Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Empiricism
Empiricism is that epistemological. position according to which the
ultimate source of our ideas is experience. The word 'experience' is of
Greek origin and excludes here mystical experience or intuition.
Beginning with the Carvakas of ancient India and the Sophists of early
Greece. empiricism has a long history extending upto the pragmatists and
logical positivists of the CLIITenttimes. It has assumed more or less
different forms as the basis of different metaphysical systems. But its
general position is that all our elements of knowledge are derived from and
reducible to sensations. internal or extemaI. The internal sensations are
those of thinking. feeling and willing. and the external sensations are those
of external objects. i.e., material bodies. or their qualities such as size.
shape. colour. taste and smell.
The empiricist argues that the rationalist's belief in innate ideas is
mistaken. Reasoning may tell us what follows from 'X exists' and thus
extend our knowledge. But by itself it cannot say whether X in fact exists.
The role of reason is one of systematising sensory elements and extending
knowledge by logical inferences from them. but it is never a source of
ideas. Even the so-called self-evident principles. such as the principles of
identity and contradiction, and the definitions and axioms of mathematics
and logic are ultimately of an empirical origin.
While rationalism allies philosophy to mathematics and accepts its
deductive method. empiricism allies philosophy to natural sciences like
physics and biology and considers that the proper method of philosophy is
some form of induction. Knowledge is to be attained by observation of
facts. and by an analysis of and reflection on the truths of experience.
AN OL'TLlNE Of PHILOSOPHY
82
SOl'RCES OF KNOWLEDGE