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The Functions of Pile Types and Piles Used in Construction

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 International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering, ISSN: 2394-2827 Volume-5, Issue-2, Apr.-2018
http://iraj.in
THE FUNCTIONS OF PILE TYPES AND PILES USED IN
CONSTRUCTION
1
BARAN TOPRAK, 2OZER SEVIM, 3ERMEDIN TOTIC, 4ILKER KALKAN
1,2,4
Kırıkkale University, Civil Engineering Department, Turkey
3
Düzce University, Civil Engineering Department, Turkey
E-mail: 1barantoprak@gmail.com, 2ozersevim88@gmail.com,3ermedintotic@bartin.edu.tr,
4
ilkerkalkan@yahoo.com

Abstract - The naming of the foundations differs according to the depths which are located on the ground. They
are shallow foundations and deep foundations. The shallow foundation is made as long as the ground conditions
are suitable. Shallow foundation types are; individual foundation, strip foundation and raft foundation. Deep
foundations are made when the ground conditions are not suitable for shallow foundation. Deep foundation
types are; pile foundations, caissons and deep foot foundations. In this paper, the production forms and usage
areas of the piles and piled foundations will be studied.

Keywords - Shallow foundations, Deep foundations, Piles, Piled foundations.

I. INTRODUCTION

Deep foundation is known as, depth of foundation is

more than 2,5 times the width of the foundation. Pile
foundations are the most commonly used type of deep
foundations.
Shallow foundations are generally more economical
than deep foundations. While the foundation design,
it should firstly investigate whether it is possible to
make shallow foundations.If the ground is weak and
the bearing capacity is exceeded, shallow foundations
will not suffice. In spite of bearing capacity is not
exceeded but the settlement is more than desired also
deep foundations have to be used.
The piles basically transfer the loads of the structure
to the ground when they work as structure foundation
elements. Also, side-by-side piles are also reinforced
with anchors when necessary and used as a retaining
structure.Furtermore, tensile forces or lateral loads
may also be carried by piles. They may also play an
active role in compressing the ground. Fig.1. (a & b) End Bearing Pile and Floating Pile

II. DETAILS EXPERIMENTAL
2.1. Materials and Procedures
In this study, the piles are classified as follows:
a) How they carry and transfer the loads,
b) Which materials are they made by,
c) Processing and placement methods in the
ground,
d) The nature of piles functions.
2.1.1. Carrying Loads and Load Transfer Types
If the ends of the piles locate a solid ground or piles
buried in the solid ground, this kind of piles would be
called "End Bearing Pile".If the ends of the piles do
notlocate a solid ground, this kind of piles would be
called "Floating Pile".
End bearing pile and floating pile are shown at Figure
1. The length of the piles used in practice is usually
15 to 40 times bigger than their diameter. The end
bearing piles carrying the axial load are usually
inserted into the solid ground 1.5 times the diameter.
2.1.2. Materials Used in the Construction of Piles
and Construction Technology
Piles are also classified by considering the materials
used for their construction and their construction
methods. According to this, concrete piles, steel piles,
wooden piles, composite piles are also well-known
and generally used pile types. The construction of the
foundation of a piled foundation is also influenced by
the overall construction cost of the build. For this
reason, time must be taken into consideration in cost
analysis.

The Functions of Pile Types and Piles used in Construction

34
 International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering, ISSN: 2394-2827 Volume-5, Issue-2, Apr.-2018
http://iraj.in
2.1.2.1. Wooden Piles
It is one of the oldest known piling systems. Wood
piles are easy to transport because they are light.
Especially on clayey soils, they provide a good
adhesion to the pile-ground system. They work for a
long time below the water level. They can be
destroyed by fungi and insects if the used on the
water level. For this reason, it is necessary to operate
on wooden pile on the water level. The most common
method to prevent rotting of wood piles is the
creosote method. 250kg of creosote is used in 1 m3 to
prevent the rotting of wood piles.

Fig.3. (a & b) Concrete Piles

The work-life of driven concrete piles is long. If they

Fig.2. (a & b) Wooden Piles
The city of Venice in Italy is mostly built on wooden
piles. In the context of the restoration work initiated
in 1975, in the city of Venice, generally bullion steel
plates were used for the improvement and support of
wooden piles.
It is difficult to hammer wood piles on solid grounds
and tight sand-gravel layers. In extreme hammering,
the tips or bodies of wooden pile can be damaged.
For this reason, the pile behavior should be observed
during the hammering. The bearing capacity of
wooden piles is not so high. Approximately, the
bearing capacity of a wooden pile which have 20-25
cm diameter is around 200-300 KN.
are used under water, chemical analysis of the water
should be done. If water contains sulphate, piles
should be built with sulphate-resistant cement.
On-site piles are separated and named by coating tube
which used while drilling the ground. If no coating
tube used in the ground, on-site piles named
“Compress Piles”. If coating tubes leaved in the
ground, on-site piles named “Raymond Piles”. If
coating tubes pulled back from the ground, on-site
piles named “Franky Piles”.
Advanced technology allow engineers to drill the
ground, transport reinforcement, place reinforcement
and pour concrete on site. If piles are not hammered
in ground; drilled and placed on-site, they are called
“Bored Piles”. Bored piles are most commonly used
pile systems in our world.
2.1.2.3. Steel Piles
These piles are used as end piles. Steel piles are in the
form of H, O and I profiles. These piles are end piles
with high bearing capacity. The life of steel piles
under water and in sandy grounds is short due to
rotting. Steel piles have very long work-life in stiffy
clay.

2.1.2.2. Concrete Piles

Concrete piles are the most used pile systems in the
world. Concrete piles are manufactured by many
different techniques, it is possible to think of two
main groups:
a) Driven Piles: Prepared in somewhere,
transport to treatment area and hammered to
ground.
b) On-site Piles: Prepared in treatment area and
hammered to ground.

Fig.4. (a & b) Steel Piles

The Functions of Pile Types and Piles used in Construction

35
 International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering, ISSN: 2394-2827
http://iraj.in
Bituminous materials can be coated to protect steel
piles against rotting.
2.1.2.4. Composite (Mixed) Piles
Composite piles are type of piles constructed using
several different materials. Generally, the bottom part
of such piles consist of wood and the upper part is
made of concrete or steel. The application areas of
such piles are not wide.
Fig.5. (a & b) Composite (Mixed) Piles
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It is called that the foundation is an element that
transfer building loads safely to the ground. If the soil
conditions are not suitable, the pile foundation, which
is a kind of deep foundation, is used.
Concrete piles, steel piles, wooden piles and
composite piles are well-known and generally used
pile types.
Technology forces engineers to manufacture highest
bearing capacity piles, locate in ground as fast as it is
possible. In site-work, boring piles have highest
bearing capacity and fastest way to locate a pile in
ground. Boring piles have advantages and
disadvantages during application.
a. Advantages:
Boring piles can be drilled and producted during
construction before foundation excavation. This plays
an important role in the completion of construction.
If the ground conditions are suitable, they will be
constructed in a short time.
They can be built to large diameters and depths.
Inside the ground, the blocks and stones that impede
the drilling process are passed using the appropriate
equipment.
During drilling and concrete processing, boring piles
do not create significant vibration in the environment.
This is a main advantage when working in the city
center.
As the piles are built on-site, the required material is
sand, gravel, water, cement and reinforcement. At the
work-site, these materials are easy to find.
If necessary, bearing capacity and tensile strength can
be increased by injecting to bottom of pile (toe) by
grouting.
It is easy to understand from the material coming out
of the drilling hole is observed and decided the
drilling progress reaches to a solid stiffy ground.
The Functions of Pile Types and Piles used in Construction
36
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Volume-5, Issue-2, Apr.-2018
The length of the piles is set correctly as drilling is
done at work-site and measured while drilling
operation.
b. Disadvantages:
Rainy and bad weather conditions hinders the drilling
operation.
When unexpected ground conditions are encountered,
there can be significant delays in business. For this
reason, a very detailed ground survey should be made
on the foreground of the boring piles.
If the pile concrete is not of the desired quality, the
pile may not work as wanted.
The presence of groundwater affects concrete quality.
CONCLUSIONS
Whatever the ground conditions, to build a safe
structure is an important engineering approach.
Today, the increase of multi-floored structures
necessitates deep foundation construction as well.
The most preferred method for deep foundation
construction is pile foundation method. The first thing
that comes to mind is the boring pile system.
Boring piles have highest bearing capacity and fastest
way to locate a pile in ground. Today, when time is of
the essence, fore pile systems stand out in terms of
the load they carry and the speed of production.
Undoubtedly, boring pile systems have advantages
and disadvantages. It is the most important need of
geotechnical engineering to study these advantages
and disadvantages correctly.
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