Coordinates: 46°30′00″N 66°00′00″W

New Brunswick
New Brunswick (French: Nouveau-Brunswick) is one
of four Atlantic provinces on the east coast of Canada. New Brunswick
According to the Constitution of Canada, New Nouveau-Brunswick (French)
Brunswick is the only bilingual province. About two- Province
thirds of the population declare themselves anglophones
and one-third francophones. One-third of the population
describes themselves as bilingual. Atypically for
Canada, only about half of the population lives in urban
areas, mostly in Greater Moncton, Greater Saint John
and the capital Fredericton. Flag Coat of arms
Unlike the other Maritime provinces, New Brunswick's Motto(s): Latin: Spem reduxit[1]
terrain is mostly forested uplands, with much of the land ("Hope restored")
further from the coast, giving it a harsher climate. New
Brunswick is 83% forested and less densely populated
than the rest of the Maritimes.

Being relatively close to Europe, New Brunswick was

YT
among the first places in North America to be explored
NT
and settled by Europeans. In 1784, after an influx of NU
refugees from the American Revolutionary War, the
province was founded on territory from the partition of BC
AB NL
Nova Scotia.[6] In 1785 Saint John became the first SK MB QC
PE
incorporated city in what is now Canada.[7] The ON
NB NS
province prospered in the early 1800s and the
population grew rapidly, reaching about a quarter of a
million by mid-century. In 1867, New Brunswick was
one of four founding provinces of the Canadian Coordinates: 46°30′00″N 66°00′00″W
Confederation, along with Nova Scotia and the Province Country Canada
of Canada (now Ontario and Quebec).
Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st,
with Ontario,
After Confederation, wooden shipbuilding and Quebec, Nova
lumbering declined, while protectionism disrupted trade Scotia)
ties with New England. The mid-1900s found New
Capital Fredericton
Brunswick to be one of the poorest regions of Canada,
now mitigated by Canadian transfer payments and Largest city Moncton
improved support for rural areas. As of 2002, provincial Largest metro Greater Moncton
gross domestic product was derived as follows: services Government
(about half being government services and public • Type Constitutional
administration) 43%; construction, manufacturing, and monarchy
utilities 24%; real estate rental 12%; wholesale and • Lieutenant Governor Brenda Murphy
retail 11%; agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting, • Premier Blaine Higgs
mining, oil and gas extraction 5%; transportation and (Progressive
warehousing 5%.[8] Conservatives)
Legislature Legislative Assembly
of New Brunswick
Tourism accounts for about 9% of the labour force Federal Canadian Parliament
directly or indirectly. Popular destinations include representation
Fundy National Park and the Hopewell Rocks, House seats 10 of 338 (3%)
Kouchibouguac National Park, and Roosevelt Senate seats 10 of 105 (9.5%)
Campobello International Park. In 2013, 64 cruise ships Area
called at Port of Saint John, carrying, on average, 2,600 • Total 72,907 km2
passengers each.[9] (28,150 sq mi)
• Land 71,450 km2
(27,590 sq mi)
• Water 1,458 km2
Contents (563 sq mi) 2%
History Area rank Ranked 11th
0.7% of Canada
Early history
European settlements Population (2016)
French colony • Total 747,101 [2]
British colony • Estimate (2020 Q1) 779,993 [3]
• Rank Ranked 8th
Modern New Brunswick
• Density 10.46/km2
Geography (27.1/sq mi)
Climate Demonym(s) New Brunswicker
Flora and fauna FR: Néo-
Geology Brunswickois(e)

Topography Official languages English · French

[4]
Demographics
Ethnicity and language GDP
Religion • Rank 9th
• Total (2017) C$36.088 billion[5]
Economy
• Per capita C$42,606 (11th)
Primary sector
Time zone Atlantic: UTC−4/−3
Education
Postal abbr. NB
Government Postal code prefix E
Judiciary ISO 3166 code CA-NB
Administrative divisions
Flower Purple violet
Provincial finances Tree Balsam fir
Infrastructure Bird Black-capped
Energy chickadee
Website www.gnb.ca (http://w
Transportation
ww.gnb.ca)
Rail
Rankings include all provinces and territories
Culture
Arts
Visual arts
Literature
Media
See also
References
External links
History

Early history

Indigenous peoples have been in the area since about 7000 BC. At the time of European contact, inhabitants
were the Mi'kmaq, the Maliseet, and the Passamaquoddy. Although these tribes did not leave a written
record, their language is present in many placenames, such as Aroostook, Bouctouche, Memramcook,
Petitcodiac, Quispamsis, Richibucto and Shediac.

New Brunswick may have been part of Vinland during the Norse exploration of North America, and Basque,
Breton, and Norman fishermen may have visited the Bay of Fundy in the early 1500s.[10]

European settlements

French colony

The first documented European visits were by Jacques Cartier in 1534. In 1604, a party including Samuel de
Champlain visited the mouth of the Saint John River on the eponymous Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day. Now Saint
John, this was later the site of the first permanent European settlement in New Brunswick.[10] French
settlement eventually extended up the river to the site of present-day Fredericton. Other settlements in the
southeast extended from Beaubassin, near the present-day border with Nova Scotia, to Baie Verte, and up
the Petitcodiac, Memramcook, and Shepody Rivers.[11]

By the early 1700s the French settlements formed a part of Acadia, a

colonial division of New France. Acadia covered what is now the
Maritimes, as well as bits of Quebec and Maine. The British
conquest of most of the Acadian peninsula occurred during the
Queen Anne's War, and was formalized in the Treaty of Utrecht of
1713. After the war, French Acadia was reduced to Île Saint-Jean
(Prince Edward Island) and Île-Royale (Cape Breton Island). The
ownership of continental Acadia (New Brunswick) remained
Fort Beauséjour at the Isthmus of disputed, with an informal border on the Isthmus of Chignecto. In an
Chignecto. The French built the fort effort to limit British expansion into continental Acadia, the French
in 1751 in an effort to limit British built Fort Beauséjour at the isthmus in 1751.
expansion into continental Acadia.
From 1749 to 1755, the British engaged in a campaign to consolidate
its control over Nova Scotia. The resulting conflict led to an Acadian
Exodus to French controlled territories in North America, including portions of continental Acadia. In 1755,
the British captured Fort Beauséjour, severing the Acadian supply lines to Nova Scotia, and Île-Royale.
Unable to make most of the Acadians sign an unconditional oath of allegiance, British authorities undertook
a campaign to expel the Acadians in the initial periods of the Seven Years' War.

British colony

Continental Acadia was eventually incorporated into the British colony of Nova Scotia, with nearly all of
New France being surrendered to the British with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Acadians that returned from
exile discovered several thousand immigrants, mostly from New England, on their former lands. Some
settled around Memramcook and along the Saint John River.[12] In 1766, settlers from Pennsylvania
founded Moncton, and English settlers from Yorkshire arrived in the Sackville area. However, settlement of
the area remained slow in the mid 18th century.

After the American Revolution, about 10,000 loyalist refugees settled along
the north shore of the Bay of Fundy,[13] commemorated in the province's
motto, Spem reduxit ("hope restored"). The number reached almost 14,000
by 1784, with about one in ten eventually returning to America.[14] New
Brunswick was founded in 1784 upon the partition of Nova Scotia into two
areas which became the Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.[15]
In the same year New Brunswick formed its first elected assembly.[16] The
colony was named New Brunswick in honour of George III, King of Great
Britain, King of Ireland, and Prince-elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg in what
is now Germany.[17] In 1785, Saint John became Canada's first incorporated
city.[18] The population of the colony reached 26,000 in 1806 and 35,000 in
1812.
A romanticized depiction of
the arrival of the Loyalists in
The 1800s saw an age of prosperity based on wood export and
New Brunswick shipbuilding,[18] bolstered by The Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty
of 1854 and demand from the American Civil War. St. Martins became the
third most productive shipbuilding town in the Maritimes, producing over
500 vessels. [19] In 1848, responsible home government was granted[16] and the 1850s saw the emergence of
political parties largely organised along religious and ethnic lines.[18] The first half of the 1800s saw large-
scale immigration from Ireland and Scotland, with the population reaching 252,047 by 1861.

The notion of unifying the separate colonies of British North America was discussed increasingly in the
1860s. Many felt that the American Civil war was the result of weak central government and wished to
avoid such violence and chaos.[20] The 1864 Charlottetown Conference was intended to discuss a Maritime
Union, but concerns over possible conquest by the Americans, coupled with a belief that Britain was
unwilling to defend its colonies against American attack, led to a request from the Province of Canada (now
Ontario and Quebec) to expand the meeting's scope. In 1866 the US cancelled the Canadian–American
Reciprocity Treaty, leading to loss of trade with New England and prompting a desire to build trade within
British North America,[21] while Fenian raids increased support for union.[22] On 1 July 1867, New
Brunswick entered the Canadian Confederation along with Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada.

Modern New Brunswick

Confederation brought into existence the Intercolonial Railway in

1872, a consolidation of the existing Nova Scotia Railway, European
and North American Railway, and Grand Trunk Railway. In 1879
John A. Macdonald's Conservatives enacted the National Policy
which called for high tariffs and opposed free trade, disrupting the
trading relationship between the Maritimes and New England. The
economic situation was worsened by the decline of the wooden ship
building industry. The railways and tariffs did foster the growth of
new industries in the province such as textile manufacturing, iron
mills, and sugar refineries,[12] many of which eventually failed to An Intercolonial Railway bridge,
compete with better capitalized industry in central Canada. 1875. The railway was established
as a result of Confederation.
In 1937 New Brunswick had the highest infant mortality and illiteracy rates in Canada.[23] At the end of the
Great Depression the New Brunswick standard of living was much below the Canadian average. In 1940 the
Rowell–Sirois Commission reported that the federal government attempts to manage the depression
illustrated grave flaws in the Canadian constitution. While the federal government had most of the revenue
gathering powers, the provinces had many expenditure responsibilities such as healthcare, education, and
welfare, which were becoming increasingly expensive. The Commission recommended the creation of
equalization payments, implemented in 1957.

After Canada joined World War II, 14 NB army units were organized, in addition to The Royal New
Brunswick Regiment,[24] and first deployed in the Italian campaign in 1943. After the Normandy landings
they redeployed to northwestern Europe, along with The North Shore Regiment.[24] The British
Commonwealth Air Training Plan, a training program for ally pilots, established bases in Moncton,
Chatham, and Pennfield Ridge, as well as a military typing school in Saint John. While relatively
unindustrialized before the war, New Brunswick became home to 34 plants on military contracts from which
the province received over $78 million.[24] Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, who had
promised no conscription, asked the provinces if they would release the government of said promise. New
Brunswick voted 69.1% yes. The policy was not implemented until 1944, too late for many of the conscripts
to be deployed.[24] There were 1808 NB fatalities among the armed forces.[25]

The Acadians in northern New Brunswick had long been geographically and linguistically isolated from the
more numerous English speakers to the south. The population of French origin grew dramatically after
Confederation, from about 16 per cent in 1871 to 34 per cent in 1931.[26] Government services were often
not available in French, and the infrastructure in Francophone areas was less developed than elsewhere. In
1960 Premier Louis Robichaud embarked on the New Brunswick Equal Opportunity program, in which
education, rural road maintenance, and healthcare fell under the sole jurisdiction of a provincial government
that insisted on equal coverage throughout the province, rather than the former county-based system.

The flag of New Brunswick, based on the coat of arms, was adopted in 1965. The conventional heraldic
representations of a lion and a ship represent colonial ties with Europe, and the importance of shipping at the
time the coat of arms was assigned.[27]

Geography
Roughly square, New Brunswick is bordered on the north by
Quebec, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Bay
of Fundy, and on the west by the US state of Maine. The southeast
corner of the province is connected to Nova Scotia at the isthmus of
Chignecto.

Glaciation has left much of New Brunswick's uplands with only

shallow, acidic soils which have discouraged settlement but which
are home to enormous forests.[28]

Climate
Topographic map of New Brunswick
New Brunswick's climate is more severe than that of the other
Maritime provinces, which are lower and have more shoreline along
the moderating sea. New Brunswick has a humid continental climate, with slightly milder winters on the
Gulf of St. Lawrence coastline. Elevated parts of the far north of the province have a subarctic climate.
Evidence of climate change in New Brunswick can be seen in its more intense precipitation events, more
frequent winter thaws, and one quarter to half the amount of snowpack.[29] Today the sea level is about
30 cm higher than it was 100 years ago, and it is expected to rise twice that much again by the year 2100.[29]

Flora and fauna

Most of New Brunswick[30] is forested with secondary forest or

tertiary forest. At the start of European settlement, the Maritimes
were covered from coast to coast by a forest of mature trees, giants
by today's standards. Today less than one per cent of old-growth
Acadian forest remains,[31] and the World Wide Fund for Nature
lists the Acadian Forest as endangered.[32] Following the frequent
large scale disturbances caused by settlement and timber harvesting,
the Acadian forest is not growing back as it was, but is subject to
Furbish's lousewort is a herb
borealization. This means that exposure-resistant species that are endemic to the shores of the upper
well adapted to the frequent large scale disturbances common in the Saint John River.
boreal forest are increasingly abundant. These include jack pine,
balsam fir, black spruce, white birch, and poplar.[32] Forest
ecosystems support large carnivores such as the bobcat, Canada lynx, and black bear, and the large
herbivores moose and white-tailed deer.

Fiddlehead greens are harvested from the Ostrich fern which grows on riverbanks. Furbish's lousewort a
perennial herb endemic to the shores of the upper Saint John River, is an endangered species threatened by
habitat destruction, riverside development, forestry, littering and recreational use of the riverbank.[33] Many
wetlands are being disrupted by the highly invasive Introduced species purple loosestrife.[34]

Geology

Bedrock types range from 1 billion to 200 million years old.[35]

Much of the bedrock in the west and north derives from ocean
deposits in the Ordovician that were subject to folding and igneous
intrusion and that were eventually covered with lava during the
Paleozoic, peaking during the Acadian orogeny.[12]

During the Carboniferous era, about 340 million years ago, New
Brunswick was in the Maritimes Basin, a sedimentary basin near the
equator. Sediments, brought by rivers from surrounding highlands, The Hopewell Rocks are rock
formations located at the upper
accumulated there; after being compressed, they produced the Albert
reaches of the Bay of Fundy, near
oil shales of southern New Brunswick. Eventually, sea water from
Hopewell Cape.
the Panthalassic Ocean invaded the basin, forming the Windsor Sea.
Once this receded, conglomerates, sandstones, and shales
accumulated. The rust colour of these was caused by the oxidation of
iron in the beds between wet and dry periods.[36] Such late carboniferous rock formed the Hopewell Rocks,
which have been shaped by the extreme tidal range of the Bay of Fundy.

In the early Triassic, as Pangea drifted north it was rent apart, forming the rift valley that is the Bay of
Fundy. Magma pushed up through the cracks, forming basalt columns on Grand Manan.[37]

Topography
New Brunswick lies entirely within the Appalachian Mountain
range. All of the rivers of New Brunswick drain into the Gulf of
Saint Lawrence to the east or the Bay of Fundy to the south. These
watersheds include lands in Quebec and Maine.[30]

New Brunswick and the rest of the Maritime Peninsula was covered
by thick layers of ice during the last glacial period (the Wisconsinian
glaciation).[38] It cut U-shaped valleys in the Saint John and
Nepisiguit River valleys and pushed granite boulders from the
View of the Appalachian mountains
Miramichi highlands south and east, leaving them as erratics when
from Mount Carleton Provincial Park
the ice receded at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation, along with
deposits such as the eskers between Woodstock and St George,
which are today sources of sand and gravel.

Demographics

The four Atlantic Provinces are Canada's least populated, with New Brunswick the third-least populous at
747,101 in 2016. The Atlantic provinces also have higher rural populations. New Brunswick was largely
rural until 1951; since then, the rural-urban split has been roughly even.[39] Population density in the
Maritimes is above average among Canadian provinces, which reflects their small size and the fact that they
do not possess large, unpopulated hinterlands, as do the other seven provinces and three territories.

New Brunswick's 107 municipalities[40] cover 8.6% of the province's land mass but are home to 65.3% of
its population. The three major urban areas are in the south of the province and are Greater Moncton,
population 126,424, Greater Saint John, population 122,389, and Greater Fredericton, population 85,688.

Ethnicity and language

In the 2001 census, the most commonly reported ethnicities were British 40%, French Canadian and
Acadian 31%, Irish 18%, other European 7%, First Nations 3%, Asian Canadian 2%. Each person could
choose more than one ethnicity.[41]

According to the Canadian Constitution, both English and French are the official languages of New
Brunswick,[42] making it the only officially bilingual province. Government and public services are
available in both English and French.[43] For education, English-language and French-language systems
serve the two linguistic communities at all levels.[43]

Anglophone New Brunswickers make up roughly two-thirds of the population, while about one-third are
Francophone. Recently there has been growth in the numbers of people reporting themselves as bilingual,
with 34% reporting that they speak both English and French. This reflects a trend across Canada.[44]
Religion

In the 2011 census, 84% of provincial residents reported themselves

as Christian:[12] 52% were Roman Catholic, 8% Baptist, 8% United
Church of Canada, 7% Anglican and 9% other Christian. Fifteen
percent of residents reported no religion.

Economy
As of October 2017, seasonally-adjusted employment is 73,400 for A provincial welcome sign in English
the goods-producing sector and 280,900 for the services-producing and French, the two official
languages of the province
sector.[45] Those in the goods-producing industries are mostly
employed in manufacturing or construction, while those in services
work in social assistance, trades, and health care. A large portion of
the economy is controlled by the Irving Group of Companies, which
consists of the holdings of the family of K. C. Irving. The companies
have significant holdings in agriculture, forestry, food processing,
freight transport (including railways and trucking), media, oil, and
shipbuilding.[46]

The United States is the province's largest export market, accounting

for 92% of a foreign trade valued in 2014 at almost $13 billion, with
refined petroleum making up 63% of that, followed by seafood
products, pulp, paper and sawmill products and non-metallic Uptown Saint John is a commercial
hub and seaport for the province.
minerals (chiefly potash). The value of exports, mostly to the United
States, was $1.6 billion in 2016. About half of that came from
lobster. Other products include salmon, crab, and herring.[47] In
2015, spending on non-resident tourism in New Brunswick was $441 million, which provided $87 million in
tax revenue.[48]

Primary sector

A large number of residents from New Brunswick are employed in the primary sector of industry. More than
13,000 New Brunswickers work in agriculture, shipping products worth over $1 billion, half of which is
from crops, and half of that from potatoes, mostly in the Saint John River valley. McCain Foods is one of
the world's largest manufacturers of frozen potato products. Other products include apples, cranberries, and
maple syrup.[49] New Brunswick was in 2015 the biggest producer of wild blueberries in Canada.[50] The
value of the livestock sector is about a quarter of a billion dollars, nearly half of which is dairy. Other sectors
include poultry, fur, and goats, sheep, and pigs.

About 83% of New Brunswick is forested. Historically important, it accounted for more than 80% of exports
in the mid-1800s. By the end of the 1800s the industry, and shipbuilding, were declining due to external
economic factors. The 1920s saw the development of a pulp and paper industry. In the mid-1960s, forestry
practices changed from the controlled harvests of a commodity to the cultivation of the forests.[26] The
industry employs nearly 12,000, generating revenues around $437 million.[12]

Mining was historically unimportant in the province, but has grown since the 1950s. The province's GDP
from the Mining and Quarrying industry in 2015 was $299.5 million.[51] Mines in New Brunswick produce
lead, zinc, copper, and potash.
Education
Public education elementary and secondary education in the
province is administered by the provincial Department of Education
and Early Childhood Development. New Brunswick has a parallel
system of Anglophone and Francophone public schools.

The province also operates five public post-secondary institutions,

including a college and four universities. Four public universities
operate campuses in New Brunswick, including the oldest English- A New Brunswick paper mill owned
language university in the country, the University of New by J. D. Irving
Brunswick. The other universities in the province include Mount
Allison University, St. Thomas University, and the Université de
Moncton. All four universities offer undergraduate, and postgraduate
education. Additionally, the Université de Moncton, and the
University of New Brunswick also offer professional education.
Medical education programs have also been established at both the
Université de Moncton and at UNBSJ in Saint John (affiliated with
Université de Sherbrooke and Dalhousie University respectively).

Public colleges in the province are managed as a part of the New

Brunswick Community College (NBCC) system. In addition to Sir Howard Douglas Hall at the
public institutions, the province is also home to several private University of New Brunswick is the
vocational schools, such as the Moncton Flight College; and oldest university building still in use
universities, the largest being Crandall University. in Canada.

Government
Under Canadian federalism, power is divided between federal and
provincial governments. Among areas under federal jurisdiction are
citizenship, foreign affairs, national defence, fisheries, criminal law,
indigenous policies, and many others. Provincial jurisdiction covers
public lands, health, education, and local government, among other
things. Jurisdiction is shared for immigration, pensions, agriculture,
and welfare.[52]

The New Brunswick Legislative The parliamentary system of government is modelled on the British
Building serves as meeting place for Westminster system. Forty-nine representatives, nearly always
the provincial legislative assembly. members of political parties, are elected to the Legislative Assembly
of New Brunswick. The head of government is the Premier of New
Brunswick, normally the leader of the party or coalition with the
most seats in the legislative assembly. Governance is handled by the executive council (cabinet), with about
32 ministries.[53] Ceremonial duties of the Monarchy in New Brunswick are mostly carried out by the
Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick.

Under amendments to the province's Legislative Assembly Act in 2007, a provincial election is held every
four years. The two largest political parties are the New Brunswick Liberal Association and the Progressive
Conservative Party of New Brunswick. Since the 2018 election, minor parties are the Green Party of New
Brunswick and the People's Alliance of New Brunswick.

Judiciary
The Court of Appeal of New Brunswick is the highest provincial court. It hears appeals from:

The Court of Queen's Bench of New Brunswick: has jurisdiction over family law and major
criminal and civil cases and is divided accordingly into two divisions: Family and Trial. It also
hears administrative tribunals.[54]
The Probate Court of New Brunswick: has jurisdiction over estates of deceased persons.
The Provincial Court of New Brunswick: nearly all cases involving the criminal code start here.

The system consists of eight Judicial Districts, loosely based on the counties.[55] The Chief Justice of New
Brunswick serves at the apex of this court structure.

Administrative divisions

Ninety-two per cent of the land in the province, inhabited by about

35% of the population, is under provincial administration and has no
local, elected representation. The 51% of the province that is Crown
land is administered by the Department of Natural Resources and
Energy Development.

Most of the province is administrated as a local service district

(LSD), an unincorporated unit of local governance. As of 2017,
there are 237 LSDs. Services, paid for by property taxes, include a
variety of services such as fire protection, solid waste management,
street lighting, and dog regulation. LSDs may elect advisory
committees[56] and work with the Department of Local Government Administrative areas of New
to recommend how to spend locally collected taxes. Brunswick:
Local service district
In 2006 there were three rural communities. This is a relatively new
entity; to be created, it requires a population of 3,000 and a tax base Rural community
of $200 million.[57] In 2006 there were 101 municipalities. Municipality
Indian reserve
Regional Service Commissions, which number 12, were introduced
in 2013 to regulate regional planning and solid waste disposal, and
provide a forum for discussion on a regional level of police and
emergency services, climate change adaptation planning, and regional sport, recreational and cultural
facilities. The commissions' administrative councils are populated by the mayors of each municipality or
rural community within a region.[58]

Historically the province was divided into counties with elected governance, but this was abolished in 1966.
These were further subdivided into 152 parishes, which also lost their political significance in 1966 but are
still used as census subdivisions by Statistics Canada.

Provincial finances

New Brunswick has the most poorly-performing economy of any Canadian province, with a per capita
income of $28,000.[59] The government has historically run at a large deficit. With about half of the
population being rural, it is expensive for the government to provide education and health services, which
account for 60 per cent of government expenditure. Thirty-six per cent of the provincial budget is covered
by federal cash transfers.[60]
The government has frequently attempted to create employment through subsidies, which has often failed to
generate long-term economic prosperity and has resulted in bad debt,[60] examples of which include
Bricklin, Atcon,[61] and the Marriott call centre in Fredericton.[62]

According to a 2014 study by the Atlantic Institute for Market Studies, the large public debt is a very serious
problem. Government revenues are shrinking because of a decline in federal transfer payments. Though
expenditures are down (through government pension reform and a reduction in the number of public
employees), they have increased relative to GDP,[63] necessitating further measures to reduce debt in the
future.

In the 2014–15 fiscal year, provincial debt reached $12.2 billion or 37.7 per cent of nominal GDP, an
increase over the $10.1 billion recorded in 2011–12.[63] The debt-to-GDP ratio is projected to fall to 36.7%
in 2019–20.[64]

Infrastructure

Energy

Publicly owned NB Power operates 13 of New Brunswick's generating

stations, deriving power from fuel oil and diesel (1497 MW), hydro
(889 MW), nuclear (660 MW), and coal (467 MW). There were 30
active natural gas production sites in 2012.[12]

Transportation
The Department of Transportation and Infrastructure maintains
government facilities and the province's highway network and ferries.
The Trans-Canada Highway is not under federal jurisdiction, and
traverses the province from Edmundston following the Saint John River
Valley, through Fredericton, Moncton, and on to Nova Scotia and Energy capacity by source
Prince Edward Island. in NB:

Fossil fuel (54.7%)

Rail Hydro (22.0%)
Nuclear (15.4%)
Via Rail's Ocean service, which connects Montreal to Halifax, is
currently the oldest continuously operated passenger route in North Other renewables (7.9%)
America, with stops from west to east at Campbellton, Charlo, Jacquet
River, Petit Rocher, Bathurst, Miramichi, Rogersville, Moncton, and
Sackville.

Canadian National Railway operates freight services along the same route, as well as a subdivision from
Moncton to Saint John. The New Brunswick Southern Railway, a division of J. D. Irving Limited, together
with its sister company Eastern Maine Railway form a continuous 305 km (190 mi) main line connecting
Saint John and Brownville Junction, Maine.

Culture
There are about 61 historic places in New Brunswick, including Fort Beauséjour, Kings Landing Historical
Settlement and the Village Historique Acadien. Established in 1842, the New Brunswick Museum in Saint
John was designated as the provincial museum of New Brunswick. The province is also home to a number
of other museums in addition to the provincial museum.

Arts

New Brunswick is home to a number of individuals that worked as

musicians, in the performing arts, and/or the visual arts. Music of
New Brunswick includes artists such as Henry Burr, Roch Voisine,
Lenny Breau, and Édith Butler. Symphony New Brunswick, based in
Saint John, tours extensively in the province. Symphony New
Brunswick based in Saint John and the Atlantic Ballet Theatre of
Canada (based in Moncton), tours nationally and internationally.

Theatre New Brunswick (based in Fredericton), tours plays around

the province. Canadian playwright Norm Foster saw his early works
premiere with Theatre New Brunswick. Other live theatre troops
include the Théatre populaire d'Acadie in Caraquet, and Live Bait
Theatre in Sackville. The refurbished Imperial and Capitol Theatres
are found in Saint John and Moncton, respectively; the more modern
Playhouse is in Fredericton.
The Capitol Theatre in Moncton
hosts the productions of the Atlantic Visual arts
Ballet Theatre of Canada and
Theatre New Brunswick. Mount Allison University in
Sackville began offering
classes in 1854. The program
came into its own under John A. Hammond, from 1893 to 1916.
Alex Colville and Lawren Harris later studied and taught art there,
and both Christopher Pratt and Mary Pratt were trained at Mount The Owns Art Gallery at Mount
Allison. The university also opened an art gallery in 1895 and is Allison University is the oldest
named for its patron, John Owens of Saint John. The art gallery at university-operated art gallery in
Mount Allison University is presently the oldest university-operated Canada.
art gallery in Canada. Modern New Brunswick artists include
landscape painter Jack Humphrey, sculptor Claude Roussel, and
Miller Brittain. The province is also home to the Beaverbrook Art Gallery, which was designated as the
provincial art gallery in 1994.

Literature

Julia Catherine Beckwith, born in Fredericton, was Canada's first published novelist. Poet Bliss Carman and
his cousin Charles G. D. Roberts were some of the first Canadians to achieve international fame for letters.
Antonine Maillet was the first non-European winner of France's Prix Goncourt. Other modern writers
include Alfred Bailey, Alden Nowlan, John Thompson, Douglas Lochhead, K. V. Johansen, David Adams
Richards, Raymond Fraser, and France Daigle. A recent New Brunswick Lieutenant-Governor,
Herménégilde Chiasson, is a poet and playwright. The Fiddlehead, established in 1945 at University of New
Brunswick, is Canada's oldest literary magazine.
Media

New Brunswick has four daily newspapers: the Times & Transcript, serving eastern New Brunswick; the
Telegraph-Journal, based in Saint John and distributed province-wide; The Daily Gleaner, based in
Fredericton; and L'Acadie Nouvelle, based in Caraquet. The three English-language dailies and the majority
of the weeklies are owned and operated by Brunswick News—which is privately owned by James K. Irving.
Due to its dominant position, critics have accused Brunswick News of being biased towards the Irving
Group of Companies, including its reluctance to publish stories that are critical of the group.[65][66][67][68]

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation has anglophone television and radio operations in Fredericton.
Télévision de Radio-Canada is based in Moncton. CTV and Global also operate stations in New Brunswick,
which operate largely as sub-feeds of their stations in Halifax as part of regional networks.

See also
Outline of New Brunswick
Symbols of New Brunswick

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External links
Official site of Tourism New Brunswick (http://tourismnewbrunswick.ca/)

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