Ieatc-Sp Day 04 Part 01 QoS 1 00

Service Provider CCIE
Advanced Technologies Class
Service Provider QoS
http://www.InternetworkExpert.com
Quality of Service Overview
• Different service levels for different

“classes” (types) of traffic
• SP QoS Goals
– Traffic admission control from CE
• Enforce a traffic rate per SLA
• Honor / override CE’s classification scheme
– DSCP / IP Precedence to MPLS EXP mappings
– Transit control
• Guarantee bandwidth between sites
• Prioritize important traffic flows
• Sell different transit SLAs
Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

www.InternetworkExpert.com
1
QoS Models
• IntServ QoS model

– Integrated Services
– Network devices request specific service for
particular flow
• DiffServ QoS model
– Differentiated Services
– Flows get specific service based on traffic
classification done by the network

Integrated Services QoS
• RSVP – Resource Reservation Protocol

• Original goal was for hosts to request service of
the network
– Assumes transit networks will enforce admission
control and honor reservations
– Doesn’t scale; transit network would need to maintain
state for every single flow
• Abandoned with few exceptions
– MPLS TE for our purposes
• RSVP only makes reservation in “control plane”,
not “data plane”
– DiffServ must enforce reservations
2
Differentiated Services QoS
• Packet markings or attributes used to

“differentiate” traffic classes
• IPv4 DiffServ
– DSCP – 6 bits = 64 classes
– IP Precedence – 3 bits = 8 classes
• MPLS DiffServ
– MPLS EXP bits – 3 bits = 8 classes
• Advanced DiffServ
– ACLs
– NBAR
• Locally Significant DiffServ
– QoS Group

Differentiated Services QoS
• Once classified, traffic can be…

– Guaranteed bandwidth
– Prioritized
– Scheduled
• WFQ
• WRR
• WRED
– Limited
• CAR / Policing
• Shaping

3
Traffic Classification Methods
• DiffServ classification through

– MQC Match / Set
• IP Precedence / DSCP / NBAR / ACLs / MPLS
EXP / QoS Group
– Legacy CAR
– Policy Routing

MPLS VPN QoS Classification

• Marking can occur at many places
– Am I dealing with IP packet, VPN label, TE label, or transport
label?
• IP to MPLS
– VPN label imposed on IP packet at PE-CE ingress
• MPLS to MPLS
– Push
• Transport label imposed on VPN label
• MPLS TE label imposed on transport / VPN label
– Swap
• Transport label disposed, new transport label imposed
– Pop
• Transport label disposed to reveal VPN
• MPLS TE label disposed to reveal transport / VPN label
• MPLS to IP
– VPN label disposed to reveal IP packet

4
Ultimate Hop Popping
• Last hop in MPLS network advertises

implicit null label by default
– Causes “penultimate” hop to pop label
• Popping label destroys MPLS EXP policy
• Ultimate hop popping forces penultimate
hop to send a blank label (explicit null) to
the ultimate hop
– router(config)# mpls ldp explicit-null
• Allows end-to-end propagation of MPLS
EXP
MPLS VPN QoS Models
• Uniform Mode
– CE IPv4 marking is mapped to MPLS EXP at
SP ingress
– SP MPLS EXP may be remarked in transit
– IPv4 egress marking on PE-CE link based on
remarked MPLS EXP
– Customer marking is dependent on SP
marking

5
Uniform Mode Example
IP PREC 5 IP PREC 4
MPLS MPLS IP PREC

EXP 5 EXP 5 5
MPLS IP PREC
EXP 4 5
MPLS MPLS IP PREC

EXP 4 EXP 5 5
MPLS QoS Models
• Pipe Mode
– CE IPv4 marking may be mapped to MPLS
EXP at SP ingress
– SP MPLS EXP may be remarked in transit
– IPv4 not remarked at PE-CE egress
– Customer marking is independent of SP
marking

6
Pipe Mode Example
IP PREC 5 IP PREC 5
MPLS MPLS IP PREC

EXP 4 EXP 4 5
MPLS IP PREC
EXP 3 5
MPLS MPLS IP PREC

EXP 3 EXP 4 5
Queueing Overview
• Most QoS methods are queueing mechanisms

• Affects how traffic is processed in the output
queue
• Output queue is a buffer before the hardware
queue, or transmit ring (TxR)
• Queueing is only outbound

7
Queueing Mechanisms
• Bandwidth guarantee
– Guarantee minimum space in the output
queue
• Legacy custom-queue
• MQC “bandwidth”
– Congestion management
• Deal with congestion once it occurs

Queueing Mechanisms
• Prioritization
– Move to the head of the queue as soon as
admitted
• Legacy priority-queue
• MQC “priority” (LLQ)

8
Queueing Mechanisms
• Traffic shaping
– Slow down the output rate to the TxR
– Delay excess traffic for later transmission
• Legacy GTS & FRTS
• MQC “shape”

Queueing Mechanisms
• Random Detection
– Drop traffic before congestion occurs
• Legacy “random-detect”
• MQC “random-detect”
– Weighted based on IP Precedence or DSCP
– Congestion avoidance
• Avoid congestion before it occurs

9
Traffic Policing
• Limit the output or input rate of the

interface
– Legacy “rate-limit” (CAR)
– MQC “police”
• Not a queueing mechanism
– Does not buffer traffic for later transmission
• Can be used to enforce rate or remark
– Conform action vs exceed action

MQC Overview
• Modular Quality of Service Command Line

Interface
• AKA Class-Based Weighted Fair
Queueing
• Allows multiple QoS methods in same
direction on same interface
• Class-map / Policy-map config

10
MQC Configuration
• Define traffic classes

– What type of traffic do I want to apply QoS to?
– class-map [match-all | match-any] [name]
• Match…
• Define traffic policy
– What type of QoS do I want to apply?
– policy-map
• Bandwidth | Priority | Shape | Police | Random-detect | Set…
• Apply policy
– service-policy [input | output] [policy_name]
– Queueing only outbound
Bandwidth Reservation Example
• The customer connected via VPN_A has a

Service Level Agreement which specifies
that 5Mbps of transit is guaranteed
between their sites. Using MPLS EXP 3
configure the SP network to support this
guarantee including the egress PE-CE
links. Do not modify the markings in any
customer packets while implementing this
policy.

11
Bandwidth Reservation Example
R7 to BB1
Traffic Flow
Set MPLS EXP Match QoS Group

Guarantee BW
Match MPLS EXP Match MPLS EXP

Guarantee BW Set QoS Group
Match MPLS EXP

Guarantee BW
Match MPLS EXP

Guarantee BW
Priority Queueing Example
• The customer connected via VPN_B has a

Service Level Agreement which specifies
that 1Mbps of VoIP transit will be
prioritized between their sites. The
customer will be sending this traffic into
the SP network with a DSCP of EF. Using
MPLS EXP 5 configure the SP network to
support this prioritization.

12
Traffic Shaping Example
• The Ethernet link between R1 and R5 is

through a transparent VPN carrier. This
carrier has agreed to accept up to
7.5Mbps on this link. All traffic above this
rate will be dropped. Configure the SP
network so that traffic is buffered locally
instead of being dropped by the carrier.

Traffic Policing Example
• The SLA for VPN_A dictates that the SP

network will drop all traffic above 5Mbps.
Configure traffic policing on in the SP to
reflect this agreement.

13
Random Detection Example
• The customer attached to VPN_B uses

DSCP values to offer differentiated
services throughout their network. They
have requested that the PE-CE links for
their VPN connections be configured to
avoid tail drop as packet are admitted onto
the link, and for packets with a higher
DSCP value to be less likely to be
dropped. Configure the SP network to
reflect this request.
Other QoS Features
• Legacy QoS
– MQC more prevalent but good to know
• FRTS
– Usually on CE to PE links
• NBAR & custom mappings
• Unconditional Packet Discard

14

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Service Provider CCIE

Advanced Technologies Class

Service Provider QoS

Quality of Service Overview

• Different service levels for different

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

• IntServ QoS model

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

Integrated Services QoS

• RSVP – Resource Reservation Protocol

• Packet markings or attributes used to

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

Differentiated Services QoS

• Once classified, traffic can be…

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

• DiffServ classification through

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

MPLS VPN QoS Classification

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

• Last hop in MPLS network advertises

MPLS VPN QoS Models

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

MPLS MPLS IP PREC

MPLS MPLS IP PREC

MPLS QoS Models

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

MPLS MPLS IP PREC

MPLS MPLS IP PREC

• Most QoS methods are queueing mechanisms

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

• Limit the output or input rate of the

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

• Modular Quality of Service Command Line

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

• Define traffic classes

Bandwidth Reservation Example

• The customer connected via VPN_A has a

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

Set MPLS EXP Match QoS Group

Match MPLS EXP Match MPLS EXP

Match MPLS EXP

Match MPLS EXP

Priority Queueing Example

• The customer connected via VPN_B has a

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

• The Ethernet link between R1 and R5 is

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

Traffic Policing Example

• The SLA for VPN_A dictates that the SP

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

• The customer attached to VPN_B uses

Other QoS Features

Copyright © 2007 Internetwork Expert, Inc

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