° Emphasis is the process of boosting the Amplitude Vs Frequency characteristics of a signal to reduce the effects caused by noise while transmission or reception of message signal over the channel. © The noise that may occurs include both single frequency interference and thermal noise. © Noise is inherently greater in amplitude at higher modulating signal than at lower frequencies, because the signals with higher frequencies have low SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio). ¢ By emphasis, approximately a 12db of improvement in noise can be achieved in FM.¢ In processing electronic audio signals, pre-emphasis refers to a system process designed to increase (within a frequency band) the magnitude of some (usually higher) frequencies with respect to the magnitude of other (usually lower) frequencies in order to improve the overall signal-to-noise ratio by minimizing the adverse effects of such phenomena as attenuation distortion or saturation of recording media in subsequent parts of the system. The mirror operation is called de-emphasis ¢ Pre-emphasis is achieved with a pre-emphasis network which is essentially a calibrated filter. The frequency response is decided by special time constants. The cutoff frequencycan be calculated from that value.Pre-emphasis Pre-emphasis refers to boosting the relative amplitudes of the modulating voltage for higher audio frequencies from 2 to approximately 15 KHz. De-emphasis De-emphasis means attenuating those frequencies by the amount by which they are boosted. However pre-emphasis is done at the transmitter and the de-emphasis is done in the receiver. The purpose is to improve the signal-to-noise ratio for FM reception. A time constant of 75us is specified in the RC or LIZ network for pre- emphasis and de-emphasis.Pre-emphasis circuit ¢ At the transmitter, the modulating signal is passed through a simple network which amplifies the high frequency, components more than the low-frequency components. ¢ The simplest form of such a circuit is a simple high pass filter of the type shown in fig (a). Specification dictate a time constant of 75 microseconds (ys) where t = RC. Any combination of resistor and capacitor (or resistor and inductor) giving this time constant will be satisfactory. C Frequency Pr Modulator Fi Ri R2 mphased Output Pre-emphasis Circuit (a) Pre-emphasis CircuitPre-emphasis circuit © Such a circuit has a cutoff frequency fco of 2122 Hz. This means that frequencies higher than 2122 Hz will he linearly enhanced. © The output amplitude increases with frequency at a rate of 6 dB per octave. The pre-emphasis curve is shown in Fig (b). This pre- emphasis circuit increases the energy content of the higher- frequency signals so that they will tend to become stronger than the high frequency noise components. * This improves the signal to noise ratio and increases intelligibility and fidelity. ¢ Pre-emphasis circuit also has upper cutoff frequency from where signal enhancement will be flatten. Upper cutoff frequency, Fu = R1+(R2/(2*pi*R1*R2*C)) Due to this characteristics, it is simple High Pass Filter with amplification.Pre-emphasis is commonly used in telecommunications, digital audio recording, record cutting, in FM broadcasting transmissions, and in displaying the spectrograms of speech signals. ¢ Another is the Dolby noise-reduction system as used with magnetic tape. In high speed digital transmission, pre-emphasis is used to improve signal quality at the output of a data transmission. In transmitting signals at high data rates, the trans! medium may introduce distortions, so pre-emphasi: to distort the transmitted signal to correct for this distortion. When done properly this produces a received signal which more closely resembles the original or desired signal, allowing the use of higher frequencies or producing fewer bit errors.Pre-emphasis is employed in frequency modulation or phase modulation transmitters to equalize the modulating signal drive power in terms of deviation ratio. The receiver demodulation process includes a reciprocal network, called a de-emphasis network, to restore the original signal power distribution.In telecommunication, de-emphasis is the complement of pre-emphasis, in the antinoise system called emphasis. © De-emphasis is a system process designed to decrease, (within a band of frequencies), the magnitude of some (usually higher) frequencies with respect to the magnitude of other (usually lower) frequencies in order to improve the overall signal-to-noise ratio by mi: ig the adverse effects of such phenomena as attenuation distortion or saturation of recording media in subsequent parts of the system.¢ To return the frequency response to its normal level, a de- emphasis circuit is used at the receiver. © This is a simple low-pass filter with a constant of 75 us. See figure (c). ¢ It features a cutoff of 2122 Hz and causes signals above this frequency to be attenuated at the rate of 6bB per octave. De-emphasis Circuit De-emphasis ‘cireule Fmin eM 7 demodulator Audio our (©) De-emphasis elreultDe-emphasis The response curve is shown in Fig (d). As a result, the pre-emphasis at the transmitter is exactly offset by the de- emphasis circuit in the receiver, providing a normal frequency response. © The combined effect of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis is to increase the high-frequency components during transmission so that they will be stronger and not masked by noise. Amplitude s Pre-emphasis frequency response Combined frequency response De-emphasis frequency response Frequency 2122 Ha (d) De-emphasis Curve T= 75 micro second Combined frequency response Combined Frequency Response