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I. THE HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL

In the town of Holyoke, Massachusetts, On February 9, 1895, William G. Morgan a

YMCA physical education director, invented a new sport he dubbed “mintonette.” Morgan,
structured the game to be a blend of b-ball, baseball, tennis, and handball. The sport of
volleyball, or how it was first called "mintonette," was created after the creation of basketball
just four years prior.

The first volleyball net was borrowed from the sport tennis, which was only 6’6″ high
(though you need to remember that the average American was shorter in the nineteenth century).
It was first exhibited in the Philippines at around 1916 the offensive style of setting and spiking
in. In the years that followed, it was more apparent that standard rules were needed for

tournament play. I n 1928 the USVBA (United States Volleyball Association) was formed.
 At 1900 a specially designed ball which was lighter and smaller was devised, it opened
up a whole new range of tactical and technical possibilities for the sport.

In 1917, the scoring system per game was changed from 21 to 15 points, while in 1920
the rule stipulating a maximum of three hits per team was instituted. Until the early 1930s
volleyball was for the most part a game of leisure and recreation, and there were only a few
international activities and competitions. There were different rules of the game in the various
parts of the world; however, national championships were played in many countries (for
instance, in Eastern Europe where the level of play had reached a remarkable standard).

II. LAYOUT OF THE COURT

III. SIZE AND MEASURE OF THE COURT

A volleyball court 18 meters (59 feet) long and 9 meters (29.5 feet) wide, divided into
two 9 m × 9 m halves by a one-meter (40-inch) wide net placed so that the top of the net is 2.43
meters (7 feet 11 5/8 inches) above the center of the court for men's competition, and 2.24 meters
(7 feet 4 1/8 inches) for women's competition (these heights are varied for veterans and junior
competitions).

IV. PARTS OF THE COURT

a.) Court Lines - The lines are those that define the areas during a game of volleyball,
serving as boundaries. The parts of the Court lines are the following:
 i. Outer Line - This is the line that circles the whole court and marks the
limits of where the ball is at stake.
What this means is that if the ball touches the ground outside these lines,
the team that has last touched the ball gives a point to winning to the
opposing team, since it has sent off the field.

ii. Central Line - The court is divided into two halves, being cut in length
by the center line. In this way, it is possible to define which part of the
field belongs to A or B and also serves as a guide to align the network.

iii. Attack Line - There is a line parallel to the center line, but the distance to
3 meters for each half. It is called a line of attack and serves to separate
the area of attack from that of defense.

Your role in a game is to signal which area of defense is forbidden to

step on and send the ball to the other half of the court at a height above
the net. The defensive player may, however, jump before that line and
tap the ball above the height of the net while in the suspended air.
 iv. Technical Restriction - There are also two areas already off the court that
serve to delimit the area in which the coach of each team can stand. It is
also in this area where the reserve bank is located.

b.) Game Areas - The court is divided by several areas and each has its purpose or
function. Illustrated below are the zones:

i. Free Zone - We already talked about her up there.

It is a zone that is outside the court and allows players to try to get the
ball even when they are off the court, since it remains in play as long as
it does not touch the ground.

ii. Attack Zone (or Front Zone) - This zone is between the net and the line
of attack and is in which are the 3 attack players.
They can block the opponent’s balls or send the ball to the other half at
will.

iii. Defense Zone (or Back Zone) - This is where the defensive players
stand, who are responsible for receiving most of the balls that come from
the half of the opposing team.
 As we have said, these players have certain restrictions with regard to
attacking (read above to know more).

iv. Sacking Area - The serve zone is that which is at the bottom of each side
of the court and in which the players must make their serve.

c.) Volleyball Net - It is the net that divides the court into two halves in conjunction
with the center line. Although its positioning is always the same, the height at
which it is placed does not. This does vary.

The height of the net varies according to the age and sex of the players. For adult
players, in females, the height is 2,24 meters and in males, it is 2,43 meters.

d.) Antennas - There are also two antennas, one at each end of the net, which is
essentially two sticks with about 0.80 meters high up the net.
Their function is to define the area of the game. This means that to return the ball
to the other half of the court is valid, the ball must pass over the net and between
the antennas without touching the antenna.

V. BASIC AND ADVANCED SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL

BASIC SKILLS

a.) Underhand Serve - The athlete should position the feet behind the service line,
shoulder width apart and facing perpendicular to the end line (as if planning to hit a
golf ball or softball over the net). The athlete will do the following: Hold the ball in
the offhand in front of the body, palm up. With the off hand, toss the ball
approximately .3 meters (1 foot) straight up in the air. As the ball is coming down,
swing the dominant hand with a closed fist across the body in a natural motion into
 the bottom third of the ball, toward the net. The amount of force the athlete needs to
apply is determined by how far into the opposing court the serve is intended to land.

b.) Overhand Serve - The position is behind the service line, facing the net, with the feet
slightly staggered shoulder width apart. The foot opposite the dominant hand should
be slightly forward (left forward for a right handed athlete), toes pointing at the spot
the server is aiming at, with his/her body weight resting primarily on the back foot.
The athlete should hold the ball in the offhand at arm s length in front of the body,
palm up. The dominant arm should be held above the shoulder, with the elbow at the
same height as the ear and pointing backward, and the hand pointing forward (thumb
in the ear or drawing the bowstring).

c.) Passing - The athlete should assume an athletic position face the direction the ball
will come from, feet slightly staggered and shoulder width apart, knees bent, upper
body slightly leaning forward, hands held loosely in front of the body. Once the
athlete decides to forearm pass the ball (as opposed to overhead passing), the athlete
will clasp the hands together in whatever fashion feels comfortable as long as the
thumbs are exactly even. The elbows should be locked straight, and the thumbs
should be pointed toward the floor 1 meter (3 feet) in front of the athlete.
d.) Standing Attack - The athlete should stand facing the direction the ball is intended to
travel (most often at an angle from the set), with the feet slightly staggered shoulder
width apart. The foot opposite the dominant hand should be slightly forward (left foot
forward for a right-handed athlete) with the body weight primarily on the back foot.
The athlete s dominant arm should be held above the shoulder with the elbow
pointing backward and held at the same height as the ear, and the hand pointing
forward (thumb in the ear). The off arm should point in the direction the ball is
intended to travel.

ADVANCED SKILLS

a.) Blocking – It is an advanced skill that requires physical height, jumping ability and
good judgment to time the jump against the attacker. While most Special Olympics
athletes will not (and should not) try to block, those who are able can change the
energy of a game with a well-executed stuff block.
b.) Dig – It is a defensive bump that keeps the ball from hitting the floor when it’s sent to
your side of the court with an offensive attack, usually a spike. 

c.) Dive – It is used in a situation where in which the block slows down and redirects the
ball - or the offensive player tips the ball - to the free spot on the court.
 d.) Rolling - The player performs a rolling dig when the ball falls extremely low. The
player steps out and reaches towards the low ball to the side the ball is falling. The
player reaches out to the position in which other leg is bent and other is extended out
to side.

VI. SCORING SYSTEM

Volleyball rules have changed how teams score points, during 1998, the rules
were changed to a rally point system and this now allows both teams to score a point
during a rally, regardless of which team served. Games are played until a team hits 25
points and at least has a two-point lead to win the set. Meanwhile in competitive adult
matches, games are played to a best of five sets. Volleyball is very different to most
sports as the first four sets are played to 25 points, but if the match goes to a fifth set this
 game is only played to 15 points. In order to win a set, a team must win by two clear
points. Most games have five sets, so to win a team must have won three out of five sets.
The last set goes up to 15 points and a team must have a two-point lead to win the set.

VII. VOLLEYBALL PLAYER POSITIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Players - There are six players on a volleyball team. However, in a traditional game there
are four positions that are most important.

a) Middle blocker/hitter - It must be at the net and positioned between the two outside
blockers. In defense, their role is to support the blocking of an opponent's shot from
where the ball crosses the net. In attack, they must supply very accurate and quick set
shots to outside hitters.
b) Outside hitter – It must be the player who hits and blocks on the front left side of the
court. In defense, their role is to support the blocking of an opponent's shot from
where the ball crosses the net. In attack, their role is to be both a main passer and a
final hitter.
c) Libero – It is a defensive position that is required to keep the ball in play and to begin
most attacking situations. In contrast to other positions the libero stays in play
throughout the game and is the only player that does not need to rotate. In defense,
their role is to dig accurately and to keep the rally alive. In attack, their role is limited
as they have no attack responsibilities but they can be responsible for setting if the
ball is too far away from the setter.
d) Setter – It is a very important attacking position in volleyball. In attack, their role is
to be in charge of the point strategy and to decide when and where to pass the ball.
VIII. REFERENCES

This was How Volleyball was Introduced – Facts and Information About the Game.
(n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2020, from https://www.athleticscholarships.net/history-of-
volleyball.htm

USA Volleyball. (1993). Coaches guide to beginning volleyball programs. Colorado

Springs, CO.

Education Revision - AQA - BBC Bitesize. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2020, from
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zx887hv/revision/2

This was How Volleyball was Introduced – Facts and Information About the Game.
(n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2020, from https://www.athleticscholarships.net/history-of-
volleyball.htm

Volleyball Court [ Lines, Measurements, Zones, ... ]. (2018, June 7). Retrieved May 6,
2020, from https://sportsregras.com/en/volleyball-court-lines-measurements/

Volleyball Court Dimensions: Warrenton Youth Sports Club. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6,
2020, from http://www.wysc.org/Page.asp?n=32591

History of Volleyball: Invented 1895: History Behind Volleyball. (n.d.). Retrieved May
6, 2020, from http://www.volleyballadvisors.com/history-of-volleyball.html

Volleyball - an overview and history of the sport - Volleyball - factfile - GCSE Physical
Education Revision - WJEC - BBC Bitesize. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z989dmn/revision/1