What’s Different This Semester?

1. What ever you like!

2. Grading Policy
3. Lab Policy
4. Compulsory Presentations!
THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT…
 About MCT-336: Power Electronics
 Course Outline
 Grading Policy
 Bonus Points
 Presentations
 E-mail
 Attendance
 Cheating/Plagiarism Policy
 ‘Other’ Policies
 My Pledge to you
 Course at a Glance
 Introductory course for Power Semi-conductor electronics.
 Pre-requisites:
 Electric Circuits
 Electronic Devices and circuits
 Digital Logic Design
 Embedded Systems and Computer Interfacing
 Logical Thinking ( ‘Dimaagh’ )
 Important because of being one of the most widely used
areas in the industry, and you would require the knowledge
you attain during this semester in your Final Year Projects.
 And because you might be asked questions related to
electronics when you appear for a job interview =)
 One of the most fun, and most interesting courses…..
 OK, OK, maybe just my opinion =)
 MCT336- Power Electronics
 Apart from coursework, you are also expected to:
 Enhance your technical skills.
 Demonstrate appropriate social skills by team work.
 Exhibit self esteem by showing confidence in your abilities.
 Display integrity and honesty.
 Participate actively in co and extra-curricular activities.
 Overall, just being a better person than you already are.
 Feedback will be provided on request.
 Course Outline
 Introduction to Power Semiconductor Devices
 Power Semiconductor and Diodes
 Diode Rectifiers
 Power Transistors
 DC to DC converters
 PWM inverters
 Thyristors
 Resonant Pulse Inverters
 Controlled Rectifiers
 AC Voltage controller
Suggested Text:
1. Power Electronics, Circuits, Devices and Applications by Muhammad H.
Rashid
2. Fundamentals of Power Electronics by Robert W. Erickson
 Grading Policy
 Quizzes?
 Mid-Semester Exam*
 End Semester Exam**
 Assignments
 Presentations

The result of assignments and other

grades* will be posted online
regularly.

* Mids = 30 Marks
**Final = 60 Marks with about 30%
from before mid-sem course
 Bonus Points
 Every student can win bonus points
 Every student can lose bonus points
 You may get bonus points by :
1. Class Participation : Presentation
2. Pop-Quizes
3. Creative solutions to given
assignments.
 You are responsible of keeping
track of your own sessional points
 Class Presentations
 Compulsory for every student!
 Content to be presented in groups of two
 Groups will be selected by me! (yayy!!)
 Topics: Any topic of your choice
 Allotted time: 10 mins Max
 misbah@uet.edu.pk
 For:
 Submitting the online assignments
 Asking a sensible question
 NO SPAMMING
 Write your name , roll number and subject in every email.
 Writing an email (general):
 Start with a greeting, End in regards
 Write an informing ‘subject of the email’ and
your name at the end of the email.
 Don’t use any slang or short text forms, be polite but firm.
 Attendance
 Does not count for any marks
 You are expected to stay quiet during the lecture
unless asked a question, or to ask one.
 Slides alone don’t cover
everything. You are expected
to take notes during class, and
read from the suggested
books afterwards.
 You are encouraged to ask
questions during or after the
lectures, anytime.
 Cheating/Plagiarism Policy
 You are allowed to cheat. But you must also be sharp
enough to dodge the invigilator.
 Any copied assignments will be given “negative”
marks without notification.
 Anyone caught cheating during evaluations will
immediately be thrown out of the examination room.
 Also remember “Cheating karnay wala, aur Cheating
karwanay wala, dono barabar hain” =)
 Miscellaneous…
 Major assignments and projects can be resubmitted
within the given time. There will be 10% reduction in
grading.
 You are allowed to bring something to eat or drink
during the lectures except : All kinds of chips =/
 If I find excess noise, or any wrappers on the ground
after or during the lecture, there will be
consequences.
The Question Mark Guy:
Usually means trouble: i.e. a
question asked by me, to you…
or worse, an assignment 
 My Pledge to You…
 I will trust you until you give me a reason to
do otherwise.
 I will respect you and work with you to
solve problems.
 I will promptly correct and offer feedback
on your work.
 I will work with you to meet learning goals.
 I will offer extra help and alternative
assessments should you require them.
Introduction… the beginning of a journey
POWER ELECTRONICS
 Course Book
 “Power Electronics”
 Muhammad H. Rashid
 3rd Edition
 Pearson, 2004
 Power Electronics
Starting off with a question…
What does the term ‘Power
Electronics’ mean?
Power electronics is the
application of solid-state
electronics for the control and
conversion of electric power.

 Conversion is done using

electronic switches, capacitors,
magnetics, and control systems
 Power Electronics
 In a power electronic system the flow of
electric energy is controlled based on a load
demand.
 The main aims in modern power electronic
systems are to deliver the power with
maximum efficiency, minimum cost and
weight in an integrated circuit.
 Power Electronics
Applications of power electronics range from
high-power conversion equipment such as DC
power transmission to everyday appliances, such
as cordless screwdrivers, power supplies for
computers, cell phone chargers, and hybrid
automobiles.
Scope of Power Electronics
milliWatts  gigaWatts
 Interdisciplinary Nature of Power Electronics

One of the most widely used area by Mechatronics

engineers working in industry!
 Power Electronics Concept
 The purpose is to supply 3 V to a load
resistance.

Can you think of some ways

this can be done?
 Power Electronics Concept
Method 1: One simple way is to use a voltage divider.
 Problem 1: the power
absorbed by the 2𝑹𝑳
resistor is twice as
much as delivered to
the load and is lost as
heat, making the circuit
only 33.3 percent
efficient.
 Problem 2: if the value of the load
resistance changes, the output voltage will
change unless the 2𝑹𝑳 resistance changes
proportionally.
 Power Electronics Concept
Method 2: Another way is to use a linear or zener
voltage regulator.

 Any problem with this method?

 Power Electronics Concept
Method 2: Using a linear or zener voltage regulator.
 Problem: The voltage dropped across the
regulator is dissipated as heat.
Excess heating
can burn the IC!!
 Power Electronics Concept
Method 3: A more desirable solution is to use a
switching voltage regulator.
 Adding a switch which is opened and closed
periodically.
 Power Electronics Concept
Switching Voltage Regulator.
 If the switch is closed for one-third of the period,
the average value of 𝑽𝒙 is one-third of the source
voltage.
 Power Electronics Concept
Switching Voltage Regulator.
 Instantaneous power absorbed by the switch is
the product of voltage and current.
 When the switch is open, power absorbed by it
is zero because the current in it is zero.
 When the switch is closed, power absorbed by
it is zero because the voltage across it is zero.
 Since power absorbed by the switch is zero for
both open and closed conditions, all power
supplied by the 9V source is delivered to RL,
making the circuit 100% efficient.
 Power Electronics Concept
Switching Voltage Regulator.
 But the output is not pure DC!!
 However, the voltage waveform 𝑽𝒙 can be
expressed as a Fourier series
 To create a 3- 𝑽𝑫𝑪 voltage, 𝑽𝒙 is applied to a
low-pass filter.
 An ideal low-pass filter allows the dc
component of voltage to pass through to the
output while removing the AC terms, thus
creating the desired DC output.
 Power Electronics Concept
Switching Voltage Regulator.
 If the filter is lossless, the converter will be 100
percent efficient.
 Power Electronics Concept
Switching Voltage Regulator.
 In practice, the filter will have
some losses and will absorb
some power.
 Additionally, the electronic
device used for the switch will
not be perfect and will have
losses. However, the efficiency
of the converter can still be
quite high (more than 90
percent).
 Power Electronics Concept
Switching Voltage Regulator.
 A feedback control system would detect if the
output voltage were not 3V and adjust the closing
and opening of the switch accordingly
 History of Power Electronics
 Mercury arc rectifier (year 1900).
 Metal tank rectifier.
 Grid controlled vacuum tube rectifier.
 Ignitron, Phanatron, Thyratron
 SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)
 The 1st Thyristor developed by Bell labs in
1956.
 1st Commercial grade SCR developed by
“General Electric Co. “ in 1958.
 History of Power Electronics

 Most industrial motor control applications

evolved along with the power electronic devices.
 History and Development

Semiconductor rectifier Mercury arc rectifier

 History and Development

Thyristor (SCR), GTO, Triac Thyratron

History and Development

Power MOSFET, IGBT Vacuum tube

 Areas of Application
 High frequency  Power transmission
power conversion  HVDC
 DC/DC, inverters  HVAC

 Low frequency  Power quality

power conversion  Power factor
correction
 Line rectifiers
 Harmonic reduction
 Distributed power  Passive filtering
systems  Active filtering
 Power devices
 Some Applications
 Heating and lighting control
 Induction heating
 Fluorescent lamp ballast
 Motor driver
 Battery chargers
 Electric vehicles, regenerative breaking
 Switching power supplies
 Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
 Electric power transmission
 Automotive electronics (Ignition, alternators)
 Energy storage (Flywheel, SMES, super capacitor)
 Power conditioning for alternative power
sources: Solar cells, Fuel cells, Wind turbines)
Induction Heating
MagLev Train
 MagLev Train
 Control of power delivery to
the electromagnets.
 Control of electric power
functions.
Electric and Hybrid Cars
Electric and Hybrid Cars
 Passenger Lifts
 A passenger lift in a modern building equipped
with a Variable-Voltage-Variable-Speed induction-
machine drive offers a comfortable ride and stops
exactly at the floor level.
Renewable Energy
MPPT Charge Controller for Solar Panels
 Uninterruptable Power Supply

 Used as an auxiliary power source in case of a power loss.

 Used in home, data centers, etc.
Lighting
 Control and drive
circuitry for LEDs.
 Power regulation
and current
control.
Example Case Study: Air Conditioners
Variable speed v.s fixed speed Air Conditioners
 In Japan, approx. 70% air-conditioners incorporate
variable speed mechanism.
 Variable speed drives provide longer life to
compressors, as well as saving in energy.
 Power Electronics – Area
Study areas include:
 Power semiconductor devices
 Power converter topologies involving them,
 Control strategies of the converters,
 Digital, analogue and microelectronics involved,
 Capacitive and magnetic energy storage elements,
 Rotating and static electrical devices,
 Quality of waveforms generated,
 Thermal Management
Linear v.s Switching operaiton
 Advantages
 Easy and flexibility in operation due to digital
controls.
 Faster dynamic response compared to the
electro mechanical converters.
 Lower acoustic noise when compared to
electro magnetic controllers, relays and
contactors.
 Advantages
 High efficiency due to low losses in the
Thyristors.
 Long life and reduced/minimal maintenance
due to the absence of mechanical wear.
 Control equipment using Thyristors are
compact in size.
 Disadvantages
 May generate unwanted harmonics.
 Harmonics are injected into power supply
lines affecting the performance of other loads
and equipment.
 Unwanted interference with communication
circuits due to electromagnetic radiation.
 Disadvantages
 Special protection circuits must be used to
protect the thyristor devices.
 Thyristors must be rated for maximum loading
conditions.
 Special steps are to be taken for correcting
line supply power factor.
 Major Issues in Power Electronics
 How to meet the requirements of the load or gain
better control of the load.
 How to improve the efficiency.
 To have reliable operation of power semiconductor
devices.
 To have energy saving.
 How to realize power conversion with less volume,
less weight, and less cost.
 How to reduce negative influence to other equipment
in the electric power system and to the
electromagnetic environment.
 Power Devices
 Power Diode
 Power BJT
 Power MOSFET
 IGBT
 Thyristor (SCR)
Applications (Rated Current v.s Rated Voltage)
Applications (Power capacity v.s Op. Frequency)
ANY QUESTIONS?

Anyone willing to be the first to

present?
 Time allowed : 5 mins
 Topic : Any
 Bonus Points : +3
 PUZZLE PUZZLE?
Who can Read each line aloud without making any
mistakes. If you make a mistake you MUST start again.
This is this puzzle
This is is puzzle
This is how puzzle
This is to puzzle Now go back and
This is keep puzzle read the THIRD word
This is someone puzzle in each line from the
This is busy puzzle top.!
This is for puzzle
This is about puzzle
This is forty puzzle
This is seconds! puzzle