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BIOLOGY WORKSHEET- 02

Date: Total Marks:

Time: 65 mins

Information

• The total marks for this worksheet is 60

• The marks for each question are shown in brackets

– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question

Answer ALL questions.

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1.

(a) Humans produce saliva when food is in their mouth. Describe the function of saliva in

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humans. (2)

Saliva contains amylase, a digestive enzyme which breaks down carbohydrate in the food
into glucose.

Saliva acts as a lubricant. It moistens food and turns it into a soft ball called bolus that is
easier to swallow.

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(b) Complete the table by giving two sense organs that the dogs use to detect the arrival of

food and the stimulus that each sense organ detects. (2)

Ear- frequency of sound produced by tuning fork

Eyes- sight of lab assistants

(c) Explain how reflex responses, such as blinking (line 2), differ from other nerve
responses, such as picking up a pencil. (2)

Blinking is a simple, automatic response which, unlike nerve responses, is involuntary,

almost instantaneous and made possible by the reflex arc and, therefore, does not reach the
brain or require conscious thought. .
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(d) Pavlov originally conditioned the dogs with a tuning fork of note B. The dogs would then
produce saliva when the tuning fork was hit.

Different tuning forks produce notes of different frequencies as shown in the box.

(i) Suggest why notes G and D produce a greater response in the dogs than notes E and F.
(1)

G and D frequencies have closer proximities to B than E and F so G and D sounds are more
similar to B.
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(ii) Suggest how Pavlov might have measured the size of the conditioned response. (2)

Collect the saliva dripping from the dog’s mouth and measure its mass. Repeat the process
for each frequency of sound at least thrice and find an average.
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(e) Scientists make conclusions about humans from studying animal behavior.

Suggest two reasons why these conclusions may not be valid. (2)

1…Humans behave differently from other animals.

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2…Humans and other animals have different genetic make-up.
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(f ) Simple reflexes are responses to stimuli. Explain the structure and functioning of a

simple reflex arc, using the example of the withdrawal of a finger from a hot object. (3)

When the finger touches a hot object, the pain receptors in the skin detect it and send
impulses to the sensory neurone. The impulses then travel from the sensory neurone to relay
neurone from where they are sent to the motor neurone. The motor neurone is attached to the
finger muscles which when receive the impulses contract and cause the withdrawal of the
finger from the hot object.
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(Total for question 1 = 14 marks)

2. The diagram shows a human fetus developing in the uterus.

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(a) Describe the function of the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus. (2)

Amniotic fluid cushions the baby from outside pressures, acting as a shock absorber.
Amniotic fluid also contains antibodies to control infection.
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(b) The placenta functions as an organ of exchange.

(i) Name two substances, required by the fetus, that move from the mother’s blood into the
blood of the fetus. (2)

1…Oxygen……………………………………………………………………………………..

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2…Nutrients such as glucose.

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. (ii) Name two waste substances that move from the blood of the fetus into the mother’s

blood. (2)

1…Carbon dioxide
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2…Waste products such as urea.

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(c) Use information from the diagram to help explain how the placenta is adapted for the
efficient exchange of substances. (3)

Substances are exchanged via placenta by diffusion. Placenta is well adapted for diffusion by
having a large surface area between it and the uterus wall. Placenta also contains villi which
extend into the uterus wall and further increase the surface area. Placenta also has a rich
supply of maternal blood vessels, this also increases the diffusion rate. In the placenta
maternal and foetal blood systems are separated by thin membranes allowing diffusion to
occur.…………………………………………………………………………………………

(Total for question 2 = 9 marks)

3. The structure of a bacterium differs from the structure of a virus.

(a) Name two structures found in a bacterium that are not found in a virus. (2)

1…
Chloroplast……………………………………………………………………………………
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2…Cell wall

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(b) The diagram shows a white blood cell and some pathogenic bacteria.

Explain how this white blood cell helps to prevent the bacteria from causing disease. (2)

The white blood cell engulfs the bacteria by phagocytosis and destroys them. So the bacteria
can not cause disease.

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(c) Explain how bacteria are important in cycles within ecosystems. (4)

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(d) A student read that in two days a bacterium could produce a colony equal in mass to the

entire planet Earth. Suggest two reasons why this will not happen. (2)

1……Competition between bacteria for space.

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2 Lack of nutrients acts as a limiting factor.

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(Total for question 3 = 10 marks)

4. The diagram shows a fermenter used to grow microorganisms.

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(a) Explain how temperature is controlled in the fermenter. (2)

The temperature recorder records the changes in the temperature in the fermenter. When the
temperature becomes too high cold water is passed through the cooling jacket. This water
absorbs the heat from the fermenter and maintains a relatively constant temperature.
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(b) Explain why temperature must be controlled in the fermenter. (2)

Temperature controls the enzyme activities in the microorganisms. The enzymes work best at
an optimum temperature. Very high temperature can denature the enzymes and eventually
impede the growth of the microorganisms. So, if the optimum, viable temperature is
maintained the microorganisms will grow at the fastest rate. .
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(c) Explain the purpose of the paddles in the fermenter. (2)

The paddles stir the contents in the fermenter and distribute heat and materials evenly within
the chamber to make sure all the microorganisms remain in viable growing conditions and
receive sufficient nutrients.
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(d) Other than temperature, name one condition that needs to be controlled in a fermenter and
state why it needs to be controlled. (2)

…pH needs to be controlled. Enzymes are also affected by pH and work best at an optimum
pH value. If the pH is too high or too low than the optimum value than enzyme activity and
hence growth of microorganisms will be slow.
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(e) Name two products that could be produced in this type of fermenter. (2)

Lactic acid and ethanol could be produced.

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(Total for question 4 = 10 marks)

5. The table shows information about world fish supply from 2009 to 2014.

(a) (i) Calculate the difference between the percentage of total fish production that is farmed
in 2009 and the percentage of total fish production that is farmed in 2014. (2)

% fish farmed in 2009 = 100*56/146 = 38.36%

% fish farmed in 2014 = 100*74/167 = 44.31%

Difference = 44.31-38.36 = 5.95%

difference = ................5.95%...........................................

(b) (ii) Describe the changes in fish supply from 2009 to 2014. (2)

From 2009 to 2014 the total fish supply increased gradually. The largest increase was from
2010 to 2011 by 8 million tonnes

From 2009 to 2014, farmed fish supply increased more than wild fish supply. Through this
time, wild fish supply fluctuated, however there was an overall increase. .
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(b) Farming large numbers of fish can cause problems for fish farmers.

Discuss how fish farmers solve these problems. (4)

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(Total for question 5 = 8 marks)

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6. The diagram shows part of a kidney nephron.

(a) Where is this part of a kidney nephron located? (1)

X A in the cortex

B in the collecting duct

C in the loop of Henle

D in the ureter

(b) The graph shows the effect of age on the number of glomeruli in the kidneys.

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Using the graph, determine the age of a person with 1 600 000 glomeruli in their kidneys.
(1)

Age =.........64......... years

(c) The table lists three molecules. It also gives their concentrations in the glomerulus, the

Bowman’s capsule and the bladder.

Explain the difference between the concentration of each substance in the glomerulus and in

the bladder. (4)

Kidney contains hundreds of thousands of tiny filters called nephrons. Each nephron contains
Bowman’s capsule which surrounds a tuft of capillaries called glomerulus. Blood entering
the kidneys contains a high concentration of protein, glucose, urea, water and other
substances. Since, the walls of the capillaries are linings of endothelial cells providing a

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semi-permeable membrane, only small substances such as urea (excess protein broken down
into amino acids in the liver), glucose and water can diffuse from the blood into the
bowman’s capsule and so all the protein remains in the blood. Before the filtrate reaches the
bladder, it passes through the collecting duct where all the glucose reabsorbed into the blood
by active transport against the concentration gradient. Hence the urine which passes down the
bladder contains no protein and glucose. However, the percentage concentration of urea in
the bladder is higher because the amount of the overall content in the bladder is less than that
in the blood since only a small amount of the blood, that is, only the waste substances and
excess water make the urine.
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(b) Chocolate contains small amounts of a substance called theobromine. Theobromine

prevents the release of ADH.

Explain why preventing the release of ADH can be harmful to humans. (3)

ADH stands for antidiuretic hormone which, when released, reduces water loss via urine. If
ADH release is prevented then excess water might be lost frequent and excess urination,
therefore, the body will be dehydrated and the person will be extremely thirsty. In severe
cases due to lack of water the body might not function properly and the blood pressure might
drop too low. If lost water is not replaced this can cause death.

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(Total for question 6 = 9 marks)

(Total for the paper is 60)

THE END

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