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Understanding Proportional Limit in Steel

This document reviews the stress-strain curve properties of mild steel. It explains that steel undergoes elastic deformation within the proportional limit on the stress-strain graph (point A) and plastic deformation beyond the elastic limit (point B). It then defines key terms related to stress, strain, elasticity, plasticity, and laws governing stress-strain interactions like Hooke's law and Young's modulus. These definitions are important for understanding how stress and strain are represented on the stress-strain graph.

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Kumarrathinam
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572 views2 pages

Understanding Proportional Limit in Steel

This document reviews the stress-strain curve properties of mild steel. It explains that steel undergoes elastic deformation within the proportional limit on the stress-strain graph (point A) and plastic deformation beyond the elastic limit (point B). It then defines key terms related to stress, strain, elasticity, plasticity, and laws governing stress-strain interactions like Hooke's law and Young's modulus. These definitions are important for understanding how stress and strain are represented on the stress-strain graph.

Uploaded by

Kumarrathinam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

When steel is curved, it is important to keep the stress-strain curve ratio for mild steel in

mind. Below is a stress-strain graph that reviews the properties of steel in detail.
If tensile force is applied to a steel bar, it will have some elongation. If the force is small
enough, the ratio of the stress and strain will remain proportional. This can be seen in
the graph as a straight line between zero and point A – also called the limit of
proportionality. If the force is greater, the material will experience elastic deformation,
but the ratio of stress and strain will not be proportional. This is between points A and B,
known as the elastic limit.

Beyond the elastic limit, the mild steel will experience plastic deformation. This starts the
yield point – or the rolling point – which is point B, or the upper yield point. As seen in
the graph, from this point on the correlation between the stress and strain is no longer
on a straight trajectory. It curves from point C (lower yield point), to D (maximum ultimate
stress), ending at E (fracture stress).
Now, we’ll look at each individual measure on the graph above and explain how each is
derived.

• Stress: If an applied force causes a change in the dimension of the material, then
the material is in the state of stress. If we divide the applied force (F) by the
cross-sectional area (A), we get the stress.

The symbol of stress is σ (Greek letter sigma). For tensile (+) and compressive (-)
forces. The standard international unit of stress is the pascal (Pa), where 1 Pa = 1 N/m2.
The formula to derive the stress number is σ = F/A.
For tensile and compressive forces, the area taken is perpendicular to the applied force.
For sheer force, the area is taken parallel to the applied force. The symbol for shear
stress is tau (τ).

• Strain: Strain is the change in the dimension (L-L0) with respect to the original. It
is denoted by the symbol epsilon (ε). The formula is ε = (L-L0) / L0. For a shear
force, strain is expressed by γ (gamma)

• Elasticity: Elasticity is the property of the material which enables the material to
return to its original form after the external force is removed.

• Plasticity: This is a property that allows the material to remain deformed without
fracture even after the force is removed.
The definitions below are important for understanding the Stress-Strain interactions as
seen in the graph.

• Hooke’s Law: Within the proportional limit (straight line between zero and A),
strain is proportionate to stress.

• Young’s modulus of elasticity: Within the proportional limit, stress = E × strain.


E is a proportionality constant known as the modulus of elasticity or Young’s
modulus of elasticity. Young’s modulusis a measure of the ability of a material to
withstand changes in length when under lengthwise tension or compression. E
has the same unit as the unit of stress because the strain is dimensionless. The
formula is E = σ / ε Pa.

• Modulus of Resilience: The area under the curve which is marked by the yellow
area. It is the energy absorbed per volume unit up to the elastic limit. The formula
for the modulus of resilience is 1/2 x σ x ε = 0.5 x (FL/AE).

• Modulus of toughness: This is the area of the whole curve (point zero to E).
Energy absorbed at unit volume up to breaking point.

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