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This article is about the modern sovereign state. For other uses, see Mongolia
(disambiguation).
Mongolia
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
Монгол Улс (Mongolian)
Flag
Emblem
Anthem:
MENU
0:00
Location of Mongolia (green)
Capital Ulaanbaatar[a]
Coordinates: 47°55′N 106°53′E
and largest city
Official languages Mongolian
Ethnic groups 96% Mongols
4% Kazakhs[2]
(2010)
Religion Buddhism (53%)
Non-religious (38.6%)
Islam (3%)
Shamanism (2.9%)
Christianity (2.2%)
Others (0.4%)[2]
Demonym(s) Mongolian[b]
Mongol
Government Unitary semi-presidential republic[3][4][5]
Formation
Area
• Water (%) 0.67[2]
Population
• 2015 census 3,057,778[7]
GDP (PPP) 2019 estimate
• Total $47 billion[8] (115th)
GDP (nominal) 2019 estimate
• Total $13.7 billion[8] (133rd)
• Per capita $4,151[8] (116th)
Gini (2018) 32.7[9]
medium
HDI (2018) 0.735[10]
high · 92nd
Currency Tögrög (MNT)
• Summer (DST) UTC+8/+9[12]
a landlocked country in East Asia. Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical
territory of Outer Mongolia, and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state.
It is sandwiched between Russia to the north and China to the south, where it
neighbours the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Mongolia does not share a border
with Kazakhstan, although only 37 kilometres (23 mi) separate them.
At 1,564,116 square kilometres (603,909 sq mi), Mongolia is the 18th-largest and
the most sparsely populated sovereign state in the world, with a population of over 3.3
million people. It is also the world's second-largest landlocked country
[6]
behind Kazakhstan and the largest landlocked country that does not border a closed
sea. The country contains very little arable land, as much of its area is covered by
grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the
south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to about 45% of the country's
population. Ulaanbaatar also shares the rank of the world's coldest capital city
[13]
The area of what is now Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires,
including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the First Turkic Khaganate, and others.
In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which became the
largest contiguous land empire in history. His grandson Kublai Khan conquered China
to establish the Yuan dynasty. After the collapse of the Yuan, the Mongols retreated to
Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era
of Dayan Khan and Tumen Zasagt Khan.