Sunlite OTDR User Manual

Sunlite_OTDR_ e_Manual D07-00-065P RevA00 Page 1 of 63
Table of Contents
1.0 About This Guide
2.0 Safety Information
3.0 Product Introduction
3.1 Product Overview
3.2 Technical Specifications
3.2.1 Base series
3.2.2 Optima series
3.2.3 Optical test options
4.0 Basic Layout
4.1 Front Panel
4.2 Keypad
4.3 LED indicators
4.4 USB and DC Input Connectors
4.4.1 DC Input
4.4.2 USB interfaces
4.5 Optical Test Interfaces
4.5.1 Optical Time Domain Reflectomer (OTDR)
4.5.2 Visual Fault Locator (VFL)
4.5.3 Optical Power Meter (OPM)
4.6 Battery
5.0 Basic OTDR Operation
5.1 Home Menu
5.1.1 Running a measurement
5.1.2 OTDR Setup
5.1.3 Additional Functions
6.0 OTDR Testing
6.1 Auto Mode
6.2 Manual Mode
6.3 Real Time Mode

6.4 Display
6.4.1 Trace Interpretation
6.4.2 Working with Trace/Markers
6.4.3 Distance Measurement
6.4.4 Loss Measurement
7.0 Event Table
7.1 Viewing Events
7.2 Editing Events
7.3 Template Mode
8.0 Working with OTDR Traces
8.1 Trace Properties
8.1.1 Trace Information
8.2 Saving Traces
8.2.1 Manual Naming Traces
8.2.2 Auto Naming Traces
8.3 Opening Traces
8.3.1 File Operations
8.3.2 Creating Files and Folders
8.3.3 Deleting Files and Folders
8.4 USB External Memory
9.0 System Settings
9.1 Keyboard Properties
9.2 Date and Time
9.3 Measurement Units
9.4 Language Preference
9.5 Display Properties
9.6 Touchscreen and Stylus Calibration
10.0 OTDR Theory
10.1 Overview
10.2 Why use an OTDR?

10.3 How an OTDR works?
10.4 Interpreting OTDR Results
10.5 OTDR Major settings
11.0 Optical Test Functions
11.1 Optical Power Meter (OPM)
11.2 Optical Light Source (OLS)
11.3 Visual Fault Locator (VFL)
11.4 Fiberscope
12.0 Fiber Cleaning and Connection
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Contamination
12.3 Inspection
12.4 Cleaning Materials
12.5 Cleaning Procedure
12.6 Best Practices
13.0 Fiber Connectors
13.1 Connector Types
13.2 Connector Performance
13.3 Fiber and Cable Types
13.3.1 Fiber Cable
13.3.2 Fiber Patchcords
14.0 PC Connection
14.1 Software Application/Requirement
15.0 Maintenance and Calibration
15.1 Preventative Maintenance
15.2 Battery Maintenance
15.3 OTDR Recalibration
16.0 Warranty and Software
17.0 Certification and Declarations
18.0 About VeEX

1.0 About This Guide

Every effort was made to ensure that the information contained in this user manual is accurate. Information is subject to change
without notice and we accept no responsibility for any errors or omissions. In case of discrepancy, the web version takes precedence
over any printed literature.
(c) Copyright 2006-2014 VeEX Inc. All rights reserved. VeEX, VePAL, Sunlite, Sunset are registered trademarks of VeEX Inc and/or
its affiliates in the USA and certain other countries. All trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective
companies. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted electronically or otherwise without written permission from
VeEX Inc.
This device uses software either developed by VeEX Inc or licensed by VeEX Inc from third parties. The software is confidential and
proprietary of VeEX Inc. The software is protected by copyright and contains trade secrets of VeEX Inc or VeEX's licensors. The
purchaser of this device agrees that it has received a license solely to use the software as embedded in the device, and the
purchaser is prohibited from copying, reverse engineering, decompiling, or disassembling the software.
This user manual is suitable for novice, intermediate, and experienced users and is intended to help you use the features and
capabilities of the Sunlite OTDR successfully. It is assumed the user has basic computer skills, and is generally familiar with optical
fiber test concepts, terminology, and safety.
For more technical resources, visit VeEX Inc web site at www.veexinc.com.
If you need assistance or have questions related to the use of this product, call or e-mail our customer care department for customer
support. Before contacting our customer care department, you must have your product serial number ready. Please go to Basic
Operations section for details on locating your unit serial number in the menus or locate the serial number on the back of the
chassis.
Customer Care:
Phone: + 1 510 651 0500

E-mail: customercare@veexinc.com
Website: www.veexinc.com
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2.0 Safety Information
Safety precautions should be observed during all phases of operation of this instrument. The instrument has been designed to ensure
safe operation however please observe all safety markings and instructions. Do not operate the instrument in the presence of
flammable gases or fumes or any other combustible environment.
VeEX Inc. assumes no liability for the customer's failure to comply with safety precautions and requirements.
Laser Safety
OTDR output - Class 1M source according to IEC 60825-1

Visual Fault Locator (VFL) output - Class 2 source according to IEC 60825-1
OTDR and VFL Laser Radiation

Never look directly into the beam of an active optical source as this may result in harmful and
permanent eye damage.
Ensure the optical sources of the Sunlite OTDR are inactive before connecting the fiber under test -
this will avoid skin irritation, potential eye damage, or possible damage to the unit.
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3.0 Product Introduction

3.1 Overview
SunLite OTDR is a lightweight, handheld mini OTDR optimized for the installation and troubleshooting of FTTx, PON, CATV, Mobile
Backhaul, and Metro fiber networks. This multi-functional device offers the following functions;
OTDR - Measuring attenuation in optical fibers, fiber connections including optical fiber length and distance to the events.
Light Source (optional) - When configured for SMF operation, the unit can be used as a laser light source
Optical Power Meter (optional) - Measure optical power.
Visual Fault Locator (optional) - Patch cord tracing and detection of fiber breaks in bare fiber, 900 µm and patch cords.
Possible configurations are defined according to the table below.
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3.2 Technical Specifications
3.2.1 OTDR - Base Series

General OTDR Specifications and Notes:
Dynamic range values are specified at the following conditions:

Largest pulsewidth (20,000 ns)
SNR=1
Measurement time of 3 minutes (180 seconds)
Dead zone values are specified at the following conditions:
Minimum pulsewidth (3 ns)
Reflectance better than -45 dB,
"High resolution" mode enabled
Minimum attenuation reading resolution is 0.001 dB
Minimum distance reading resolution is 0.04 m
Refractive index settable from 1.30000 to 1.70000 in 0.00001 steps
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3.2.2 OTDR - Optima Series

General OTDR Specifications and Notes:
Dynamic range values are specified at the following conditions:

Largest pulsewidth (20,000 ns)
SNR=1
Measurement time of 3 minutes (180 seconds)
Dead zone values are specified at the following conditions:
Minimum pulsewidth (3 ns)
Reflectance better than -45 dB,
"High resolution" mode enabled
Minimum attenuation reading resolution is 0.001 dB
Minimum distance reading resolution is 0.04 m
Refractive index settable from 1.30000 to 1.70000 in 0.00001 steps
3.2.3 Optional Test Functions
3.2.3.1 Light Source - Refer to Table below
A single mode light source is available when the OTDR is configured for single-mode operation.
Warm-up time to reach stability does not exceed 15 minutes.
Optical connector of the single-mode OTDR is also the connector of the light source.
3.2.3.2 Visual Fault Locator (VFL) - Refer to Table below
Wavelength – 650 +/- 20 nm

Emitter type – Laser diode with single-mode output.
Output power – 0.5 to 0.9 mW
Operation modes – Continuous and Pulsed.
3.2.3.3 Optical Power Meter (OPM) - Refer to Table below
Standard power meter (-65 to +7 dBm) - InGaAs photodiode (1 mm) Detector

High power meter (-45 to +27 dBm) - Integrated sphere with InGaAs photodiode (1 mm)
Resolution - 0.01 dB
Measurement units - dB, dBm, mW, μW and nW
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4.0 Basic Layout

4.1 Front Panel
The front panel comprises:
Display - 3.5” Color Touchscreen LCD

Rubber Keys - Function, Control, Navigation and Dialog buttons
LED indicators - Laser, Charge, Fail, Power
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4.2 Keypad (Rubber Keys)

Power key - The unit is switched ON by prolonged (4-5 sec) pressing and holding of the [POWER] button. The POWER
LED on the front panel illuminates
P key - Activation of the main OTDR menu and software. Also used to toggle between the optical power meter and light
source
F1 - F4 keys - Function buttons whose designation is indicated on the screen
C key - Closes window and saving performed changes. also acts as ESC function, returns to the previous window, Revert
Zoom in two steps and stops measurement
Enter key - Entering or executing the selected function. Closes window and saves performed changes. Selecting values from
lists and for editing parameters, Selecting the menu item highlighted
Left/Right and Up/Down arrow keys - Navigation Buttons for selecting functions in the activewindow, for selecting data,
activating sub-modes, and moving markers
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4.3 LED Indicators

The unit is equipped with the following fixed LED indicators:
PWR/BATTERY – lights up when the device is switched on

CHARGE – When connected to the AC network, this green LED indicates CHARGE and battery charging starts
LASER – lights up when OTDR or Light Source is switched on.
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4.4 USB and DC Input Connectors

USB and DC input connectors are located on the right side of the unit. These inputs are protected by the rubber holster and are
accessible at all times. Care should be taken not to expose the USB interfaces to very dirty environments as this could affect the
cable connection.
4.4.1 DC Power Input

The unit operates from the following power sources;
AC adaptor/charger connected to standard power outlet.

The charger output is rated at 12 Volts, 1.5A maximum.
The input plug is polarized and only a VeEX supplied and approved power adaptor should be used
4.4.2 USB Interfaces

Type A and mini Type B USB ports are provided;
USB-A port - USB-A Host Interface for USB flash drives and Fiber Inspection probe connection.
USB-B port - Connection with PC using mini USB-B to USB-A cable. ActiveSync, WMDC for data transfer, firmware
updates and remote control.
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4.5 Optical Test Interfaces

The optical test interfaces are located at the top of the unit. The interfaces are recessed so that the rubber holster will protect the test
ports of the unit is dropped accidentally.
Optical Time Domain Reflectomer (OTDR) interface - Singlemode OTDR

Visual Fault Locator (650 nm) or Extended OTDR mode (1625nm Live or Multi-mode OTDR)
Optical Power Meter
Each test interface is protected by a dust cap which is secured by a steel chain or rubber cap.
4.5.1 OTDR Interface

OTDR port - Reserved for singlemode OTDR or light source testing.
The test port is equipped with either a Fixed optical connector or Universal 2.5mm interface, If supplied with a universal
interface, FC/SC/ST adaptors are included. Other connector types are optional.
Light source - The light source function is available for the installed OTDR laser wavelengths only. To operate the laser
source function;
Press the [P] button, select Device using F4 button. Select Tools using F4 button, and then select Optical Tester. Select
Light Source using F4 button. The wavelength selection can be accessed by pressing F4. Use the up/down arrow keys
to select the desired wavelength. Enable the source using the Enter key. Navigation can also be performed via the
touchscreen instead of using the rubber keys.
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4.5.2 Visual Fault Locator (VFL) Interface

The unit is equipped with an optional visual light source (VFL) to visually identify breaks in the fiber typically those hidden in the
OTDR deadzone.
The function can be accessed directly via the VFL icon in the main menu. The VFL offers two modes of operation;
Continuous wave (CW) - Output power of 0 dBm (typical)

2 Hz modulation mode -
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4.5.3 Optical Power Meter Interface

The Optical Power Meter (OPM) function is an optional feature. When fitted, the OPM offers two modes of operation;
Power measurement mode

Wavelength (set by the operator) in nm
Power level in nW , W or mW, or in dBm:
Relative measurement mode in dB
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4.6 Battery
The unit is equipped with a rechangeable Li-Ion Battery 3100 mAh smart charge battery and it is partially charged upon delivery. It is
recommended to charge the battery to full capacity prior to use. The battery provides;
Provides up to 10 hours of regular operation.

Recharge time via the AC/DC adaptor is approximately 4 hours.
An auto-off feature powers down the unit when a low battery condition is reached.
It is recommended to charge the battery at room temperature to preserve its life and to obtain maximum charge.
Note:
The battery can be accessed by removing the rubber holster and plastic rear cover secured with a screw. Replacement batteries are
available from VeEX Customer Support (customercare@veexinc.com)
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5.0 Basic Operation
5.1 Home Menu

When the unit is powered on, the Main Menu is displayed. The menu contains information about the OTDR serial # and wavelengths
that are fitted. The primary function of the [P] button is to activate the main menu of the OTDR software
OTDR - always available via the Run or Autotest functions

OPTICAL TESTER - Press [F4 Device] than [F4 Tools…]
Shortcuts to the VFL and Autotest (OTDR) are also available.
Note:
. A battery charge/status indicator is located at the top left hand corner.
Home Menu - Function Keys
The four functions located at the bottom of the screen are activated using the respective [F1], [F2], [F3], [F4] keys on the front
panel.
Run [F1] - Initiate OTDR measurement (if measurement parameters have been set)
Setup [F2] - Access Test parameter settings menu
File [F3] - Access Test files (opens the window with the list of files saved in the memory of the device)
Device [F4] - Access other functions like Light source, Optical power meter, and Fiberscope.
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5.1.1 Run
Press the [F1...Run) button using the F1 rubber key or using the stylus to start the OTDR measurement. The measurement is started
based on the test parameters that have been defined in the test setup.
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5.1.2 Setup
Press [F2...Setup] to open the OTDR test parameter window. Alternateively, use the touchscreen and stylus to open and access
the menu.
Test Wavelength (nm)

1310 nm, 1550 nm, 1490 nm, and 1625 nm.
Sets the wavelength of the OTDR laser - the FX300 model type, will determine the available wavelength selections
If the unit contains a combined OTDR (single and multi-mode fiber), the choice of single-mode OTDR wavelength
(SM1310, SM 1550 etc.) automatically cancels the choice of multimode OTDR wavelengths (MM 850, MM1300) and
vice versa.
Several wavelengths can be marked - tests are performed at each wavelength after another without interruption.
Distance Range (km)

Sets the distance measurement range based on the fiber length expected or estimated by the user.
2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 240 km for single-mode OTDRs
2, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 km for multimode OTDRs
The distance range should always exceed the length of the fiber under test. This parameter determines the optical
pulse repetition rate which should be longer than double time of the optical pulse transmitted in the optical fiber.
If the fiber length is unknown, Auto Setup will force the OTDR to assess the fiber length using various pulse widths
prior to starting the measurement.
Please note that the distance range chosen may affect available pulse width options.
Pulse width (ns)

Sets the width of the output laser pulse
6, 12, 25, 100, 300, 1000, 3000, 10000, 20000 ns for single-mode OTDRs
6, 12, 25, 100, 300 and 1000 ns for multimode OTDRs
Settings are based on model. If the range is set to "automatic", pulse width is non-configurable and set to automatic.
Note:
Longer pulses detect farther distances, but result in decreased resolution. Shorter pulses provide higher resolution, but cover a
smaller distance range.
Resolution (m)
Sets distance between two samples (sampling interval) of the trace

Depending on the distance range, resolution can be 0.16; 0.32; 0.64; 1.3; 2.5; 5.1; 3.8 and 7.6 m.
Measurement Time (mm:ss)

Sets the duration of measurement with averaging - options are 5 s, 15 s, 30 s, 1 min, 3 min.
The unit also provides the possibility to measure “without averaging” aka real time mode. In this "Live" mode the screen
is refreshed quickly with live data.
Note:
The measurement is averaged each time an optical pulse is transmitted into the fiber. Longer average times result in cleaner
traces because they average more noise, especially longer distances. The averaging process increases the Signal-to-Noise
Ratio (SNR), the dynamic range and subsequently the ability of the OTDR to detect small or low loss events.
Optimal Dead Zone

In this mode the optical receiver bandwidth is increased, which reduces the dead zone to improve detection of nearby
events. In this mode, it is recommended to use short pulse width
Beep after Measurement

If this checkbox is marked, the unit will make a short beep sound after the measurement is completed so user is
alerted.
Optimizing OTDR Dynamic Range

Dynamic range can be improved by increasing the number of averages or measurement time. A
gain of approximately 0.75 dB is possible when the # of averages doubles, but the measurement
duration also increases.
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5.1.3 Additional Functions (accessible via Setup)

Run [F1]
After setting the measurement parameters the user can immediately proceed to running a measurement.
Auto Setup [F2]

The OTDR probes the connected fiber under test and automatically defines the optimal measurement parameters
Other Parameters [F3]

Additional Measurement Parameters [F1]
Backscatter coefficient, BC – represents the level of backscattering in a particular fiber. It is used for Reflectance and
ORL measurement and can be obtained from the fiber manufacturer. You can set the coefficient prior to measurement, or
change it afterwards for any trace already saved
Note:
The dB value represents the ratio of back-scattered light (aka Rayleigh backscatter) versus the light transmitted into the fiber.
The coefficient is used to calculate the event loss and is generally obtained from the optical fiber manufacturer. A default
backscatter coefficient is set for each wavelength, but this value can be changed.
Refractive index (IoR) – Used to convert time to distance. Set the proper value for accurate distance measurement. You
can set the index prior to making measurements, or change it for any measurement already stored (trace).
Note:
Refractive index describes the relationship between the speed of light in a vacuum compared to a given medium e.g. the glass
used in optical fiber. IOR is required to convert time-of-flight to distance and setting the correct value is critical to achieving
accurate distance related measurements such as event location, attenuation, total fiber length, etc.) . Also known as Group
Index, IoR depends on the fiber type, construction properties and optical wavelength and is usually provided by the cable or
fiber manufacturer.
Adjusting OTDR Test Settings afterwards

Index of Refraction (IOR) and Backscatter Coefficient are the only two settings that can be
changed after the fiber has been tested.
Pulse width, Averaging time and most other parameters form a permanent part of the trace
IOR and BC adjustments can be made on VeEX Fiberizer software analysis afterwards
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Auto Save
This function enables the automatic saving of measured traces into memory immediately after the measurement is
completed.
Auto save - if this checkbox is selected, the right side of the window with the folder list becomes accessible and the
measured trace (all traces measured simultaneously at several wavelengths) are automatically saved in the selected
memory location.
File name for automatic saving - go to the File name field and press the [Enter] button - a standard keyboard will
appear on screen. After entering the file name, press the [C] button to escape. The entered file name appears in the
File name for saving.
Ask before saving - the unit proposes to save the trace manually after each measurement
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Analysis Thresholds
The unit automatically analyzes the trace and displays Pass/Fail status of each event listed in the event table.
After analysis, events exceeding the threshold are marked Red (Fail) and those below threshold are marked Green
(Pass) in the Event table.
Automatic trace analysis is performed immediately after completing the measurement if the checkbox “Apply analysis
after measurement” is selected.
Splice Loss (Non-Reflective) Threshold

Adjustable in the range 0dB to 5.0dB. The default value is set to 0.2dB
This threshold value displays or hides non-reflective events smaller than this value. Setting this parameter optimizes
event detection and speeds up measurement time.
Reflectance Threshold
Adjustable in the range -10dB to -65dB. The default value is -60.00dB.
The value refers to the amount of reflection produced by and occurring at a connector, fiber break or mechanical splice
point. Setting this threshold value either hides false reflective events generated by noise, or it can be set to identify or
detect reflective events that could potentially harm the network and related fiber-optic components.
Attenuation Threshold
The maximium permitted loss in db/km can be set for each wavelength
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PON (Passive Optical Network)
If you are installing or working with Passive Optical Networks, the receiver bandwidth and dead zones of the OTDR is optimized by
checking the PON test box.
Setting the splitter ratio (1xN) from the pull down list, the unit compensates for higher insertion loss and sets the pulse width
accordingly.
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6.0 OTDR Test Modes

Prior to testing, please ensure that you are not connecting to a live fiber to the OTDR test port. Any incoming signal greater than –
40dBm will impact the OTDR acquisition, while any incoming signal greater than –20dBm could damage your OTDR permanently.
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6.1 Automatic Mode

The Auto-Test Mode function is useful especially when the user is unfamiliar with OTDR testing techniques and/or locating and
interpreting faults. In Auto mode, the optimal “Distance Range”, “Pulse Width” and “Number of Averages" is configured by the unit
itself.
Note:
The OTDR however does not know which wavelength to use, nor does it know the correct IOR and Back-Scatter values, so these
values should be entered manually before testing.
IOR and Back-Scatter can however be adjusted later using the OTDR emulation or post analysis software but wavelength must be
known.
Procedure
To set the Autotest mode, press the [P] key and select the Autotest function using the keypad or touchscreen.
All parameters are configured manually.
Auto-Test Mode
Automatic Test Mode is a convenient, time saving feature that facilitates fast setup and ease of
operation for Novice users, however the function cannot always guarantee a perfect setup for all
test conditions and environments, thus no assurance can be given that all faults will be detected
and reported or that the best settings have always been used.
It is always good test practice to check the fiber trace afterwards to verify that the proper test
parameter settings have been applied - also check the waveform to verify that no events have been
overlooked during the analysis process.
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6.2 Manual Mode (Run)
Procedure
Configure the test paremeters as described previously.

Press the [F1... Run] key to start the measurement
The measurement is started in accordance with the test parameters set in the Setup window.
The main window will display a green strip at the bottom of the screen to show elapsed time.
The LED indicator “LASER’ on the unit front panel lights up
The unit will automatically check if the fiber under test is carrying live traffic. This mode is activated when the OTDR software is
loaded and always runs in the background. If an external signal is detected, a warning message will be displayed.
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6.3 Real-Time Measurement Mode

Real time mode allows you to monitor one wavelength at a time to view "immediate" changes occurring in the fiber trace. In Real time
mode;
Trace data is not averaged continually, but is stopped and restarted after each screen update
Trace is refreshed in quasi-real time (every 500ms), allowing the adjustment of the connector or splice connections while
checking the waveform at the same time.
Enables optimization of fiber connections at or near the OTDR connector, as the trace display shows the effect of the making
changes to the connections.
Primarily used to check the overall shape of the trace, and shouldn't be used as a measurement result.
The SNR is lower and the trace is continuously refreshed until the test is stopped.
Procedure
To select the Live mode, proceed as follows;
Press [F2...Setup] key or tap the selection using touchscreen and stylus.
Select Live from the Measurement time drop down list
Press [Enter] key or tap twiuce using the stylus to enter the selection
Press [F1...Run] to start the Live measurement
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6.4 OTDR Display
6.4.1 Interpreting the Trace

The display graphs the data points comprising the fiber trace including the setup parameters and measurements. The display
indicates;
Signal loss (dB) is measured on the vertical axis

Distance (km, feet or miles) is measured on the horizontal axis
Name of the trace (upper right hand corner)
Two movable vertical markers (А) and (В) including distance of the both markers, relative loss (2-point Loss in dB) and
attenuation (dB/km) values.
Displays the remaining capacity of the LiIon battery in %

Tips for Easy Fault Location

Use geographic landmarks and/or physical markers to help identify fiber breaks.
Measure to the break from both ends of the fiber.
Make the shortest measurement from a known point on the fiber trace.
Ensure the proper IOR is entered into the OTDR settings
Consider cable helix factor to compensate for physical versus optical fiber lengths
Consider cable slack inside manholes, wiring closets and buildings
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6.4.2 Working with the Trace and Markers

When the test is complete, you can use various keypad or touchscreen functions to move to specific points on the trace, perform
zooming operations, change marker location or to see the loss and distance values between the measurement points.
6.4.2.1 Selecting Markers
To make measurements using markers, you must first select the active marker/s. The active marker/s is/are identified by the two
outward facing arrows.To select the markers;
Press [Enter] or tap the marker via the touchscreen with the stylus.
Press [Enter] key repeatedly, to toggle between the markers.
Alternatively, use the marker icon located at the top right hand corner of the screen.
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6.4.2.2 Marker Info and Movement
Marker information is displayed as follows;
Distance - displayed at the top of each marker. This is the distance with respect to the start of the fiber.
Move marker A and marker B to measure distance, loss and attenuation between any two points on the trace
Markers can be moved by using the left/right arrow keys in 2-Point mode or dragging the marker on screen using the stylus
The left marker can never be positioned beyond the right marker and vice-versa.
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6.4.2.3 Zooming In
Vertical and horizontal zooming can be achieved using either of the following methods;
Method #1
Use up and down arrow keys on the keypad when the Zoom indicator is displayed at the top of the screen. The zoom
mode is usually displayed in 2-Point mode
Method #2
Creating a zoom box on the touchscreen using the stylus. Simply drag a square on screen using the stylus to create
the desired zoom area.
The zoom box will now occupy the entire trace area when the stylus is released from the screen
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6.4.2.4 Trace Overview
To better identify which section of the trace is being zoomed, a Trace Overview function is provided. The Overview window is
situated at the top right corner of the screen. To enable and view the window;
Lightly press the power key of the unit enable the overview window.
Lightly press the power key again to disable the overview window
The colored lines indicate the marker positions and the dotted line indicates the zoomed area of the trace as seen in the main
window
The location of the zoom window can also be identified by checking the respective positions of the horizontal and vertical scroll
bars
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6.4.2.5 Moving the Trace in Zoomed mode
To move or scroll the trace, select the [F2...Scroll trace] button.

Use the left and right keys on the keypad to move the trace horizontally
Use the up and down keys on the keypad to move the trace vertically
Small left/right and up/dwon arrows are displayed at the top of the screen
In scroll mode, the trace can be dragged across the touchcreen using the stylus
The relative position of the zoomed window is indicated by the scroll bars which can alos be used to move the trace as
needed
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6.4.2.6 Zooming Out
Once zoominf functions can and measurements are comeplete, the simplest ways to zoom out are;
Use the zoom out icon at the top of the screen or

Create a drag box using the stylus in the opposite direction as you did to create the zoom window
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6.4.3 Distance Measurement

To measuring the distance to an event mnanually, proceed as follows;
Position Marker A to the leading/falling edge of the event.

The distance from the beginning of the fiber is indicated at the top part of the marker (km, miles or feet)
To measure distance more accurately, it is recommended to zoom the trace horizontally and vertically to establish the first
rising/falling pixel on the trace
Distance accuracy also depends on the correct setting of the optical fiber Refraction Index value.
If the IoR is unknown, a precise fiber length can be used to determine the refraction index value and can be corrected
The manual measurement can be compared to the auto analysis value listed in the event table - depending on display
resolution, some small uncertainty is possible.
Note:
Positioning the markers properly is necessary to obtain accurate measurements. To measure splice location and distance correctly,
position the marker at the beginning of the event.
Correct and Wrong examples of marker placement are shown below.
Marker Placement
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6.4.4 Loss Measurement
6.4.4.1 Two Point Mode ( 2PT)
Measure fiber attenuation (or loss of an event) between two points (i.e. using two markers) as follows;
Press [F1] to display the manual measurement modes

Press [F1 2PT] to select two point mode
Position the markers as needed.
Toggle Marker A and Marker B using the Marker icon to position each marker using stylus or Left/Right keys
If one of the Markers is off screen, the distance readout is surrounded by a block.
The difference between Marker A and Marker B is displayed at the bottom of screen
Distance (m)
Loss (dB)
Attenuation (dB/km
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6.4.4.2 LSA mode
To increase attenuation measurement accuracy, the trace section between the markers can be approximated by a straight line using
the Least Squares Approximation method as follows;

Press [F1 LSA] to select LSA mode
Position the markers as needed. Adjust the LSA intervals so that they are on linear backscatter only.
The difference between Marker A and Marker B is displayed at the bottom of screen
Distance (m)
Loss (dB)
Attenuation (dB/km
Note:
The LSA method should be applied to homogeneous sections without connections only.
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6.4.4.3 Splice Mode (5 markers)
To measure splice loss using the five markers method, proceed as follows;

Press [F1 Splice Fix] to select 5 point marker mode
Position the 5 markers as needed.
Toggle Markers a/A and Markers b/B using the Marker icon to position each marker using stylus or Left/Right keys
If any of the Markers is off screen, the distance readout is surrounded by a block.
The difference between Marker a/A and Marker B/b combinations with respect to Marker C is displayed at the bottom of
screen
Distance (m)
Splice Loss (dB)
Splice Attenuation (dB/km)
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6.4.4.4 Reflectance Measurement
The OTDR measures the amount of light that's returned from both backscatter in the fiber and reflected from a connector or splice.
The amount of light reflected is determined by the differences in the index of refraction of the two fibers joined, a function of the
composition of the glass in the fiber, or any air in the gap between the fibers, common with terminations and mechanical splices.
Reflectance testing as a rule;
The peak that identifies a reflective event is measured and reflectance is calculated.
Higher peaks indicate higher reflectance.
To measure reflectance accurately, the peak must not saturate the OTDR receiver (indicated by a flat-topped reflectance
peak)
To measure Reflectance of a reflective event, proceed as follows;

Press [F1 Reflection] using two point mode
Position the Marker A on the backscatter immediately before the reflective event
Position Marker B on top of the reflection (peak)
The values displayed at the bottom of screen are;
Distance (m) between Marker A and Marker B
Reflectance (dB)
Position of Marker A
Note:
To place the markers correctly, it is recommended to zoom the trace in such a way that the reflected pulse and a small part of the
backscatter on either side of the event is visible. A reflectance measurement is affected by the Pulsewidth and the Backscatter
Coefficient.
ORL versus Back Reflectance

Back Reflection - logarithmic ratio of reflected signal power to the incident signal power at an
optical component or specific point in the fiber expressed in decibels (dB).
These reflections are caused by changes in indexes of refraction e.g. mechanical splices,
connectors or fiber ends. This type of reflection is known as a Fresnel Reflection.
By convention, back reflectance is expressed as a negative number i.e. a -65 dB reflectance is
less reflected light and, consequently, better than a -55 dB reflectance.
Optical Return Loss (ORL) - logarithmic ratio of incident power to the total received power
back at the source caused by all parts/components of the system including the fiber itself
expressed in dB.
A value of 50 dB is better than 40 dB, which means less power is reaching the source.
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6.4.4.5 Optical Return Loss (ORL)
ORL is the total amount of light being reflected back towards the transmitter along the entire fiber - this includes all backscatter and
all reflections. High ORL values can be very harmful to laser sources and can lead to damage directly linked to an increase in Bit
Error Rate (BER) for digital systems and diminish Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) in analog systems.
To measure ORL manually, proceed as follows;

Press [F1 ORL]
Position Marker A on the backscatter immediately before the first reflective event
Position Marker B after the last reflective event
The values displayed at the bottom of screen are;

Distance (m) between Marker A and Marker B
Reflectance (dB)
Position of Marker A
What does high ORL indicate?

Dirty Connector - A tiny dust particle on a 9 micron single-mode core can block the
optical signal resulting in signal loss and a reflection
Broken Fiber - In some instances, it is possible for the fiber to be cracked however the
light still passes through. A crack in a fiber can have both low IL and low RL and can be
missed as a problem in the system. A good RL measurement will show a reflection peak
where there should be none.
Poorly Mated Connector - If a connector is not fully seated, an air gap between
connector end faces result in high RL from that point. Loose connection can be a possible
source of failure, as misalignmet or complete disconnection while in service is possible.
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7.4.3 Event Table
7.4.3.1 Viewing Event Table
The Event table is displayed when the [F3 Event table] button in the main window is selected. The Event table appears in the
bottom part of the screen and contains information about the events’ parameters and also the optical fiber sections. The information
is presented in the following columns:
Event number (#)

Event Type
R – Reflective event (reflection coefficient is higher than the threshold value irrespective of the attenuation in the
event)
S – Non-reflective event (attenuation coefficient is higher and the reflection coefficient are lower than the threshold
values)
Event Distance (km, miles or feet) - distance from the start of fiber to the current event
Event reflectance (dB) - if it does not exceed threshold value
Event Loss (dB) - if it exceeds the preset threshold value
Fiber Attenuation (dB/km) - attenuation coefficient of the fiber section between this event and the previous event
Sum (dB) - Overall loss from the fiber start to the current event
Event threshold attribute
Green rectangle – the event value is below the threshold value defined
Red rectangle – the event value exceeds the threshold value defined
[F2] button - Move by Trace

Move along the trace in small steps by pressing the left/right arrow keys. This results in smooth movement along the
trace.
[F3] button - Move by Table
Move along the trace using events in the table. Allows you to jump from one event to the next by pressing the left/right
arrow keys.
[F4] button - More…Event Editing options
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7.4.3.2 Editing Events
While the Event Table is open, you can edit the events (change them, create new ones, delete etc) if needed.
Create Event - press [F4 More…]

Select [Create event] and press [Enter].
Creates an event (5 markers are set automatically to fit the zoomed area) which is then marked on the trace and in the
table.
Alternatively, you can create an event using [Splice *fix event] with all 5 markers adjusted manually
Delete Event - press [F4 More…]
Select event and then [Delete event]
Move Event - press [F4 More…]
Select [Move event].
Position of markers on the trace at which the event was created as well as the window with indicated exact position of
the markers in the bottom part of the screen.
Use the [Enter] button to select a marker, and the left/right arrow keys to move the marker.
Press the [C] button to set the new marker position (In this mode, use the buttons enabling you to move the markers,
and to zoom the trace in and out.
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7.4.3.3 Template mode
Template mode simplifies and automates testing when installing multiple fibers. Template mode can be used when multiple fibers in a
cable need to be tested and documented before deployment.
To transfer the events identified in one "reference" optical fiber to other fibers, proceed as follows;
First create a template from a know reference fiber

Press [F4...Traces] and select the desired trace using the checkbox
Press [F1...Analysis]
Select and Press [Create Template] from the pop up list
A message "Template is Created" is displayed briefly
Press [Apply Template] to new measured traces
Press [Analysis] to analyse new traces and events compared to the template or reference trace
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8.0 OTDR Traces

8.1 Trace Window and Properties
The screen is divided into three main windows;
Trace Overview
Displays fiber trace/s
OTDR test parameters
Wavelength, IOR, BC, Length, Pulse Width, Resolution, # of averages, Date and Time
Active trace list
Trace selected for viewing
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8.1.1 General Trace Information

Press [F4...Information] to view details pertaining to the trace. There are four tabs located at the bottom of the screen providing;
General
Date/Time
Cable ID
Fiber ID
Fiber Type
Originitaing location
Terminating location
Device
OTDR vendor, OTDR model, OTDR serial # and OTDR module (if applicable) used to make the measurement
Measuring parameters
OTDR test parameters that were used to acquire the trace
Analysis
Thresholds used to analyse trace and compose event table
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8.2 Saving Traces
8.2.1 Normal Naming

The unit is capable of saving up to 1,000 traces in non-volatile memory.
When saving a test result for the first time, you are given the opportunity to enter a user-defined file name.
Click the Save icon on the main screen to display the keyboard.
Enter the desired file name using the stylus or using the left/right, up/down arrows.
The test wavelength of the trace is auomatically appended to the the file name.
Note: If measurement is performed at several wavelengths simultaneously, the traces are saved together as a group.
The traces share the common name with the wavelength info. e.g. abc_1310, abc_1550 etc.
Press the [C] key to save the file.
The traces is saved in BELLCORE, version 2.0 format and the file has the extension .sor. The files can be opened by the
software of other OTDR types if they support this format.
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8.2.2 Auto Naming/Numbering

Subsequent tests and file saving operations can be simplified using an Auto-fill function based on the file name entered. The unit
prepares the next file name by incrementing the suffix.
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8.3 Opening Traces

The “File” window is displayed after pressing the button [F3] key on the main menu.
The window consists of two working areas;
Right Window
Lists folders and files with traces saved in the memory of the unit.
The root folder in the unit is called Hard Disk\Data.
Use the Up/Down keypad buttons to navigate between folder or files
Use the Left/Right keys to open the folders
Left Window
View the selected trace and main parameters associated with it.
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8.3.1 File Operations

When you press the [F4] key, the“File Ops” window and file operation selections are displayed. Here you can review traces, copy or
delete trace files as needed.
8.3.2 Creating a File folder

Press [F4 File ops…] and select [Create folder] with the help of the Up/Down keys or via the Touchscreen and stylus.
Before pressing this button, you should highlight a destination folder first.
When you select [Create folder], the keyboard is displayed. The new folder is created with the help of the keyboard (see
previous instructions).
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8.3.3 Deleting Folders and Files

To remove a file from the memory or USB flash disk, press [Delete]. The dialog window below appears with a request to confirm.
Press the [Enter] button to delete the trace, or press the [C] button to cancel deleting.
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8.4 Removable Memory disk (USB flash memory)

To simplfiy working with trace files, an external USB removable disk (flash memory) can be used. The memory stick must be inserted
into the USB-A port located on the side of the unit.
The USB stick is identified as "Removable Disk". The USB file directory becomes viewable and accessible in the window when the
memory is installed. All File operations and procedures described for the hard disk can be performed for a removable disk (USB).
Having finished the work with a removable disk you must remove it from the port on the top panel of the device.
Note:
A fiber trace saved in sor format can vary in size from 15 KBytes to > 300 KBytes depending on the number of wavelengths tested,
the sampling interval selected and length of fiber under test.
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9.0 System Settings

9.1 Keyboard Properties
The keyboard character entry properties can be customized. Repeat delay and rate can be set
9.2 Date and Time

Time: Enter Time
Time format according to the ISO 8601 standard is supported including a time zone selection
The time format uses the extended 24-hour clock system.
The extended format is [hh]:[mm]:[ss]
[hh] refers to a zero-padded hour between 00 and 24 (where 24 is only used to notate midnight at the end of a
calendar day).
[mm] refers to a minute between 00 and 59.
[ss] refers to a second between 00 and 60 (where 60 is only used to notate an added leap second).
Date: Enter Date
Date format per the ISO 8601 standard is supported.
The date representation conforms to International Standards which uses the Gregorian calendar
Date entry and settings are limited to yy/mm/dd format only.
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9.3 Measurement units

Select the distance unit - (Meters, Miles, and kilofeet are supported).
Note: Attenuation values are always expressed in dB/km
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9.4 Language preference

English is set by default.
The User Interface can be displayed in several languages (Chinese, Japanese, German, Spanish, French, Portuguese)
The language selection is retained in memory when the unit is turned off.
Note: Other languages can be supported and are available upon request. Languages are supported by upgrading the unit's
software.
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9.5 Display Properties

The LCD backlight (brightness) can be adjusted to suit the work environment.
The LCD can be put in sleep mode after an amount of idle time (battery and AC power modes) to conserve power
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9.6 Touchscreen Properties

Stylus setup
The sensitivity of stylus tapping and speed can be user defined. Please follow on screen instructions
Screen Calibration
The stylus position on the touchscreen can be calibrated. Please follow on screen instructions
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10.0 OTDR Theory

10.1 Overview
An optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) is a key piece of test equipment for fiber system troubleshooting, verification and
documentation, but despite it's importance, the ability to read and interpret the OTDR trace is unfamiliar to most users. The
proliferation of fiber optic cables in FTTx networks and a general decline in OTDR prices, has resulted in many more technicians
being equipped with OTDRs, however most users have very little or no specialized knowledge and training and therefore have to rely
on the user manual to learn the basics.. To alleviate this lack of training, this following section will provide some basic information on
how the OTDR works including a brief instruction on interpreting and obtaining useful OTDR traces.
10.2 Why use an OTDR?

The four primary applications of an OTDR are:
1. Cable Acceptance
It should never be assumed that a cable drum received from a fiber cable vendor is in good condition or that the fiber length
has not been tampered with - damage often occurs during transportation or the cable can be spooled onto a smaller reel
making it easier for logistical purposes. If the cable drum is tested prior to installation using a bare fiber adaptor, the OTDR
test can reveal if the product is satisfactory or not. Once a cable is installed in the ground or an overhead route, the vendor or
supplier will generally not accept a return on the cable.
2. Fiber Troubleshooting
The OTDR trace provides an "optical insight" or map of a fiber system, and is a perfect tool for finding most problems. Using
the fiber trace, an installer can locate and repair each system component or fiber section that is out of specification.
3. System Verification
Because the OTDR trace provides a valuable map of a fiber link, the trace will confirms that the entire system complies to
specification by measuring each component. The OTDR is able to characterize and measure individual components, whereas
other test equipment like optical power meters, Visual Fault Locators etc. are not able to.
4. Fiber Documentation
The OTDR is a key instrument used to compile the final documentation package or report to the customer about the fiber optic
link or system. The trace is a record of the fiber performance when the fiber is handed over to a customer and is valuable
physical evidence that the system had no problems upon completion of the project.
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10.3 How an OTDR works

A basic understanding of the principles of operation will help you to analyze a fiber trace, especially when something unexpected
occurs. The main source of loss in fibers is due to Rayleigh scattering and it is this phenomenon on which the OTDR operation relies.
Rayleigh scattering is an omni-directional phenomenon that scatters light in all directions, including a small amount back along the
fiber towards the source. The OTDR works by transmitting high power optical pulses into the fiber under test and detecting the minute
backscatter light levels caused by microscopic variations in the fiber material.
Rayleigh Scattering
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A block diagram of a basic OTDR is shown below;
OTDR Block Diagram
Theory of Operation
The laser circuit transmits pulses of light into the fiber under test via the fiber coupler.
As the pulse propagates in the fiber, light is scattered due to microscopic variations (dopants) and by reflective interfaces i.e.
breaks, connectors.
Backscattered light passes back to the OTDR via the coupler and is detected by an Avalanche Photodiode Detector (APD)
The low level detected optical signal is amplified and digitally sampled using a high speed Analog to Digital (A/D) converter
To improve the noise performance and quality of the backscatter, each signal of the received pulses is averaged
Once the backscatter info has been processed, some calculations are applied to make the results presentable to the user
The power loss (attenuation) along a fiber is an exponential function, so the backscatter signal is normally displayed in
decibels (dB).
As light travels in both directions, it experiences loss in both directions, thus the loss scale has to be divided by two.
The measurement time is converted to distance based on the refractive index of the fiber
A plot of loss in dB versus distance along the fiber is displayed.
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10.4 Interpreting OTDR results

To fully understand the OTDR trace, the user must be familiar with the fiber signatures that represent splices, connectors and other
fiber anomalies. The three basic event types are:
10.4.1 Fiber Span

The span is a representation of a length of fiber as detected by the OTDR. Using the index of refraction, the OTDR measures the
total length and attenuation associated with that length of fiber. Due to the cable's helix factor, the fiber's length is almost always
longer than the cable's physical length.
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10.4.2 Non-reflective Events

Indicated by a sudden increase (gainer) or decrease (loss) in optical power in a fiber span and usually occurs in areas that form one
continuous piece of glass e.g. a fusion splice, macrobend, or microbend.
10.4.2.1 Gainers and "Exaggerated" Loss

These are non-reflective anomalies that are caused by splicing adjacent fibers together that have different scattering coefficients
(usually from two different lots or manufacturers).
Note: To obtain the correct splice/loss value, a bi-directional analysis of the trace must be taken.
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10.4.2.1 Macrobending
Light lost from the optical core due to macroscopic effects such as bending and crushing. Macrobending is generally caused by:
Poor handling of fiber

Tight bend radius installation
Normally single-mode fibers will not tolerate a minimum bend radius of less than 6.5 to 7.5cm (2.5 to 3 inches). Bending Losses are
usually higher as wavelength increases - Therefore to distinguish a bend from a splice, test the fiber at two wavelengths (typically
1310nm & 1550nm)
Macrobending Microbending
10.4.2.2 Microbending
Light lost from the fiber core due to microscopic effects. Microbends deform the fiber's core slightly, causing light to escape at these
deflections. Most microbending can be avoided by selecting quality materials and observing proper cabling, handling, and installation
techniques.
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10.4.3 Reflective Events

These are caused by an air gap in the fiber - anywhere in the system where the fiber span is interrupted by any other medium (air,
index matching gel, etc.), a Fresnel reflection or peak will appear on the trace. The three main causes are:
Connectors (except APCs which have low reflectance),

Mechanical splices
Fiber breaks in the system (including the end of the fiber)
Telling the difference between Splices and Bending

To distinguish a fusion splice from a micro-bend or macrobend, shoot the fiber at both 1310nm and
1550nm wavelengths. The loss of the micro/macro-bend is usually higher at the longer wavelength.
If the non-reflective event is a fusion splice, the loss difference will be very small at both
wavelengths. Unlike a bend, the loss for a splice at the longer wavelength, is usually slightly lower
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10.5 Understanding the Major Settings

To achieve meaningful measurements with an OTDR, it is necessary to understand the key test parameters in order to setup the
instrument correctly. To obtain an ideal measurement, the spatial resolution would be as small as possible, the dynamic range would
be as large as possible and the measurement time would be very short. Unfortunately these settings are interdependent and the
requirements are somewhat in opposition to each other, thus a compromise has to be made.
10.5.1 Dynamic Range

Defined as the difference between the level of optical power injected into a fiber and the lowest level of light that the detector can
measure before the signal is lost in the noise level. Dynamic range is measured in dB and is always given for a particular wavelength
and it gives you rough idea of how much fiber loss you can measure which in turn describes how long a fiber can be tested. Since
most fibers lose about the same amount of light per unit distance (dB/Km) at a specific wavelength, you can estimate the Dynamic
Range required to test a particular length of fiber. To estimate the distance (km) for a given dynamic range, divide the Dynamic
Range value (dB) by the Attenuation value (dB/km).
Dynamic range can be increased or improved by:

Increasing the power of the test pulse - Longer pulse widths have more power.
Increasing the sensitivity of the OTDR receiver (while maintaining accuracy & linearity) - The OTDR detector sensitivity is a
matter of design and there is nothing you can do about during measurements.
Improving the noise level performance of the OTDR - Longer averaging times will generally reduce noise.
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10.5.2 Pulse Width

Pulse width is a critical test parameter and impacts most OTDR measurements. It is the duration of the optical test pulse injected into
the fiber - measured in time (usually nanoseconds or microseconds).
The best way to determine the correct or optimum pulse width, is to use the Auto-Mode test feature. The Auto-Mode feature in the
unit initially checks the length of the fiber using a long pulse width but will then swap to a pulse width that will provide the best
balance of range and resolution. In absence of a good Auto-Mode function and as a rule of thumb, always select a long pulse width
when testing longer fibers and short pulse width when testing shorter fibers. As you increase Pulse width, the dynamic range
(measurable distance) will increase, however so to will the deadzone.
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10.5.3 Dead Zones

Dead zones limit your ability to detect and measure events and loss in the fiber and are usually caused by the overpowering effects
of reflections. Since reflections can be up to 4,000 times larger than the Rayleigh backscatter level, the Avalanche Photodiode (APD)
or OTDR receiver is completely saturated and prevented from detecting the low level backscatter when a reflection takes place. The
photodiode takes time to recover from its saturated condition and during this time, it will not detect the backscattered signal
accurately. The length of fiber that is not fully characterized during this period (pulse width + receiver saturation time + recovery time)
is broadly termed the dead zone.
Dead zones are related directly to Pulse Width i.e. longer pulse widths produce longer dead zones, while shorter pulse widths
produce shorter dead zones. Since time equates to distance, the OTDR is effectively “blind” to the first 20 meters of fiber if a 100ns
launch pulse is used, and 2000 meters if a 10us launch pulse is used.
Dead Zones are also related to Reflectance - usually, the lower the reflectance, the smaller the deadzone. When evaluating dead
zone, it is important to know what reflectance value was used when determining deadzone performance. Most leading OTDR vendors
will specify reflective event deadzones with a reflectance value of -55dB for singlemode fiber.
In addition to the dead zone caused by the OTDR front panel reflection, reflections from subsequent connector to connector
interfaces (patch panels) along the fiber will each result in their own dead zones.
Relationship between Dead Zone and Pulse Width
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Dead zones are classified as either Event Dead Zone or an Attenuation Dead Zone.
10.5.3.1 Event Dead Zone
Defined as the minimum distance required for two consecutive reflective events to be differentiated from each other. In other words,
the distance form the start of the reflective event until you are able to detect another reflective event 1.5dB down from the peak of the
first reflection. In this situation, the dead zone will be a function of pulse width and the size of the reflection (reflectance).
Event Dead Zone (EDZ)
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10.5.3.2 Attenuation (Loss) Dead Zone
Defined as the distance following a reflective event when the OTDR is able to perform valid fiber attenuation measurements - In other
words, the distance from the start of a reflective event until you can measure the loss of another event to within 0.5dB of the
backscatter level.
Attenuation/Loss Dead Zone (ADZ)
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11.0 Optical Test Functions

11.1 Optical Power Meter (OPM)
The optical power employs an InGaAs photodiode (1mm) optoelectronic converter.
Standard power range - Optical radiation falls directly on the photodiode.

High power range - An integrating sphere with a photodiode is used. The input power is attenuated by the sphere
approximately 100 times.
In power measurement mode the following screen readouts displayed:
Wavelength value (set by the operator) of the emission being received in nm

Level of the measured power in dBm
Value of the measured power in nW , *W or mW;
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11.1.1 Absolute Power Measurement

Before using the power meter, you should perform a zero level calibration (dark current offset) to correct the reading at zero input
emission. Proceed as follows;
Close the connector cover of the OPM and press [F2 Zero level calibration] - a respective message then appears on the
screen.
"Calibration being completed" message disappears.
Set the wavelength equal or as close as possible to the wavelength value of the received signal. Select a calibration wavelength
(650, 850, 1310, 1490, 1550 or 1625 nm) and press the button [F1 Wavelength] followed by the [Enter] button.
To measure power more accurately you can change the wavelength value across a range of 40 nm in 5nm steps near the central
wavelength of 850 nm, 1310 nm or 1550nm using the Left/Right keys.
The entered wavelength value is saved automatically and is retained after switching the unit off.
Note:
The zero value is automatically saved in memory and is retained when the unit is switched On/Off. This value is used for subsequent
measurements and can be "re-used" if the measurement intervals are short. “Zero” setting should be performed periodically however,
especially when measuring low power levels (less than - 40 dBm (100 nW).
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11.1.2 Relative Power Measurement

For measuring attenuation in optical fibers or optical taps use relative mode (measuring one power value with respect to another).
To measuring relative power levels, press [F3 Reference level]. A pop up menu with four choices is displayed - navigate using
the Up/Down keys and press the [Enter] button when done
Fix - sets the current power level (selected wavelength) as the reference
Enter - enter a predefined reference level
Clear - used to escape from the relative power level mode
Display - displays the relative reference leve
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11.2 Optical Light Source (OLS)

The optional light source function is available when the single-mode OTDR is fitted. The light source is designed for generating a
stable continuous optical signal. The light source uses the same laser diode and optical splitter as the OTDR. The output of the light
source is the same as the OTDR port. The optical power is stabilized with the help of external photodiode and power stabilization
circuit. It has two operation modes:
Continuous (CW) mode

Modulation by 2 kHz signal (average power is 2 times lower than in CW mode)
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11.3 Visual Fault Locator (VFL)

The unit is equipped with an optional visual light source (VFL) to visually identify breaks typically hidden in the OTDR deadzone.
The VFL function can be accessed as follows;
Directly via the VFL icon located in the main menu.

Press [F4...Device>Tools>Optical Tester>LightSource>]
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11.4 Fiberscope
The optional digital video fiber microscope can be used to view the cleanliness of the optical connector’s surface. The probe
connects directly to the OTDR’s USB2.0 port to obtain its power and to transfer images.
The Fiberscope features;
Perfectly suited for both in-adapter or male connector inspection

Single finger focusing with a built-in image freeze/capture button simplifies operation.
Inter-changeable heads including bulkhead adapter tips for FC/PC, SC/PC, and LC/PC connector styles, including male
connector adapters.
The Fiberscope menu is accessed as follows;
Pressing [F4...Device>Tools>Optical Tester>Fiberscope]

To escape, press the C key
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12.0 Fiber Cleaning

12.1 Introduction
Dirt, dust and other contaminants severely impact high-speed data transmission in optical fibers and dirty connector end-faces are
often the #1 cause of link failures. High insertion loss and/or high back reflection can result in transmisssion loss or high bit errors and
poor BER.
Many measurement variations and test repeatability conditions in fiber systems can be traced back to the cleanliness of optical
connections. Contamination of fiber end faces not only affects optical power levels but also impacts back reflectance performance and
levels which is harmful to sensitive optical components.
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12.2 Contamination
Optical connectors are susceptible to contamination from air borne particles and human body oils when exposed. Left over liquid
residue from improper cleaning can also leave the fiber end face contaminated. The smaller the fiber core, the more severe the
problem is likely to be, especially when you consider that fiber core diameters generally range from 62.5 microns all the way down to
9 microns in size. Below are some examples viewed by a 400x Fiber microscope;
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12.3 Inspection
Whenever possible, inspect the fiber-optic connection (connectors, bulkheads, and test interfaces) with a fiber microscope. It is
recommended to wear laser safety glasses when you work with fiber-optic connections, and always check that you disconnect the
laser or transmitter before you begin cleaning the connector end faces.
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12.4 Cleaning Materials/Consumables

To ensure proper and effective cleaning of optical fiber connectors and interfaces, equip yourself with the following cleaning materials:
Isopropyl alcohol
Lint free soft tissues
Ferrule cleaners (1.25mm and 2.5mm versions)
Connector reel cleaners (Cletop or similar)
12.5 Cleaning Procedure

The following cleaning procedure describes general acceptable practices;
Dab the contaminated connector end-face with a wipe that has been dampened with Isopropyl alcohol - the solvent will
dissolve and remove contaminants that have dried and attached to the connector or fiber end-face.
Rub the fiber end-face perpendicularly against a dry lint free wipe several times.
Alternatively, use compressed air to dry the surface quickly. Do not blow or allow the connector end face to air dry as this may
leave a residue behind which is often more difficult to clean and which can attract even more dirt.
Re-inspect the fiber end-face with an optical microscope to check that all the contaminants have been removed properly - if
not, please repeat the process.
Using Compressed Air

In some clean air situations, you can use filtered air which is free of oil and moisture to remove
debris and clean a fiber optic connection. However, unless you follow very strict cleaning
procedures, air-driven contaminants can cause more problems.
If you need to use compressed air, hold the can upright. If the can is held at a slant, propellant
could escape and dirty your optical device. First spray into the air, as the initial stream of
compressed air could contain some condensation or propellant. Such condensation leaves behind a
filmy deposit.
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12.6 Best Practices

When handling optical fiber, please adoptt the following best pratices to ensure optimum test results;
Never touch the end face of an optical fiber connector with your hands or fingers
Always install dust caps on unplugged fiber connectors
Store unused dust caps in a resealable plastic bag to prevent dust accumulating on the caps themselves
Never re-use optic cleaning swabs or lint free wipes. Always discard materials which have been used.
Ensure all alcohol or solvent residues are removed after using wet cleaning techniques
It is recommended to re-inspect the bulkhead receptacles and connector end face using a fiber microscope following the
cleaning and prior to use.
The flow diagram below describes a best practice prior to connecting your optical fiber.
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13.0 Fiber Connectors

13.1 Connector Types
In fiber optic networks, you will come into contact with many different connector types, the most common being described below;
ST Connector
ST stands for Straight Tip-a quick release bayonet style connector developed
by AT&T. STs were predominant in the late 80s and early 90s and are still one
of the most commonly used fiber optic connectors in networking applications.
They are cylindrical with twist lock coupling, 2.5mm keyed ferrule. ST
connectors are used both short distance applications and long line systems.
The ST connector has a bayonet mount and a long cylindrical ferrule to hold
the fiber.
FC Connector
FC stands for Fixed Connection - it is fixed by way of a threaded barrel

housing. FC connectors are typical in test and measurement environments and
for singlemode applications.
FC is the fiber optic connector standard for Nippon Telephone & Telegraph
(NTT) installations, developed with Nippon Electric Co. (NEC).
Note: The FC screws on firmly, but make sure you have the key aligned in
the slot properly before tightening.
LC Connector
LC stands for Lucent Connector. It is a small form-factor fiber optic connector

that uses a 1.25 mm ferrule, which is half the size of the ST / SC connectors.
It uses a standard ceramic ferrule connector. The LC has good performance

and is highly favored for both multimode and single mode applications.
SC Connector
SC officially stands for Subscriber Connector, however some people believe

that "Square Connector", is the correct name. It is a general purpose push/pull
style connector developed by NTT which has an advantage in keyed

duplexibility to support send/receive channels.
SC Connectors are frequently used for newer network applications. The

connector is square and keyed with push-pull mating, 2.5mm ferrule and
molded housing for protection. The SC is a snap-in connector that is widely
used in singlemode systems due in part for its performance. The snap-in
connector latches with a simple push-pull motion.
E2000 Connector
Developed by Diamond, this connector has proven its performance worldwide in

CATV and telecommunication networks. The connector features a spring-
loaded shutter used to protect the ferrule from dust and scratches and also to
provide increased safety protection.
It uses a high precision Zirconia full ceramic ferrule with an insertion loss of
0.1dB and the APC version has a return loss of better than 85dB. The
connector is especially suited for installation in global high performance
networks.
The E2000 patchcords come in simplex and duplex versions and comply with
IEC 61 754-15 and TIA/EIA 604-16 standards.
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13.2 Connector Performance and Polishing

Polishing of fiber optic connectors is the process of polishing the end-face of the ceramic ferrule within the fiber optic connector. The
purpose is to improve the light transfer between the mating of connectors, in order to minimize optical losses and reducing reflections.
This is an important aspect of fiber optic communications as losses affect the quality of the light signals.
There are two main types of losses that are affected by the style and quality of polishing, which dictate the optical performance level
of terminated fiber optic connectors:
13.2.1 Insertion Loss (IL)

Insertion Loss is The most important performance indicator of a fiber optic connection. This is the loss of optical signal, measured in
decibels (dB), during the insertion of a fiber optic connector.
13.2.2 Return Loss (RL)

Also known as back reflection, it is the portion of the optical signal that is reflected back to the original light source. This occurs as
the light is reflected off the connector and travels back along the fiber to the light source. This indicator is measured in negative
decibels (dB). When reading return loss figures, the higher the absolute value of the decibel unit means the better the performance of
the interconnection
The amount of insertion loss is affected by fiber alignment, and/or the quality of the finishing on the end of ferrule, while reflectance is
affected by the style of polishing on the ceramic ferrule in a connector. There are three different styles of polishing, reflected by their
shape of the finish:
Physical Contact (PC) - In the PC style finish, the fiber is polished to a smooth curve. As the name implies (i.e. physical
contact), the ferrules of adjoining fibers come into physical contact and this reduces the air gap between the contacting
ferrules, resulting in lower insertion losses. The smooth curve in the PC style is designed to reduce the return loss by
reflecting the light out of the fiber. However, the PC polishing style incurs more return loss than other styles.
Ultra Physical Contact (UPC) - The UPC style ferrule has the shape of the PC style, except they are polished with
several grades of polishing film that allows for an ultra smooth surface. The main difference between UPC and PC is that the
former have lower return loss.
Angled Physical Contact (APC) - The APC style produces the lowest return loss when compared to other styles. The
ferrule is polished to an angle of 8 degrees. The angle is calculated so that it is less than the critical angle, which ensures light
is not propagated back along the fiber.
Connector Polish and Performance
Typical Return loss values are:
Polished Connector ~ -45dB

Ultra-Polished Connector ~ -55dB
Angled Polished Connector up to ~ -65dB
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13.3 Fiber Cables and Fiber Patchcords
13.3.1 Fiber Cable

Styles of Fiber Optic Cable vary in outer appearance, materials, application, features and benefits. In OTDR applications, you will
regularly come across the following types;
Bare Fiber
Usually Spooled in 25km spools
250 to 400um acrolite buffer / polyimide
PM Light Sensitive Bare
Fiber Adaptor is a useful accessory and provides quick connectorization to check fiber length/continuity
900um
PVC or Plenum Jacketed
Many colors that mean very little
Used mostly in internal applications
Patchcords
Simplex (single fiber) or Duplex (two fibers) construction
Singlemode or Multimode
Pig tails
Outer Diameter is usually 1.6mm, 2.0mm, and 3.0mm
Duplex versions - Zipcord with outer diameters of 1.6mm, 2.0mm, 3.0mm
Break Out
Both Multimode and Singlemode
Indoor / Outdoor applications
1.6mm, 2.0mm, and 3.0mm sub units
2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 or greater fiber counts
Outer Jacket can be of a variety of materials
Terminated with all styles of connectors
Often field terminated
Distribution
Both Multimode and Singelmode
Indoor / Outdoor applications
900um sub units
2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 144 or greater fiber counts
Outer Jacket can be of a variety of materials
Usually longer runs and can be terminated with almost any style of connector
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13.3.2 Fiber Patchcord

A fiber patchcord is a piece of fiber cable which is used to connect the OTDR to the fiber under test. In a typical installation, fibers
comprising the incoming cable will be "broken out" and terminated in a patch panel or wiring closet. One end of the patch cord is
usually connected to the OTDR while the other end is progressively moved along the patch panel as measurements are made on
each fiber. The patchcord plays a critical role in fiber measurements and users should ensure that a high quality patchcord is always
used, because this can and will have profound performance on test results and traces. Factors affecting the choice of patchcord
include:
Fiber type - singlemode or multimodeConnector type (ST, SC, FC, LC, E2000 etc)
Dead-zone and Back reflection performance
Insertion Loss
Durability and LongevityBend Limitation
13.3.2.1 Color Coding
The buffer or jacket on patchcords is often color-coded to indicate the type of fiber used. The connector boot protects the fiber from
bending at a connector is often color-coded to indicate the type of connection. Connectors with a plastic shell (such as SC or E2000)
typically use a color-coded shell. Standard color codings for jackets and boots (or connector shells) are shown below:
Color Code - Jacket Definition or Meaning
Yellow Singlemode fiber
Orange Multimode fiber
Aqua 10G laser-optimized 50/125um multi-mode optical fiber
Grey Obsolete color code for multimode fiber
Blue Sometimes used to designate polarization maintaining fiber
Color Code - Connector Boot Definition or Meaning
Blue 0° Physical Contact (PC), Singlemode fibers mostly
Green 8° Angle Polished (APC), Singlemode only
Black 0° Physical Contact (PC),
White 0° Physical Contact (PC),
Red High power - mostly external pump lasers or Raman pumps
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13.3.3 Inserting the Fiber

Carefully align the optical fiber connector to the port to avoid rubbing the fiber against the external part of the port or any other
surface. If the interface of the connector has an alignment key, make sure to insert it correctly into the corresponding groove. Push
the connector in and make sure the optical cables are inserted to guarantee sufficient contact. If the connector has screw bushing,
screw down the connector to fix in the optical fiber. Do not over-screw the connector or it will damage the optical fiber and the port.
Preventing Inaccurate Readings

To achieve maximum power and prevent false readings, clean the optical fiber connector
interfaces before inserting them into the test port.
Please ensure the correct fiber connector type is used before inserting it into the test port or
connector. Mismatched connector types will damage the optical end faces and the test set.
Note: If the optical fiber is not aligned properly and/or completely connected, it
will cause serious loss and reflection
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14.0 PC Connection
14.1 Software Application/Requirements
Software is included with the unit offering the following features;
Remote control of the unit using a PC connected to the unit via the USB Mini-B port
Analyze traces on a PC using Fiberizer software
Copy files from/to the device using USB Mini-B port
Depending on your PC's Operating System, please install the following components;
Microsoft ActiveSync for Windows XP

Microsoft Windows Mobile Device Center (WMDC) for Windows 7/Vista and Windlows 8/8.1
Fiberizer Desktop Software and Device Firmware installation
Updating the OTDR software
Connecting to a PC via USB cable
Installing Fiberizer desktop software for trace analysis
Please contact VeEX Customer Care (customercare@veexinc.com) to receive a guide that will help you with the installation.
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15.0 Maintenance and Calibration

VeEX Incorporated certifies that this equipment was checked and tested prior to shipment using calibrated measuring instruments and
was found to meet the published specifications.
15.1 Preventative Maintenance

To ensure accurate results and smooth operation, follow these guidelines to prolong the life of your test set: Clean the optical fiber
connectors each time before use Prevent exposing the unit to excessive dusty conditionsClean the chassis and keypad panel using
cotton cloths moistened slightly with warm water and mild solventStore the equipment in a clean and dry place away from excess
humidity, extreme temperatures and direct sunlight. If any liquid is spilled onto the test set or permeates inside the test set,
immediately shut off the power supply and wait for it to dry completely.
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15.2 Battery Maintenance

Under normal conditions, the LiIon battery can operate continuously for up to 10 hours. Battery life is displayed in the upper left
corner of the screen.
Battery Notes:
Charge the battery once every 3 months, if the unit is left unused for a long period of time.
Battery charging time is approximately 4 hours, but it also depends on battery condition and ambient temperature. Never leave the
battery in an environment where temperatures exceed 60°C (140°F). Only use the charger provided with the unit to charge the
battery. After extended battery use, the charging status may no longer represent the actual battery life due to battery aging. To fix this
issue, recalibrate the battery by carrying out a complete charge and discharge cycle as outlined below.
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15.3 OTDR Recalibration

ISO/IEC 17025 is the main standard used by testing and calibration laboratories. The Standard states that calibration documents
should not contain a recommended calibration interval, unless this has been previously agreed upon with the customer/s. To this
extent, validity of specifications depends on operating conditions and the calibration period can vary depending on customer usage
patterns, environmental conditions and ongoing maintenance. It is the responsibility of the user or company's quality department to
determine the calibration cycle of the OTDR based on accuracy requirements. Under normal circumstances and regular usage, VeEX
Inc. recommends calibrating the unit annually.
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16.0 Warranty and Software

Warranty Period:
The warranty period for hardware, software and firmware is three (3) years from the date of shipment.
Note:
The warranty period for battery pack, LCD touch panel, LCD protective cover, and accessories (including but
not limited to AC adaptor, USB adaptors/cables, carrying case, carrying pouch) is limited to one (1) year only.
Hardware Coverage: VeEX Inc. warrants hardware products against defects in materials and workmanship.Repair the
productsReplace hardware which proves to be defective provided that the products that the customer elects to replace is returned to
VeEX Inc by the customer along with proof of purchase within thirty (30) days of the request by the customer, freight prepaid.
Software Coverage: VeEX Inc warrants software and firmware materials against defects in materials and workmanship. During
the warranty period, VeEX will, at its sole discretion,Repair the productsReplace software and/or firmware which proves to be
defective provided that the products that the customer elects to replace is returned to VeEX Inc by the customer along with proof of
purchase within thirty (30) days of the request by the customer, freight prepaid.Additionally, during the warranty period, VeEX Inc will
provide, without charge to the customer, all fixes, patches and enhancements to the purchased software, firmware and software
options. VeEX Inc does not warrant that all software or firmware defects will be corrected. New enhancements attached to a software
option require the option to be purchased (at the time of order or the time of upgrade) in order to benefit from such enhancements.
Limitations: The warranty is only for the benefit of the customer and not for the benefit of any subsequent purchaser or licensee of
any merchandise (hardware, software, firmware and/or accessories).
Revoking the warranty: VeEX Inc does not guarantee or warrant that the operation of the hardware, software or firmware will be
uninterrupted or error-free. The warranty will not apply in any of the following cases:
Improper or inadequate maintenance by the customer

Damage due to incorrect software installation
Unauthorized alteration or misuse
Damage occurred from operating the unit from outside of the environmental specifications for the product
Improper installation or application by the end user
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17.0 Certification and Declarations

VeEX Incorporated affixes the CE marking to product (s) that are in conformance
to the Council Directive 93/68/EEC which indicates compliance to the EMC and
LVD directive of the European Union (EU).
What is CE?
The CE marking is a mandatory European marking for certain product groups to

indicate conformity with the essential health and safety requirements set out in
European Directives. To permit the use of a CE mark on a product, proof that the
item meets the relevant requirements must be documented.
For a copy of the CE Declaration of Conformity relating to VeEX

products, please contact VeEX customer service.
Crossed-out Bin Symbol
Equipment marked with a Crossed-out Bin symbol comply with council directive
2002/96/EC (the “WEEE Directive”) in European Union.
What is RoHS?
RoHS is the acronym for Restriction of Hazardous Substances. Also known as

Directive 2002/95/EC, it originated in the European Union and restricts the use of
specific hazardous materials found in electrical and electronic products. All
applicable products imported into the EU market after July 1, 2006 must pass
RoHS compliance.
Click here for ROHS Statement relating to VeEX products
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18.0 About VeEX

VeEX (Verification EXperts), is an innovative designer and manufacturer of test and measurement solutions addressing numerous
technologies. Global presence through a worldwide distribution channel provides uncompromised product and technical support.Visit
us online at www.veexinc.com for latest updates and additional documentation.
Corporate Headquarters
VeEX Incorporated
2827 Lakeview Court
Fremont, CA 94538
USATel: +1 510 651 0500
Fax: +1 510 651 0505
Customer Care
Phone: + 1 510 651 0500

E-mail: customercare@veexinc.com Go back to top
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Sunlite_OTDR_ e_Manual D07-00-065P RevA00 Page 1 of 63

Sunlite_OTDR_ e_Manual D07-00-065P RevA00 Page 2 of 63

2.0 Safety Information

3.0 Product Introduction

3.1 Product Overview

3.2 Technical Specifications

3.2.1 Base series

3.2.2 Optima series

3.2.3 Optical test options

4.0 Basic Layout

4.1 Front Panel

4.3 LED indicators

4.4 USB and DC Input Connectors

4.4.2 USB interfaces

4.5 Optical Test Interfaces

4.5.1 Optical Time Domain Reflectomer (OTDR)

4.5.2 Visual Fault Locator (VFL)

4.5.3 Optical Power Meter (OPM)

5.0 Basic OTDR Operation

5.1 Home Menu

5.1.1 Running a measurement

5.1.2 OTDR Setup

5.1.3 Additional Functions

6.0 OTDR Testing

6.1 Auto Mode

6.2 Manual Mode

6.3 Real Time Mode

6.4.1 Trace Interpretation

6.4.2 Working with Trace/Markers

6.4.3 Distance Measurement

6.4.4 Loss Measurement

7.0 Event Table

7.1 Viewing Events

7.2 Editing Events

7.3 Template Mode

8.0 Working with OTDR Traces

8.1 Trace Properties

8.1.1 Trace Information

8.2 Saving Traces

8.2.1 Manual Naming Traces

8.2.2 Auto Naming Traces

8.3 Opening Traces

8.3.1 File Operations

8.3.2 Creating Files and Folders

8.3.3 Deleting Files and Folders

8.4 USB External Memory

9.0 System Settings

9.1 Keyboard Properties

9.2 Date and Time

9.3 Measurement Units

9.4 Language Preference

9.5 Display Properties

9.6 Touchscreen and Stylus Calibration

10.0 OTDR Theory

10.2 Why use an OTDR?

10.3 How an OTDR works?

10.4 Interpreting OTDR Results

10.5 OTDR Major settings

11.0 Optical Test Functions

11.1 Optical Power Meter (OPM)

11.2 Optical Light Source (OLS)

11.3 Visual Fault Locator (VFL)

12.0 Fiber Cleaning and Connection

12.4 Cleaning Materials