58 pm
 Use of hybrid metaheuristic algorithms for minimizing entropy in heat transfer problems in electronic circuits 405

Introduction
Currently, electronic circuits have taken on great importance in the industry, so their
behavior must be as effective as possible. Therefore, the heat transfer between
components has become relevant, since this phenomenon can cause serious
operating problems for each one of them and for the process as a whole. This is how
the objective of this study focuses on the thermal interaction between devices that
handle electric current in a circuit. The development of heuristic algorithms has
provided engineering with practical solutions for the optimization of problems in which
there is no common pattern of behavior for the variables involved.

Therefore, the aim is to evaluate the application potential of the hybrid algorithm
(PSO + SX) to optimize the design variables of a microchannel cooling system. The work
developed by Tuckerman and Pease (1981) proposed a cooling system that continues to
be widely applied in electronics: the use of dissipation microchannels. These have the
strength of the relationship between the type and viscosity of the refrigerant fluid, the
speed with which it is injected into the microchannel and its dimensions. Years later,
Culham and Muzychka (2001) optimized the heat transfer in such devices, injecting air as
a cooling fluid to remove the heat generated by the electronic device, and thus managed
to reduce the generation of entropy.

The authors carried out several studies with the aim of minimizing the relationships between
some heatsink parameters, such as the number of fins ( N),
the speed of the coolant ( V f), the spacing between the heatsink fins ( t) and the total
height of this ( H). They used the Lagrange multipliers as a numerical strategy and, thus,
obtained results that, when applied in the design of the heatsinks, reduced overheating.
The present article

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 406 Rodrigo Correa-Cely, Iván Amaya-Contreras, Andrés Araque-Herrera

Compare the results of this method and the results obtained with the hybrid heuristic method
(PSO + SX) developed for the same objective function.

1. Foundations
Some works propose a method of cooling electronic circuits with refrigerants that, by
convection, dissipate heat and maintain a stable operating temperature (Tuckerman and
Pease, 1981; Culham and Muzychka, 2001; Khan, Culham and Yovanovich, 2009). A
first work, carried out in
1981, on microchannel cooling systems (Tuckerman and Pease, 1981), proposed clear
relationships between the viscosity of the fluid, the minimum width of the microchannel, the
thermal resistance, the type of material, the amount of heat required to dissipate and the
dimensions of the instrument.
Optimizing these variables becomes one of the fundamental tasks of electronic
engineering, to ensure that the behavior of the system is as expected and the most
efficient, both at the design stage and during its useful life. In this way, metaheuristic
algorithms (and later hybrid metaheuristics) appear as a solution tool that can be
used in the optimization of factors that directly influence the problem of heat transfer
in circuits, which are implemented in order to find solutions to questions that do not
have an easily determinable analytical answer. The metaheuristic optimization
algorithms were postulated based on the behavior of animal species, which
repetitively seek the evolution and improvement of the general population,

Initially, several experiences resulted in specific genetic algorithms, as can be

seen in Coello (1995). An example of this is the ant colony optimization algorithm
(ACO), which defines how ants carry out an optimal search for the routes to be
followed (Alonso et al., 2004). In the same way, the optimization algorithm for roach
infestation (RIO) is also known, based on the behavior of roaches in their search for
food and in dark corners to hide (Havens et al., 2008). .

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 Use of hybrid metaheuristic algorithms for minimizing entropy in heat transfer problems in electronic circuits 407

This algorithm presents a search methodology that optimizes the position of a certain
variable (particle) in a multidimensional space within a population, making it compare its
position with that of other particles in its neighborhood to define the best overall behavior.
Having this result, it is applied iteratively until all the particles converge at a common
point called the optimal point and the system in general behaves in the desired way. The
elements that make up the system are defined as individuals that interact with others and
on which the behavior of each of the others depends, due to a positive or negative
influence in the search for the best global solution.

The algorithm simplex or Nelder Mead is another optimization method based on a geometric
foundation that forms a polyhedron of (N + 1) vertices in which the objective function is
evaluated, changing the vertex of the worst solution for one with better probabilities of optimal
response. This method is already immersed in simulation computational mathematical tools,
which facilitated the contrast in this investigation. From them emerged the hybrid used in this
study (PSO + SX). The nomenclature used in the article appears in Table 1.

Table 1. Nomenclature

Parameter Meaning Units Parameter Meaning Units

Entropy generation Heatsink Thermal
S gen W/K k W/mK
rate Conductivity
Heatsink Kinematic
R sink K/W γ m2/ s
resistance viscosity
Fin resistance Heatsink Base
R end K/W tb m
Thickness
Fluid density
Fd Drag force m / s2 ρ kg / m 3

Heat transfer
Fluid velocity
h coefficient W / m2 K VF

V ch Channel speed m/s H Fin height m

t Fin thickness m F Friction factor Dimensionless

Spacing
b m F app Apparent friction Dimensionless
between fins
Shrinkage loss
Hydraulic
Dh m kc coefficient Dimensionless
diameter

Keep going

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 408 Rodrigo Correa-Cely, Iván Amaya-Contreras, Andrés Araque-Herrera

Parameter Meaning Units Parameter Meaning Units

Expansion loss
Fin perimeter
P m k and coefficient Dimensionless

Fin cross
Nusselt
TO c sectional area m2 Wildebeest b Dimensionless
number

Reynolds number
Heat dissipation rate
Q W Re on the channel Dimensionless

Absolute Reynolds number in

T or ambient K Re* the modified Dimensionless
temperature channel
Fin length Prandtl
L m Pr Dimensionless
number
Heat sink width Number of heatsink
W m N Dimensionless
fins
Fluid thermal
kF W/mK
conductivity

Source: authors' own presentation.

The equations that allow the microchannel to be modeled are shown below (Culham and
Muzychka, 2001; Khan, Culham and Yovanovich, 2009). It starts with the general equation, which
describes the entropy generation rate for the heat sink models, equation (1), where the influence
of the resistance of the dissipating material, the absolute temperature of the environment, the
speed of the fluid are highlighted coolant, the drag force of the fluid and the amount of heat to be
dissipated.

2
FVQRS
gen
=
sink
+
d F
(one)
T0
twenty
T

One factor that will become the basis for further testing and discussion is the temperature
difference at the base of the heat sink, described as:

θ b=QR . sink (2)

For (1) and (2) a common parameter of influence is the resistance of the heat sink which is
defined as:

one tb
R sink = + (3)
( NR/ end
) (+ -h N b L one)
k LW

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 Use of hybrid metaheuristic algorithms for minimizing entropy in heat transfer problems in electronic circuits 409

The heat transfer coefficient, the thickness of the contact base and the dimensions of the
heatsink are involved in this variable. Also the spacing between the fins (which depends on the
total width of the heatsink, the width of each fin and the number of fins. Such relationship is
shown in equation (4).

W Nt
- b
= (4)
N ( - one)

The thermal resistance of each fin ( R end) It is defined from:

1 tanh
R end
= (5)
hPkA c (m H )

Where:

hpm
= (6)
ka c

In equations (5) and (6), longitudinal fin factors such as perimeter and
cross-sectional area are directly involved, defined on each by equations (7) and (8).
Similarly, they are also affected by the thermal conductivity of the material and the
heat transfer coefficient.

P=2(L+t) (7)
TO c = L t (8)

To conclude the analysis and development of this group of factors, the heat transfer
coefficient between the bodies involved (fins and cooling fluid) is defined, for which the
model developed by Teertstra et al. (1999), equation (9):

k Nu h
(9)
F b
=
b

Where:
- -1/3 3
• - 3
• • •
• • Re Pr •
*
3.65 •
Nu = + • 0.664 Pr Re
* 1/3
+
one • (10)
••• • •
b
•
Re b ••
b
2b • *

•• • ••

The factor shown in (10) is influenced by the Prandtl number and the modified
Reynolds value, characteristics given by the refrigerant fluid.

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 410 Rodrigo Correa-Cely, Iván Amaya-Contreras, Andrés Araque-Herrera

(air for the present case) and where the speed in the channel and the kinematic viscosity also
intervene; relationships and influences that are demonstrated in equations (11) to (13).

bV
=
ch
Re b
(eleven)
γ

* • b•
= b • • (12)
• •
b
Re Re L
• t•
VV = + •
• one (13)
• b•
ch F

Aside from the heatsink resistance ( R sink), the entropy generation rate is also defined by
the drag force of the fluid ( F d) as evidenced in equation (1). This factor is based on the
dimensional characteristics of the heatsink, the density and the apparent friction. This
model was proposed by (Culham and Muzychka, 2001) and can be seen in equation (14).

2
• ρV •
Fd = { Fapp •• NHL
( 2 b L k HL
+ k HL) +
( c
)+
( and
) •• } . •2 ch • (14)
• •

The loss coefficients, both contraction and expansion, are influenced by the flow
area which, by definitions of fluid mechanics, are given by the relations (15) to (17).

k c = 0.42 (1 - σ 2) (fifteen)

k e = ( one - σ 2) 2 (16)

σ = -one N t ⋅ (17)
W

The apparent friction is described as a ratio of the Reynolds number, the friction and the
length that the fluid in contact travels, which is evidenced in equations (18) to (21).

1/2
• • 3, 44 • •
2

one 2
Fapp = •• • + ( fRe Dh ) • (18)
Re • L*•
Dh •• ••

LL
* = (19)
Dh Re Dh

DVh ch
Re Dh = (twenty)
γ

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 Use of hybrid metaheuristic algorithms for minimizing entropy in heat transfer problems in electronic circuits 411

2 3 4 5
• b • • b • • b • • b • • b •
f Re Dh
= -24 32,527 • • + 46.72 • • - 40,829 • • + 22,954 • • - 6,089 • • (twenty-one)
• H • • H • • H • • H • • H •

Slightly more comprehensive algorithms have been proposed in several research

papers, encompassing the use of two or more of the optimization methodologies named at
the beginning of this section, called hybrid metaheuristic algorithms. These simply propose
taking the optimal solution from one of the algorithms to define it as the initial condition of the
next one, reducing the risk of divergence and the number of iterations that the response
would entail. The following section shows how the relationships (1) to (21) are included in
the developed algorithm (PSO + SX).

2. Development of the base computational algorithm: training and validation

The programming of the PSO algorithm was performed according to equation (22). For this,
the position vectors ( x i) and speed ( v i). The value of the main parameters of the algorithm was
also established - based on length of vectors ( lx), number of particles in the system ( np), best
overall position ( g),
objective function to be studied ( target), constants w and F and number of iterations ( Item) -, where w is
constant with a value between zero and one (for the study defined as 0.5), F represents without
distinction C one and C 2 with a value of 2 (Havens et al., 2008; Osma and Villarreal, 2009). Vectors R one and
R 2 they correspond to random data between zero and one, in each of the iterations.

vi = ω v i CR
+ px CR pi - + i )
eleven ( 2 2 ( g
- xi )⋅ (22)

In the second part of the program, the position vectors are started ( x i) and speed ( v i) of
all the i-th particles making a cycle that defines them randomly. In addition, the best
position of each of the particles is defined by equating said factor to the same random
value that has just been given to the position. This establishes the first value with which
the system will be fed back to continue operating. This is how the values ​of the position
and velocity of each particle and the global population are found, evaluated and fed back
to the algorithm in each iteration. Their positions are modified in each iteration, following
the behavior of equation (23).

xi= xi+ vi (2. 3)

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 412 Rodrigo Correa-Cely, Iván Amaya-Contreras, Andrés Araque-Herrera

The defined process is repeated as many times as it is defined in the number of

iterations, or until the swarm has defined that the position where it is located is the most
favorable for all. In this investigation a stopping criterion was defined which was called system
tolerance, which was established as 1 × 10- 6 ( applied to the difference of two successive
iterations). Thus, when the difference in absolute value in the results is less than this
parameter, it is assumed that said result is optimal. To conclude this definition, it was
found that this simple analysis can be reproduced as many times as dimensions
(variables) need to be optimized, that is, that the same analysis method described so far is
carried out, defining instead of linear vectors to matrices of values. In this study it is
proposed to take the solution shown by the PSO analysis shown and include it as input
data (no longer randomly as in the PSO, but as a first approximation to the final optimal
value) to the algorithm of the optimization method of Nelder Mead (simplex) (Osma and
Villarreal, 2009).

This ensures that the simplex method converges quickly and has a very accurate
response value. This is how the base hybrid metaheuristic algorithm is defined in order to
continue the development of the study. In order to validate the proposal, comparisons were
made with functions with known optimum. For a dimension, simple functions were taken as
reference and the minimum of each one was found by means of the first derivative and by
means of the developed algorithm. The equation was taken f (x) =

2 x 2 - 4 x –8, with minimum x min = 1 and f (x min) = - 10. Applying this function to the developed hybrid, it was
obtained x min = 0.999 and f ( x min) = –9,9999. In the second test we worked with the function f (y) = y 2 - 8 and
+ 1, that at
optimize with the algorithm this article delivered and min = 4,0000 yf ( and min) =
- 14,9999, comparable with analytical value and min = 4 and f (and min) = - 15, and with lower
computational cost. With these tests it can be defined that the convergence of the algorithm is
very correct for the first approximation.
Following this, the algorithm was tested with functions of more than one variable with
2
and
known optimal values. The first one was fxy
(,)
2
= -x+ than
2 x
4
describes a hyperbolic paraboloid with optimal values x min = one, and min = 0 and
F (x, y) = -one. By applying the proposed optimization method, it was obtained x min =
0.9999, and min = –1.9435x10- 5 and f (x, y) = –0.9999, found in 45 iterations. Rosenbrock's
functions are also raised f (x, y) = 100 ( and - x 2) 2 + ( one - x) 2

and Rastrigin's f (x, y) = 20 + x 2 + and 2 - 10 [cos (2π x) + cos (2π and)], with values

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 Use of hybrid metaheuristic algorithms for minimizing entropy in heat transfer problems in electronic circuits 413

optimal x min = one, and min = 1 and f (x, y) = 0 for the first and x min = 0, and min = 0 and
f (x, y) = 0 for the second.
By approximating the values ​using the hybrid metaheuristic algorithm (PSO + SX),
we obtain for the Rosenbrock function x min = 0.9999,
and min = 0.999 and f (x, y) = 9,7168x10– 10, values ​found in 104 iterations. Figure 1 presents the
graph generated by the program where the particles seek to group together and be all together
at the optimum value point.

Figure 1. Behavior of the particles in response to the Rosenbrock function:

a) initial random position of the particles and b) optimal regrouped position of the particles
who were involved in optimization

position Particle behavior Iteration 104

10 45

8 40
642
35

30
f (best position)

25
0
20
-2
-4 15

-6 10 5
-8 0-6
- 10-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Better particle

to) b)

Source: authors' own presentation.

For the Rastrigin function we found x min = 4.3987x10 –6, and min = –8.6260x10 –6
and f (x, y) = 1.8600x10 –8, values ​found in 70 iterations. Figure 2 shows the diagram of the
particles during the test carried out looking for the optimal point.

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 414 Rodrigo Correa-Cely, Iván Amaya-Contreras, Andrés Araque-Herrera

Figure 2. Behavior of the particles in response to the Rastrigin function:

a) initial random position of the particles and b) optimal position of the particles
who were involved in optimization

Particle behavior Iteration 70

1086420 3.53

2.52

1.51

f (best position)
-2 0.50
-4
-6 -0.5
-8 -one
-10-10 -8 -1.5-2
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 -1.5 - 1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Better particle position

to) b)

Source: authors' own presentation.

This process was carried out with the intention of corroborating the similarity in the responses provided by
the algorithm that was programmed and the known optimal values.

3. Experiments

3.1 Description of the algorithm applied to the minimization of entropy generation

Based on the algorithm developed, the group of relationships of factors (1) to (21) was
included in this and the design variables (parameters) to be optimized and the constants of
the numerical method were defined. Some runs were made where the characteristics that
the parameters should have were evaluated, to limit the divergence of the method. This
defined which values ​of constants less than zero were impossible, as well as the maximum
number of fins and their thickness. The data entered by the user is also restricted to the real
number domain.

To further facilitate interaction, a graphical interface was programmed in which the user
has the possibility of changing heatsink values ​such as dimensions, physical characteristics
(of the fins or fluid), thermal characteristics of the medium, among the other factors
summarized in the Table 2. In addition, the number of particles that will be involved in the
optimization, the

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 Use of hybrid metaheuristic algorithms for minimizing entropy in heat transfer problems in electronic circuits 415

number of iterations to be performed and the tolerance value (accuracy and precision) that you want to
apply to the algorithm, as well as the number of parameters that you want to include in the optimization.

Furthermore, in order to validate the programming, the results obtained in (Culham

and Muzychka, 2001) were used. In this study they propose four fundamental and
influential optimization variables in the behavior of the heatsink: the number of fins ( N), the
speed of the coolant ( V F), fin height ( H) and the thickness of each of them ( t). These
variables are combined in five different tests to obtain a number of different solutions in
each optimization mode.

Table 2. Defined values ​for the design

Parameter Value Units Kind Parameter Value Units Kind

Q 30 W Constant tb 0.002 m Constant

T or 298 K Constant ρ 1.2 kg / m 3 Constant

L 0.050 m Constant Pr 0.71 - Constant

W 0.050 m Constant N - - Optimizable

kF 0.025 W / m K Constant VF 2.00 m/s Optimizable

K 200.00 W / m K Constant H 0.025 m Optimizable

γ 1.58X10 -5 m2/ s Constant t 0.001 m Optimizable

Source: authors' own presentation

3.2 Development of tests

In each of the tests, important parameters were calculated for the behavior of the
heatsink in general, which are displayed in the graphical interface. These
parameters are: the value of the entropy generation function (result of applying the
optimal values), the number of fins (optimized), the speed of the cooling fluid
(defined or optimized, depending on the test case), the height heatsink (defined or
optimized), the thickness of each fin (defined or optimized), the temperature
difference in the heatsink (calculated), the Reynolds number (calculated), the
number of iterations that the algorithm used to arrive at said solution and the time
taken for this purpose. Table 2 shows some values ​of the heat transfer parameters,

For the first test it is desired to optimize only the number of fins present in the heatsink
(N). So, V f H and t they take the values ​defined in Table 2. The results of this test, obtained
both by (Culham, 2001) and by the method presented in this article are included in Table
3.

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 Table 3. Results reported and obtained in the first, second and fourth tests.

Engineering 15-2.indb 416

First test Second test Fourth test
(Culham and (Culham and (Culham and
Parameter Obtained Obtained Obtained
Muzychka, 2001) Muzychka, 2001) Muzychka, 2001)
Value State Value State Value State Value State Value State Value State
N 28.57 OR 28,9705 OR 26.77 OR 26.7640 OR 19,070 OR 14.5869 OR

VF 2,000 D 2,0000 D 2.81 O 3.2709 OR 1,210 O 1,2691 OR

H 0.025 D 0.0250 D 0.025 D 0.0250 D 0.122 O 0.1357 OR

T 0.001 D 0.0010 D 0.001 D 0.0010 D 0.0016 OR 0.0024 OR

θb 11,510 C 11.9100 C 9.49 D 8.9420 C 7,200 C 6.8840 C

Re 473,900 C 443,5041 C 713.3 D 787.4401 C 433,300 C 562.9180 C

416 Rodrigo Correa-Cely, Iván Amaya-Contreras, Andrés Araque-Herrera

Iterations N/A N/A 25 OR N/A N/A 32 OR N / AN / A 74 OR

Weather N/A N/A 9.6483 OR N/A N/A 7.3804 OR N / AN / A 24.2984 OR

Note. The status can be Optimized (O), Defined (D), Calculated (C) or Used (U).
Source: authors' own presentation.

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 Use of hybrid metaheuristic algorithms for minimizing entropy in heat transfer problems in electronic circuits 417

Figure 3 shows the behavior of the entropy-generating rat as a function of the

number of fins. It can be seen that for the range of 20 to 35 fins, the function does not
have drastic changes (it is practically horizontal), which makes optimization by
traditional methods difficult.

Figure 3. Function behavior S gen optimizing the number of fins

Result after 25 iterations

0.5
value S gen ( N)
0.45 Optimum

0.4

0.35

0.3
Entropy [WK]

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
5 10 fifteen twenty 25 30 35 40 Four. Five

Number of fins (N)

Source: authors' own presentation.

Table 3 and Figure 3 show how for the two developments there is an optimal
number of fins of 29. By analyzing the behavior of the equations presented in section 1
and these results, it is evident that a decrease in the number of fins increases the
resistance of the heatsink ( R sink), and therefore in the value of the temperature difference ( θ
b), reflected in an increase in the entropy generation rate. Conversely, if the number of
fins increases, the value of the heat resistance of the heatsink and the temperature
difference decrease.

Together with this, the heat losses associated with the value of the drag force increase,
which increases the entropy generation rate. This is how it was defined that the number of fins
should not be less than 20 nor greater than 35. For the second test, the number of fins of the
heatsink is optimized ( N), like

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 418 Rodrigo Correa-Cely, Iván Amaya-Contreras, Andrés Araque-Herrera

in the previous test, and the velocity of the fluid ( V F). The other two variables ( H and t)
continue with the values ​given in Table 2.
The results obtained in (Culham and Muzychka, 2001) for the second test, as
well as those achieved with the hybrid algorithm, are also summarized in Table 3.
For this case, it is obtained that the optimal number of fins is 27 (two less than in the
previous case) and that the value of the fluid velocity is greater than that initially
defined. As described, a reduction in the number of fins causes the heatsink
resistance value, heat difference, and entropy generation to increase; but increasing
the value of the fluid velocity causes the heat losses to increase simultaneously.
Therefore, when optimizing these two variables, the increase of one is compensated
by the reduction of the other, giving a lower entropy generation rate. H) or the
thickness of each of the fins ( t). They are, therefore, two different tests, with different
results for each one, as recorded in Table 4.

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Engineering 15-2.indb 419
Table 4. Results reported and obtained with H or t in optimization

Including H Including t
Parameter (Culham and Muzychka, 2001) Obtained (Culham and Muzychka, 2001) Obtained

Value State Value State Value State Value State

N 24.57 Optimized 24,3900 Optimized 38,1400 Optimized 35,1168 Optimized

VF 1.48 Optimized 1,7004 Optimized 3,2800 Optimized 3.4747 Optimized

H 0.0966 Optimized 0.0911 Optimized 0.0250 Definite 0.0250 Defined

T 0.001 Definite 0.0010 Definite 0.0004 Optimized 0.00050102 Optimized

θb 7.21 Calculated 7.0391 Calculated 8.6600 calculated 8.5956 Calculated

Re 409.80 Calculated 450,9084 Calculated 583,9000 Calculated 638.1517 Calculated

Iterations N/A N/A 40 Used N/A N/A 40 Used

Weather N/A N/A 11,2452 Used N/A N/A 11.5627 Used

Source: authors' own presentation.

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 420 Rodrigo Correa-Cely, Iván Amaya-Contreras, Andrés Araque-Herrera

As can be seen, the results obtained by optimization using the hybrid algorithm agree
acceptably with those reported in the literature, which uses a more laborious method, which
requires knowing the partial derivative of the objective function with respect not only to the
design parameters, but to the Lagrange multipliers, added with the subsequent solution using
the multidimensional Newton-Raphson method of the resulting non-linear equation system. In
the case of the second test, in which the width of each of the fins is optimized, a greater
number is obtained than that reported in the literature.

In the results given in (Culham and Muzychka, 2001), the number of fins exceeds
the range that was defined at the beginning of this section, but the behavior is still
acceptable. The PSO + SX algorithm reports a number of fins of 35, where it is
evident that this parameter drastically influences the width of each one, going from 1
mm to practically a third of said value. Therefore, the size restrictions imposed by the
specific application must be verified to verify that the optimal values ​are consistent.
Finally, the most complex test involves the four design variables that you want to
optimize. The results of the described test are presented in Table 3. In this case, an
impact on the height of the heatsink is observed, as in the previous one.

4. Conclusions
The hybrid metaheuristic method that was proposed, PSO + simplex (of sequential
architecture), has an efficient behavior for the Rosenbrock and Rastrigin functions of two
dimensions, as evidenced by the results shown at the end of section 3.

On the other hand, the value of the entropy function for the case in which fin numbers
less than 20 and greater than 35 are presented has an increasing exponential behavior,
due to its marked dependence on this parameter. It is evident how the inclusion of new
factors in the optimization process in the generation of entropy makes the analysis of the
behavior of the objective function more complex, due to the physical interdependence
between the components of the generation function. When optimizing the fundamental
parameters of the microchannel type heat sinks with the proposed optimization method
(PSO + simplex), a great similarity is found with the results obtained with the Lagrange
multiplier method, but

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with a considerable reduction in the computational cost required and simplicity of the procedure.

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