Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 5:1-14 (2017)

Southern Leyte State University, Sogod, Southern Leyte, Philippines

Carbon Storage and Nutrient Stocks Distribution of

Three Adjacent Land Use Patterns in Lake Danao
National Park, Ormoc, Leyte, Philippines
Pearl Aphrodıte Bobon-Carnıce1 *
Suzette B. Lına2
1
Natural Sciences Department
Eastern Visayas State University
Tacloban City, Leyte, Philippines
2
Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Food Science
Visayas State University
Visca, Baybay City, Philippines

Abstract
The country experienced drastic decrease of forest cover due to land use conversion, cutting
of trees and doing agriculture to support food security. Secondary forests are an important
component of land cover in the tropics, and when transformed or converted into another
land-use, it is believed to have negative effects on some soil properties and forest ecosystem
in general. A paired-area/space-for-time substitution approach was conducted to determine
the changes in carbon storage: soil organic carbon (SOC) and total above ground biomass
(TAGB), soil nutrient stocks and fertility status due to land use change. The study was
conducted in Lake Danao National Park (LDNP), Ormoc City, Leyte, Philippines. Adjacent
to the secondary forest (<1 km away), grassland and forest plantation land uses were
chosen and sampled for possible changes on SOC, TAGB and nutrient stocks due to land
use change. Results showed that conversion of forest to grassland and forest plantation
decreased the organic carbon, exchangeable aluminum, exchangeable acidity, effective
cation exchange capacity, TAGB while pH in H2 O; exchangeable magnesium and potential
cation exchange capacity increased when the forest was converted to grassland and forest
plantation. Additionally, available P, base saturation, Ca, K, and Na increased while total N,
and SOC stocks decreased when the forest was converted to grassland and forest plantation.
This study indicates that conversion of forest to grassland and forest plantation greatly affected
the SOC stocks, TAGB, soils nutrient stocks and fertility status. It also revealed that changes
in soil properties largely depended upon the land use.

Keywords: Andisol; forest plantation; grassland; organic carbon; secondary forest; total aboveground
biomass

Introduction marked effect on the interactions in detrital

Terrestrial ecosystem is the major reservoir
of carbon (C) in which its amount in the soil
is greater than that in the living vegetation
(Post et al., 2000). Anthropogenic activities
such as changing the land use can have a
inputs, perturbations of the ecosystem and
could have an associated change in C
stocks and fluxes (Bolin and Sukumar, 2000;
Lal, 2005). Such changes are important
from the standpoint of desired soil quality,
sustainability, and on their influence on the

*Correspondence: penncarnice@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-3622-0449 ISSN 2545-9732

Carnıce and Lina
atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global
warming (Lal, 2004). However, understanding
of the estimation of carbon as part of the global
carbon cycle in general, and understanding of
soil carbon dynamics is still limited.
There are few reported studies on the
mechanisms and factors controlling the
stability of soil organic carbon (SOC) as
affected by anthropogenic activity in the
tropics (Paul et al., 2008). However, there are
only few studies that have been conducted
yet in the Philippines particularly in Leyte
province concerning the quantification of
SOC under secondary forest transformations,
despite their large SOC sequestration
potentials. Thus, results of this study will
be useful in understanding the changes in
SOC, total above ground biomass (TAGB)
and soil nutrient stocks as influenced by
the transformation of secondary forest into
different land use systems. This is also an
important contribution to the databank for
greenhouse gas inventories as United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCC) and other international agencies
where policy agenda on greenhouse gas
mitigation has been advocated. Moreover,
the results will also be useful in determining
the SOC sequestration potential of Andisol in
Lake Danao National Park (LDNP). LDNP is
one of the forest reserves in the Philippines
where you can at the same time find areas
that have been converted to grassland and
forest plantation, making the location very
suitable for this study’s methodology. An
understanding of the results of this study can
bring awareness to people that conversion of
forest to grassland and forest plantation would
have both positive and negative effects on
SOC stocks and on soil nutrient status.
The study hypothesized that conversion of
secondary forest to grassland with similar
Andisol soils will bring a decline in SOC
stocks and nutrient reserves while the land
use change to forest plantation will lead to an
increase of these parameters again. Thus,
this study quantified and evaluated the SOC
stocks, TAGB and nutrient stocks of soils
2
JSET Vol.5, 2017
under secondary forest transformations in
LNDP and related the SOC stocks with the
aboveground biomass.
Methodology
The Study Site
The study was conducted in LDNP, Ormoc
City, Leyte (Figure 1) where the secondary
forest is still preserved and intact and has an
adjacent grassland and forest plantation site.
A paired-area or space-for-time substitution
approach (Paul et al., 2008; Asio, 1996;
Veldkamp et al., 2003) was employed with
the assumption that the adjacent grassland
(G) and forest plantation (FP) are land uses
converted from forest or secondary forest (F).
All adjacent sites were selected carefully to
have comparable soil physical and chemical
properties, climate, parent material – i.e.
any change in soil properties is caused by
the land conversion (Veldkamp et al., 2003).
The secondary forest was considered as
the reference land use. Climate, slope,
drainage, and geographical coordinates
(using GPS) were determined in the field or
from secondary sources such as maps and/or
existing publications.
Field investigation, Soil Sampling
and Laboratory Analysis
A stratified random sampling scheme was
carried out in choosing the sub-sampling
points for composite soil collection. In every
one hectare area of each land use, four
plots (20m x 20m) were randomly prepared
which served as replications. In each plot,
five sub-sampling points were randomly
selected with an area 25 meters apart. Using
a soil auger, soil samples in each of the
sub-sampling points were collected uniformly
from the following depths: 0–20 cm, 20–40
cm, and 40–60 cm. Collected soil samples
were brought immediately to the screen
house of the Department of Soil Science,
Visayas State Univeristy, Baybay City, Leyte,
Carnıce and Lina
Figure 1. (A) Map of Leyte (Redrawn from Department of Environment and Natural Resources); (B)
Sketch of the sampling sites in LDNP, Ormoc City, Leyte, Philippines
air-dried, pulverized and passed through a
2mm sieve. The following soil physical and
chemical properties were determined: bulk
density using paraffin clod method (Blake
and Hartge, 1986); porosity by calculation
of particle density and bulk density; particle
size distribution (soil texture) using pipette
method (ISRIC, 1986); soil pH was analysed
potentiometrically using soil and water ratio
of 1:2.5 (ISRIC, 1986); delta pH using
KCl (pH KCl–pH H2 O) (Mekaru & Uehara,
1972); soil organic matter (%) using modified
Walkley-Black method (Nelson and Sommers,
1982); Total N (%) using the micro-Kjeldahl
method; extractable P (mg kg−1 ) was
determined according to Bray #2 method (Bray
and Kurtz, 1945; Murphy and Riley, 1945);
cation exchange capacity (CEC) using 1N
NH4 OAc adjusted to pH 7.0 method (ISRIC,
1986) with some modifications; exchangeable
acidity (Acidity (Al3+ and H+ ) (cmolc kg−1 )
(Thomas, 1982) and exchangeable K, Ca,
Mg (mg kg−1 ) was quantified using Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (Varian
Spectra 220 FS) reading. SOC contents were
analyzed for the specified three depths from
each land use. SOC stock was calculated
using the equation.
3
JSET Vol.5, 2017
Total SOC (Mg C ha−1 ) = (%SOC)/(100)
x soil depth (m) x bulk density (Mg m−3 )
x 10000 m2 ha−1
In the F and FP, representative sampling
plots (10 m x 10 m) were laid-out. All trees
inside the plots with a diameter at breast height
(dbh) of at least 10cm were identified and
recorded.
The aboveground tree biomass with
dbh <10cm (Lasco and Sales, 2003) was
calculated using allometric equation (Brown
and Lugo, 1990). Total aboveground biomass
(trees):
%Y = exp [-2.134 + 2.530*ln (dbh)]
Where:
• Y = biomass per tree in kg;
• dbh = diameter at breast height in
centimeters
C storage (t ha−1 ) = Total biomass/ha x 0.45
Aboveground and root biomass from 1
m x 1 m plot at each grassland site were
determined. All grasses found within the plot
were collected. The harvested grasses were
washed thoroughly with tap water and then
Carnıce and Lina
distilled water. After which, fresh weight was
determined. Representative samples were
oven-dried at 65◦ C. The carbon stock of the
grass biomass was calculated with following
formula:
WC = WO x 0.5
Where:
• WC = Weight of carbon in grass biomass
(g);
• WO = Oven-dry weight of aboveground
biomass;
• 0.5 = Estimated C percentage in
plant biomass (Sarmiento et al., 2005;
Redondo, 2007)
Calculation and Data Analysis
Using paired-site approach, the effects of
FP and G on SOC stocks and soil nutrient
stocks were evaluated. Data generated from
F was used as the baseline values (reference)
against changes in SOC stocks and nutrient
stocks in different land uses. The effects
of land use on SOC stocks and nutrient
stocks within each depth and each site were
subjected to one-way ANOVA and multivariate
analysis. Multiple regression analyses were
used to evaluate the relationships between
SOC concentration and nutrient stocks in
different land uses. Respective correlation
coefficients for each land use were calculated
including all soil depths from all sites.
Results and Discussion
Environmental Setting
The LDNP in Ormoc City, Leyte is one of
the forest reserves in the Philippines and
a suitable site for land use study because
the secondary forest is still preserved and
adjacent to grassland and forest plantation
areas of <1 km apart. The soil was classified
4
JSET Vol.5, 2017
as Typic Hapludand under the soil order
Andisols (USDA, 2003) and some evidences
are presented in Table 1 along with other
characteristics of the site. Soil profile (cambic
soil horizon) development in F is poor and the
area has common rock outcrops. Dipterocarp
tree species are dominant in the secondary
forest. Based on the interview of the caretaker
of LDNP, the conversion of forest occurred in
1970s. G is located in the same volcanic
hill which is less than 700 m away from
the secondary forest (F). FP, with less than
300 m distance from F, was planted with
Gymnostoma phumphianum in 1971 and was
not disturbed since then. Ormoc highlands
climate is Type II in the Coronas climate
classification (Asio, 1996). The presence
of the Central Cordillera of Leyte delineates
eastern side of the range having slightly
different climate from that of the western side.
The eastern side of Leyte is exposed to
trade winds from the Pacific Ocean resulting
in the absence of a dry season with a
very pronounced maximum rain period from
December to March. Average temperature is
24.50 C and average annual rainfall is 3391
mm.
Nutrient stocks
Figure 2 shows strongly acidic to moderately
acidic pH (H2 O) sites which ranged from
5.2-5.7. Values of pH (H2 O) in the surface
did not vary much as the depth increases.
However, pH (H2 O) between land uses
differed in the surface horizon (0 – 20 cm)
in which the forest plantation showed the
highest value while grassland had the lowest.
Nonetheless, the significant interaction effects
between these differences could be due to the
type of vegetation.
Similarly, significant difference was noted
on soil pH (KCl) between land uses (P-value:
0.0012) which values ranges from 4.2 - 4.7
(Figure 2). Among the three sites, FP had
higher value of pH (KCl) while F soils had the
lowest pH which means H+ ions were held
tightly in the soil particles of the F soils. In
Carnıce and Lina JSET Vol.5, 2017

Table 1. Site characteristics of LDNP, Ormoc City, Leyte, Philippines

Soil Characteristics Secondary Forest* Grassland* Forest Plantation*
Lake Danao, Ormoc Lake Danao, Ormoc Lake Danao, Ormoc
Location
City, Leyte City, Leyte City, Leyte
Coordinates N11.07◦ E124.89◦ N11.07◦ E124.12◦ N11.07◦ E124.7◦
Elevation 702 m asl 657 m asl 672 m asl
Landform Volcanic hill Volcanic hill Volcanic hill
Slope Position Shoulderslope Footslope Backslope
Slope Gradient Sloping Sloping Gently Sloping
Parent Material Andesitic Volcanics Andesitic Volcanics Andesitic Volcanics
Soil Moisture Regime Udic Udic Udic
Soil Temperature Isohyperthermic Isohyperthermic Isohyperthermic
Erosion No evidence No evidence No evidence
Rock outcrops/ stoniness Common Few Few
Drainage Well-Drained Poorly-drained Well-Drained
Axonopus Gymnostoma
Vegetation Dipterocarp Species
compressus phumphianum
*Distance between land uses is <1 km away

comparison, pH (H2 O) showed higher values
than pH (KCl) as expected since addition of
salt solution releases cations. It replaces
some of the protons from the soil particles and
these process forces hydrogen ions to pass
into the solution and make their concentration
in the bulk solution closer to the value in the
field. It can also be observed that pH (KCl)
slightly increased with depth across land use
types.
Furthermore, differences in 4pH values
were observed between land uses and
between soil depths. All land uses showed
negative charge indicating that the soil
colloids possess cation exchange capacity
and the occurrence of net negative charge
could be attributed to the negative charge
of the clay minerals. On the other hand,
the 4pH values were similar across all land
uses. The negative values obtained indicate
that soil colloids possess cation exchange
capacity. The occurrence of net negative
charge could be attributed to the negative
charge of the clay minerals. Forest soils
had the highest SOC concentration (8.31%),
followed by forest plantation (5.99%) while
the lowest was grassland (2.87%). Significant
differences (P-value: 3.67308x10−7 ) in the
SOC concentrations were observed between
land uses. SOC concentration significantly
decreased when forest was converted into
grassland but seemed to have recovered
in the forest plantation. Forest conversion
to grassland significantly decreased the
organic matter content of the soil which
may be attributed to the clearing of forest
vegetation that has interrupted the input of
organic materials from plants (Asio et al.,
1998). Additionally, there were significant
differences in SOC contents among soil depth
horizons (P-value: 0.0079). Also, the SOC
was higher in the surface and decreased
as the depth increased (Figure 2). This
could be due to the higher accumulation of
organic matter and higher root allocation on
the soil surface since it is the main habitat of
microorganisms. Generally, total N contents
of soil were considerably affected by land use
change because of marked influence on the
changes in detrital inputs, perturbations of
the ecosystem, and on N stocks and fluxes
(Bolin and Sukumar, 2000). Figure 3 shows
the total N contents among land uses where
a significant difference was observed. Forest
soils rendered the highest N (0.3-0.9%) which
can be interpreted as medium to high total
N while grassland soils showed the lowest
(0.08–0.11%) N content. The grassland site
was subjected to long years of cultivation (≈15
years) before it was converted into the present

5
Carnıce and Lina JSET Vol.5, 2017

Figure 2. Depth function of Db (bulk density), porosity, OC and pH (H2 O, KCl, and 4 pH)of soils as
influenced by forest transformations in LDNP, Ormoc City, Leyte. Horizontal bars represent
standard errors

land use while the forest plantation. Since lower depths.

slash-and-burn has been a practice in the
area, less organic matter was returned to the
soil which greatly affected the N content while
increasing possible volatilization. Additionally,
significant difference was also observed
between soil depths such that surface soils (0
– 20 cm) contained higher N content than the
Tropical soils are generally phosphorus (P)
deficient and in most cases, it is the limiting
nutrient in agriculture (Sanchez and Logan,
1992). All land uses had very low amounts of
available P (<0.2 mg kg−1 ) compared to P-rich
soils (8-15 mg kg−1 ) (Asio et al. 2006). As
an Andisol, the soil contains large amounts of

6
Carnıce and Lina JSET Vol.5, 2017

Figure 3. Depth function of total N, available phosphorus, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg,
exchangeable K, and exchangeable Na of soils as influenced by forest transformations in
LDNP, Ormoc City, Leyte. Horizontal bars represent standard errors

amorphous clay minerals that creates a strong
sorption of P in the soil which is relatively
unavailable for plant absorption (Asio, 1996).
The same site tends to have high aluminum
(Figure 3) which can bind P via an anion
exchange. Its fine-textured soil also adds to
its high P-fixation capacity.
Generally, grassland soils contained
significantly higher amount of exchangeable
bases than the forest and forest plantation.
Only magnesium (Mg) was significantly
different between land use (P-value: 0.0131)

7
Carnıce and Lina
and depths (P-value: 0.0033). However, all
levels of exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg and
Na) are low to very low among land uses
except on grassland which had moderate
level of K. Base saturation of F, G, and FP
was significantly different among land uses.
G had the highest base saturation (24.5%)
followed by F (15.15%) and FP (11.17%). The
same trend was reported in previous studies
(Asio et al., 1998) wherein conversion of
forest to grassland and other land uses could
be beneficial as it improved the availability
of such nutrients. This was attributed to
the contribution of ash produced during the
slash-and-burn activity. Also, base saturation
differed significantly with soil depths. The
base saturation across all land uses was
higher at the surface (Figure 4). A similar
trend was also observed with OC content
which could be due to high accumulation of
organic matter in the surface as the possible
source of bases.
Exchangeable acidity was taken as the
amount of H+ and Al3+ in the exchange
complex of the soil. Significant differences
were observed on exchangeable H+ (P-value:
0.0091), exchangeable Al3+ (P-value: 0.0037)
and exchangeable acidity (P-value: 0.0056)
among F, G, and FP. The F had higher
exchangeable Al3+ and higher exchangeable
acidity than G and FP (Figure 4). However,
exchangeable H+ was the major component of
exchangeable acidity in all soils across all land
uses and not exchangeable Al3+ which can
be observed with its pH values and its SOC
content (Figure 3).
Cation exchange capacity is the capacity of
the soil to absorb or hold cations and be able
to exchange cations. It is one of the important
soil chemical properties affecting soil fertility.
Forest soils had 18.6 – 20.4 cmolc kg−1
while grassland and forest plantation had
approximately 2.8 – 4.3 cmolc kg−1 (Figure
4). These data indicated that F soils possess
higher CECeff than those in G and FP. High
CEC provides a buffering effect to the changes
in pH, available nutrients, calcium levels and
soil structural changes. A low CEC value
8
JSET Vol.5, 2017
means that the soil has low resistance to
changes in soil chemistry caused by land use
change. Significant differences in CECef f
(P-value: 0.0069) were observed between
land uses while no significant differences were
observed in CECpot among land uses.
Carbon Stocks Assessment
SOC Stocks
The F soil contained 489 t C ha−1 total
SOC stock which is the highest among land
uses followed by FP (308 t C ha−1 ) and
G (172.5 t C ha−1 ). Significant differences
in SOC stocks were observed between land
uses which indicate that forest conversion
to other land uses significantly decreased
SOC stocks. The forest has far greater
canopies which provide a larger quantity of
plant litter leading to higher accumulation of
carbon. Previous studies (Batjes, 1996; Tian
et al., 2002) reported a similar trend that
land use and soil management practices can
significantly influence the soil organic carbon
dynamics and carbon flux of the soil. It was
also reported (Gou & Gifford, 2002) that soil
carbon stocks decline after land use change
from native forest to plantation (-13%) and/or
native forest to crop land (-42%). Aside from
nutrient availability, soil organic carbon stocks
may change depending on factors such as
climate, vegetation type, nutrient availability,
disturbance, and land use and management
practice (Six & Jastrow, 2002; Baker, 2007).
The inconsistent change of SOC stocks can
be partly explained by the complexity of
SOC, which consists of several pools that
have a wide range of chemical properties
and turnover times and consequently respond
differently to land use changes (Paul et al.
2008). Soil organic carbon could be sensitive
to the impact of anthropogenic activities and
conversion of natural vegetation to various
land uses (G and FP) which can result into
a rapid decline in soil organic matter (Post &
Kwon, 2000).
Carnıce and Lina JSET Vol.5, 2017

Figure 4. Depth function of base saturation, exchangeable acidity, exchangeable Al, exchangeable H,
CECef f and CECpot of soils as influenced by forest transformations in LDNP, Ormoc City,
Leyte. Horizontal bars represent standard errors

Total Aboveground Biomass (average dbh <40cm). LDNP secondary

Meanwhile, the forest rendered 690 Mg
ha−1 of TAGB (Figure 5) and significantly
reduced to 1.79 Mg ha−1 when the forest
was converted into grassland and increased
again when the grassland was replanted with
trees (163 Mg ha−1 ). The forest has high
TAGB due to big Dipterocarp tree species
forest TAGB is a little higher but comparable
to Makiling Forest Reserve (MFR) (576 Mg
ha−1 ) (Lasco et al., 2004). Additionally, TAGB
of secondary or old-growth forest from other
parts of the Philippines showed a ranged of
446 – 1126 Mg ha−1 (Lasco et al., 2000,
2002). Meanwhile, grassland contained only

9
Carnıce and Lina JSET Vol.5, 2017

Figure 5. Depth function of SOC stocks and total aboveground biomass of soils as influenced by forest
transformations in LDNP, Ormoc City, Leyte. Horizontal bars represent standard errors

Figure 6. Biomass carbon stocks (A), relationship between SOC stocks (t C ha−1 ) and Biomass carbon
stocks (Mg C ha−1 ) of forest (B), grassland (C), forest plantation (D) in LDNP, Ormoc City,
Leyte

1.79 Mg ha−1 of TAGB since the area was harvested.

dominated with carabao grass (Axonopus
compressus) only with very low biomass. SOC Stocks vs. Biomass Carbon
Furthermore, forest plantation rendered higher
Stocks
TAGB due to bigger trees (average dbh
<35cm). The Gymnostoma rumphianum
Estimation of biomass in different land uses
plantation was planted 47 years ago (1971)
gives us an idea of the potential amount
according to locals interviewed and was never
of carbon that can be sequestered from the

10
Carnıce and Lina JSET Vol.5, 2017

atmosphere. Results showed that F rendered of the major carbon sinks. It would also
the highest biomass carbon stocks of 311 give knowledge to people that conversion
Mg C ha−1 but significantly decreased when of forest to grassland and forest plantation
converted to G with 0.89 Mg C ha−1 but slightly would have positive and negative effects on
recovered when converted to FP (73.46 Mg C SOC stocks, TAGB, biomass carbon and on
ha−1 ). Such results are comparable with the soil nutrient stocks. However, to estimate
tree carbon density (237 Mg C ha−1 ) of MFR; SOC stocks more accurately, the number per
however, its herbaceous biomass carbon land use type should be increased and the
density is quite lower (0.06 Mg C ha−1 ) (Lasco deeper soil depths should be considered to
et al. 2004). Gymnostoma rumphianum FP include C storage potential of the subsoil.
high biomass carbon stocks could possibly be Further studies should be conducted to
due to its age (47); most forest plantations reveal changes in SOC, TAGB, biomass
in Leyte Island are dominated by Acacia carbon and nutrient stocks at different times
mangium (25.61 Mg C ha−1 ), Gmelina arborea such as a chronosequence study method
(31.59 Mg C ha−1 ) and A. auriculiformis (28.58 which is used to represent and study the
Mg C ha−1 ) at the age of 4 years (Lasco & time-dependent development of a forest. This
Pulhin, 2009). will provide dynamic characteristics of SOC,
Relating SOC stocks and biomass carbon TAGB, biomass carbon and nutrients after land
stocks is important to know if change in SOC use change, and could therefore provide basis
stocks can affect the biomass carbon stocks. for theorizing to predict future changes.
However, no clear relationship was observed
across all land uses (Figure 6) indicating Acknowledgment
that in such soil types SOC stocks does
not significantly affect the biomass carbon The researchers acknowledge Dr. Victor B.
stocks across all land uses. This could be Asio and Dr. Ian A. Navarrete for their key
attributed to the effect of long accumulation inputs during the conduct of this research and
and decomposition of biomass that fast and the Department of Science and Technology
labile carbon may have been already lost, (DOST) – Accelerated Science and
leaving only the recalcitrant carbon in soil Technology Human Resource Development
(Montagnini, 2000; Veldkamp et al., 2003; Program (ASTHRDP), Philippines for giving
Redondo & Montagnini, 2006). the first author an MS graduate scholarship
and for funding the study.
Conclusion
References Cited
The study showed distribution of SOC, TAGB,
biomass carbon, and nutrient stocks across Asio,V.B.(1996). Characteristics, weathering,
three adjacent land use patterns. Results formation, and degradation of soils from
from this study demonstrate that substantial volcanic rocks in Leyte, Philippines.
loss of SOC stocks could be observed upon Hohenheimer Bodenkundliche Hefte,
conversion of secondary forest to grassland Stuttgart, Germany. Retrieved from
and subsequently recovered when converted https://scholar.google.com.ph/scholar?q=
into forest plantations. However, TAGB %5B9%5D.%09ASIO%2C+V.B.+1996.+C
significantly decreased as F was converted haracteristics%2C+weathering%2C+forma
to G and then to FP. The results of the tion%2C+and+degradation+of+soils+from
study would be useful in determining the SOC +volcanic+rocks+in+Leyte%2C+Philippine
sequestration potential of the Andisol soils. s%2C+vol.+33.+Hohenheimer+Bodenkun
These are also important for greenhouse gas dliche+Hefte%2C+Stuttgart%2C+German
inventories since soil is considered as one y++209+pp&btnG=&hl=en&as sdt=0%2C5

11
Carnıce and Lina JSET Vol.5, 2017

Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry. A

Asio, V.B., Jahn, R., Stahr, K., & Margraf,
J. (1998). Soils of the tropical forest
of Leyte. 2. Impact of different land
uses on the status of organic matter
and nutrient availability. In: Soils of
tropical forest Ecosystems (A. Schulte
and D. Ruhiyat, eds.) Retrieved from
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/ Bray, R. H., & Kurtz, L. T. (1945).
978-3-662-03649-5 3
Asıo, V.B., Cabuños, C.C., & Chen,Z.S.
(2006). Morphology, physiochemical
characteristics and fertility of soils
from quaternary limestone in
Leyte,Philippines. Soil Science,
171, 648-661. Retrieved from Brown, S. & Lugo A.E. (1990). Effects of
http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/
176933/1/38.pdf
Baker, D.F. (2007). Reassessing carbon
sinks. Science, 316,1708-1709.
Retrieved from http://science. ciencemag.
org/content/316/5832/1708
Batjes, N.H. (1996). Total carbon and nitrogen
in the soils of the world. European Journal
of Soil Scence 47, 151-163. Retrived from
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1
111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01386.x
Blake, G.R. & Hartge, K.H. (1986). Methods
of soil analysis, Part 1. American
Society of Agronomy-Soil Science
Society of America. Retrieved from
https://scholar.google.com.ph/scholar?q=
%5B12%5D.%09BLAKE%2C+G.R.+and+
K.H.+HARTGE.+1986.+Methods+of+soil+ Lal, R. (2004). Soil carbon sequestration
analysis%2C+Part+1.+American+Society
+of+Agronomy-Soil+Science+Society+of+
America%2C+677+South+Segoe+Road%
2C+Madison%2C+WI+53711%2C+USA+
97+pp.+&btnG=&hl=en&as sdt=0%2C5
special report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge
University Press. Retrieved from
https://scholar.google.com.ph/scholar?clus
ter=4061531509914235290&hl=en&as sdt
=2005&sciodt=0,5
Determination of total, organic, and
available forms of phosphorus in soils.
Soil Science, 59, 39-45. Retrieved from
http://journals.lww.com/soilsci/Citation/194
5/01000/DETERMINATION OF TOTAL, O
RGANIC, AND AVAILABLE.6.aspx
forest clearing and succession on the
carbon and nitrogen content of soil in
Puerto Rica and US Virgin Islands.
Plant Soil 35, 53–64. Retrieved from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2
FBF00010931?LI=true
Guo, L.B. & Gifford, R.M. (2002). Soil
Carbon Stocks and Land Use Change: A
Meta Analysis. Global Change Biology,
8(4):345-360
Internatıonal Soıl Reference and
Informatıon Center (ISRIC). (1986).
Procedure for soil analysis (L.P.
Van Reeuwijk, Ed). Wageningen,
The Netherlands. Retrieved from
http://www.isric.org/sites/default/files/ISRIC
TechPap09.pdf
impacts on global climate change
and food security. Science,
304, 1623-1627. Retrived from
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/304
/5677/1623

Bolın, B. & Sukumar R. (2000). Global Lal, R. (2005). Forest Soil and
perspective. In: Watson, R.T., Noble, I.R., carbon sequestration. Forest
Bolin, B., Ravindranath, N.H., Verardo, Ecology and Management, 220,
D.J. and Dokken, D.J. (eds.). Land 242 – 258. Retrieved from

12
Carnıce and Lina
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti
cle/pii/S0378112705004834
Lasco, R. D., Lales, J. S., Arnuevo, M.
T., Guillermo, I. Q., De Jesus, A. C.,
Medrano, R., Bajar, O. F. & Mendoza,C.
V. (2002). Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) storage Murphy, J. & Rıley, J.P. (1962). A modified
and sequestration of land cover in the
Leyte geothermal reservation. Renewable
Energy, 25, 307–315.
Lasco, R.D & Sales, R.F. (2003). Estimating
carbon storage and sequestration of
Philippine forest ecosystems. Smallholder Nelson, D.W. & Sommers, L.E. (1982).
Forestry Research Paper Series. College
of Forestry and Natural Resources,
Leyte State University, Baybay,
Leyte, Philippines. Retrieved from
http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do
?recordID=PH2004001486
Lasco, R. D., Guıllermo, I.Q, Cruz, R.V.O.,
Bantayan, N.C. & Pulhın, F.B. (2004).
Carbon stocks assessment of secondary
forest in Mount Makiling Forest Reserve,
Philippines. Journal of Tropical Forest
Science 16(1): 35 – 45. Retrieved from Paul, S. H., Flessa, E., Veldkamp, &
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23616385?seq
=1#page scan tab contents
Lasco, R. D. & Pulhın, F.B. (2009).
Carbon budgets of forest ecosystems
in the Philippines. Journal of
Environmental Science and Management
12(1): 1-13. Retrieved from
http://www.worldagroforestry.org/region/se
a/publications/download?dl=/journal/JA035 Post, W.M., Peng, T.H., Emanuel, W.R., Kıng,
3-09.PDF&pubID=2253
Mekaru, T. & Uehara, G. (1972). Anion
adsorption in ferruginous tropical
soils. Soil Science Society American
Proceedings, 36, 296–300. Retrieved
from https://www.agronomy.org/
Montagnını, F. (2000). Accumulation
in above-ground biomass and soil
storage of mineral nutrients in pure
13
JSET Vol.5, 2017
and mixed plantations in a humid tropical
lowland. Forest Ecology Management,
134, 257–270. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/artic
le/pii/S0378112799002625
single solution for the determination of
phosphate in natural waters. Analytica
Chimica Acta, 27, 31-36. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/artic
le/pii/S0003267000884445
Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. American
Society of Agronomy-Soil Science
Society of America. Retrieved from
https://scholar.google.com.ph/scholar?q=
%5B15%5D.%09NELSON%2C+D.W.+an
d+L.E+SOMMERS.+1982.+Methods+of+s
oil+analysis%2C+Part+2.+American+Soci
ety+of+Agronomy-Soil+Science+Society+
of+America%2C+677+South+Segoe+Roa
d%2C+Madison%2C+WI+53711%2C+US
A&btnG=&hl=en&as sdt=0%2C5
López-Ulloa, M. (2008). Stabilization
of recent soil carbon in the humid tropics
following land use changes: evidence
from aggregate fractionation and stable
isotope analyses. Biogeochemistry,
87, 247 – 263. Retrieved from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%
2Fs10533-008-9182-y?LI=true
A.W., Dale, V.H., & Deangelıs, D. (1990).
The global carbon cycle. American
Scientist, 78, 310-326. Retrieved from
http://www.as.wvu.edu/biology/bio463/glob
alcarbon.pdf
Post, W. M. & K.C. Kwon. (2000). Soil carbon
sequestration and land-use change:
processes and potential. Global Change
Biology, 6, 317–327. Retrieved from
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.
Carnıce and Lina JSET Vol.5, 2017

1365-2486.2000.00308.x/full nover/links/546c4f230cf2397f7831d555/Or
ganic-Matter-Turnover.pdf
Redondo, A. & Montagnını, F. (2006).
Growth, productivity, biomass, and carbon Thomas, G.W. (1982). Exchangeable
sequestration of pure and mixed native cations. In: Methods of soil analysis.
tree plantations in the Atlantic lowlands of Part 2. Chemical and microbiological
Costa Rica. Forest Ecology Management, properties (2nd ed.). Retrieved from
232, 168–178. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com.ph/scholar?q=
https://scholar.google.com.ph/scholar?q= %5B18%5D.%09THOMAS%2C+G.W.+19
%5B34%5D.%09REDONDO%2C+A.%2C 82.+Exchangeable+cations.+In%3A+A.L+
+MONTAGNINI%2C+F.+2006.+Growth%2 PAGE%2C+Editor.+Methods+of+soil+anal
C+productivity%2C+biomass%2C+and+ca ysis.+Part+2.+Chemical+and+microbiologi
rbon+sequestration+of+pure+and+mixed+ cal+properties+%282nd+ed.%29.+Agrono
native+tree+plantations+in+the+Atlantic+lo my+Society+American+Inc.+and+Soil+Sci
wlands+of+Costa+Rica.+Forest+Ecology+ ence+American+Inc.%2C+Madison%2C+
Management+232%3A168%E2%80%931 Wisconsin.+159%E2%80%93165+pp.+&bt
78&btnG=&hl=en&as sdt=0%2C5 nG=&hl=en&as sdt=0%2C5

Redondo, A. (2007). Growth, carbon Tıan, H., Melıllo, J.M. & Kıcklıghter, D.W.
sequestration, and management (2002). Regional carbon dynamics in
of native tree plantations in humid monsoon Asia and implications for the
regions of Costa Rica. New Forests, global carbon cycle. Global and Planetary
34, 253–268. Retrieved from Change, 37, 201-217. Retrieved from
http://www.sidalc.net/repdoc/A11 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/artic
508i/A11508i.pdf le/pii/S0921818102002059

Sanchez, P.A. & Logan, T.J. (1992). United States Department of Agriculture
Myths and science about the (USDA) Soil Survey Staff. (2003).
chemistry and fertility of soils in the Keys to soil taxonomy (9th ed).
tropics. In: Myths and science of Natural Resources Conservation
soils of the tropics. Retrieved from Service, USDA. Retrieved from
http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf docs/pnabp506.pdf https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA NRCS
Consumption/download?cid...ext=pdf
Sarmıento G., Pınıllos M., & Garay,
I. (2005). Biomass variability in Veldkamp, E., Becker, A., Schwendenmann,
tropical American lowland rainforests. L., Clark, D.A., & Schulte-Bıspıng,
Ecotropicos, 18(1), 1–20. Retrieved from H. (2003). Substantial labile carbon
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/downl stocks and microbial activity in deeply
oad?doi=10.1.1.379.2262&rep=rep1&type weathered soils below a below a
=pdf tropical wet forest. Global Change
Biology, 9, 1171-1184. Retrieved from
Sıx, J. & Jastrow, J.D. (2002). Organic http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.
matter turnover. Encyclopedia 1365-2486.2003.00656.x/full
Soil Science. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/J Six/
publication/268395114 Organic Matter Tur

14