Subphylum Trilobitomorpha

Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Class Chelicerata
Subclass Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Class Chelicerata
Subclass Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
Subclass Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks)
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Class Chelicerata
Subclass Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
Subclass Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks)
Class Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Myriapoda
Class Chilapoda (centipedes)
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Myriapoda
Class Chilopoda (centipedes)
Class Diplopoda (millipedes)
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Myriapoda
Subphylum Hexapoda
Class Insecta
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Crustacea
Subphylum Myriapoda

Class Branchipoda (brine shrimp)

Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Myriapoda
Subphylum Hexapoda
Subphylum Crustacea
Class Branchipoda
Class Maxillopoda
Subclass Copepoda (copepod)
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Myriapoda
Subphylum Hexapoda
Subphylum Crustacea
Class Branchipoda
Class Maxillopoda
Subclass Copepoda (copepod)
Subclass Thecostraca (barnacles)
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Myriapoda
Subphylum Hexapoda
Subphylum Crustacea
Class Branchipoda
Class Maxillopoda
Class Malacostraca
Order Decapoda (crabs, lobsters, shrimp)
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Myriapoda
Subphylum Hexapoda
Subphylum Crustacea
Class Branchipoda
Class Maxillopoda
Class Malacostraca
Order Decapoda
Order Isopoda (isopods)
Triploblastic, bilateral protostomes
Hard exoskeleton
Specialization of appendages
Jointed appendages
Coelom that acts as an open
circulatory system (heomcoel)
Excretory and gas exchange organs
Sense organs that extend out of cuticle
Growth through molting (ecdysis)

Fig. 15.15
 Cuticle

Secreted by epidermis
Waxes, lipoproteins, proteins.
Sclerotized - tanning process that hardens

Fig. 15.16
Each segment bound by four plates - dorsal tergite, ventral sternite,
and two lateral pleurites.
Muscle bands attach to apodemes.
Appendages segmented with extrinsic or intrinsic muscles.
Appendages:
Uniramous or
biramous.
Parts are
specialized
for
different
tasks.
Joints have thin flexible membrane.
Antagonistic muscles: flexors and
extensors.
Joints in one plane or ball-and-socket.
Exoskeleton has condyles that act as
fulcrums.

Fig. 15.18
Walking Walking involves the coordinated
movement of uniramous
appendages in different planes.
 Walking
Subphylum Myriapoda Millipedes (Class
Diplopoda) have
two legs per
segment on each
side. Slow but
powerful.
Fig. 18.3
Centipedes (Class
Chilopoda) have
one leg per
segment on each
side. Fast but not
as powerful.
Swimming
Flapping phyllopodia

Fig. 15.19

Tail flexion
Flying
Hemipterans (flies)
Indirect flight muscles allow wings to beat faster than
neural transmission.
Dorsoventral and longitudinal muscles.
Flexible thorax.

Fig. 17.16
 “Brain” is 2-3 ganglia with
specific functions.
Ganglionated ventral nerve cord.

Sense organs (sensilla) protrude

out of cuticle.
Can be slit in cuticle.
Membranous drums.
Chemoreceptors with thin cuticle.
Fig. 15. 28
Simple ocelli.
Complex lensed ocelli.
Compound eyes made of ommatidia.

Fig. 15.29
Instars have tissue growth but
no increase in external size.
Proecdysis - old endocuticle
digested by enzymes from
epidermis. Begin secreting
new endocuticle.
Ecdysis - old cuticle splits and
animal wiggles out. Body
swells.
Postecdysis - cuticle hardens.
 Timing of molting. Fig. 17.35
Throughout life - crustaceans.
Periodically until certain size - copepods.
During metamorphosis - insects.
Hemimetabolous - insects hatch looking much like
adults. Nymphs gradually attain adult form.

Holometabolous - young very different from

adults. Pupal stage metamorhosis into adult.

Fig. 17.36
Complete gut with regional
specialization.
Foregut - food intake, transport,
storage, mechanical digestion
(jaws, pharynx, gizzard).
Midgut - extracellular digestion, Fig. 15.24
nutrient uptake (cecae, digestive
gland, hepatopancreas).
Hindgut - excretion of undigested
material, water reabsorption.
 Fig. 19.5
Spider silk

Complex fibrous
protein.
Spinning
apparatus in
opithosome.

Liquid silk produced by glands,

secreted into duct, pass to
spinneret with tubes to outside.
Fig. 19.7
Threads made of different thicknesses and
combined in different ways for different
functions.
 Fig. 15.25
Circulation and respiration

Open hemocoel as a result of

hard exoskeleton and lack
of internal segmentation.
Muscular heart required since
body movements can’t
move blood.
Hemolymph has amebocytes,
pigments, and some have
clotting factors.
Circulation and respiration Fig. 15.26

Respiratory structures depend on habitat.

Trachea in Gills in aquatic animals.

terrestrial
insects.

Arachnid book lung.

Fig. 19.18
Osmoregulation and waste excretion
Closed structure required since open
nephrostome wouldn’t with such a
large hemocoel.
Material uptake depends on filtration Fig. 15.27
pressure and active uptake.
Reuptake of salts and nutrients.
Antennal and maxillary glands in
crustaceans. Produce ammonia
with some urea and uric acid.
Malpighian tubules in arachnids and
insects. Blind tubes extend into
hemocoel and empty into gut.
Produce uric acid.
Most gonochoristic with formal mating and internal fertilization.

Fig. 16.32
Usually some brooding.
Development often mixed with early brooding then larval stages.
Eggs centrolecithal but amount of yolk varies (so does cleavage).

Nauplius larva
Parasitic lifestyles
Fig. 16.16

Rhizocephalan barnalces

Fig. 16.25