Title: Nomadic Empire.

Project Given By: Mrs. Shalini Chaturvedi

Group Leader: Harshvardhan Mudgal
 Acknowledgement

We would like to express our special

thanks of gratitude to our teacher ‘Mrs.
Shalini Chaturvedi’ as who gave us the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic ‘Nomadic Empires’ ,
which also helped us in doing a lot of
Research and we came to know about so
many new things we are really thankful to
them.
 Outline of our presentation
• Acknowledgement
• Aim
• Geography of Mongolia.
• History of Mongolia.
• Genghis Khan
• Rise of Mongol Empire
• Successors of Genghis Khan
• About Mongols
• Disintegration of Empire
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• The main aim of our project is to show how a small tribe
of Central Asia became successful in creating the world’s
largest empire.
• They have done some extraordinary things that have
never been done before and never been done since.
Within decades they built a random region literally in
the middle of nowhere to become an invincible
superpower.
• Would you be surprised if we told you that they were
also great engineers and extremely good learners who
changed world more than any other superpower?
 Geography of
Mongolia.
• This heading will contain:-
• Areal features of Mongolia.
• Climatic conditions in Mongolia.
• Rivers and Lakes.
• Mountain regions.
 Areal features of Mongolia.
• Mongolia is the second largest landlocked country in
the world.
• The terrain is one of mountains and rolling plateaus,
with a high degree of relief.
• The total area of Mongolia is 1,564,116 sq.
km. (Land: 1,553,556 sq. km. ,Water: 10,560 sq.km.)
• Located between China and Russia.
• Land boundaries:
Total: 8,220 km, Border countries: China 4,677 km,
Russia 3,543 km.
 Climatic conditions in Mongolia.

• Mongolia's weather is characterized by

extreme variability and short-
term unpredictability in the summer, and the
multiyear averages conceal wide variations in
precipitation.​
• The country averages 257 cloudless days a
year, and it is usually at the center of a region
of high atmospheric pressure.​
• Precipitation is highest in the north, which
averages 200 to 350 millimeters (7.9 to
13.8 in) per year, and lowest in the south,
which receives 100 to 200 millimeters (3.9 to
7.9 in).
 Rivers and Lakes

• In total, the lakes and rivers of Mongolia cover

10,560 square kilometers, or 0.67% of the
country.
• Rivers are most extensively developed in the
north, and the country's major river system is
that of the Selenge, which drains
via Lake Baikal to the Arctic Ocean.​
• The few streams of southern Mongolia do not
reach the sea but run into lakes or deserts.​
• Mongolia's largest lake by area, Uvs Lake is in
the Great Lakes Depression.​
• Mongolia's largest lake by volume of
water, Khövsgöl Nuur, drains via
 Mountain Regions

• Mongolia has two major mountain ranges.

• The highest is the Altai Mountains, which
stretch across the western and the
southwestern regions of the country on a
northwest-to-southeast axis.
• This range contains the country's highest peak,
the 4734 meter high Khüiten Peak.
• The Khangai Mountains, mountains also
trending northwest to southeast, occupy much
of central and north-central Mongolia.
• Many of the mountains of Mongolia were
Mountain Regions.
 History of Mongolia.
•History of Mongolia can be broadly divided
into three periods:-
•Pre history period and Ancient History period.
•Medieval Period
•Modern Period
 Pre History period
• Mongolia is known to be the source of priceless paleontological
discoveries.
• Homo erectus possibly inhabited Mongolia as much as 800,000
years ago but fossils of Homo erectus have not yet been found in
Mongolia.
• The origins of more modern inhabitants are found among the
forest hunters and nomadic tribes of Inner Asia.
• In central and eastern parts of Mongolia were many other tribes
that were primarily Mongol in their ethnological characteristics.
 Ancient Period
• The area of modern Mongolia has been
inhabited by groups of nomads since ancient
times.
• The ancient population had a nomadic and
hunter lifestyle and lived a fairly closed life.
• The mountain ranges greatly limited
migration, although they also kept out
invaders.
• The clans in Mongolia only allied with other
Mongolian clans, with which they shared the
 Medieval period
• Statue of Temujin in Dadal sum, Khentii the
region of his birth.
• 12th-century Mongolia was characterized by
rivalry between
many tribes and confederations (khanligs
or khanate). A confederation of tribes under
the name Mongol was known from the 8th
century.
• Some Shiwei tribes, though little is known,
have been considered the ancestors of the
 Modern period
• Approximately 30% of the population
is nomadic or semi-nomadic; horse culture is
still integral.
• The majority of its population are Buddhists.
The non-religious population is the second
largest group.
• Islam is the dominant religion among
ethnic Kazakhs.
• The majority of the state's citizens are of
Mongol ethnicity, although Kazakhs, Tuvans,
 Early empires of Mongolia

• Xiongnu state (209 BC–93 AD): The establishment of

the Xiongnu empire in Mongolia in the 3rd century BC marks
the beginning of statehood on the territory of Mongolia.
• Xianbei state (147–234) Although the Xiongnu finally had
been split into two parts in AD 48, the Xianbei (or Hsien-pei in
Wade–Giles) had moved (apparently from the east) into the
region vacated by the Xiongnu.
• Uyghur state (744–840) The Uyghurs, who were subjects to
the Göktürks, revolted in 745 and founded the Uyghur
Khaganate which replaced the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. The
Uyghur kagan Bayanchur established Ordu-Baliq City on
the Orkhon river in 751.
• Khitan state (906–1125) The Khitans were an ethnic group
“The greatest happiness is to scatter
your enemy, to see his cities reduced to
ashes, to see those who love him
shrouded in tears, and to carry off his
wives and daughters.”
-Genghis Khan
• Born around 1162 near the Onon river in north of present day Mongolia.
• His orignal name was ‘Temujin’.
• Got the title of Genghis khan in 1206 meaning ‘Oceanic khan’.
• Genghis Khan was their fiercest leader of the Mongol empire expanded the
empire to be largest empire in history from China to Poland.
• Area covered -13.8 million square miles.
• Genghis was exceptionally ruthless, but also very shrewd.
• He was excellent at exploiting new technologies and tactics.
• Had a spy network that reported on happenings elsewhere.
• Was good at playing rivals against each other.
• Under the leadership of Genghis Khan, the combination of
Mongol discipline, technology, strategy, and ruthlessness helped
the Mongols take control of Central Asia, then Northern China.
• Between 1209 and 1216 China was conquered.
• 1219 and 1221 the great cities – Otrar, Bukhara, Samarqand,
Balkh, Gurganj, Merv, Nishapur and Heart –surrendered to
Genghis Khan.
• By Genghis Khan’s death in 1227, Mongol armies had moved
west into the Islamic lands and Central Europe.
• Genghis Khan was their fiercest leader of the Mongol empire
expanded the empire to be largest empire in history from China
to Poland.
• Area covered -13.8 million square miles.
Successors of Genghis
Khan
• Ögedei Khan ( 1229- 1241)
• Güyük Khan ( 1246-1248)
• Mönke Khan (1251-1259)
• Kublai Khan (1260-1294)
• Toghan Temür Khan (1333-1370)
 Ögedei Khan ( 1229- 1241)

• Successor of Genghis
Khan in 1229.
• Expanded it from
Bulgaria to Korea.
• Died in 1241.
• All princes in Genghis
Khans line had to
choose a successor.
 Güyük Khan ( 1246-1248)

• Son and successor of Möngke

Khan.
• Longest ruler in the empire.
• Fought a succession war until
1264 with brother.
• 1271 established Yuan
Dynasty.
• Ruled Mogolia, China and
Korea.
• Died in 1294.
 China Under the Mongols

• In 1271 Kublai Khan announced that he was starting his

own dynasty called the Yuan dynasty.
• Kublai Khan built the capital of his dynasty in Beijing.
• The Mongols helped China in many ways.
– Ended 100 years of war
– Population began to grow again
– Built trade routes that linked China to India and Persia
• Hurt the economy of China by imposing heavy taxes that
the farmers and merchants could not afford to pay.
• By 1294 the Mongols had conquered most of Asia.
• Leaders such as Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan
expanded the Mongol Empire to be largest empire
in history.
 Chronology of Mongol
• 1206-1227
Empire
Reign of Genghis Khan

• 1211-1234 Conquest of northern China

• 1219-1221 Conquest of Persia

• 1237-1241 Conquest of Russia

• 1258 Capture of Baghdad

• 1264-1279 Conquest of southern China

 Generally speaking, the Mongols:

• Had few technological breakthroughs.

• Spread no new religions.
• Wrote few books and plays.
• Brought no new crops or agricultural methods.
• Left few artifacts and buildings.
• Didn’t hold on to an empire very long.
• They lived on horseback.
• Ate there, slept there, spent a week or
more there.
• Especially fought from there.
• Opposing armies were not prepared for
this style of rapid, mobile warfare.
• Mongolian horses were slightly smaller
than most other breeds and would lose in
a race.
• BUT… they were tough and the Mongols
fought much lighter than most of their
opponents, so they could still
outmaneuver, outlast, and go faster than
their enemies.
 Mongol War Equipments
• The warrior carried a protective shield made of light leather armor.
• The Mongol warrior used to wear Chinese silk underwear, if it
could be obtained, because it was a very tough substance
• During winter they wore several layers of wool as well as heavy
leather boots with felt socks on their feet.
• The legs were often protected by overlapping iron plates
resembling fish scales, which were sewn into the boots.
• Each warrior carried a battle axe, a curved sword known as
scimitar; a lance, and two versions of their most famous weapon:
the Mongol re-curved bow.
– One of the bows was light and could be fired rapidly from
horseback, the other one was heavier and designed for long-
range use from a ground position
 Final part of the Empire.
• The Mongol empire eventually altered in different
milleus, but the inspiration of its founder remained a
powerful force.
• At the end of fourteenth century, Timur, another monarch
who aspired to universal dominion.
• He hesitated to declare himself monarch because he was
not of Genghis Khan descent.
• He finally declared his sovergeinty indepednent, As he
was the son in law of Genghis Khanid family.
 CONCLUSION
We personally think that the intial tragedies of
Genghis Khan life made him such kind of warrior.
The tactical combat skill adopted by Genghis
Khan made him able to create such a vast empire.
At a crucial juncture in the history of Mongolia,
Genghis Khan had appeared as an iconic figure .
He mobilized memories in the forging of
national identity that carried the nation into future.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Internet website for HistoryWorld.net

Wikipedia helped in describing about Genghis khan.
Information also taken from blogs of Philipp Beni.
 Images also taken from slideshare.net.
Some of the data is taken from NCERT Class XI
History Book.
 Our Team
• Team Leader - Harshvardhan Mudgal
• Creative Head - Purva Tushir
• Editors - Varun Sharma & Kartik
Yadav
• Compilor- Harshit Kaushik