ISI & Nyquist Criterion for Distortion less

Baseband binary Data Transmission

- K. Chaitanya kumar
E17ECE014
Table of contents
1) Introduction
2)Baseband pulse transmission and Inter symbol
Interference
3)Nyquist criterion
Introduction
the Nyquist ISI criterion describes the conditions which, when satisfied
by a communication channel (including responses of transmit and
receive filters), result in no intersymbol interference or ISI. It provides a
method for constructing band-limited functions to overcome the
effects of inter symbol interference. When consecutive symbols are
transmitted over a channel by a linear modulation (such as ASK, QAM,
etc.), the impulse response (or equivalently the frequency response) of
the channel causes a transmitted symbol to be spread in the time
domain. This causes inter symbol interference because the previously
transmitted symbols affect the currently received symbol, thus
reducing tolerance for noise. The Nyquist theorem relates this time-
domain condition to an equivalent frequency-domain condition.

Fig. 1.1 Nyquist ISI criterion

Baseband Pulse Transmission
Baseband is a signal that has a near-zero frequency range, i.e. a spectral
magnitude that is nonzero only for frequencies in the vicinity of the
origin (termed f = 0) and negligible elsewhere. Baseband has a low-
frequency—contained within the bandwidth frequency close to 0 hertz
up to a higher cut-off frequency. Digital baseband transmission, also
known as line coding, aims at transferring a digital bit stream over
baseband channel, typically an unfiltered wire, contrary to passband
transmission, also known as carrier-modulated transmission. Passband
transmission makes communication possible over a bandpass filtered
channel, such as the telephone network local-loop or a band-limited
wireless channel. Baseband digital signals spectrum extend down to or
near zero frequency.

Fig. 1.2 Model of transmission link

Consider a baseband binary PAM system
Input a(t) = ΣkakΔ(t-kT)
Output (i.e. from the transmit filter into the channel)
s(t) = Σkakg(t-kT)

The receiver filter output is y(t) = Σkakh(t-kT) + n(t) where n(t) is filtered
white noise.
h(t) = gT(t)*c(t)*gR(t) in frequency Domain is H(f) = GT(f)*C(f)*GR(f)
The receive filter output y(t) is sampled at time t= iT ( i integer)
y(iT) = Σk akh[(i -k)T] + n(iT) (k = - ∞ to ∞)
y(iT) = ai h(0) + Σk akh[(i -k)T] + n(iT) (k = - ∞ to ∞)
The first term ai h(0) represents the contribution of the i th transmitted
pulse. The second term represents the residual effect of all other
transmitted pulses on the decoding of the i th bit. The residual effect
due to the occurrence of pulses before and after sampling instant iT is
called intersymbol interference (ISI). Under ideal conditions i th
transmitted bit is decoded correctly. The presence of noise and ISI
degrades the receiver performance and the objective is to minimize
these effects and hence deliver the data to its destination with the
smalleset error rate possible. When the signal to noise ratio is high
(telephone system PSTN) the operation of the system is largely limited
by ISI rather than noise. Therefore first we neglect the effect of noise
and focus attention on ISI.
Nyquist’s Criterion for Distortion less Baseband Binary
Transmission
We determine the transfer functions of the transmit and receive filters
to reconstruct the original data sequence.
The ISI free condition is satisfied if
h[(i -k)T] = { 1 i = k
{0 i ≠ k

Let’s try to put this in the frequency domain perspective. If h(t) is

sampled at a rate of 1/T, i.e., h(t) multiplied by a periodic impulse train
with period T,
i (t) = Σn Δ(t – nT) for ( n = - ∞ to ∞)
gives us the signal
hs (t) = h(t) i (t) = Σn h(nT)Δ(t – nT) for ( n = - ∞ to ∞)
Hs(f) = Σn h(nT)e-j2*(22/7)*n*T = 1
hs (t) = h(0) Δ(0) = 1
Hence the Fourier transform
H s (f) = F{Δ(t)} = 1
Using frequency domain too we can obtain Hs(f).
I(f) = 1/T Σn Δ(f – nfs) for ( n = - ∞ to ∞)
where fs = 1/T is the sampling rate (frequency)
The Fourier transform of hs(t) is
Hs(f) = H(f) * I(f) = H(f) * 1/T Σn Δ(f – nfs) for ( n = - ∞ to ∞)
Hs(f) = 1/T Σn H(f – nfs) for ( n = - ∞ to ∞)
Combining these results we have
1/T Σn H(f – nfs ) = 1
This is the Nyquist ISI criterion and, if a channel response satisfies it,
then there is no ISI between the different samples.