EN Recycling and Second Life Application of Batteries

RECYCLING AND SECOND LIFE APPLICATION
Webinar
OF LITHIUM ION BATTERIES
AGENDA
/ Architecture and chemistry of battery cells
/ Battery system design
/ Comparison of cell chemistry
/ Battery management
/ Control of charging/discharging process
/ Thermal management
/ BMS influence on cycle stability
/ Lifespan and second-life
/ second-life scenario and field of application
/ Recycling process
2 Fronius International GmbH // Webinar: Recycling and Second Life application of Lithium Ion batteries // April 2020
Architecture and
chemistry of a cell
BATTERY ≠ BATTERY
Cell chemistry Cell architecture Battery management system
Active material (cell) Structure of the cell Control of the system down to cell level
e. g. NMC or LiFePo Design e. g. cylindrical cell or pouch cell Control of charging- discharging process
Characteristics of a battery system

Useful life (Lifetime)
Cycle stability (possible number of charging- discharging processes)
Calendar aging (Aging process on cell level)
C-rate (possible charging-discharging power)
CELL ARCHITECTURE
Stationary and mobile battery system application
/ Examples: / Fronius Solar Battery / LG Chem RESU / BYD Battery-Box HV
BATTERIE SYSTEM DESIGN
16 cells in series
5-9 battery modules
/ System: LiFePO4
/ Cell voltage: 3,2 V
Battery Management System
/ Cell capacity: 25 Ah
/ Module voltage: 51,2 Volt
/ Usable capacity: 1,28 kWh per module
SUITABLE CELL CHEMISTRY FOR THE APPLICATION
Specific energy: Wh/kg Specific power: W/kg
costs: based on energy Safety: in error case
Lifespan: for defined load profile Performance: under different conditions
COMPARISON CELL CHEMISTRY Stationary
PV storage
Consumer
electronics
Comparison criteria:
/ Specific Energy: Wh/kg

/ Specific Power: W/kg
/ Safety in case of failure
/ Performance under different
circumstances
/ Lifespan under defined load profile
/ Costs based on energy Electric car
Battery management
BLOCKED CELL CAPACITY
Partial cycles increase the

lifetime overproportional
DOD „Depth of discharge“

Comparison depth of discharge:
Smartphone battery DOD 100 %
Stationary PV-battery system DOD 80 %
C-RATE
Charging/ Discharging power
E.g. battery capacity 10 kWh
C-Rate Charging power Time for 10 kWh (theor.)
1C 10 kW 1 hours
2C 20 kW 0,5 hours
0,5C 5 kW 2 hours
Bigger battery  higher charging/discharging power possible

Bigger battery  less stress for cells  longer lifetime
THERMAL MANAGEMENT
Temperature -20°C 0°C 20°C 40°C 60 °C

Performance < 70 % 90 % 100 % 100 %  0 %
Very high Ri High Ri Power reduction
Lifespan Cell aging Ideal Cell aging
during charging temperature Thermal runaway
Thermal Management heating
heating cooling
∆T cell to cell < 5 K
BMS INFLUENCE ON CYCLE STABILITY
Lifespan and
Second-Life Application
INFLUENCING FACTORS TO LIFETIME
Battery aging
Cycle stability Calendar aging
Aging by usage: Aging by time:

Dependent on cell chemistry Dependent on cell chemistry
DOD „Depth of discharge“ Ambient temperature
Partial cycles increase the lifetime over proportional Increase of temperature decreases the lifetime
C-rate (charging-discharging power of battery)
Operating temperature
DURABILITY OF BATTERIES
/ Long-term experiences give new insights
/ Manufacturers give long guarantees
/ 5 – 10 years
/ 100.000 to 240.000 km
/ 70-80 % capacitiy
/ e.g. e-Golf → 8 years or 160.000 km to 70 % capacity

/ e.g. BMW i3 → 8 years or 100.000 km to 70 % capacity extended to 160.000 km!
/ e.g. LG Chem RESU → 10 years or defined energy throughput to 80 %
SECOND-LIFE-SCENARIO FOR BATTERIES
Lifecycle:
• First Life: Automotive (BEV)
• Second Life: stationary application
• Remaining capacity of 60 to 80 % still usable
Battery
capacity Lifespan
SECOND LIFE APPLICATION
• For grid stabilization
• for back-up power
• Amsterdam Arena • BMW plant in Leipzig
RECYCLING PROCESS
Valuable ressources:
• Recykling rates > 70%
• Al,Co, active material etc.
• Energy generation with
usage of remaining charge
• E.g.: Bremerhaven (GER)

• Capacity: 10.000 tons per
year
Summary
BATTERIES ARE DIFFERENT
Lifetime of a battery depends on:
• Cell chemistry
• Depth of discharge (DOD)
• C-rate (charging/discharging power) BMS
• Temperature/ thermal management
Battery management system
Battery ≠ Battery
All information is without guarantee in spite of careful editing - liability excluded.
Intellectual property and copyright: all rights reserved. Copyright law and other laws protecting intellectual property apply to the content of this presentation and the documentation enclosed (including texts, pictures, graphics, animations
etc.) unless expressly indicated otherwise. It is not permitted to use, copy or alter the content of this presentation for private or commercial purposes without explicit consent of Fronius.

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RECYCLING AND SECOND LIFE APPLICATION

Characteristics of a battery system

/ Examples: / Fronius Solar Battery / LG Chem RESU / BYD Battery-Box HV

5-9 battery modules

costs: based on energy Safety: in error case

Lifespan: for defined load profile Performance: under different conditions

/ Specific Energy: Wh/kg

Partial cycles increase the

DOD „Depth of discharge“

Bigger battery  higher charging/discharging power possible

Temperature -20°C 0°C 20°C 40°C 60 °C

Cycle stability Calendar aging

Aging by usage: Aging by time:

/ e.g. e-Golf → 8 years or 160.000 km to 70 % capacity

• Amsterdam Arena • BMW plant in Leipzig

• E.g.: Bremerhaven (GER)

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