Social Psychology Key Factors and Experiments

1/29/2019 Social Psychology
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Question 1 HiY Social Psychology 038

Not answered In Milgram's obedience experiments, the factors that increased obedience include all except
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Administering by proxy
Relieving the subject from responsibility of actions
Subject achieving an agentic state
Proximity to the shocked victim
Authority figure providing instructions
Check
Being proximal to shocked victim will reduce shock administering behaviour and so reduce obedience.
The correct answer is: Proximity to the shocked victim

Not answered Individuals often tend not to intervene when someone seeks help, especially when others who can offer
help are present in the vicinity. In social psychology, this phenomenon is known as
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Diffusion of responsibility
Persuasion
Bystander intervention
Obedience
Pluralistic ignorance
Check
Diffusion of responsibility: people feel that the responsibility is not theirs, and someone else will do
something. In pluralistic ignorance, members of a group convince each other that there is no problem that
requires intervention.
The correct answer is: Diffusion of responsibility
https://spmmcourse.com/mod/quiz/review.php?attempt=448663 1/19
Question 3
1/29/2019 HiY Social Psychology 037 Social Psychology
Not answered What factor is the most influential in the development of friendly relationships?
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Complementarity
Personal similarity
Proximity
Reciprocity
Attractiveness
Check
A classic study of beginning friendship was reported by Theodore Newcomb in The Acquaintance Process
(1961). Newcomb identified four factors that affect the probability of making an acquaintance. 1. Proximity.
We are more likely to get to know somebody with whom we have regular contact. 2. Reciprocity. We like
people who like us.3. Similarity. We like people who share our values and beliefs. 4. Complementarity. We
are attracted to people whose skills and abilities are complementary to our own. Complementary means
different but compatible and mutually beneficial, like people with different skills who work together for a
common purpose. (From Dewey, RA. Chapter 16: Friendship from Psychology: An Introduction,
http://www.intropsych.com/ch16_sfl/friendship.html).
The correct answer is: Proximity

Not answered Which of the following statements does not reduce cognitive dissonance in a cocaine user?
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"I have more chances of dying when crossing a road than injecting cocaine"
"Smoking is worse killer than cocaine use"
"Alcohol affects the whole body while cocaine is not that bad"
"I like cocaine very much"
"Even Freud used cocaine in those days, there must be something good about it".
Check
'I like cocaine very much' is likely to increase not decrease the dissonance.
The correct answer is: "I like cocaine very much"

Not answered "Aggression is a consequence of frustration". Who proposed this hypothesis?
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The cue hypothesis of aggression
Lazarus and Folkman
Dollard's frustration-aggression hypothesis
Friedman and Rosenman
Lorenz ethological studies
Check
According to Lorenz, aggression in nonhumans is essentially destructive and is characterised by

ritualisation and appeasement. But in humans it is basically destructive and has become distorted.
According to Berkowitz, aggressive-cue hypothesis frustration provokes anger, not aggression. For this
anger to be expressed as aggression, certain environmental cues are needed.
The correct answer is: Dollard's frustration-aggression hypothesis

Not answered A depressed patient has shown a good degree of improvement in her sleep pattern after initiating a new
treatment. Though objectively she continues to be depressed, when using a self-rated scale to monitor her
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symptoms, she significantly overrates the degree of improvement in her mood and other domains. This
Flag question effect is called
Select one:
Drift effect
Stockholm effect
Domino effect
Hawthorne effect
Halo effect
Check
The halo effect refers to a cognitive bias whereby the perception of a particular trait is influenced by the
perception of other related traits. This phenomenon is best established in the study of physical
attractiveness. More positive personality traits are often ascribed to individuals who are more attractive,
across races and ages.
Langlois JH, Kalakanis L, Rubenstein AJ, Larson A, Hallam M, Smoot M. Maxims or myths of beauty? A
meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin. 2000;126:390-423.
The correct answer is: Halo effect

Not answered If a person's performance of a task is influenced by test procedures used, this is called
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Hawthorne effect
Halo effect
Pygmalion effect
Practice effect
Barnham effect
Check
The Hawthorne effect in psychology refers to the tendency of some people to work harder and perform
better when they are a part of an experiment. This is because of the fact that individuals often change their
behavior simply due to the attention they are receiving from researchers.
The correct answer is: Hawthorne effect
Not answered In a social psychology experiment, audience attended a convention where speakers were randomly
allocated to speak in favour of or against an important political issue. The audience were told beforehand
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that the attitudes of the speakers were determined by a coin toss. Despite this, the subjects rated speakers
Flag question who spoke in favour of the subject as having on average a more positive attitude towards the issue at stake
than those who spoke against it. Which of the following does this indicate?
Select one:
Pygmalion effect
Actor-observer bias
Just world phenomenon
Fundamental attribution error
Hawthorne effect
Check
We tend to explain behaviour in terms of internal disposition, such as personality traits, abilities, motives,
etc. as opposed to external situational factors - this is called as Fundamental Attribution Error.
The correct answer is: Fundamental attribution error

Not answered The theory of mind is not well developed in which of the following disorders?
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All of the above
Anxiety disorders
Psychosomatic disorders
Depressive disorders
Autistic spectrum disorders
Check
Theory of mind: An understanding that other people possess mental states that involve ideas and views of
the world that are different from our own. Children typically develop the theory of mind around four years of
age. This ability has been implicated to be absent in autistic disorder. Many of the difficulties experienced
by children with autism such as communication and interpersonal difficulties might be explained in terms of
an absence of the theory of mind.
The correct answer is: Autistic spectrum disorders

Not answered "The individual behaviour of group members is less important than that of the whole group". What is this
concept called?
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Group think
Sociogram
Deindividuation
Risky shift phenomenon
Polarization
Check
The individual behaviour of group members is less important than that of the whole group. This is called
deindividuation. It is a process where people lose their sense of socialised individual identity and resort to
unsocialized and antisocial behaviours. People normally refrain from acting in an aggressive and selfish
manner in part because they are easily identifiable in societies that have strong norms against such
uncivilised behaviour. In certain situations such as in crowds, these restraints are relaxed, and people may
engage in antisocial behaviour (e.g. the Tottenham violence of August 2011). The larger the group, the
greater the anonymity and the greater the difficulty in identifying a single individual. But in polarization,
when individuals express their opinions separately and then group to decide upon the same matter the
eventual outcome is likely to be more extreme than that of the group average. Risky shift phenomenon:
people tend to make riskier decisions when working as members of a group than they would make when
making the same decision as individuals. Groupthink is the desire to achieve consensus and avoid dissent
in group decisions. Sociogram developed by Moreno is a graphical representation of relationships in a
group.
The correct answer is: Deindividuation

Not answered Vulnerability to conform with the group is more in those that are
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Less intelligent
Self-reliant
Expressive.
Socially able
Intelligent
Check
Conformity refers to the normative social influence that makes an individual to agree with the group view
despite holding a different personal view. Experiments by Asch using a line length judging task in a group
setting explained various features of conformity seen in social settings. Conformity increases with group
number (maximum effect with three) and the perceived high status of other group members. Less intelligent
members conform more than those with higher IQ. The presence of dissent in the group reduces
conformity.
The correct answer is: Less intelligent

Not answered Which of the following is considered to be a factor of social influence when a group makes a polarized
decision?
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Normative influence
Summative influence
Disintegrative influence
Authoritative influence
Formative influence
Check
Normative influence: People have a need not to appear odd or 'stick out' as a sore thumb. So we say yes
often to what the others say.
The correct answer is: Normative influence

Not answered The first aspect of self-concept to develop is the
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Self actualisation
Self efficacy
Self image
Self esteem
Bodily self
Check
Bodily self-refers to the ability to differentiate one's own body from that of others.
The correct answer is: Bodily self

Not answered A mother of an autistic child is curious to know the reason behind her son's apparent lack of empathy
towards other children of similar age. Which of the following concept is relevant to address her question?
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Attribution error
Cerebellar dysplasia
Precontemplative stage
Theory of mind
Cognitive dissonance
Check
Perspective taking is explained on the basis of the theory of mind. Lack of ToM may be the explanation for
the apparent lack of empathy among children with autism.
The correct answer is: Theory of mind

Not answered Which of the following can reduce groupthink?
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Strong chairperson
Financial incentives
Unplanned meetings of the group
Fewer group members
Open debate
Check
Various strategies that can reduce groupthink include encouraging open debate, acknowledging the
presence of groupthink, seeking external opinion, splitting the group into smaller units for discussion,
holding last chance meetings to encourage challenges and reserving leader's opinions until after the groups
discussion has been completed.
The correct answer is: Open debate

Not answered A candidate who has appeared for a mock exam before the actual exam scores better than a candidate
who has not. This is called
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Practice effect
Hawthorne effect
Observer effect
Regression of mean
Halo effect
Check
Practice effects occur when a participant in an experiment performs the same task twice or more after an
interval. Subjects can either have a positive (subjects become better at performing the task) or negative
(subjects become worse at performing the task) effect. Repeated measures designs are almost always
affected by practice effects.
The correct answer is: Practice effect

Not answered Which one of the following is a secondary drive?
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Sex
None of the above
Play
Food
Water
Check
In theories of motivation, Mowrer distinguished between primary and secondary drives. Primary drives or
survival drives are those, which are guided by a physiological need like hunger or thirst and the primary
reinforcers include food water and sex. Competence or secondary drives are those, which people seek out,
1/29/2019 but which do not fulfil a physiological need Eg play.
SocialPrimary motives come and go. Secondary drives are
Psychology
continuous motives.
The correct answer is: Play

Not answered Attitudes do not always correlate with one's behaviours. The attitudes that most accurately predict
behaviour are those that are
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Broad and not task specific
Not emotionally valued
Flexible and changeable
Not based on one's own life experiences
Strong and consistent
Check
Attitudes predict behaviour if 1. They are strong and consistent 2.Based on direct experience and 3.
Specifically relate to the behaviour being predicted.
The correct answer is: Strong and consistent

Not answered The classic studies by Milgram explain the concept of
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Social norms
Persuasion
Motivation
Conformity
Obedience
Check
The classic studies by Milgram showing that people would obey orders under certain conditions even if
these exceeded the bounds of their usual beliefs explain the social psychology of obedience. Obedience is
influenced by various factors including the perceived authority and powerfulness of the commander.
The correct answer is: Obedience

Not answered Which of the following is most likely to influence individuals to conform to the views of the group?
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Other individuals being friends
Older individuals
Individuals feel accepted by the group

Large group size
Ambiguous tasks
Check
Ambiguous tasks tend to lead to more conformity as people may feel less certain of their own ideas.
The correct answer is: Ambiguous tasks

Not answered Which of the following describes a self-serving bias?
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A person attributes other people's behaviour to internal sources
A person attributes other people's behaviour to external sources
A person attributes successes to external sources
A person attributes successes to internal sources
A person attributes failures to internal sources
Check
Self-serving bias- people show a strong bias towards attributing their success to internal causes while
attributing failures to situational causes.
The correct answer is: A person attributes successes to internal sources

Not answered Several people at a train station see an elderly man asking for help. None of the onlookers offer to help.
This is explained by
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Group think
Halo effect
Genovese effect
Group polarization
Check
When alone, individuals will typically intervene if another person is in need of help: this is called bystander
intervention. But intervention becomes less likely to an extent that no single person will intervene from a
crowd or group of observers when someone is in need of help. This is called bystander apathy or Genovese
effect.
The correct answer is: Genovese effect

Not answered Which of the following is correct with regard to cognitive dissonance? It is a:
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Type of medicolegal plea
Phenomenon of group think
Product of inconsistent cognitions
Method of choice for solving abstract problems
Form of thought disorder
Check
The principle of cognitive consistency is the focus of Festinger's (1957) theory of cognitive dissonance. This
theory starts from the idea that we seek consistency in our beliefs and attitudes in any situation where two
cognitions are inconsistent.
The correct answer is: Product of inconsistent cognitions

Not answered Which of the following factors reduce cognitive dissonance?
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High probability of unpleasant consequences
Adding one or more alternative cognitions
Awareness of responsibility for consequences

Low pressure to comply
Increased choice of options
Check
Festinger proposed the cognitive dissonance theory in 1957. Individuals strive for consistency in their
attitudes with discomfort or dissonance arising if two cognitions are held that are inconsistent. Dissonance
is increased by A. Low pressure to comply; B. Wide perceived choice of options C. Awareness of
responsibility for consequences D. Unpleasant consequences for others. Dissonance is lowered if the
behaviour is altered; cognitions are dismissed, and new cognitions are added.
The correct answer is: Adding one or more alternative cognitions

Not answered A patient feels unhappy with respect to one aspect of his life. Soon he observes that this unhappiness
affects several other aspects of his life as well, resulting in a depressed state of mind. Which of the
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following types of cognitive bias is most likely to be relevant to this description?
Flag question
Select one:
Domino effect
Recall bias
Stockholm effect
Hawthorne effect
Attributional fallacy
Check
1/29/2019 Domino effect is the psychological equivalent of the butterfly
Social effect in chaos theory. According to this notion,
Psychology
large changes within a system or strucutre often depends on the initial conditions in which a small change
can result in a large catastrophe.
The correct answer is: Domino effect

Not answered The semantic differential scale may be subject to which of the following problems?
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All of the above
Positional response bias
Recall Bias
Selection bias
Performance bias
Check
The semantic differential scale is a visual analogue scale (7 points) with two polarized adjectives at either
extremes separated by a line. The subjects mark their attitudes between the two. It may be subject to
positional response bias.
The correct answer is: Positional response bias

Not answered Scapegoating refers to
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Tension between racial groups rise when the economic conditions are similar
Encouraging conflicts with a political motive
Sexual assault on a vulnerable group leading to conflicts
Lack of empathy on perpetrators of abuse
Captives becoming emotionally attached to the captivators
Check
Scapegoats are singled out victims who are blamed and discriminated by virtue of their group membership
(e.g. racial group, work group, etc.). Scapegoating involves political and economic factors as well. Under
the economic and political competition model, when resources are relatively scarce, the dominant group in
society will try to exploit [people from underrepresented groups] for material gain. Discrimination and
prejudice are heightened during times of tension and increased competition over limited resources. Hovland
and Sears showed that between 1882 and 1930, there was a direct relationship between the price of cotton
and the number of lynchings of Blacks. As the price of cotton decreased, the number of lynchings
increased. In the aftermath of the Tokyo Earthquake of 1923, which claimed the lives of 100,000 people,
several thousand Koreans were said to be massacred. The racial hatred allegedly stemmed from the
competition from the influx of Korean labor for scarce jobs that were available.
The correct answer is: Tension between racial groups rise when the economic conditions are similar

Not answered The presence of others reduces task performance. This is called
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1/29/2019 Select one: Social Psychology
Flag question Group polarization

Group think
Social facilitation
Social loafing
Check
The presence of others reduces task performance. This has been called social loafing. Ringelmann
demonstrated it in the 1880s by observing tug-of-war teams. He demonstrated that the more people there
were in a team, the less the effort made by each person in the team.
The correct answer is: Social loafing

Not answered In a dark room, several lights are turned on and off in rapid succession. An observer perceives a single light
as moving from one position to the next rather than different lights coming on and off at different positions.
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What is this called?
Flag question
Select one:
Visual hallucination
Pseudohallucination
Cock tail party phenomenon
Phi phenomenon
None of the above
Check
The phi phenomenon is an optical illusion (Max Wertheimer, 1912), based on the principle that the human
eye is capable of perceiving movement from pieces of information, such as repetition (flickering) of images.
In other words, from a slideshow of a group of frozen images presented at a certain speed, we will perceive
a constantly moving image. This is the principle behind motion pictures.
The correct answer is: Phi phenomenon

Not answered Which of the following is a behavioural component of Allport's concept of prejudice?
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Circumlocution
Stereotype
Discrimination
Moral attack
Hostility
Check
1/29/2019 Prejudice is essentially an attitude. Hence, it has 1. Cognitive
Social Psychologycomponent - stereotypes; 2. Affective
component - hostility; 3. Behavioural component - which according to Allport can be Anti-locution,
avoidance, discrimination. physical attack or extermination in terms of increasing severity.
The correct answer is: Discrimination

Not answered Which of the following is true concerning primate psychology?
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Aggressive male baboons have longer life expectancy
Aggression is higher during periods of instability
Young baboons learn appropriate expression of aggression by observing their peers
Low ranking baboons are not aggressive
Among baboons, females are not aggressive
Check
During periods of instability such as rank transition, baboons show higher levels of aggression. This leads
to high cortisol levels and stress among the animals.
The correct answer is: Aggression is higher during periods of instability

Not answered The power in a person due to his ability to provide positive accomplishments is known as
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Expert power
Legitimate power
Reward power
Referent power
Coercive power
Check
Reward power is the power that is conveyed through rewarding individuals for compliance with one's
wishes. This may be achieved through giving bonuses, raises, a promotion, and extra time off from work,
etc. Coercive power is the power to punish. Referent power is the power through identification with the
leader. Legitimate power is power bestowed by virtue of social position. Expert power is power resulting
having greater knowledge or skills.
The correct answer is: Reward power

Not answered In a small group situation, under which of the following conditions departures from norms are most likely to
be tolerated?
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The setting is private
Presence of strong group leadership
The norms were stated frequently during previous meetings
Dissent comes from a member with strong credentials
A consensus was reached before the dissent was expressed
Check
Group members may wish to ignore a norm if it is burdensome or a source of punishment. Norm rejection is
more easily achieved in the absence of enforcement and more readily tolerated if the rejecting member
possesses strengths and abilities needed by the group. A norm that has been frequently and clearly stated
is more difficult to avoid because members cannot then claim ignorance or misinterpretation. The threat of
censure or punishment is a strong deter- rent to violation of group norms, especially if the group is very
cohesive and if the setting is one of privacy.
The correct answer is: Dissent comes from a member with strong credentials

Not answered The most common effect of cognitive dissonance is
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Memory disturbances
Formal thought disorder
Cognitive distortions
Psychological distress
Behavioural modification
Check
'Cognitive dissonance' is an aversive psychological state aroused when there is a discrepancy between
actions and attitudes (Festinger, 1957). In situations when actions cannot be reversed, or when doing so
requires great effort, adjusting attitudes to be in line with decisions often reduces this discrepancy.
The correct answer is: Psychological distress

Not answered The attributional bias seen in persecutory delusions are
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Internal attribution for positive events
Internal attribution for negative events
External attribution for negative events

Internal attribution for all events
External attribution for positive events
Check
It has been proposed that individuals with persecutory delusions make excessive external attributions of the
cause for negative events. It remains unclear from empirical research findings whether the externalizing
bias is also common to other psychotic symptom presentations.
1/29/2019 The correct answer is: External attribution for negative events
Social Psychology

Not answered Which of the following increases the effectiveness of a persuasive communication?
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Mass media communication
High intensity urging
A credible communicator
High receiver intelligence
High cognitive dissonance
Check
Carl Hovland, at Yale University, studied various factors affecting persuasion.The credibility of a perceived
message is a crucial factor in persuasion (Hovland and Weiss, 1951); a health report is more persuasive if it
is published in a professional medical journal, than in a tabloid.
The correct answer is: A credible communicator

Not answered Tom is a student who attributes a good grade on an exam to his intelligence and hard work but a poor grade
to the teacher's poor ability and unfair test questions. He is exhibiting;
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Negativity bias
Attentional bias
Barnum effect
Self serving bias
Just world hypothesis
Check
A self-serving attributional bias refers to individuals attributing their successes to internal or personal factors
but attributing their failures to external or situational factors. This bias is a mechanism for individuals to
protect or enhance their own self-esteem.
The correct answer is: Self serving bias

Not answered Which of the following correctly describes fundamental attribution error?
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Refusing to accept one's own errors
Denying the fundamental flaws behind one's own negative behaviour
Attributing others mistakes to the context in which the mistakes occur
Attributing one's own mistakes to one's character and personality
Attributing others mistakes to their personal dispositions
Check
Fundamental Attribution Error refers to overestimating dispositional factors and not situational factors while
attributing causes to other's behaviours. This allows a sense of predictability to be developed about the
other person. It is more pronounced if the attributed behaviour is negative and undesirable.
The correct answer is: Attributing others mistakes to their personal dispositions

Not answered Which one among the following is defined by how much we approve of ourselves and how worthy we think
of ourselves?
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Self efficacy
Self esteem
Self image
Self actualisation
Self awareness
Check
This is self-esteem. Self-image may be defined as the way we think we are like and how we describe
ourselves. Self-efficacy is a term referring to the belief that we can perform adequately in a given situation.
Self-awareness is the state of being or ability to be, consciously aware of oneself. Humans and other great
apes are believed to have this capacity. Self-actualisation: It is the motive to realise one's full potential.
According to Maslow's theory, self-actualised people have an acceptance of who they are despite their
faults and limitations and experience a drive to be creative in all aspects of their lives.
The correct answer is: Self esteem

Not answered According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis which of the following is false?
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Flag question
Aggression is the one of the many possible responses to frustration
Fear of punishment can inhibit aggression
Aggression is driven by a need to nullify frustration
Unavailability of the frustrator can inhibit aggression
Unexpressed frustration cannot be displaced onto an innocent target
Check
The frustration-aggression hypothesis of Dollard considers aggression to be one of the many possible
products of frustration. In a meta-analysis including 49 studies, Marcus-Newhall, Pedersen, Carlson and
Miller (2000) found consistent evidence that frustrated individuals show displacement of aggression from
the source of the frustration onto a less powerful or more accessible target.
The correct answer is: Unexpressed frustration cannot be displaced onto an innocent target
Not answered A team leader is constantly calling for her group to focus on its commitment to the overall outcomes more
than anything else. She is following a
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Relationship oriented style
Autocratic style
Persuasive style
Coercive style
Task oriented style
Check
Persuasion is the ability to motivate and enthuse the group to pursue the goal. It differs from coercion
where power is used to enforce change through rewards and punishment. Modern leadership is the very
antithesis of coercion because it involves a degree of consensus rather than blind obedience. (Ref:
Psychological basis of psychiatry- Thambirajah; Pg213)
The correct answer is: Persuasive style

Not answered The vulnerability to conform is greater in individuals with which of the following characteristic features?
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Select one:
Flag question
Socially able
Naive
Very expressive
Highly intelligent
Self reliant
Check
People of high status more likely to induce conformity while people of low status more likely to conform.
Conformity increases with increasing group size, but after five people the effect diminishes. People who are
naive are more likely to conform, especially to members of their own group and less likely to conform to
members of another group.
The correct answer is: Naive

Not answered At what age do children pass the mirror test?
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Select one:
Flag question
6 Months of age
9 Months of age
3 Months of age
18 months of age
12 Months of age
Check
Mirror test- A test for self-recognition in which the child using its mirror image to touch a dot on its nose is
achieved at 18 months of age.
The correct answer is: 18 months of age

Not answered Task completion is poor in which of the following types of leadership?
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Democratic leaderships
Autocratic leadership style
Controlling
Rigid
Laissez-faire leadership
Check
Successful leadership is determined both by the characteristics of the leader and the characteristics of the
situation. This is known as contingency theory of leadership. Autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire are
leadership types proposed by Lewin. Productivity is higher in laissez-faire leadership than in autocratic
leadership. Task completion is good in autocratic and democratic leaderships but poor in groups led by a
leader with laissez-faire style.
The correct answer is: Laissez-faire leadership

Not answered Which of the following accurately reflects instrumental aggression?
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It is often impulsive
It is carried out using destructive weapons
It is often planned
It is motivated by negative feelings
It is often purposeless
Check
Instrumental aggression is carried out for the purpose of achieving a particular goal, e.g., kidnapping for
ransom. Hence, it is often planned and not impulsive. Hostile (also called angry or affective) aggression is
motivated by the need to express negative feelings, such as anger.
The correct answer is: It is often planned

Not answered The term 'cognitive dissonance' was coined by
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Flag question
McClelland
Schacter
Festinger
Beck
Bard
Check
Festinger coined the term 'cognitive dissonance'.

The correct answer is: Festinger

Not answered The Likert scale consists of
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Flag question
Three responses to each statement
Four responses to each statement
Five responses to each statement
Six responses to each statement
Seven responses to each statement
Check
The Likert scale consists of five responses to each statement- Agree/disagree on a five-point scale. These
are quick to design, but they are relatively sensitive. The Thurston scale has equal intervals between
successive points on the scale. A range of statements is presented, and you tick those you agree with.
The correct answer is: Five responses to each statement
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1/29/2019 Social Psychology

 Home HiYield Paper A(1) Psychology

HiYield Paper A(1)

Started on Tuesday, 29 January 2019, 4:20 PM

Question 1 HiY Social Psychology 038

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Question 2 HiY Social Psychology 013

Flag question Select one:

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Question 4 HiY Social Psychology 001

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Question 5 HiY Social Psychology 016

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According to Lorenz, aggression in nonhumans is essentially destructive and is characterised by

Question 6 HiY Social Psychology 023

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Individuals feel accepted by the group

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Awareness of responsibility for consequences

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Flag question Group polarization

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