Introduction to

Materials
Mr. Amir D. Patel
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
 Introduction to MSM
• Material is something that contains of matter
from which the final product made by forming.
• Metallurgy is the science and technology of
Materials.
• Metallurgy consists of practice and science of
I. Extracting metals from ores
II. Refining of crude metal
III. Production of alloys and study of their structure
and properties
IV. Relationship of physical and mechanical
properties with treatment of metals and alloys
 History of MSM
• Historically periods of civilization are divided
on basis of material development are
I. Stone Age
II. Bronze Age
III. Iron Age
IV. Plastic Age
V. Silicon Age
Materials in Day to Day Life
Materials : The Milestone of Progress
 Stone Age
• 300,000 BC : Stone age – People living in caves
and hunting with stone-made weapons
• 200,000 BC : Discovery of fire – Said to be the
most significant discovery in human civilization.
However, till the time the fire was controlled to
contain and utilize the heat, it was not significant
• Containing the fire – Was not possible without
materials. Started with clay (a ceramic material)
pots and now we have all kinds of means to
control and contain fire.
 Introduction of Metals
• 5500 BC : First metals to be discovered – Copper
and Gold
• 5000 BC : Material processing - Annealing and
Shaping. Throwing copper into camp fire and
hammering in early days
• 4000 BC : Melting and casting of metals. Melting
of Gold to give it different shapes
• 3500 BC : Reduction of copper from its ore – Nile
Valley The dawn of metallurgy. Perhaps
discovered by chance much before by early
potters
 Discovery of Alloys
• 3000 BC : Mixing of Tin with Copper – Bronze
Copper ore invariably contains some Tin –
Mixing of different ores having different Tin
content produced the first Bronzes.
 Iron and Steel
• 1450 BC : Iron wheels – discovery of iron
making. Revolution in warfare and cultivation
• 1500 AD : Invention of Blast furnace Production
of pig iron from ores
• 1855 AD : Sir Henry Bessemer (1813-1898)
Bessemer steel making patent
• 20th Century : Many other steel making
processes –Electric Arc etc. for making high
quality steels
 Early 20th Century – The Golden Era

• 1886 AD : Hall process- Electrochemical

process for extraction of Aluminum from
Alumina (Al2O3)
• 1890 – 1910 AD : Revolution in Transportation
– Discovery of automobiles and Aero plane
• 1939 : Process for making Nylon – Introduction
of plastics
 Material Classification

Materials

Metals Ceramics Organics Composites Semiconductors

Ferrous

Non Ferrous
 Metals
• Major role in Industrial and day to day life of
human beings
• E.g – Iron, Aluminium, Copper, Gold, Silver,
Zinc etc.
• Characteristics of Metal:
Lustre, Hardness, Thermal Conductivity,
Ductility, Malleability, Stiffness, Rigidity,
Castability, Machinability etc.
 Ceramics
• Usually consist of oxides, nitrides, carbides,
silicates of various metals.
• Any inorganic, non metallic solids
• Used for high temperature applications
• Rock or clay minerals materials
• Sand, Glass, Brick, Cement, Concrete, Insulators
etc.
• Characteristics:
Brittleness, Resistance to temperature,
Abrasiveness, Insulation, Corrosion Resistance,
Opaque to Light etc.
 Organics
• Polymeric materials composed of carbon
• Characteristics:
Lightweight, Combustible, Soft, Ductile etc.
• Rubber, Plastic, Paper, Fuels, Wood,
Lubricants, Textile etc.
 Composites
• Consist of more than one material type
• Fiberglass
• Glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric
material.
• Combination of best characteristics of each of
the component materials.
 Semiconductors
• Having electrical properties but intermediate
between conductors and insulators.
 Engg. Requirements of Materials
• It means as what is expected from of material
• When engineer decide to fabrication parts, He
goes in search of material which possesses such
properties that part will perform its functions
successfully.
• Main engineering requirements fall into three
categories
I. Fabrication Requirements
II. Service Requirements
III. Economic Requirements
 Fabrication Requirements
• Mean that material should be able to get
shaped and joined easily.
• Related to material ‘s machinability, ductility,
castability, weldability etc.
 Service Requirements
• Mean that material selected for the purpose
must stand up to service demand.
• E.g – Proper Strength, Wear Resistance,
Corrosion Resistance etc.
 Economic Requirements
• Mean that Part should be made with
minimum overall cost.
• Minimum cost may be achieved by proper
selection of both technical and marketing
variables.