ECE 465 Electronics Laboratory Autumn, 2010

Project title: Operational amplifier active filters

AUTHOR:

TEAM MEMBER:

Lab Start Date: November 29, 2010

Submission Date: December 6, 2010

1
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the design and performance of active filters constructed from operational
amplifiers, resistors and capacitors.

ANALYSIS:

Transfer functions for the basic two-pole active filter section

Basic two-pole section

Assuming that the op-amp is ideal (i.e that it has an infinite gain) we have that V+ = V- and using
basic current and voltage laws we can derive the transfer function to be

1
T ( s)=
1+2 sC 1 +s2 C 1 C 2

Transfer functions for the basic three-pole active filter section

Basic three-pole
section

1
T ( s)= 3 2
s C 1 C 2 C 3 +2 s (C 1 +C 2 )C 3 +s(C 2 +3 C 3 )+1

By substituting the normalized 5th order Butterworth filter capacitor values and using 1 ohm resistors
we can show that the corner frequency is indeed at 1 rad/sec.

C1 C2 C3
For three-pole section 1.753 1.354 0.4214
For two-pole section 3.235 0.3090

2
DESIGN:

5th order Butterworth filter with 3db corner frequency of 10kHz

C1 C2 C3
For three-pole section 1.86nF 1.45nF 0.45nF
For two-pole section 3.43nF 0.33nF

Narrow bandpass active filter with a center frequency of 1kHz and Q-factor of 10.

Center frequency = 1kHz

Q-factor = 10
10
3
R1 = 2 π (1×10 )(0. 01×10 )
−6
= 15.9kΩ
R1
R2 = 2(100 )−1 = 79.97Ω
R3 = 2R1 = 31.8kΩ

3
SIMULATION:
SPICE input models and corresponding design verification plots from SPICE simulations

5th order Butterworth filter with 3db corner frequency of 10kHz

4
frequency response (Magnitude) plot
Circuit1-Small Signal AC-2-Graph Frequency (Hz)

+10.000 +31.623 +100.000 +316.228 +1.000k +3.162k +10.000k +31.623k +100.000k

+10.000

0.0

-10.000

-20.000

-30.000

-40.000

-50.000

-60.000

-70.000

-80.000

-90.000

-100.000
FREQ -1.0 00 DB(v(IVm1 )) -1.0 00 D(FREQ) -1.0 00 D(DB(v(IVm 1))) +72 .8 89

frequency response (phase) plot

Circuit1-Small Signal AC-2-Graph Frequency (Hz)

+10.000 +31.623 +100.000 +316.228 +1.000k +3.162k +10.000k +31.623k +100.000k

0.0

-50.000

-100.000

-150.000

-200.000

-250.000

-300.000

-350.000

-400.000

-450.000

FREQ -1.000 PH_DEG(v(IVm1)) -1.000 D(FREQ) -1.000 D(PH_ DEG(v(IVm 1))) -1.000

5
Narrow bandpass active filter with a center frequency of 1kHz and Q-factor of 10.

6
frequency response (Magnitude) plot
Circuit2-Small Signal AC-0-Graph Frequency (Hz)

+10.000 +31.623 +100.000 +316.228 +1.000k +3.162k +10.000k +31.623k +100.000k

+10.000

+5.000

0.0

-5.000

-10.000

-15.000

-20.000

-25.000

-30.000

-35.000

-40.000

-45.000

-50.000

-55.000

FREQ -1.0 00 DB(v(IVm1)) -1.0 00 D(FREQ) -1.0 00 D(DB(v(IVm 1))) -1.000

7
frequency response (Phase) plot
Circuit2-Small Signal AC-0-Graph Frequency (Hz)

+10.000 +31.623 +100.000 +316.228 +1.000k +3.162k +10.000k +31.623k +100.000k

-100.000

-120.000

-140.000

-160.000

-180.000

-200.000

-220.000

-240.000

-260.000

-280.000

FREQ -1.0 00 PH_DEG(v(IVm1 )) -1.0 00 D(FREQ) -1.0 00 D(PH_ DEG(v(IVm 1))) -1.0 00

8
TEST RESULTS:

5th order Butterworth filter with 3db corner frequency of 10kHz

3dB corner frequency = 21kHz

40dB stopband frequency = 20kHz

plot of the frequency response (Magnitude) from the recorded values of the gain for different
frequencies.

5
gain (dB)
0
10 100 1000 10000 100000
-5
-10
-15
Gain (dB)

-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
Frequency

Narrow bandpass active filter with a center frequency of 1kHz and Q-factor of 10.

Center frequency = 1.02kHz

Lower 3dB frequency = 968 Hz
Higher 3dB frequency = 1079 Hz

1020
=9 . 19
Q-factor = 1079−968

CONCLUSION:
In this Lab we have designed two circuits. The first circuit was a 5th order butterworth filter with
3dB corner frequency at 10kHz and the second circuit was a narrow bandpass active filter with
center frequency of 1kHz and Q-factor of 10. Using the theory we found the circuit component
values and simulated the circuits to check if they were close to the design specifications. We than
built the simulated circuits and measured the corner frequencies and other circuit parameters to
the simulated values to see if they agreed. The measured values were in close agreement with the
simulation results.

9
APPENDICES:

Frequency response measurements of the 5th order butterworth filter

f input output gain (dB)

10 2.03E-01 2.05E-01 0.10657667
50 2.04E-01 2.04E-01 0
100 2.03E-01 2.03E-01 0
500 2.03E-01 2.03E-01 0
1000 2.02E-01 2.02E-01 0
-
3000 2.03E-01 2.02E-01 0.042893369
-
5000 2.04E-01 2.00E-01 0.172003435
-
8000 2.04E-01 1.84E-01 0.896246888
-
10000 2.03E-01 1.28E-01 4.005721365
11000 2.03E-01 2.60E-02 -17.8504538
-
12000 2.03E-01 1.90E-02 20.57484874
-
13000 2.03E-01 1.40E-02 23.22736004
-
14000 2.03E-01 1.00E-02 26.14992076
-
15000 2.03E-01 8.50E-03 27.56154224
-
20000 1.42E+00 1.43E-02 39.93904614
-
21000 1.40E+00 1.25E-02 40.98436045

10