ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ON HUMAN  Loss of developmental skills

HEALTH  Behavior, attention problems

- The environment plays a powerful role  Hearing loss
in the transmission of a number of  Kidney damage
health issues infectious disease,  Reduced IQ
including vector-borne disease. 2 Mercury poisoning
important aspects: socio-ecological Symptoms:
systems and climate change.  Inflammation of the gums
 Upset stomach
1. CLIMATE CHANGE  Kidney failure
- Changes such as increased rainfall can  Fetal brain development
affect African drylands and so increase  Numbness rashes
the burden of water- related vector-  Mental confusion
borne diseases in areas already  Irritability
susceptible to poverty  Memory loss
 Swelling
*research can lead to improved vector control  Peeling of the skin
measures & disease prevention
B. POLLUTION
2. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS Air pollution
- Cancer-causing chemicals and - Microscopic pollutants enter respiratory
endocrine disruptors and circulatory system damaging lungs
- Chemicals of most concern are those heart, heart and brain.
that have very low solubilities in water Major concerns regarding air pollution:
but are highly soluble in fat. - Global warming
- Destruction of ozone layer
A. HEAVY METALS - Smog production
– naturally occurring elements that have a Excessive Greenhouse gases lead to Global
high atomic weight and a density at least 5 warming
times greater than that of water. Toxicity - Trap heat and keep it from escaping the
depends on dose, route of exposure, atmosphere
chemical species, age gender, genetics, - Causes: deforestation, burning of fossil
and nutritional status. fuels
– Can enter body through the skin, Smog blankets Industrial areas
inhalation or ingestion. - Components: nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons, eye and respiratory
Lead poisoning irritants, small oil droplets, wood
Symptoms: particles, coal ash, asbestos, animal
 Headaches waste, dust
 Irritability - Major source: burning of fossil fuels
 Reduced sensations Water pollution
 Aggressive behavior 3 major detrimental effects:
 Difficulty sleeping  Excessive use of water → depleting
 Abdominal pain freshwater supplies
 Poor appetite  Building roads/parking lots prevents
 Constipation rainwater from soaking in causing
Additional complications for children runoff
  Human activities pollute water sources
C. PARTICULATES
- Commonly enters the body through
breathing or inhalation
- Can contribute to the development of
heart and lung disease, asthma attacks
and lung cancer
BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION
- Concentration of toxic pollutants is
higher in the tissues of organisms
higher on the food chain.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES BY ENVIRONMENTAL
CAUSES
TOP 10 DISEASES BY THE DOH:
 Acute respiratory infection
 Influenza A (H1N1)
 Bird flu (Avian Influenza)
 Chickenpox
 Cholera
 Dengue
 Diarrhea
 Diphtheria
 Ebola
 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
 Leading cause of death in children
under the age of 5 in developing
countries
2. PNEUMONIA
 most serious but can be treated with
affordable medications
CAUSE:
- multiple types of virus and bacteria
MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
- Person to person by coughing or
sneezing
SYMPTOMS:
- Coughing accompanied by short rapid
breathing ,fever, difficulty of breathing
3. INFLUENZA A (H1N1)
 Hemagglutinin 1 neuraminidase 1
 Highly contagious respiratory disease
CAUSE:
- Nasal secretions, barking like cough,
decreased appetite

5 STAGES: MODE OF TRANSMISSION:

- Coughing or sneezing
CONTAMINATION
 gain access to the host SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
ADHERENCE - Fever, headache, fatigue, muscle and
 Adhere to the host joint pains, runny nose, sore throat,
COLONIZATION cough, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
 Replicate on the host
INVASION 4. DENGUE FEVER
 Invade tissues - Mosquito-borne disease caused by any
DAMAGE one of 4 closely related dengue viruses
 Produce toxins or other agents that
cause harm MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
- Bite of an Aedes mosquito infected with
A. BACTERIA a dengue virus
- The mosquito becomes infected when it
1. ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION bites a person with dengue virus in their
blood
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS C. ROTAVIRUS
- Begins 4-6 days after infection and last - common cause of childhood diarrhea
up to 10 days
- Sudden high fever and severe SYMPTOMS
headaches - Nausea
- Pain behind the eyes - Abdominal pain
- Severe joint and muscle pain - Cramping
- Mild bleeding - Bloating
- Dehydration
5. DIARRHEA - Fever
- Characterized by loose, watery stools or - Bloody stools
a frequent need to have a bowel - Frequent urge to release bowel
movement
B. FUNGAL
TYPES:
1. ASPERGILLOSIS
A. ACUTE DIARRHEA  Caused by Aspergillus that lives indoors
- The condition lasts for 1 to 2 days result or outdoors
of a viral, bacterial infection, or food  People with weakened immune systems
poisoning or lung diseases are at higher risk

CAUSES: TYPES SYMPTOMS

- Food poisoning Allergic Similar to
- Traveler’s diarrhea bronchopulmonary asthma:
- Stomach flu aspergillosis (ABPA) wheezing,
shortness of
B. CHRONIC DIARRHEA breath, cough,
- Lasts for atleast 4 weeks fever
- Result of an intestinal disease or Allergic Aspergillus Stuffiness, runny
disorder such as celiac disease or sinusitis nose, headache,
Crohn’s disease (irritable bowel reduced ability
syndrome) to smell
Aspergilloma Cough, coughing
CAUSES: of blood,
- Celiac disease shortness of
- Food intolerance/allergy breath
- Milk/soy protein intolerance Chronic pulmonary Weight loss,
- Medication aspergillosis cough, coughing
of blood,
OTHER CAUSES INCLUDE: shortness of
- food intolerance breath
- Food allergy Invasive aspergillosis Fever, chest
- Adverse reaction to a medication pain, cough,
- Viral infection coughing of
- Bacterial infection blood, shortness
- Intestinal disease of breath
- Parasitic infection
 2. BLASTOMYCOSIS
 Caused by Blastomyces
 Found in most soil and in decomposing
matter like wood and leaves
SYMPTOMS:
- Fever
- Cough
- Night sweats
- Muscle aches or joint pain
- weight loss
- Chest pain
- Fatigue
3. COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS (Valley fever)
 Caused by Coccidioide that live in the
soil
SYMPTOMS:
- Fatigue
- Cough
- Fever
- Shortness of breath
- Headache
- Night sweats
- Muscle aches or joint pain
- Rash on upper body or legs
4. CESTODES
Scientific name: Taenia siganata
Common name: Asian tapeworm
Epidemiology (Environment): raw beef or pork
Clinical manifestations (disease): abdominal
pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, and upset
stomach
5. BLOOD AND TISSUE DWELLING
PROTOZOA
Scientific name: Trypanosoma brucei
Common name: African trypanosomiasis
Vector: Tsetse fly
Epidemiology (Environment): lakes in arid
terrain and in dense, wet rainforests
Clinical manifestations (disease): human
sleeping disease, animal trypanosomiasis
Scientific name: Trypanosoma cruzi
Common name: Chagas’ disease
Vector: Kissing bugs (Triatominae)
Epidemiology (Environment): found only in
America (rural areas of Latin America)
Clinical manifestations (disease): chagas’
disease, american trypanosomiasis
MICROSCOPY AND MICROMETRY
 Microscopy – examination of minute
objects by means of a microscope
 Micrometry – estimation (use of field
view); ocular and stage micrometer
TYPES:
1. COMPOUND LIGHT
- Consist of ocular lenses (binocular
eyepiece) and objective lenses
2. STEREOSCOPES
- Aka dissecting scopes
3. ELECTRON
- Uses beams of electrons which makes it
capable for higher magnifications
PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE
1. ARM
- The main vertical framework or
backbone of the microscope
2. OBJECTIVE LENS
- Collects the light and magnifies the
specimen according to the lens
3. OCULAR LENS
- Lens used to the view the specimen
4. COARDE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
- Moves the stage up and down to focus
the specimen
5. FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
 - Moves the stage up and down for
higher magnifications
6. LIGHT SOURCE
- Emits light to illuminate the specimens
to the direction of the lens
7. DIAPHRAGM
- Adjusts the amount of light passing
through the slide using the lever
8. CONDENSER
- collect and focus the light from the
illuminator on to the specimen

MAGNIFICATION POWER OF THE COMPOUND

MICROSCOPE

OBJECTIVE LENS OCULAR LENS

Scanner 4x
LPO 10x Ocular Magnification
HPO 40x 10x
OIO 100x

*Always begin examining microscopes slides

with the Low Power Objective

FIELD OF VIEW (FOV)- in mm

Field number (FN)
Total Magnification (TM)
SPECIMEN SIZE
Field of View (FOV)
# of specimens across diameter
USE OF FIELD VIEW
1. OCULAR LENSE
2. OBJECTIVE LENSE (eyepiece)

MEASURING WITH A MICROMETER

1. STAGE MICROMETER (SM)
- Could either be glass or metal

2. EYEPIECE GRATICULE/OCULAR
MICROMETER (OM)
- Fits into a microscope eyepiece

CALIBRATION FACTOR
Sm(1Om)