Transcription

1 MORPHOLOGICAL ERRORRS

2 Morphological Errors 4.0 Introduction While learning a second or a foreign language the
learners commit various types of errors of language. The errors relating to the formation of
words may be termed as the morphological errors. Every language has its own process of the
word formation which differs in varying degrees from that of the native language of the learners.
The learners of a second language get equinted with the morphological processes of the target
language gradually. Because of the complexities of the morphological processes of the target
language the learnerstend to commit the errors relating to the nominal and verbal categories of
words such as number, gender, case, tense etc. The inflection and derivation of the target
language also pose problems in learning a second language. While learning a second language
the learners are likely to form words which are erroneous from the point of view of native
speakers and may create problems in the process of communication. The morphological aspects
are as important as other aspects of the linguistic structure but generally the language teachers do
not pay much attention to this aspect of target language. They are more concerned with the
lexical items and their use in syntactic patterns. In this chapter the efforts have been made to
identify and analyse the 68

3 errors of morphological nature pertaining to the English language. 4.1 Morphological Errors of
Enelish The morphological errors of English by L2 learners have been studied by various
scholars. Duskova (1969: 32) gives an account of the morphological errors of 50 post graduate
students of Czech back ground learning English. She has found 166 morphological errors in the
performance data of these learners and noted that the highest difficulty is faced by these learners
in English plural formation. Bhatia (1974: 346) also finds 18 errors of plural formation by Hindi
speakers learning English. In her other study (1975: 66-83) she finds 130 errors of morphology
out of the total of 1502 grammatical errors. In her study she finds maximum number of plural
formation errors under morphological errors. Ghaddesy (1975: 76) has pointed out 64 systematic
errors of morphological structures errors out of a total of 2 16 grammatical errors. Politzer and
Remirez (1974: 42) have also done an analysis of spoken English of Mexican American students
in a bilingual school and monolingual schools. They have also analysed certain errors of
morphology. However, they did not give a statistical account of these errors in their research
report. The present morphological errors of Urdu/Hindi speakers 69

4 learning English have been collected from the answer book of examinationjand the learner's
workbooks for their home work. Of the 1731 morphological errors, 367 are the errors of plural
formation, 177 are errors of genitive case, and as many as 1187 errors belong to the category of
verbal inflection, the morphological errors constitute able shows the distribution of the
morphological errors with their occurance and percentage. Table Morphological Errors
Morphological errors Errors of plural formation Errors of genitive case Errors of verbal
inflection Total Number Percentage Errors of Plural Formation Usually, plurals in English are
formed by suffixing s, es or ^ en to the noun such as tree/trees, box/boxes, ox/oxen etc. But there
are some English nouns which are changed into plural by making some kind of modification
before adding-es. There are other categories as baby/babies, thief/thieves. There are handful of
English nouns which are made plural by internal modification and replacements, e.g., man/ men,
foot/feet. Still there are some English nouns which have the same shape in the singular and plural
both, e.g., sheep/sheep, furniture/ furniture etc. The plural formations of English nouns
sometimes create 70

5 problems for the learners. The errors committed in respect of plural formations by the learners
are commonly of those types of nouns which have irregular forms in their plurals. The data
available to us present various types of errors of plural formations. The total number of errors
found in this category is 367. They constitute 27.57% for morphological errors Plural Suffixes -s
and -es 4.2.1(a) Use of -es instead of -s The Most regular form of English plural formation is
adding s to the noun ending with most of the consonants, vowels and semivowels, such as
book/books, bird/birds, tree/trees etc. The learner generally do not commit errors in this type of
plural making where they have to suffix only : j to the noun. But the instances have been found
where learners have used z^ instead of ^s. The total number of errors found in this category is
108 which constitute 29.42% errors in the use of plural formation. A few examples of the errors
of this kind are as follows: Photoes Penes Boyes Cowes Bookes Girles photos pens boys cows
books girls 7 7

6 4.2.1(b) Use of :is instead of -es Another category of plural form is that which take z^ as the
plural suffix. The suffix ^es is added where the noun ends with sibilant /s/ and /^/ which are
represented in orthography, by ^ and :ish e.g., class/classes, bush/bushes etc. The suffix z^ is also
added to the nouns which end with the voiceless alveo-palatal affricate /^/ represented in
orthography by ::ch e.g., branch/branches. The plural suffix zm is also added to the nouns which
end with the consonant clusters Jcs represented by x in the English orthography e.g., box/boxes.
The learners sometimes use zl where z^ is required. The total number of errors in this category is
62 which constitute 16.89% for the errors of plural formation. Heros Potatos Watchs Buffalos
Branchs Matchs Mangos heroes potatoes watches buffaloes branches matches mangoes Use of
^es with certain Modification in Nouns English nouns are also made plural by making some kind
of modification in singular form before adding zm for making them plurals, e.g., knife/knives,
leaf/leaves. The learners sometimes making 72

7 them plurals add only ;S or ^es to these types of nouns. The total number of errors found in this
category is 135 which forms 36.78% of the errors of plural formation. A few examples of this
type are given below: Babys Citys Storys Ladys Thiefs Knifes Lifes Leafs Wolf babies cities
stories ladies thieves knives lives leaves wolves Zero Modification A few nouns which represent
the names of fish and animals are made plural with zero modification. They have the same forms
either used as plural or singular. The learner suffix s or es when they use these nouns as plural.
The total number of errors found in this category is 17 which forms 4.63% of the total errors in
the use of plural formation. Examples : Sheeps Deers sheep deer 73

8 4.2.4 Mutation Plurals There are few nouns which form their plurals by internal change of
vowel, e.g., tooth/teeth. But the learners sometimes add 's' to the singular nouns for making them
plurals whereas, these category of nouns only require internal change for plural formation. The
total number of errors found in this category is 36 which forms 9.80% of the total errors in the
use of plurals. A few examples of this type of errors are given below: Foots Tooths Manes
Womans Mouses feet teeth men women mice Errors of-en plurals Some nouns are made plural
by adding r^en to the singular noun. Learners sometimes add s to this category of noun. The total
number of errors found in this category is 9 which forms 2.45% errors in the use of plural
formation. Examples: Childs Oxes children oxen Following table shows the distribution of
various types of 74

9 errors in plural formation. Table Errors of Plural Formation Use of ^ei instead of is Use of is
instead of -es Use of 1^ with certain mo dification in nouns Use of is instead of zero
modification Errors of mutation plurals Errors of ::en plurals Total Number Percentage Errors of
Genitive Case There are two broad categories of case in English viz., direct case and oblique
case. Besides, there also exists the genitive case in English. It is also called the possessive case
which shows ownership or possession. It also shows the relationship of two nouns. The genitive
case is formed by adding ^ to the noun e.g.. The king's crown. The element-is added after the
word king is called the genitive marker which consists of an apostrophe (') and s. When a noun is
used in genitive case, it grammatically inflects with Is. There are certain rules for the use of the
genitive marker ('s) in the genitive case. The learners commit errors in the use of genitive
marker. In certain cases, instead of using the genitive marker ('s), the 75

10 word 'of is also used denoting the same meaning. This may be called the of genitive. To
express the genitive idea, the speaker of English may often choose between the genitive
marker ::2s and 'of. This poses problems for the learners as to where to use the apostrophe i^s or
where to use IgT. The genitive marker -'s is used chiefly with animate objects. It conveys the
idea of physical ownership and the notion of belonging, e.g., hoy's cap. Generally, the genitive
marker is not used with inanimate objects, except after expressions which denote time, weight
and distance, e.g., a day's work, a week's holiday, a foot's length five pound worth. It is also used
with personified things and for the object of dignity e.g., fortune's wheel, court's order. With
these exceptions, the use of genitive with inanimate object is undesirable in standard English.
The use of genitive marker with animate objects and a few exceptions to this rule creates
problem in learning the use of genitive marker. The learners use genitive marker with inanimate
object which is treated as errors. The total number of errors found in this category is 177 which
comes to 13.29% for morphological errors. Following table shows the distribution of various
types of errors in the use of genitive marker. 76

11 Table Errors of Genitive Marker Genitive marker with inanimate object Omission of genitive
marker's Use of of instead of genitive marker Total N umber Percentage Use of Genitive Marker
with Inanimate Objects The total number of errors found in this category is 43 which comes to
24.29% for errors in the use of genitive marker. The learners sometimes use genitive marker with
inanimate objects which is treated as error in the use of genitive marker. A few examples of this
type is given below -. The chair's arm is broken The room's windows was broken. The tree's
branch fell down The school's walls were full of slogans RS The arm of the chair is broken. The
windows of the room was broken. The branch of the tree fell down. The walls of the school were
full of slogans Omission of Genitive Marker The total number of errors found in this category is
116 which 77

12 comes to 65.53% for errors in the use of genitive marker. Learners sometimes drop the
apostrophe ^ where it is required. A few examples of this type of errors is give below: RS We are
going on a week We are going on a week's holiday. holiday. Give me fewtoday paper Give me
today's paper. That was my uncle house That was my uncle's house. There is a barber shop in
There is a beaber's shop in the the market market. Criminals disregard the Criminals disregard
the court's court order. order. It is a one day job It is a one day's job Use of *of* instead of
Genitive Marker The total number od errors found in this category is 18 which comes to 10.16%
for the errors in the use of genitive marker. The genitive marker ^ is used with living object to
express the idea of possession or ownership. Possession is normally indicated by the use of
genitive merker Is. The preposition 'of is used to express the notion of possession when the
possessor is a thing or object, i.e.. Arm of the chair. The genitive marker ^ll and of express the
same idea e.g., The boy's hope/ The hope of the boy. This creates confusion for the learners as to
where to use apostrophe 's or where to use 'of. Consequently 78

13 the learner sometimes use the preposition of instead of genitive marker. Following are some
of the examples of this kind : RS The bowl of the dog was dirty. The dog's bowl was dirty. The
leg of Karim was broken. Karim's leg was broken in an in an accident- accident. The brotherly
friend visited My friend's brother visited our hostel. our hostel. 4.4 Errors of Verbal Inflections
The traditional English grammar distinguishes two types of verb: 1. The verb which form the
past tense by adding z!^ to the main verb, e.g., ask/asked, reach/reached. It is called Weak Verbs.
2. The verbs which form the past tense by changing the root-vowel are called strong verbs, e.g.,
come/came. Elementary books of English grammar also distinguish the verbs as regular (weak)
and irregular (strong). A regular verb can be defined on the basis of sound patterns, whereas, an
irregular verb cannot be defined in terms of sound patterns. Therefore, almost all the books of
English grammar contain the list of irregular verbs. Paul Roberts (1954 : ) distinguishes six
classes of verbs in English: 79

14 Class one : verbs which add a dental sound (d, t, or ed) with no other change, e.g.,
learnllearned, blend/blended, iniss/missed etc. Class two : verbs which add d or t and also change
the vowel sound e.g., deal/dealt, leave/left etc. Class three : verbs which form the past tense by
changing d or t : bend/bent, spend/spent etc. Class four : verbs which have a past tense identical
in form with the present tense, e.g., put/put. Class five : verbs which omit a final consonant
before adding d or t; these usually alter the vowel sounds also, e.g., teach/taught, have/had etc.
Class six : verbs which form the past tense by a change in vowel sound, without any addition of
d or t, e.g., abide/abode, bid/bade etc. Class one is regular and class two to six are irregular.
Learners while making the past form of the verb use the ^ed form most frequently which is
exclusively used with verbs of class one. The other five classes of verb do not accept the use of
^ed form for making them past. The total number of errors found in this category is//87 which
forms fi^ft.57% for the morphological errors. 80

15 Following table shows the distribution of various types of errors injjverbal inflections. Table
Errors of Verbal Inflections Use of -ed instead of internal modification Use of -ed instead of zero
modification Use of ;^ form with verbs which requires internal addition of d / t Use of ed form
instead of changing d to t Use of ed insatead of -en form Total Number Percentage Use of-ed
Instead of Internal Modification There are English verbs which form the past tense by a change
in vowel sound without addition of ^ed form. The learner sometimes use ^ed form with these
types of verbs which require. only internal change in the vowel of present form of the verb. The
total number of errors found in this category is>^l^2/which constitutes 37-^3% for the errors in
verbal inflections. A few examples of this type are as follows : 81
16 Arised Awaked Begined Blowed Sited Breaked Choosed Drinked Fighted Gived Growed
Hanged Holded Rided Shaked Shooted Sinked Speaked Striked Swimmed Taked Writed arose
awoke began blew bit broke chose drank fought gave grew hung held ride shook shot sank spoke
struck swam took wrote 4,4.2 Use of -ed instead of Zero Modification A few number of verbs
are made past without zero 82

17 modification, i.e., they have a past tense identical in form with present tense. The learners
sometimes use led form, when they use this type of verb in the form of past tense. The total
Number of errors found in this category is 98 which constitutes inflections. 2-25% for the errors
in verbal Hurted Seted Bided Bursted Casted Shuted Splited Hited Costed Spreaded hurt set bide
burst cast shut split hit cost spread Use of -ed form with verbs which require Internal
Modification with addition of d/t The verbs of English are also made past by adding d or t and
some change in the vowel sound of present form, e.g., deal/dealt. The learners sometimes do not
follow the required change and addition of d/t while making past to this category of verb. The
total number of errors found in this category is l43 which constitutes 121.0^% for the error in
verbal inflection. 83

18 A few typical examples of this type are given below : Selled Leaved Weeped Sleeped Loosed
Buyed sold left wept slept lost bought Use of -ed form instead of Changing d to t There are verbs
in English which form the past tense by changing final d of present form into t. The learner
sometimes use the -ed form to this category of verbs which are made past by changing d into t of
present form of the verb. The total number of errors in this category is7a8 which constitutes
10.78% for errors in verbal inflection. A few examples are given below. Sended Spended
Builded sent spent built Use of -ed instead of -en form A large number of English verbs have
past tense identical in form with past participle. A few verbs are made past particle by adding zn
in the present form or in the past form, e.g., arise/arisen, break/ 84

19 broken. The learners sometimes add ^ed form to the present form of the verb while using the
verb as past participle. The total number of errors found in this category is 376 which constitutes
3f. 9T% for the errors of verbal inflections. A few typical errors of this kind are as follows :
Arised Bited Shaked Speaked Writed Growed Forgotted Drawed Taked Stealed arisen bitten
shaken spoken written grown forgotten drawn taken stolen 4.6 Conclusion Learners commit
various types of errors in their performance of English. It has been observed that the complex
and irregular patterns of plural formation of English creates difficulties in acquisition. Learners
generally internalise the regular pattern of plural formation (i.e, addition of 's' or 'es' to the
singular nouns for making them plural). They apply the same form of plural formation to the
other nouns 85

20 which are made plural; by internal change and addition of ^ ' vowel change, and by zero
modification. or by a Learners also commit errors in the use of possessive case. Instances have
been found where learners have ignored the rules restriction of possessive, which is used only
with animate. Contrary to this they use 'of structure' (i.e., the bowl of the dog is dirty) instead of
possessive. Omission of apostrophe.^ is a regular feature of learner, they forget the use of
apostrophe/s where it is needed. It has also been observed that complex and irregular verbal
inflection system of English leads to overgeneralization. The regular practice regarding verbs in
making them past is an addition of-led' to the present forms. It has been found that learner
frequently generalize this ^ d' form to make the verb past. As a result, the irregular form of verb
are used erroneously by learners, and resulted errors may be ascribed to intra-lingual factor.
Above mentioned morphological errors of the learners could be eliminated through extensive
patterns prectices/drills. In this way, the irregular morphological patterns of English which create
problems in learning and result in erroneous utterances may be acquired. 86

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Past Simple & Past Continuous. Exercises

Past Simple & Past Continuous Exercises The following document is a brief description and a series
of exercises for practicing the past simple and the past continuous in order to improve your knowledge