Coordinates: 45°00′00″N 62°59′58″W

Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia (/noʊvə ˈskoʊʃə/) is a province in eastern
Canada. With a population of 923,598 as of 2016,[3] it is Nova Scotia
Nouvelle-Écosse (French)[1]
the most populous of Canada's three Maritime provinces
Alba Nuadh (Scottish Gaelic)[2]
and four Atlantic provinces. It is the country's second-
most densely populated province and second-smallest Province
province by area, both after neighbouring Prince
Edward Island.[3] Its area of 55,284 square kilometres
(21,345 sq mi) includes Cape Breton Island and 3,800
other coastal islands. The peninsula that makes up Nova
Scotia's mainland is connected to the rest of North
America by the Isthmus of Chignecto, on which the Flag
Coat of arms
province's land border with New Brunswick is located.
The province borders the Bay of Fundy to the northwest Motto(s): Munit Hæc et Altera Vincit
(Latin: One defends and the other conquers)
and the Atlantic Ocean to the south and east, and is
separated from Prince Edward Island and the island of
Newfoundland by the Northumberland and Cabot
straits, respectively.

The land that comprises what is now Nova Scotia has YT

been inhabited by the indigenous Miꞌkmaq people for NT
NU
thousands of years. France's first settlement in North
America, Port-Royal, was established in 1605 and
intermittently served in various locations as the capital BC
AB NL
of the French colony of Acadia for over a hundred SK MB QC
ON PE
years. The Fortress of Louisbourg was a key focus point NB NS
in the struggle between the British and French for
control of the area, changing hands numerous times
until France relinquished its claims with the Treaty of
Coordinates: 45°00′00″N 62°59′58″W
Paris in 1763. During the American Revolutionary War,
thousands of Loyalists settled in Nova Scotia. In 1848, Country Canada
Nova Scotia became the first British colony to achieve Confederation 1 July 1867 (1st, with
responsible government, and it federated in July 1867 Ontario, Quebec,
with New Brunswick and the Province of Canada (now New Brunswick)
Ontario and Quebec) to form what is now the country of Capital Halifax
Canada. Largest metro Halifax
Nova Scotia's capital and largest city is Halifax, which Government
today is home to about 45 percent of the province's • Type Constitutional
population, is the thirteenth-largest census metropolitan monarchy
area in Canada,[8] the largest city in Atlantic Canada, • Lieutenant Governor Arthur Joseph
and Canada's second-largest coastal city (after LeBlanc
Vancouver). • Premier Stephen McNeil
(Liberal)
Legislature Nova Scotia House
of Assembly
Contents Federal Canadian Parliament
Etymology representation
House seats 11 of 338 (3.3%)
Geography
Senate seats 10 of 105 (9.5%)
Climate
Area
History • Total 55,284 km2
European settlement (21,345 sq mi)
18th century • Land 52,942 km2
19th century (20,441 sq mi)
Post-Confederation history • Water 2,342 km2
(904 sq mi) 4.2%
Demography Area rank Ranked 12th
Ethnic origins 0.6% of Canada
Language Population (2016)
Religion • Total 923,598 [3][4]
Population tables • Estimate (2020 Q1) 977,457 [5]
Economy • Rank Ranked 7th
Tourism • Density 17.45/km2
(45.2/sq mi)
Government and politics Demonym(s) Nova Scotian,
Culture Bluenoser
Cuisine Official languages English (de facto)[6]
Events and festivals
Film and television GDP
• Rank 7th
Fine arts
• Total (2016) C$42.715 billion[7]
Literature
• Per capita C$44,931 (12th)
Music
Time zone Atlantic: UTC-4
Sports
Postal abbr. NS
Education Postal code prefix B
See also ISO 3166 code CA-NS
References Flower Mayflower
Bibliography Tree Red spruce
External links Bird Osprey

Website novascotia.ca (http://

Etymology novascotia.ca)
Rankings include all provinces and territories
"Nova Scotia" means "New Scotland" in Latin[9] and is
the recognized English-language name for the province. In both French and Scottish Gaelic, the province is
directly translated as "New Scotland" (French: Nouvelle-Écosse. Gaelic: Alba Nuadh). In general, Romance
and Slavic languages use a direct translation of "New Scotland", while most other languages use direct
transliterations of the Latin / English name.

The province was first named in the 1621 Royal Charter granting to Sir William Alexander in 1632 the right
to settle lands including modern Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick
and the Gaspé Peninsula.[10]

Geography
Nova Scotia is Canada's second-smallest province in area, after Prince Edward Island. The province's
mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula, surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean and including numerous bays and
estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km (42 mi) from the ocean.[11] Cape Breton Island, a
large island to the northeast of the Nova Scotia mainland, is also part of the province, as is Sable Island, a
small island notorious for being the site of offshore shipwrecks,[12] approximately 175 km (110 mi) from the
province's southern coast.

Nova Scotia has many ancient fossil-bearing rock formations. These

formations are particularly rich on the Bay of Fundy's shores. Blue
Beach near Hantsport, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, on the Bay of Fundy's
shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous-age fossils.
Wasson's Bluff, near the town of Parrsboro, has yielded both
Triassic- and Jurassic-age fossils.

The province contains 5,400 lakes.[13]

Topographic map of Nova Scotia Climate

Nova Scotia lies in the mid-

temperate zone and, although the province is almost surrounded by
water, the climate is closer to continental climate rather than
maritime. The winter and summer temperature extremes of the
continental climate are moderated by the ocean.[14] However,
winters are cold enough to be classified as continental—still being
nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west. The Nova
Scotian climate is in many ways similar to the central Baltic Sea
coast in Northern Europe, only wetter and snowier. This is true
although Nova Scotia is some fifteen parallels further south. Areas
not on the Atlantic coast experience warmer summers more typical
of inland areas, and winter lows are a little colder.
Köppen climate types of Nova Scotia
Described on the provincial vehicle licence plate as Canada's Ocean
Playground, Nova Scotia is surrounded by four major bodies of
water: the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the north, the Bay of Fundy to the west, the Gulf of Maine to the
southwest, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east.[14]

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected

locations in Nova Scotia[15]
Location July (°C) July (°F) January (°C) January (°F)
Halifax 23/14 73/58 0/−8 32/17
Sydney 23/12 73/54 −1/−9 30/14
Kentville 25/14 78/57 −1/−10 29/14
Truro 24/13 75/55 −1/−12 29/9
Liverpool 25/14 77/57 0/–9 32/15
Shelburne 23/12 73/54 1/−8 33/17
Yarmouth 21/12 69/55 1/−7 33/19

History
The province includes regions of the Mi'kmaq nation of Mi'kma'ki
(mi'gama'gi). (The territory of the Nation of Mi'kma'ki also includes
the Maritimes, parts of Maine, Newfoundland and the Gaspé
Peninsula.) The Mi'kmaq people are among the large Algonquian-
language family and inhabited Nova Scotia at the time the first
European colonists arrived.[16]

European settlement

Warfare was a notable feature in Nova Scotia during the 17th and Mi'kmaq family in Tuft's Cove, 1871.
18th centuries.[17] The French arrived in 1604, and Catholic The Mi'kmaq inhabited Nova Scotia
Mi'kmaq and Acadians formed the majority of the population of the when the first Europeans arrived.
colony for the next 150 years. In 1605, French colonists established
the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada (and
the first north of Florida) at Port Royal, founding what would become known as Acadia.[18][19]

During the first 80 years the French and Acadians lived in Nova Scotia, nine significant military clashes
took place as the English and Scottish (later British), Dutch and French fought for possession of the area.
These encounters happened at Port Royal, Saint John,[20] Cap de Sable (present-day Port La Tour, Nova
Scotia), Jemseg (1674 and 1758) and Baleine (1629). The Acadian Civil War took place from 1640 to 1645.

Beginning with King William's War in 1688, a series of six wars took place between the English/British and
the French, with Nova Scotia being a consistent theatre of conflict between the two powers.

18th century

Hostilities between the British and French resumed from 1702 to

French forces withdrawing from Port-
Royal after being defeated by the
British in 1710
1713, known as Queen Anne's War. The British siege of Port Royal
took place in 1710, ending French-rule in peninsular Acadia. The
subsequent signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 formally
recognized this, although saw the returned Cape Breton Island (Île
Royale) to the French. Despite the British conquest of Acadia in
1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic
Acadians and Mi'kmaq, who confined British forces to Annapolis
and to Canso. Present-day New Brunswick then still formed a part of
the French colony of Acadia. Immediately after the capture of Port
Royal in 1710, Francis Nicholson announced it would be renamed
Annapolis Royal in honor of Queen Anne.

As a result of Father Rale's War (1722–1725), the Mi'kmaq signed a

series of treaties with Great Britain in 1725. The British signed a treaty (or "agreement") with the Mi'kmaq,
but the authorities have often disputed its definition of the rights of the Mi'kmaq to hunt and fish on their
lands.[21][22] However, conflict between the Acadians, Mi'kmaq, French, and the British persisted in the
following decades with King George's War (1744–1748).

Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755) began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13
transports on 21 June 1749.[23][24] A General Court, made up of the governor and the Council, was the
highest court in the colony at the time.[25] Jonathan Belcher was sworn in as chief justice of the Nova Scotia
Supreme Court on 21 October 1754.[25] The first legislative assembly in Halifax, under the Governorship of
Charles Lawrence, met on 2 October 1758.[26] During the French and Indian War of 1754–63 (the North
American theatre of the Seven Years' War of 1756–1763), the British deported the Acadians and recruited
New England Planters to resettle the colony. The 75-year period of
war ended with the Halifax Treaties between the British and the
Mi'kmaq (1761). After the war, some Acadians were allowed to
return and the British made treaties with the Mi’kmaq.

In 1763, most of Acadia (Cape Breton Island, St. John's Island (now
Prince Edward Island), and New Brunswick) became part of Nova
Scotia. In 1765, the county of Sunbury was created. This included
Expulsion of the Acadians in Grand-
the territory of present-day New Brunswick and eastern Maine as far
Pré. More than 80 per cent of the
as the Penobscot River. In 1769, St. John's Island became a separate
Acadian population was expelled
colony. from the region between 1755 and
1764.
The American Revolution (1775–1783) had a significant impact on
shaping Nova Scotia. Initially, Nova Scotia—"the 14th American
Colony" as some called it—displayed ambivalence over whether the
colony should join the more southern colonies in their defiance of Britain, and rebellion flared at the Battle
of Fort Cumberland (1776) and at the Siege of Saint John (1777). Throughout the war, American privateers
devastated the maritime economy by capturing ships and looting almost every community outside of
Halifax. These American raids alienated many sympathetic or neutral Nova Scotians into supporting the
British. By the end of the war Nova Scotia had outfitted a number of privateers to attack American
shipping.[27] British military forces based at Halifax succeeded in preventing American support for rebels in
Nova Scotia and deterred any invasion of Nova Scotia. However the British navy failed to establish naval
supremacy. While the British captured many American privateers in battles such as the Naval battle off
Halifax (1782), many more continued attacks on shipping and settlements until the final months of the war.
The Royal Navy struggled to maintain British supply lines, defending convoys from American and French
attacks as in the fiercely fought convoy battle, the Naval battle off Cape Breton (1781).

After the Thirteen Colonies and their French allies forced the British
forces to surrender (1781), approximately 33,000 Loyalists (the
King's Loyal Americans, allowed to place "United Empire Loyalist"
after their names) settled in Nova Scotia (14,000 of them in what
became New Brunswick) on lands granted by the Crown as some
compensation for their losses. (The British administration divided
Nova Scotia and hived off Cape Breton and New Brunswick in
1784). The Loyalist exodus created new communities across Nova
Scotia, including Shelburne, which briefly became one of the larger
British settlements in North America, and infused Nova Scotia with
additional capital and skills. There are also a number of Black A Black Loyalist wood cutter, at
loyalists buried in unmarked graves in the Old Burying Ground Shelburne, Nova Scotia, in 1788
(Halifax, Nova Scotia).

However the migration also caused political tensions between Loyalist leaders and the leaders of the
existing New England Planters settlement. The Loyalist influx also pushed Nova Scotia's 2000 Mi'kmaq
People to the margins as Loyalist land grants encroached on ill-defined native lands. As part of the Loyalist
migration, about 3,000 Black Loyalists arrived; they founded the largest free Black settlement in North
America at Birchtown, near Shelburne. Many Nova Scotian communities were settled by British regiments
that fought in the war.

19th century
During the War of 1812, Nova Scotia's contribution to the British
war effort involved communities either purchasing or building
various privateer ships to attack U.S. vessels.[28] Perhaps the most
dramatic moment in the war for Nova Scotia occurred when HMS
Shannon escorted the captured American frigate USS Chesapeake
into Halifax Harbour (1813). Many of the U.S. prisoners were kept
at Deadman's Island, Halifax.

During this century, Nova Scotia became the first colony in British
North America and in the British Empire to achieve responsible HMS Shannon leading the captured
government in January–February 1848 and become self-governing USS Chesapeake into Halifax during
through the efforts of Joseph Howe.[29] Nova Scotia had established the War of 1812
representative government in 1758, an achievement later
commemorated by the erection of the Dingle Tower in 1908.

Nova Scotians fought in the Crimean War of 1853–1856.[30] The Welsford-Parker Monument in Halifax is
the second-oldest war monument in Canada (1860) and the only Crimean War monument in North America.
It commemorates the 1854–55 Siege of Sevastopol.

Thousands of Nova Scotians fought in the American Civil War

(1861–1865), primarily on behalf of the North.[31] The British
Empire (including Nova Scotia) declared itself neutral in the
conflict. As a result, Britain (and Nova Scotia) continued to trade
with both the South and the North. Nova Scotia's economy boomed
during the Civil War.

Post-Confederation history
Inauguration of the Sebastopol
Monument in 1860. The monument Soon after the American Civil War, Pro-Canadian Confederation
was built to honour Nova Scotians premier Charles Tupper led Nova Scotia into the Canadian
who fought in the Crimean War. Confederation on 1 July 1867, along with New Brunswick and the
Province of Canada. The Anti-Confederation Party was led by
Joseph Howe. Almost three months later, in the election of 18
September 1867, the Anti-Confederation Party won 18 out of 19 federal seats, and 36 out of 38 seats in the
provincial legislature.

Throughout the 19th century, numerous businesses developed in Nova Scotia became of pan-Canadian and
international importance: the Starr Manufacturing Company (first skate-manufacturer in Canada), the Bank
of Nova Scotia, Cunard Line, Alexander Keith's Brewery, Morse's Tea Company (first tea company in
Canada), among others.

Nova Scotia became a world leader in both building and owning wooden sailing ships in the second half of
the 19th century. Nova Scotia produced internationally recognized shipbuilders Donald McKay and William
Dawson Lawrence. The fame Nova Scotia achieved from sailors was assured when Joshua Slocum became
the first man to sail single-handedly around the world (1895). International attention continued into the
following century with the many racing victories of the Bluenose schooner. Nova Scotia was also the
birthplace and home of Samuel Cunard, a British shipping magnate (born at Halifax, Nova Scotia) who
founded the Cunard Line.

In December 1917, about 2,000 people were killed in the Halifax Explosion.
In April 2020, a killing spree occurred across the province and
became the deadliest rampage in Canada's history.[32]

Demography

Ethnic origins

According to the 2006 Canadian census[33] the largest ethnic group The Bluenose in 1921. The racing
in Nova Scotia is Scottish (31.9%), followed by English (31.8%), ship became a provincial icon for
Irish (21.6%), French (17.9%), German (11.3%), Aboriginal origin Nova Scotia in the 1920s and 1930s.
(5.3%), Dutch (4.1%), Black Canadians (2.8%), Welsh (1.9%)
Italian (1.5%), and Scandinavian (1.4%). 40.9% of respondents
identified their ethnicity as "Canadian".

Language

The 2011 Canadian census showed a population of 921,727. Of the 904,285 singular responses to the census
question concerning mother tongue, the most commonly reported languages were:

Rank Language Population Percentage

1. English 836,085 92.46%
2. French 31,105 3.44%
3. Arabic 5,965 0.66%
4. Algonquian languages 4,685 0.52%
Mi'kmaq 4,620 0.51%
5. German 3,275 0.36%
6. Chinese 2,750 0.30%
Mandarin 905 0.10%
Cantonese 590 0.06%
7. Dutch 1,725 0.19%
8. Spanish 1,545 0.17%
9. Canadian Gaelic 1,275 0.14% Languages in Nova Scotia:
red – majority anglophone, orange –
10. Tagalog 1,185 0.13% mixed, blue – majority francophone
10. Persian 1,185 0.13%

Figures shown are for the number of single-language responses and the percentage of total single-language
responses.[34]

Nova Scotia is home to the largest Scottish Gaelic-speaking community outside of Scotland, with a small
number of native speakers in Pictou County, Antigonish County, and Cape Breton Island, and the language
is taught in a number of secondary schools throughout the province. In 2018 the government launched a new
Gaelic vehicle licence plate to raise awareness of the language and help fund Gaelic language and culture
initiatives. They estimated that there were 2,000 Gaelic speakers in the province.[35]
Religion

In 1871, the largest religious denominations were Protestant with

103,500 (27%); Roman Catholic with 102,000 (26%); Baptist with
73,295 (19%); Anglican with 55,124 (14%); Methodist with 40,748
(10%), Lutheran with 4,958 (1.3%); and Congregationalist with
2,538 (0.65%).[36]

According to the 2011 census, the largest denominations by number

of adherents were the Christians with 78.2%.About 21.18 % were
Non-religious and 1 % were Muslims.The Jews, Hindus and Sikhs
constitute around 0.20%.[37] Distribution of Scottish Gaelic in the
Maritimes

Population tables

[38][39]
 Population since 1851
Five year Ten year
Year Population
% change % change
1851 276,854 n/a n/a
1861 330,857 n/a 19.5
1871 387,800 n/a 17.2
1881 440,572 n/a 13.6
1891 450,396 n/a 2.2
1901 459,574 n/a 2.0
1911 492,338 n/a 7.1
1921 523,837 n/a 6.4
1931 512,846 n/a −2.1
1941 577,962 n/a 12.7
1951 642,584 n/a 11.2
1956 694,717 8.1 n/a
1961 737,007 6.1 14.7
1966 756,039 2.6 8.8
1971 788,965 4.4 7.0
1976 828,570 5.0 9.6
1981 847,442 2.3 7.4
1986 873,175 3.0 5.4
1991 899,942 3.1 6.2
1996 909,282 1.0 4.1
2001 908,007 −0.1 0.9
2006 913,462 0.6 0.5
2011 921,727 0.9 1.5
2016 923,598 0.2 0.11
 Counties by population
Historical Land Highest
Historical Population Population Change Population
county area Historical
county[40] (2016)[42] (2011)[42] [42] density[42]
seat[41] (km²)[42] Population

Annapolis 23,631
Annapolis 20,591 20,756 −0.8% 3,188.48 6.5/km2
Royal (1991)
19,589
Antigonish Antigonish 19,301 19,589 −1.5% 1,457.81 13.2/km2
(2011)
131,507
Cape Bretona Sydney 98,722 101,619 −2.9% 2,470.60 40.0/km2
(1961)
50,968
Colchester Truro 50,585 50,968 −0.8% 3,627.94 13.9/km2
(2011)
41,191
Cumberland Amherst 30,005 31,353 −4.3% 4,272.65 7.0/km2
(1921)
21,852
Digby Digby 17,323 18,036 −4.0% 2,515.23 6.9/km2
(1986)
18,320
Guysborough Guysborough 7,625 8,143 −6.4% 4,044.23 1.9/km2
(1901)
403,390
Halifaxb Halifax 403,390 390,328 +3.3% 5,495.71 73.4/km2
(2016)
42,558
Hants Windsor 42,558 42,304 +0.6% 3,051.73 13.9/km2
(2016)
25,779
Inverness Port Hood 17,235 17,947 −4.0% 3,830.40 4.5/km2
(1891)
60,600
Kings Kentville 60,600 60,589 0.0% 2,126.11 28.5/km2
(2016)
47,634
Lunenburg Lunenburg 47,126 47,313 −0.4% 2,909.90 16.2/km2
(1991)
50,350
Pictou Pictou 43,748 45,643 −4.2% 2,845.62 15.4/km2
(1981)
13,126
Queensc Liverpool 10,351 10,960 −5.6% 2,398.63 4.3/km2
(1981)
15,121
Richmond Arichat 8,964 9,293 −3.5% 1,244.24 7.2/km2
(1881)
17,516
Shelburne Shelburne 13,966 14,496 −3.7% 2,464.65 5.7/km2
(1986)
12,470
Victoria Baddeck 7,089 7,115 −0.4% 2,870.85 2.5/km2
(1881)
27,891
Yarmouth Yarmouth 24,419 25,275 −3.4% 2,124.64 11.5/km2
(1991)

Total counties — 923,598 921,727 +0.2% 52,939.44 17.4/km2

a county boundaries contiguous with those of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality.
b county boundaries contiguous with those of the Halifax Regional Municipality.
c county boundaries contiguous with those of the Region of Queens Municipality.

Economy
Nova Scotia's per capita GDP in 2016 was $44,924, significantly lower than the national average per capita
GDP of $57,574.[43] GDP growth has lagged behind the rest of the country for at least the past decade.[44]
As of 2017, the median family income in Nova Scotia was $85,970, below the national average of
$92,990;[45] in Halifax the figure rises to $98,870.[46]

The province is the world's largest exporter of Christmas trees,

lobster, gypsum, and wild berries.[47] Its export value of fish exceeds
$1 billion, and fish products are received by 90 countries around the
world.[48] Nevertheless, the province's imports far exceed its
exports. While these numbers were roughly equal from 1992 until
2004, since that time the trade deficit has ballooned. In 2012, exports
from Nova Scotia were 12.1% of provincial GDP, while imports
were 22.6%.[49]
Lobster traps on a dock in Sheet
Harbour. The province is the world's
Nova Scotia's traditionally resource-based economy has diversified
largest exporter of lobsters. in recent decades. The rise of Nova Scotia as a viable jurisdiction in
North America, historically, was driven by the ready availability of
natural resources, especially the fish stocks off the Scotian Shelf.
The fishery was a pillar of the economy since its development as part of New France in the 17th century;
however, the fishery suffered a sharp decline due to overfishing in the late 20th century. The collapse of the
cod stocks and the closure of this sector resulted in a loss of approximately 20,000 jobs in 1992.[50]

Other sectors in the province were also hit hard, particularly during
the last two decades: coal mining in Cape Breton and northern
mainland Nova Scotia has virtually ceased, and a large steel mill in
Sydney closed during the 1990s. More recently, the high value of the
Canadian dollar relative to the US dollar has hurt the forestry
industry, leading to the shutdown of a long-running pulp and paper
mill near Liverpool. Mining, especially of gypsum and salt and to a
lesser extent silica, peat and barite, is also a significant sector.[51]
Since 1991, offshore oil and gas has become an important part of the A farm in Grafton. Agriculture
economy, although production and revenue are now declining.[44] remains an important sector of the
However, agriculture remains an important sector in the province, economy in the Annapolis Valley.
particularly in the Annapolis Valley.

Nova Scotia's defence and aerospace sector generates approximately $500 million in revenues and
contributes about $1.5 billion to the provincial economy each year.[52] To date, 40% of Canada's military
assets reside in Nova Scotia.[52] Nova Scotia has the fourth-largest film industry in Canada hosting over 100
productions yearly, more than half of which are the products of international film and television
producers.[53] In 2015, the government of Nova Scotia eliminated tax credits to film production in the
province, jeopardizing the industry given most other jurisdictions continue to offer such credits.[54] The
province also boasts a rapidly developing Information & Communication Technology (ICT) sector which
consists of over 500 companies, and employs roughly 15,000 people.[55]

In 2006, the manufacturing sector brought in over $2.6 billion in chained GDP, the largest output of any
industrial sector in Nova Scotia.[56] Michelin remains by far the largest single employer in this sector,
operating three production plants in the province. Michelin is also the province's largest private-sector
employer.[57]

Tourism
 The Nova Scotia tourism industry includes more than 6,500 direct
businesses, supporting nearly 40,000 jobs.[58] Cruise ships pay
regular visits to the province. In 2010, the Port of Halifax received
261,000 passengers and Sydney 69,000.[59][60] This industry
contributes approximately $1.3 billion annually to the economy.[61]
A 2008 Nova Scotia tourism campaign included advertising a
fictional mobile phone called Pomegranate and establishing website,
which after reading about "new phone" redirected to tourism info
A cruise ship docked at the Port of about region.[62]
Halifax. The port sees more than
200,000 cruise passengers each Nova Scotia's tourism industry showcases Nova Scotia's culture,
year. scenery and coastline. Nova Scotia has many museums reflecting its
ethnic heritage, including the Glooscap Heritage Centre, Grand-Pré
National Historic Site, Hector Heritage Quay and the Black Cultural
Centre for Nova Scotia. Other museums tell the story of its working history, such as the Cape Breton Miners'
Museum, and the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic.

Nova Scotia is home to several internationally renowned musicians and there are visitor centres in the home
towns of Hank Snow, Rita MacNeil, and Anne Murray Centre. There are also numerous music and cultural
festivals such as the Stan Rogers Folk Festival, Celtic Colours, the Nova Scotia Gaelic Mod, Royal Nova
Scotia International Tattoo, the Atlantic Film Festival and the Atlantic Fringe Festival.

The province has 87 National Historic Sites of Canada, including the

Habitation at Port-Royal, the Fortress of Louisbourg and Citadel Hill
(Fort George) in Halifax. Nova Scotia has two national parks,
Kejimkujik and Cape Breton Highlands, and many other protected
areas. The Bay of Fundy has the highest tidal range in the world, and
the iconic Peggys Cove is internationally recognized and receives
600,000-plus visitors a year.[63] Old Town Lunenburg is a port town
on the South Shore that was declared a UNESCO World Heritage
Site.
Peggys Point Lighthouse in Peggys
Cove is a tourist attraction in the
Acadian Skies and Mi'kmaq Lands is a starlight reserve in
province.
southwestern Nova Scotia. It is the first certified UNESCO-Starlight
Tourist Destination. Starlight tourist destinations are locations that
offer conditions for observations of stars which are protected from
light pollution.[64][65]

Government and politics

Nova Scotia is ordered by a parliamentary government within the construct of constitutional monarchy; the
monarchy in Nova Scotia is the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[66] The
sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II, who also serves as head of state of 15 other Commonwealth countries, each
of Canada's nine other provinces, and the Canadian federal realm, and resides predominantly in the United
Kingdom. As such, the Queen's representative, the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia (at present Arthur
Joseph LeBlanc), carries out most of the royal duties in Nova Scotia.

The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in any of these areas of governance is limited,
though; in practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the Executive Council, a committee of
ministers of the Crown responsible to the unicameral, elected House of Assembly and chosen and headed by
the Premier of Nova Scotia (presently Stephen McNeil), the head of government. To ensure the stability of
government, the lieutenant governor will usually appoint as premier the person who is the current leader of
the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the
House of Assembly. The leader of the party with the second-most
seats usually becomes the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition
(presently Tim Houston) and is part of an adversarial parliamentary
system intended to keep the government in check.[67]

Each of the 51 Members of the Legislative Assembly in the House

of Assembly is elected by single member plurality in an electoral
district or riding. General elections must be called by the lieutenant
governor on the advice of the premier, or may be triggered by the
Province House serves as the
government losing a confidence vote in the House.[68] There are meeting place for the Nova Scotia
three dominant political parties in Nova Scotia: the Liberal Party, the House of Assembly.
New Democratic Party, and the Progressive Conservative Party. The
other two registered parties are the Green Party of Nova Scotia and
the Atlantica Party, neither of which has a seat in the House of Assembly.

The province's revenue comes mainly from the taxation of personal and corporate income, although taxes on
tobacco and alcohol, its stake in the Atlantic Lottery Corporation, and oil and gas royalties are also
significant. In 2006–07, the province passed a budget of $6.9 billion, with a projected $72 million surplus.
Federal equalization payments account for $1.385 billion, or 20.07% of the provincial revenue. The
province participates in the HST, a blended sales tax collected by the federal government using the GST tax
system.

Nova Scotia no longer has any incorporated cities; they were amalgamated into Regional Municipalities in
1996.

Culture

Cuisine

The cuisine of Nova Scotia is typically Canadian with an emphasis on local seafood. One endemic dish (in
the sense of "peculiar to" and "originating from") is the Halifax donair, a distant variant of the doner kebab
prepared using thinly sliced beef meatloaf and a sweet condensed milk sauce. As well, hodge podge, a
creamy soup of fresh baby vegetables, is native to Nova Scotia.[69]

The province is also known for a dessert called blueberry fungy or blueberry grunt.[70]

Events and festivals

There are a number of festivals and cultural events that are recurring in Nova Scotia, or notable in its history.
The following is an incomplete list of festivals and other cultural gatherings in the province:

Annapolis Valley Apple Blossom Festival

Atlantic Theatre Festival
Atlantic Film Festival
Atlantic Band Festival
Cape Breton International Drum Festival
Celtic Colours
Evolve Festival
 Halifax Comedy Festival
Halifax Pride
Halifax Pop Explosion
Nova Scotia Gaelic Mod
Stan Rogers Folk Festival
Stoked for the Holidays
Strategic Partners
Summer Rush
The Word on the Street
Festival Antigonish Summer Theatre Performers at Halifax Pop Explosion,
Virgin Festival an annual music festival in Halifax

Film and television

Nova Scotia has produced numerous film actors. Academy Award nominee Ellen Page (Juno, Inception)
was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia; five-time Academy Award nominee Arthur Kennedy (Lawrence of
Arabia, High Sierra) called Nova Scotia his home; and two time Golden Globe winner Donald Sutherland
(MASH, Ordinary People) spent most of his youth in the province. Other actors include John Paul Tremblay,
Robb Wells, Mike Smith and John Dunsworth of Trailer Park Boys and actress Joanne Kelly of Warehouse
13.

Nova Scotia has also produced numerous film directors such as Thom Fitzgerald (The Hanging Garden),
Daniel Petrie (Resurrection—Academy Award nominee) and Acadian film director Phil Comeau's multiple
award-winning local story (Le secret de Jérôme).

Nova Scotian stories are the subject of numerous feature films: Margaret's Museum (starring Helena
Bonham Carter); The Bay Boy (directed by Daniel Petrie and starring Kiefer Sutherland); New Waterford
Girl; The Story of Adele H. (the story of unrequited love of Adèle Hugo); and two films of Evangeline (one
starring Miriam Cooper and another starring Dolores del Río).

There is a significant film industry in Nova Scotia. Feature filmmaking began in Canada with Evangeline
(1913), made by Canadian Bioscope Company in Halifax, which released six films before it closed. The
film has since been lost. Some of the award-winning feature films made in the province are Titanic (starring
Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet); The Shipping News (starring Kevin Spacey and Julianne Moore); K-
19: The Widowmaker (starring Harrison Ford and Liam Neeson); Amelia (starring Hilary Swank, Richard
Gere and Ewan McGregor) and The Lighthouse (starring Robert Pattinson and William Dafoe).

Nova Scotia has also produced numerous television series: This Hour Has 22 Minutes, Don Messer's
Jubilee, Black Harbour, Haven, Trailer Park Boys, Mr. D, Call Me Fitz, and Theodore Tugboat. The Jesse
Stone film series on CBS starring Tom Selleck is also routinely produced in the province.

Fine arts

Nova Scotia has long been a centre for artistic and cultural excellence. The capital, Halifax, hosts
institutions such as Nova Scotia College of Art and Design University, Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, Neptune
Theatre, Dalhousie Arts Centre, Two Planks and a Passion Theatre, and the Ship's Company Theatre. The
province is home to avant-garde visual art and traditional crafting, writing and publishing and a film
industry.
Much of the historic public art sculptures in the province were made
by New York sculptor J. Massey Rhind as well as Canadian
sculptors Hamilton MacCarthy, George Hill, Emanuel Hahn and
Louis-Philippe Hébert. Some of this public art was also created by
Nova Scotian John Wilson.[71] Nova Scotian George Lang was a
stone sculptor who also built many landmark buildings in the
province, including the Welsford-Parker Monument. Two valuable
sculptures/ monuments in the province are in St. Paul's Church
(Halifax): one by John Gibson (for Richard John Uniacke, Jr.) and
another monument by Sir Francis Leggatt Chantrey (for Amelia Ann The Art Gallery of Nova Scotia is the
Smyth). Both Gibson and Chantry were famous British sculptors provincial art gallery of Nova Scotia.
during the Victorian era and have numerou sculptures in the Tate,
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and Westminster Abbey.

Some of the province's greatest painters were Maud Lewis, William Valentine, Maria Morris, Jack L. Gray,
Mabel Killiam Day, Ernest Lawson, Frances Bannerman, Alex Colville, Tom Forrestall and ship portrait
artist John O'Brien. Some of most notable artists whose works have been acquired by Nova Scotia are
British artist Joshua Reynolds (collection of Art Gallery of Nova Scotia); William Gush and William J.
Weaver (both have works in Province House); Robert Field (Government House), as well as leading
American artists Benjamin West (self portrait in The Halifax Club, portrait of chief justice in Nova Scotia
Supreme Court), John Singleton Copley, Robert Feke, and Robert Field (the latter three have works in the
Uniacke Estate). Two famous Nova Scotian photographers are Wallace R. MacAskill and Sherman
Hines.[72] Three of the most accomplished illustrators were George Wylie Hutchinson, Bob Chambers
(cartoonist) and Donald A. Mackay.

Literature

There are numerous Nova Scotian authors who have achieved international fame: Thomas Chandler
Haliburton (The Clockmaker), Alistair MacLeod (No Great Mischief), Evelyn Richardson (We Keep A
Light), Margaret Marshall Saunders (Beautiful Joe), Laurence B. Dakin (Marco Polo), and Joshua Slocum
(Sailing Alone Around the World). Other authors include Johanna Skibsrud (The Sentimentalists), Alden
Nowlan (Bread, Wine and Salt), George Elliott Clarke (Execution Poems), Lesley Choyce (Nova Scotia:
Shaped by the Sea), Thomas Raddall (Halifax: Warden of the North), Donna Morrissey (Kit's Law), and
Frank Parker Day (Rockbound).

Nova Scotia has also been the subject of numerous literary books. Some of the international best-sellers are:
Last Man Out: The Story of the Springhill Mining Disaster (by Melissa Fay Greene) ; Curse of the Narrows:
The Halifax Explosion 1917 (by Laura MacDonald); "In the Village" (short story by Pulitzer Prize–winning
author Elizabeth Bishop); and National Book Critics Circle Award winner Rough Crossings (by Simon
Schama). Other authors who have written novels about Nova Scotian stories include: Linden MacIntyre
(The Bishop's Man); Hugh MacLennan (Barometer Rising); Rebecca McNutt (Mandy and Alecto); Ernest
Buckler (The Valley and the Mountain); Archibald MacMechan (Red Snow on Grand Pré), Henry
Wadsworth Longfellow (long poem Evangeline); Lawrence Hill (The Book of Negroes) and John Mack
Faragher (Great and Nobel Scheme).

Music

Nova Scotia is home to Symphony Nova Scotia, a symphony orchestra based in Halifax. The province has
produced more than its fair share of famous musicians, including Grammy Award winners Denny Doherty
(from The Mamas & the Papas), Anne Murray, and Sarah McLachlan, country singers Hank Snow, George
Canyon, and Drake Jensen, jazz vocalist Holly Cole, classical performers Portia White and Barbara
Hannigan, multi Juno Award nominated rapper Classified, and such
diverse artists as Rita MacNeil, Matt Mays, Sloan, Feist, Todd
Fancey, The Rankin Family, Natalie MacMaster, Susan Crowe,
Buck 65, Joel Plaskett, and the bands April Wine and Grand
Dérangement

There are numerous songs written about Nova Scotia: The Ballad of
Springhill (written by Peggy Seeger and performed by Irish folk
singer Luke Kelly, a member of The Dubliners); several songs by
Stan Rogers including Bluenose, Watching The Apples Grow, The Symphony Nova Scotia performing at
Jeannie C (mentions Little Dover, NS), Barrett's Privateers, Giant, the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic
and The Rawdon Hills; Farewell to Nova Scotia (traditional); Blue in Halifax
Nose (Stompin' Tom Connors); She's Called Nova Scotia (by Rita
MacNeil); Cape Breton (by David Myles); Acadian Driftwood (by
Robbie Robertson); Acadie (by Daniel Lanois); Song For The Mira (by Allister MacGillivray) and My Nova
Scotia Home (by Hank Snow).

Nova Scotia has produced many significant songwriters, such as Grammy Award winning Gordie Sampson,
who has written songs for Carrie Underwood ("Jesus, Take the Wheel", "Just a Dream", "Get Out of This
Town"), Martina McBride ("If I Had Your Name", "You're Not Leavin Me"), LeAnn Rimes ("Long Night",
"Save Myself"), and George Canyon ("My Name"). Many of Hank Snow's songs went on to be recorded by
the likes of The Rolling Stones, Elvis Presley, and Johnny Cash. Cape Bretoners Allister MacGillivray and
Leon Dubinsky have both written songs which, by being covered by so many popular artists, and by
entering the repertoire of so many choirs around the world, have become iconic representations of Nova
Scotian style, values and ethos. Dubinsky's pop ballad "We Rise Again" might be called the unofficial
anthem of Cape Breton.[73]

Music producer Brian Ahern is a Nova Scotian. He got his start by being music director for CBC television's
Singalong Jubilee. He later produced 12 albums for Anne Murray ("Snowbird", "Danny's Song" and "You
Won't See Me"); 11 albums for Emmylou Harris (whom he married at his home in Halifax on 9 January
1977).[74] He also produced discs for Johnny Cash, George Jones, Roy Orbison, Glen Campbell, Don
Williams, Jesse Winchester and Linda Ronstadt.[75]

Sports

Sport is an important part of Nova Scotia culture. There are

numerous semi pro, university and amateur sports teams, for
example, The Halifax Mooseheads, 2013 Canadian Hockey League
Memorial Cup Champions, and the Cape Breton Screaming Eagles,
both of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. The Halifax
Hurricanes of the National Basketball League of Canada is another
team that calls Nova Scotia home, and were 2016 league
champions.[76] Professional soccer came to the province in 2019 in
the form of Canadian Premier League club HFX Wanderers FC.
An ice hockey game between the
Cape Breton Screaming Eagles, and
The Nova Scotia Open is a professional golf tournament on the
the Halifax Mooseheads, two Major
Web.com Tour since 2014.
Junior hockey teams in Nova Scotia
The province has also produced numerous athletes such as Sidney
Crosby (ice hockey), Nathan Mackinnon (ice hockey), Brad
Marchand (ice hockey), Colleen Jones (curling), Al MacInnis (ice hockey), TJ Grant (mixed martial arts),
Rocky Johnson (wrestling, and father of Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson), George Dixon (boxing) and Kirk
Johnson (boxing). The achievements of Nova Scotian athletes are presented at the Nova Scotia Sport Hall of
Fame.

Education
The Minister of Education is responsible for the administration and
delivery of education, as defined by the Education Act[77] and other
acts relating to colleges, universities and private schools. The
powers of the Minister and the Department of Education are defined
by the Ministerial regulations and constrained by the Governor-In-
Council regulations.

All children until the age of 16 are legally required to attend school
or the parent needs to perform home schooling.[78] Nova Scotia's
education system is split up into eight different regions including;
Tri-County (22 schools), Annapolis Valley (42 schools), South Shore Université Sainte-Anne is a
(25 schools), Chignecto-Central (67 schools), Halifax (135 schools), Francophone university situated in
Strait (20 schools) and Cape Breton-Victoria Regional Centre for Pointe-de-l'Église.
Education (39 schools).[79]

Nova Scotia has more than 450 public schools for children. The public system offers primary to Grade 12.
There are also private schools in the province. Public education is administered by seven regional school
boards, responsible primarily for English instruction and French immersion, and also province-wide by the
Conseil Scolaire Acadien Provincial, which administers French instruction to students whose primary
language is French.

The Nova Scotia Community College system has 13 campuses around the province. With a focus on training
and education, the college was established in 1988 by amalgamating the province's former vocational
schools. In addition to the provincial community college system, there are more than 90 registered private
colleges in Nova Scotia.[80]

Ten universities are also situated in Nova Scotia, including Dalhousie University, University of King's
College, Saint Mary's University, Mount Saint Vincent University, NSCAD University, Acadia University,
Université Sainte-Anne, Saint Francis Xavier University, Cape Breton University and the Atlantic School of
Theology.

See also
Outline of Nova Scotia
Index of Nova Scotia-related articles
Acadiensis, scholarly history journal covering Atlantic Canada
Bibliography of Nova Scotia
Gypsum flora of Nova Scotia
Scotia, California named after Nova Scotia

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Bibliography
The Nova Scotia Atlas (https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuhVOMKpgNoC&lpg=PP1&dq=N
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Nova Scotia. 2006. ISBN 978-0-88780-707-7.
Brebner, John Bartlet. New England's Outpost. Acadia before the Conquest of Canada (1927)
Brebner, John Bartlet. The Neutral Yankees of Nova Scotia: A Marginal Colony During the
Revolutionary Years (1937)
Creighton, Helen (1966). Songs and Ballads from Nova Scotia (https://books.google.com/book
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Grenier, John. The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760 (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=jVG5h6G5fWMC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Far%20Reaches%20of%20Empir
e.%20%20War%20in%20Nova%20Scotia%2C%201710-1760&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=tru
e). University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 2008. (ISBN 9780806138763)
Landry, Peter. The Lion & The Lily. Vol. 1, Trafford Publishing, Victoria, BC., 2007.
(ISBN 1425154506)
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Pryke, Kenneth G. Nova Scotia and Confederation, 1864–74 (1979) (ISBN 0-8020-5389-0)
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External links
"Nova Scotia" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nova_Sc
otia). Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 830–832.
Government of Nova Scotia (http://www.gov.ns.ca/)
Nova Scotia (https://curlie.org/Regional/North_America/Canada/Nova_Scotia) at Curlie

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