aT) iT rerroer) egThro duction 2 RAR The mechanics 'S abranch of physical science that deals with bodies either ot rest or in motion... ¥ aflaid is asubstance arhose molecules move Freely past each other. So. fluid’ Mechomics deals mith fluicl [eiginds 2 gasses ] eibher atrest or in motion, robe Hels Plaid also substance fhat will Continuously deform ; Whats flow uncler the acon of shear stress. ¥ diguids 9. gasseste diguids anol Gasses differ heause of forces between molecules. [AT Tibte | Solid [nigel | gas | Tpical Bees eo oh | Vi Sule ise fe C0008 -o 5 ® om ~ + Hansa Solid hola Ihe diguid t9picalty Molecules ned desciiplion Shape, No need [flow even the | Oroun of Freely | are trong inter. Ith lite intern for acontqiner mole culir forces | action. / | at oa ool Sma Small ; | small; ! moleules are | molecules ove ow ge Close together held clye | together male Calor | spacingDimensions Q unit Rane Basic units: Ceymhel) ST “uy BS “@ritish Mass M Kilogron (xg) gus dength L tibet ee Time + se cond (5) seond (5) Tempreadure e elyin C4) R Flactric current | eunpere (L) Arount of dight Romo Anounteal matter A) moles Z™ SE \N) ales CR hex => The Grid Methool Beewuse Fluicl Mechomies involves Some comple x eduations , auerging anal cancel iS help ful. a ae Clete? gag = ABDI? ek Ph 5% Ang Unik s =) 48 my LEE 2 ang fb ys? Ss 00-3043 mm %. Pio = looo Se Convert slg | £7 mz ra => loco Kg y | slag (03 ong § mr” lie hy — = Gy slught soe Bead Ji ap ; AWal ot rp Ub? yee st 2 = bah wl AL db ghidy de — 4 73 At ay hegh ASE Ns (2 / ght dod) G0 Mes 2d it Lo (SY4 ied) #5" [9]— a | Chapter ‘TL characteristics boy which ibs Pluvol Properties ¢ Donner * af luiol has Qcertain Phy sicat conditions may be described! . -- Dass density. (2 ) i defined as the ratio of mass 4 Velume at acertain Pont. Pe MB _ Grass] - AM APs Yolame [rrelume] \3 mn? > Males of (PY Con be Puncl tabulated! @ tert base, B @ Specific weteht eC BY» defineol as The grwilalional force per Osit rrohame of Pluiol . % = Dhelght _ Lwheghtl _ Ay ° Volume [relume] Le (vm) =. mesorg woke ge Leg @ specife Gravty 2 “Relative density” > defined as the ratio of the specific wheigh off aigiver Fluicl fo dhe specific avheiqt of water @ avefrence Temp: (4%) eS = News = Paws Ss: GeSe= = Sew Bao Roatana) Taleo! ges low “equation of state”: +R: number of moles = fAMSS pt =n RyT Holear mags PY = mass Py T + Rut universal 9°3 constant olor nase mai ey PY om san ¢ Ret P= PRT Emote 1 "Ts Temp. (Kelvin) + PE Pressure (Pa) Ub ts? (DR) ute eyuh pl eR ge GY (Rule Ra ein ra (pe Bama MS! sth cst esl, LYN CBS gb BMW NG 5) specific Heat (c)3 - ability ef Pliicl to store thermal energy- ~ amout ef Heal reguvedl 40 race we € ¥ TemB> of unit mass oy | degree - @ const presure © cong} Yelume = Se aul = for dguidss Cp=ty=¢ 3 bor gasses: Cpt cy Specific Heat Ratio (hye cy e dhe energy that substance poss- “E585 becaus of the state of the Re Sp~ cy @ Tuternat eneryy + Wu) - ads 09 ey a molecular achvily in the substan ce 2 i GF = ae (Arner 9 am Boh 8 > JUN os py Rol wv) (Qiad Mech) Cae ae Bday eee Gl¢Rinehic energy + Mote Yate Energy potential energy gottonic shucture (Lutenal ) : energy @ Enthalpg CH) t dhe Gubination (U4 PIP) TS encounk -ered Frequently in equation for thermo -Agmownies , HeU+ p¥ yncler Enthalpy 2 Taternal eneryd ave afinchord caf Jenprenke LD pressure» ub for gasses th afanetion of tenpreabvrs only Ht enlensive t which clepond on mass mote J properlies ave <8 PU, RE, pig. orator) Tnhensive + which Trolependen | of mass ty tT, P, P Cnartte) ~ extensive prop: dliviclect by mass GIVE US ew specific Proporties . +U => UL U (specific Tntonul o) pote? cosy Ratio between two extensive Properties = give us om Intensive one . etbensive mass Sez fis am Intensive - Nolume = “setuaeee” property. 5@ Viscosity s "7 vA! Me === flow TA Qu a, oy ey T= A By a) Newton our Por viscos ty Wed Woes 3 Cs is8 at cle, 0 4 wma tes No-slip conelition io. ee wit) Alls Zon 0-AF Uy @ Shs =a moving plete < eonesperding (§)_ a the Soliet boundary - abi dg od d luid do resist deformation (flow) waele Sheor Stresse&s ids clePenc! ce matter . é& Oe guy vt beds Gerd pes Se = eb yh == fed pute Telocity grachent of) Cell) bed (#) Duy sha ce Bighaelt { ‘ J Dred Gel ne EN IP KS LOU we DSH 0D Joo J col OF (AL) aed) : (Lees ) 1 ede @ Welocity Tariation Curve Camnot be fangented Jo the Selick dourelyy because Oy =0,4+hen Ou Bu e dy ~ Tee. se; is impossible. @ Ea decreases wit distomee Pro the wall, ( BB increses ) @ Flaicl @ the wall have trelocity+ Newlowion J. won-newleniem Plaids > Mevtonion Plaids: Flaicdls for which Vhe sheer stress is alirecty poporbienal to the rate of strain TK (iy dol Ub day Water, air -__ OY Fluids for which the shear stress —> Non- newtonion Fluide => Metonian vale of strain. pamls, eoth paste catsp not be directly proporHorel 40 the g DS —pNon-Meuoran a oF + Clasificahon af Viscosity + a v r Aypraonic (absolute) Miner A Consh\ PB Crit) tys + effect dam temPreature en aiscosi # for diguidls: ariscosily is decreasing wl with in creasing in CT), cause ©g Ibis imcredsing the al bra clive NN digs oe gasses force between molecules 1s decreasing. Zl Tye stipin Wiha dad 5 Ya Seoul* But, for gasses Viscosity 1s mmereasing wy Fly inereasing iv T) , Has course of increasing ef movie melecales ancl cellines - - . - hp * Wig, 6b oy tA OA Ne ae 22 aM oe YN 8 Sct Seosiy equahens WA he > for dagindst ye Ce @ de bask 312 TenPoo€ KY > for gasses: M (2) 5 FN Ts Toe ’ wascesdy +s ee Tity t Taw Kelvin © Suthelome! ef ua hor” Se guther lone! 7 a” aiteab WY (a) rd (M re elt yy ao FA) ee GO Proplerms 2-23) 1 PhefVihemedic vi seo siby of mcthome @ V5 &) Dr absphnc pressure is (154 ne ws) wring Suther land! equation, and Ideal ges dew Find the Linemete Viscosity @ (200%) Y 2atm. Pressure !! 2 (s=sa¥%) elution « = A BE os ASelution® PF 4 = S ~ ee “f (=) (4) 20 “EUS Vie) B a2 agg Ha NW + SUlhabilebe in Alns bam SBas ( Sey) = 4282 a hr IO? say OBfo mn * Problem 2.23 the Aymownre, Viscosity of or © 8°) TS C1-Z@ gO Weg Jn), Final the viscosity X50 huhu © loo 21) | k= VFEHO "deh, hise 7 A(z) [zs Seat ind we VY =F | 2 Subiible = 4, ad oo e = |S Zi cho EB] Lata eo a eae 2 QIEHO “ Problem 2:32 Pdf the Linemelic ancl the dy nomic viscosity Of air D wader of abewp- of uo one 4 absolute pressure of [Fo Palit eseflifion ® ( Ceom Wale A3 tla * VLRO ENS 1 » Mater® 6.6 3418 Hote Prive ent =W2 49/03 | Bee™ . lFdnte = Ale O85 fr? i [esr] F302) er A= \atinto’ = otis ws ra) Nye We Leo | LI ad Getiet 28 35 The aelocily distribulen Br the flow vf crude ot @ 3lok N- 393 110° Ws Ind) betweon Fwo wails as Shown js given by Ws 1004 (ol-Y) mls ) feels plod the velocity otis trib butien excl oletermine 9) # Soflfion® U= 109- loo | Re \o- 2005 aS walls au\ sz ilo el du : — al = z -\o 35 ee al io ce Ade © 1 = BSI NO = 0383 N, a; Cr 33K10 10 = 010353 N at® Bulk modulus of elastic! 4 se (Ee) PDA ALP PP SORLL ALE CR the Bulk modulus ef edashety is property thats relates om Pressure Jo chomge in volume ( exPansion or contraction) eer = aul es E, = = Je a ile ‘veo Mae d path argh Ge + * (dv iv) Me Line we ik He sP@ 7WwWo Ape ve z 5 Qa 26 Avia ¥ accoraling to this prepedy We com Conclude thud + Incompressible + DESH MS Sho + Compressible 2 bUeW que sie CM Ev for WO = 22 rlo' Aine which erresponds te 0-08 % Chomge in volumes so we com assume it as “Incompressible 4 3 S ° bce Wyse sth oa ve ySo YZ add “Lp po Lad gd Ul aoe: a Problem: The Balle moglelus od olasticily od @thy! alcohol) is 06 910 pa, Ly water, ibis 215 410" Py, Which of these Ingiviols ensier 4o compress, why ZI Soll far ® (Benes Wolo Ra. Eye 215 *101)] ei = —af Ee -0 Me = a a , Mi bied abe 25.33 Ce WG Norey ee Bhs od : oC sla Vie coe7 | deg Ube Sp id ay 3 ld ello 23 oles cor Rieheidls 54 eto HIPS bene Sy :¥ Sur face tension s 6 Csigma) ( ‘eh A) material property wherely aligino! at amaterial interface Propet, gale eterts aforce per unit degth along the swface é = Ew y surface qeasion is inversly fo Proportional with Tend Th - 6y # Values Of surface tension + Gpillary oe DN tabulated @ text beak > rise . aboveastalic walen surface at whmospheric pressure. a] Ps a a a4 i] CPLA sakes apts ust & gts gy) keke O: Contach ang le = angle belween dhe Niguid amol solid Boundory. 8 do: liguiol wel surface e>qe: liquid rok-web surface EK cos Ae eguilbtiuet $5) 20. if =O O° " Kd 6 cos6- (Bd*h) ¥ s00 uiveight = % ¥ i eee CT A) Se E OH Face son oh ete ~ Nbyp bebe QL dot Pot eA eee — . 1 sé val (3 (F) os *sanadae olroplary. * Soap Bubbles i > 1 AP Rd? = 2h Bp= 48 (hp. BS |De- SA re ¥ Problem Z-b5ZL|e water column ing lass pipe , dhe Jude is beam e water colowen ts ____ xs jreasure the Pressure in dlicrmeter , hew mach 6$ glue to surface tension efects 7 _— Co=7 3a? 19 eran ohabions ae he 1E.ase Coro l, Fe Be aa Pye ye BAG at = c.00Ktbl aslo * 2-606 h 6) mer * Problem Al Sawalers bug is susperded cs the surface of abéud by surface tension (water doesn't web the bey The bug has Siz degs cmol each deg Is contack With dhe wader ever alength of Simm , Calculate he martina yass of the bug fo avid! swing #Selibon: Apply ECs POO pe geen gms, Et Spun oni ee (Geib Gas, i bl] = 246LEC) wr LCE A Jigs Coedyh eco Aecousay ead io Eas i | | cw aay = wk - | oyzpeor =p fz = wieghPamg eee m-+£T > 0 -coWs = i 3 781 .¥ Vapor Pressure: “The Pressure at Which aliguiol will ———_ Vaporize , orboil ad agiven tenpreature. 2M Mae oe fob Mal) So Ls Gist AW Al gt Oe SIA Gye wot) of abt (oper eres: ) In ir + pyaly OF St 595) fo (@ribatin) (A £06 dl PF F204 ore eus y © Ill, Path IM Ae elt deh pho her pe. — LNG th Bap aii 0 — Fee pete — I) ay Ma SAY om yeh 2 alae dh eh aT oe th 2 2 4, B, 1ori8, 33, 4e, 46 LEN 44, 507 63 ~~* The hy olro sdakic comdlition meoms thot; each Pluiol porkele is in Perce eguilbrion with the net force due to Pressure balou cing Phe wheight of fluro! powhiele. * Pressure Ts ascalon Quantity , the Force (according +0 Pressure) will be Compression. * our stuoly at dhis chapter , will be Reused on diginds Cony be gases) @ Static coneitions (No move, Vo accel-) Ape « gieb # Defnifien uf pressures phe radio of Abemal force be oven. Aidit ee = absolute pressures pressure meesured relative to the zero.abs pressure 7 Grage Pressuve s pressure measured celakive to prevailing Local atmaspheric pressure Jheclifferonce belween eHwosphric pressure amd achial - Vocwm pressure t pressure —£ eeu LS * Ros Pit leaga | f= foe ee gage © fais Baw Reaccus | local adm. pressure (gage tefrence) + Rrceu® “eye f ~ ~ © Pz 0 pa gage = lol KPa abs ant Oe Reso fae Be Pe ange alice aretares P=? = lol-325 KPq — 2 = 760mm Hg fe bs Si 4 clot kPa abs Be 5! KPa a = (0-3 m Deo Pn =10! HPA a ] posolute zero (absolle geftace) ve Kp. o abs.x Hydeablic machines: fhese machines uses Components Suchas ; enremnnnnnnnnnetenen Pistons , pumps Heses 4o transmit Forces ancl energy Using Eluiols ; these machines are applied for forklift truck, Power steewing system 7 air Plane control Systems on Ghee * Hydraulic machines Provicle “mechomical eolrombag a”, 4 Poscatifaw + ” the pressure applica! 4o am enclosedt cud conlines beely of Pluid is transmitted undiminished +o every Portion ef Hat fluid anc! to He walls od containing vessel.” of. bei, Mb 5% Dor ors oe ot CALLING ai da 159% MW cio Bah pe 2s cbry yA uel SI CAT IN eyo), iy ON er“ Mechanical adv.” ow PES FoUN ATI OW dt Fy wh oa y 1 Fy baled 1, my = - ‘eal? Mechemical Foo At ‘aclvomtage Ee a (Fy) Mar OO (pyaar er at ale yy exomple? ppdratilic Jak hes climensient shown, If one e rerts Fe force ef loon (F) on dhe hanclle of the yack FH what load (A) Con the Jack support, Cheglect tefl height) I 20 eB aha ee (oo 10-33)- Fit 0-03) = O AN (eme) ih 6 pe fe = Wee. = 6227710 Pa A Ese) (Win?) iis Ai. & 4° BOP 2= Aw = ' ae 22 fo he - =| 12-22 Check Nalve% Pressure ‘rariation with elevations Dineen nanan nnn AAAMANAAN Aaa namnnnn . an I) aad 5U,h1 Gaby pat eel Ss | Ue (shadic ) si Me 2 gy ivy \ 220 (elem) 3 tds ole b Romisnanae > PDP N Mang de> = eo puset ook LT \ pe oe ® b 5 Aa hud cos & Gx] + for gurl briuns. ‘syok = ies A Bh =0-0 @bw= 8 AV PAA - (P+AP) BA - Bw sind =O = 6 AL AA POK- pSA-npAR- YN AA AZ 20 (aah) UAE ue se -B | MWdrostalic differandial equation + this eguahen shows that, the Pressure chamges ole to elevation ‘« F the Nelevation (2) olecrenses —s pressure Tacreases + HFethe dfeva Wen C2) Trerenses _s pressure Decreases fi rapes NE alts EN GEV EH Noah VA ye ReomPressibley 31h ab) st ua al OX aes - eu y 2° Ben 2) Gok (Conpressile) 6 pM ASL Loe >) i - 1G Gus AN Giyshs (HK Vals ey SH UH) aol oy se CN . . Pave R= CEN B: piezonetrie Pressure < ye Siete eg Zt hevation z Pa ee eee i = ‘ea nt piezometric Heal v seer AVC Pleametrie pressure) 21 (Piezeme tric) Jy 7a « enol ~ [16]CA, roles about pirzomelne presore(s) Ppt head H x old,» sh, 152 PD Lh AN OR ares wee + 6b, ASV dL BEE WE sod, LE 2 Salt Lm SRV EV AL ( piezonelric heat) Ji aeF ai bod + = sz wy Ub Ul He = Hq = Hg = Piezemetrie Head Hy = Hes H, = Piezometric Head He fHy © pogr{ae OV eoYi 2 aN GF aM ( B42) EGA gis co Us ae at a WUE Gb 27 CEV (H) a Us Pb ey (L oh 2 a4 evemples what ty He pressure @ adept of (lO m) in the bem |e Shown; SA a9) Zant, Clevakion = 65m P, = Zere (gage) (oRa1m ) P, = = ei = fiz, +65 = Pe igs lexedion = ABIo 5 pom => P,= ag. Suater= Ilo > P= ASN\ KPa gage) ‘ aM a 4 4 i 4 q ! ! ! ! ! ! ! | | | | | | | I | i | ' | | (Zero gage yee S31 asl 75H ABA (gaye pressure) jy Ga ee ne €vomples for the Tank Shown , determine the pressure at the T Dotlow H Pi4uZ = B iz oes ‘ st 12 +2 ay Ore = Pe . ol) Bip Beit FBle10-B nel t [= = = le c ms Pir ’l = B= F063 kPa Cenex, why sunny 2m lesatanl Se gee, ee Be oe, oy = Lew | Baie ; Sater a oo. eo re VSO wy? $+ Gey = O-8@ Pressure vowiation in Pdmosphere ( Toposphere 2 strate Pannpnnnstn nen eG AILLLPOLLA GER PDAS Ah AKWASAAKAAAA AAAI © Irope sphere , @ steele sphere? on | aT. lopse rate («) | oe | hes Bp vo lee # z a i (ps7 Be: ‘ o | (Ni of (pani a2 584) peor =u ( ao (Teopo...) Ab z bles? s \o ag Teoposphere Thepe- 54 wo Sea leve| 225 13°F Km te 4 : $0 -te-40 -Jo 6 fo He ” Re" vee, © Regesoes 42, Bo Km (dod: 72 Ph 6.2 9\/4\ UP) a for “Topospheres ete Th 5% (4-22) er Nei = % 4 -2e g/aR » fer lowerportiom 7 , Gea e_lewerlperlin off Mee spiwes x P= f, € oe A¥ Dies dan sg) 018 de aly 2 ey protolem 3-46: phe boiling point of water decrease! with elevation becouse the pressuce chenges , What is the boiling Point ef water at an elevation ef 2000™ © Stendore) condities (296k = al 3.928 =) Zh 2 (Bie ete BD hm dahon = isyaael APlv Rye) PS aie (bie Wy Ga 51 72,2 pF) Tnlerpelatnd®! waeGER ~ P=p [iseitiees) To a-31 ) B-P74 le 4 13 Pl = tot.g ae - 687 (2-0) 2000 m . 2q6.~*W fn, 7 80-08 kre Lily olka d ood + 2 AWN ote Jor 34, be), neo Ss wae BN y --- & IP, 25> 598 5 Table bcd dh Sal From AB 7 got —| 290°C ——» p= 7O-l kPa T= 22% —sp= $0-07 Kea T-looc ——> P= 1-3 keg T= Jot+ (Se8— 208) vio) Clol-3- 7o-1) le + Problem ZeUFs assumerthat caborran must breathe aconstont mass rate of air ‘fe oS feimointan Wer metabolic proces, If she inhales andl exvales \6 dimes / min at Sa level where Hre tempreature is (29% KY and. Pressure is (lol ¥pa) what would her rate @ 5500 to be? VieOBZ Ae. (eA d20992 B xByov a Gal ® bY Al = beh | (yee geo bred 5500 m bab A o> fe B he Be A i et ba) (e = b CB (8) p= 481 4 . (2) B® => bP G We C' > Egzitea) ° b= 16 [ 288 sari oie ? 238 ha = 28-32 breath /min~ . aft sak zens S, e we ibe Wa pees io FAS wld By Seb ai whi - [a “a ped bot — zt g To -K(z-2) OM, PP, [= ~ 4 (2-Be) ] Te gels Ade UI) 050 20 97 (trapo.)i mp E Wis 8 QF Osan a2) (TK lz a)) sel (Te) Jark + P= Po [zeentestts pe Te PL et sal ae p(T) JVB gow gh 2+ ing @ lo Km altitude in aU-S 7 Standard atin: 4 Picblem 3-512 am airplne isfly oO . JP phe internal pressure of the xr craff interior 1S (Oo Kea what iS the outward force on Suindow T - thewindow is Mat and hag am elliptical shope with leg Has of 300 wm along He \ major axis coro! 200mm aleng the minor axis MK Solution s Poe gle = Py fe ait 2] aa outside al 3 - lot-3 pa [# -(5-27110_Clorog-0) | 58748 0287 246 SEPIA Epa] sh wi ah www F-PA = twegttyy) age new = Yad) \ de? Ns ty Le bn v fe (loo- 2744) #8 A(o-3)# (0-2) &e* Pressuve measurment $s dlevices ¢ AN ® Boromelert simple device that may be used! do measure atm. presse Ram =10l Kea adem e Pa, Paar Zero fim - % W = Rrapop = 24 £188 ae 4 a for He Ccan be neg ligeble ) p= th atm Ng eZ a) Seimy -Hlol te 2 0. 762m Ha %ig «1-65 49810 = x SE @ Piezometers qrerlical debe “usually Tass porent’s | which aliqiud rises in response fo aposiive gaye pressure we AiSadvombages & J- Suita Ble for digiuds only * Pe ath = 2- use low ‘and Redlecate Pressure. k 3- Comnohybe used” fo measure sub- ahwospheric VY pressure. +e (Naccum) g& why ee rod Getsstiby 018 ce alille f rere A (Haroweler) 2 * @ Pordon- gauge s adertce that roy be used to —— reassure gage and VacCuw pressere- Bordon - Habe (edaslic pradesh Pressure 4o be measured@ Hamometer: device for measuring Pressure by raising ov lowering acoltimn ef Kgiud, efter shaped like (UY 1 I I \ ' PDE SES 7 Nah Se Ty Zot a, oS 2 Sug Si xe per de 22K (Nh) YM poh, oa), Foyso pi ao oleh P Ge xth 2 ae LOS Vad) GP slabs) See +A WEL GB AE Cu, gle de act zopith al SS & 4 h Crromomeers) 3 patch dua co ATi to 4 , Tne PESD) blah Soh Guy (eyes Wb gay BW), 1B YL om | te te CI BIW 6 Map Rah ANS Yb dap Hee Py + Bh) Sh, = 0 lem 2-314 Delonine Pressure @ A Cipe center] aN prcblon 3-31 é (BY cee CSG for bercary =13-55)/¥ | = 4810 Wir? Py + (0-4 + 9810). (0-05 # 19-557480) =0 & Pro 2722-2 Pa Determine Pressure @ A (pipe center) (5-6-1855 7 08) YX = Ao peccary “ON Sater 544810) — (o-2413-55498) p, +(e : ‘ “gv 0-8 QBle) - (2°3403 # 080) a + (0 -° ine | _x problem 3-3: And! the pressure @ the center ef pipe (A) 7! | Px = (154 A8I0) + (18x08 40810) = (0-6 £13- 65 4 io) — (ed £49I0) =0 a A= BUFZ-O Pa water Fie Kae ns Seah dee eT bok xe Wy grr dv ye + rcblen 3-335 what is Ahe prestine @ A72 Rt (0-6 tlorle) + (ott 20x18) - (e3 4204/0) 20 A ooo Pa (Incliwed) ea et, ee We So) + ask wit by ber S68 we ¥) . ; ney A, dAce SBA EPS eeybt “5 > 20 o Sind = Bo. 5 wef, 2 _ 4 examples B10 = O= Bin — Air sect as shown, Aaair space above along dube is pressurized to Go 104 Waccum pwater From reservoir Blls the Whe te height th), 17 the pressure ged fo 25 KPa waceum, will h increase ov clecreose?? 8 thine 2O A . % @P,= 50 Kea => ne seed : ey paiae9 = 24 = m oot @R, -25 Ku=> re GeeCxanple » Be the data shown, Bed the elevation of Point @® ome AG = ee ———_____—_-__ Rens) LE Pye 0-197 bow 2: FG-6m | Arg Air = o-lqyald pa oi (Se e-8} _ altel LLL MUL a Fluid ($-@= 1-6) Gels Sut) 2 UE LL, (2) dedi gWdl SU! oolbt GH ued - i due -Le Fat Beit (36:6 - 32-3) 4 Vyyng 823- Fy) -¥ CHI -2y] = Py if Pa = - 0-224 4 Bug = ~2°2298 18-555 ABO = - 30/4207 KPg Pg = 0:19% bow = 0-197 klo® Pa 296 30/4i4As 10 nos (36-6-3255) + Alos Ib (22-3-Ze)- WO 4-1 ~Zr] = 0-197 #10 #10 ae a Eee 26-5148 m | ped 2 Ob Woo 0) heel NSA V8 VWbes woh Suey bh DUG Toe asp bP UY (ie phd, badbe Cette SEAS rep ohh ab) = LR Ud ate Za* Forces or plave surfaces cwels) 20 “aa 2 GAS pet 65 yBde Buy ne gM ee) deb 2 Ser goed UB + Ceenter of pressure ) +a, 23P yA» ( Panel), Ges PT de ¥plane surface Cpanel: flat surface ef arbitary shape, with she descriplion of the pressure af all ports along along asurface Called pressure clisbribution + <. conker of pressure WF, dine Oe (j= id. Uniforia pressure distnbulwn J hl yds Jahic pressure distribuhen Chineaw distribution ) + Magnitude of avsllant ydrhe FEE Sh dye nnh Bee © Spb S ET) tls p= Sysint ‘ 7 dF = cay dn Sao ie vi na dh Bese eA ove el @ Em Jeet Sy s aa | CHW WE» alsa) jad thé @ Wo & eo F Coy om fad 2% q A sind asy FM ao Gly Au bap ns ASU, Met) SSN FoBJAsind — Sisprcke, Ar teal gabe 4 a)): ‘ = yt Haas Prom he Ang le wth Mw ao BL Qi che co po teh, > A 7 ie ‘ sordace Jo center Wor! zowter| 25* Yop = de +t Lael ae 25W, 38), AV Ave 98 (Yop) BA He bee wat ot abo eV Ul, al de pT led (centroid ) cidso Ly SLA Spon ce ait Pe —- Ge BU oP =I FR ES GA Sunk OUT (Fe dared esa Goel (Ge) J#em? -< apr See Dg date ath SV aU gs (eo) GPT ad = (S\e* leat (G, <) el 22i( Hep) ’an Be top aides (aod le ae ede) pl us (Howat of Jrortia it) ) Sav example 3-10 tom elliplical gate covers the encl of apipe Um in dlancter, if Hee gate is Winged af the 490, What norral force reghiredl Jo open the gate when water is Bm dee above the top of the pipe, eegleed the weight of the gabe WV A= Kab an = Fld a ae. i — (25 4+ Gs (os 37) Ge sin d= (254 0-8) +8 = lom fo * XY GLOAK Sind = Wloslo 4 15-71 2Y, e\R5 4 25H 2.65 dp? Be eA \ + aust fea tis (0% 2 \Stel# 2.625 “hive ff BOT KD) —_ ig 8 | = 4 ht BP a pavt, rbyas AVG ai Moke , g ny vy WV treo Ssh Vasa si ve X= om cin: Mok! [RAL IA 3 sslx Problem 3-582 as shown, coud Viewing Window (Diometers of w) ee He thule a alarge tank of ceo usatee ( $-G= 1.03) Find the h¢drostatic force and locate jt; line oP acon! Solutiont J sin 2h = +24 (28 sin 60) (sol ad 21 SHE = Ge 1546 Ly, BE Gaae + 786m Fro=¥ GA sind _ = (039 9810) 4 (1-546) #( Res) = F842 kN 4 a) s a K tetiVe Nw _* = 1-808 Sop = de + Font aoe + 41 VIEOR ay emai ah ¢ My G8 Ch YEW (CF, sine ed ot God x WA Te By gabe so sity BUY PBA Lane HA Tie tA Problem 3-62! The gate shown is Teclamgulerr amok has dimensions (Gm bySien), what is Hee reaction © poh A >> h= 3 + 3.005 305-599 m Ye eS JEG. 464m Wer 3 Sed ts Fa 8 YK A sind ‘i * Fp = 18104 5.598464) = 31a Ay ep 4 Ze baguy ee — Yep = Ye Yer 5464 4604 2 6.928 m ate SM <0 > Ryxé)- (sissies 2536)20 YA Ye shop Raa 552-07 by) or’ a ga)+ Hy dvo.clahic forces ow curved surdac [jaragrasie fates, ei wy yaa Al GUI potadl p60 fresh 140 DES So Lee alllacin Kd Sh le Canal st : 4 oabione Syl gee ae Seely fob do? Sot, os eee ed A Vewhical egy ky pbad / | ‘ Prosection Souiers | 1% Ay Wp Ng | > , / 2 UG Y J Worizented Projection Au dav zal Sink apn cd CSA ama lsisé dk, = dASn ts CN dy = =-% YidA Sina . = Cyd by = Fy “A Jy aay Fue pes) fe dep = Wy +a Gy Av + 4 2 centred of bv 4 Dy 1 aalroidal monent eff Tuerbia dor My ph, + Vertical Couponeat (projection) area eSé ” vt? Clemens from ave } Se dy < AF cosd thy Byidh Cos % AY J ¥ av 6 (ucight) 23]+ exanple Flt surface AB is circular arc widh radius of (Zm) ancl awiglth of Lm (into the paper), Find the magnitude anol line of action of tre hydre - Static force acting on AB t + Horizontal projection: Wy = Yale bm 4m F,= BY) Ay = Wlo# 5al2sei) = AB FA Yop = By + Ee = 54 HE_ 2 5-067 SYA 5929) 4 Verlical projection (aegis diy anno 125))) Fy, ~ OMe Wier Rds width = Agovh ss = 30-3 kw 2 a Volume = OV, . a8lor 4424! ps, = FB-5 WW Ups uted = He 2 a2 5K se) AR, = 30-8 +785 = 104-3 Rw B44 Yep Fy = Fy Yep, Fy, Rp > Yep? F854) + 30-84 0-Sha Fetal 104-2 = 0-457 ji * Vm) \-064 anil laa 2 Ve 7, Fy = 98-1 kw vl Lt ug? Na fa [TOT = 6-4 Iv F< 109-3 WW za)+ Bagong onal slay ~ Bato games + Buoyant ree: upwarol force that is produced on pag gash abody thabis fotally or porkaly 553 tg: bo ult PWN BU ES OA obeb eo coed in a fhid when tne fluid 2 Spo Wh) sth COPD ea isinegrowity Reld- ged eee Be + Buoy ant force equation: \weaibob iL, SONY eco = (QE t) eda’ vole bina) Goa AL _245) Soph gic wis soe ZQEB ch Ae Hh Ba OCB ENN EEN SO caidat al Fap = ® (bo *¥5) Volume of 1 volume od Liquid chove the body body gerd deh dh Bias Aw Boe E Down \ Ry > fs = BH) YM = OM, ates Jota PD om pe et GN Dy HP 505 E 5BN 010 HEF 4 1 it fg gabe HY LA aw 6 > adage shih av wie aie eae 2 EA yee st? Gs - 1 He (3e\* by, nh © v ‘estmgel | f weight of phe clisplacenent aolume ancl i+f line of action Passes Hrroygh the coxtroid of the dis placect volure in Phe upward! dlivection ( Guat Aw) whore: Fa: independent ef jhe clistomce From the sucface, as well as the density eof Hre submegedl bedytt Vp bee dy LA (ah a) Saw yas jr) seb oe U\ ¥ x for Solids? Gy cenler off gravity - LL y/ &® 1 |. | iB: conter ef Bungoncy A SFy eee | A - _w20-0 | Fg = _» solid = €-g wood > Faz —> &, = alee? Pha Riva Sa Mal w Yate! -Noinege — ISA Suater Vital AW W om S pectic grow Ay uy Por digquds we may use “Ugdronelor”) whieh is asinple device thal may be used 4o measure (specific gravily) ef af lui d: gor wg wiz by, Kd? ze edb Hyd = WD : z lA afl \ vrefliee J? = Bae ane ee " ae \ CB oy typ Bd? Z. = ¥,, Ka® (2orb2) cal Neil = specific grit = Ze wee Zt be [1 Tuo/ yk ve ww oy * Stability s . »” Nee Stable Melua! Unstable ¥ note thats Sermo: note thal Og |b Pa bey Loay < Stuy) | ° 2: suspended dodly ( Fredy = PPhad) | | fund ® | 3 sinking body ( Roady > Feud) ¥ slabilily of Immersed ( 1225 Q flading ( Fe bodies clepmds on the velalie posikion af center ed gravity @) one center of beeyancy (CB ) PSA War cod 35 St ch Hp ANG iol od ow Ie Ceoilable) PAL C Mechualy Joho gi (Stable) Ae ok AE 131 OD fer Immersed bodiese ( Wbae ¢,Ahy t Fe { | I+ (@) below (ce), 50 stable cause jodg x4 VG Heary boom bocly « ie /s & F\0 c | “4 | ‘ : | 4 3 } } | 2 ee at same position, 66 3: C) below C@), So unstable. Fv WEG) Ue 36 151 Yee ih by a Gok PA BEG AG) AE IN gle BD edt Salle (gah Fh VS) Te ae (@ VPI Tp i FN Geo cod A one E al \ : 7" Betw { é fe a Mt Melaceater Points pombef Inter— seckion of lines oP action (fe Fg) before anc after rotation "4 — hs Ee > GN: Mehaceder Height Adi ao ok GM Ge)» stable (M abeveG) * Poating Bodies s . 4 Similar Jo Case OLD ef Tmnersed! ly ealies ; butt cose 3: 1f GM GB: slable CM above G) If GM CB: unsleble (MH below 4) GM2 \ Ee - CG where: L: SY) Gh oF Vyubmergied Lppe $y 191 et CGLSY pe PA pled p> Mang aita+Ploblen 3-loFe is Fhe block shown, Stable 7! pri P wh ahi + CGeu » Zex ee ran Le | =x GM:l _ c@ sae, Ke Le SHAW? © py? (longitudinal ons) 2a 12 G> 2H Tt if NGeenvese eats) = - 2 AN (GH 2 uy sree «NG Mee? ae an A oe bn Bese = MMe pHeH = 6H! Subneged = Eel, 50 unstable ( tougitudinal axis) Check @ }romiverse axis! Gy 2 45H PH 26 Medural => unstable 6H? a So Unstable i] foblem 3-22 To what depth a wi Ul this reclomgulees block (5G: 2 ae i, Ploct jn the hoon diguid reservoir 2 me 28 hae Sel te fhe [ht Bfyzo sad “it ye Fo -Wszo (L¥, Furey \36L2- (BLYr3L 108% y-6 wath water waler Ye l67L >d=ytl= [d= 2TAL [24|aN LAN ho iter ¢ eisly gies alan jor Ih pl pac Pe heode + — Yop = Mg x a an a a ev AAdb ah gy 1402 + Problem 3-932 determine the minimum Volume ef concrete (X= 23-6 KAJm) pelo fo keep the gate (lm wide) in aclosec! Posie 77 Yo eh Im le Fp %. 4. A = ABlo tla (2H) = OS™ 19.62 Iew I -g aie = tes ep Ha GA 2 \ + <2 = 1-333m 9, te2e] + 3 ~ | Jes e 7 = ma Fp pinged 12" BM 20 S T1259) = Fee (2Z-139 = ge T = 5na5s | subnerged Concrete bbleelt ee Nows- Fe ? Thy = 5458+ ~ - re Soonde M5 D813 ¥10" w= 0-3913 Submerged Hydeslaic Bee) Ae ( Dajarey ) salah 2b co ab yA V0 BS =. 6 eg Z Ani bod ¥ AA b Zor? die’ * nn ae 5)* amelal part (2) is hanging by athin cord from afloating wood bleclt Ci], fhe weed block hus aspecific growly (S,= 0-7) ond dimensions of (50X50 Xlo)mm- the metal Port has avolume oF (£600 mom) , Lindl the mals (mg) of the medetl Port and! the fonsion on the Cord 1 > for wood block Ci) ¢ Tw Fe, step ty =7T+% 5, ¥, Ho | Toad Yo Submerged o 4 4 Glo # (5015047-5)¥ 10 = T + QBloro-2y (50450 110) ylo [Re o-ez6 WN | ye = for medal bleck {2)# < Fag om Wa T+ Fay = Wy -q w, = o-le3é+ QBlo # 6600 #l0 ly = T O-1PSN [a> w= Be = 9228 = lo. 01785 ky [a= 07H] GY 98! Jinsse J [38]