Amplitude Modulation 43

Fig. 3.5 Amplitude of a DSBSC wave.

The instantaneous voltage of the resulting amplitude modulated wave is

DSBSC
= sin0 = /Isincot = mVsinft) /sino)t (3.34)

This equation may be expanded to give

mVr , . mVr
DSBSC
-- cos(a)c -

cojt-- cos(co + cojt c

(3.35)
2 2
Thus, the equation of DSBSC wave contains two terms, namely, LSB and USB, as discussed earlier. The
bandwidth required for DSBSC is twice the frequency of the modulating signal, as in the case of AM. That
is,

B
DSBSC
=(f +f )-(f -fJ = 2f
, m c m (3-36)
The frequency spectrum of DSBSC wave is shown in Fig. 3.6 using the Equation(3.35). As illustrated ,

DSBSC consists of two discrete frequencies separated by 2f and having equal amplitudes .

LSB USB

'm

fn-
fn fr. + fn

Fig. 3.6 Frequency spectrum of the DSBSC wave.

VnS Domain Representation of the DSBSC Wave The appearance of the DSBSC wave is of interest
Q understand the difficulty in recovering message from it and is shown in Fig. 3.7 for one cycle of the modu-
,

'"
g sine wave It is derived from Fig. 3.5, which showed the amplitude or what may now be called the
.
,

P envelope of the DSBSC wave, given by the relation A = Vm sin COJ. The maximum negative amplitude,
e .11Qrt f"Vflope, is given by - A=-Vm sin coj. The modulated wave extends between these two limiting
°
eS af(*
bott 0"1 C"VC* aS a rfPe °t ra1f fClU&l *° e unmodulated carrier frequency . For better distinction, the

ancJ
°
Pe *S shown as dotted line. The top envelope crosses below the zero reference amplitude value
3r1y
\1he bottom envelope crosses above the zero reference amplitude value .
However, in case of AM
but r r1°* Cr°S&
*
°
Wt W tfVCr happen. At the most, the top envelope can touch the zero reference,
Samething is true with respect of bottom envelope also Thus the information from AM
Cyn be
.

reC0VCrCd uniquely either from top or bottom envelope by a simple envelope detector circuit (assume
us .°
rfC1'fffr f0r 1imC hej"8>- 0W1 is not the case in case of DSBSC This is the price we pay by
XUPpres
""
,
Carr"Cr -
Of course, as will be explained later , there are ways to overcome this problem for
S message .

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44 Kennedy's Electronic Communication Systems

Power Relations in the DSBSC Wave It has been shown that the carrier component is suppressed in
DSBSC wave. The modulated wave contains energy only due to the two sideband components. Since
amplitude of the sidebands depends on the modulation index VJV it is anticipated that the total power in the
e,

DSBSC modulated wave will also depend on the modulation index.

Vm sin cont

Fig. 3.7 Time domain representation of the DSBSC wave.

The total power in the DSBSC modulated wave will be

V2 V2
p = iSR _i_ USB (3.37)
DSBSC
R R
where all the voltages are rms values and R is the resistance in which the power is dissipated .

p - VSB . (mVc/2,1. p_ >"2Vr2 m2 V? (3.38)

R
-

'

LSB USB
8R 4 2R

f Substituting Equation(3.38) in (3.37), we have

(3.39)
DSBSC
4 2R + 4 2R

P = P (-) (3.40)
DSBSC ' c\ 2 f
Equation(3.40) relates the total power in the DSBSC modulated wave to the unmodulated carrier power-
It is interesting to know from Equation (3 40) that the maximum power in the DSBSC wave is P
.

PJ2 when m = 1. Thus we need only maximum of 50% of unmodulated carrier power for the transmisidW
DSBSC wave This is correct also
.
because, in case of AM wave, two-third of total power is utilized by #
,

carrier component alone and rest one-third by both the sidebands This one-third constitutes 50% of unmO |
.

lated carrier power .

.
S

Example 3.7
A 400 W carrier is amplitude modulated to a depth of 100%. Calculate the total power in case of
DSBSC techniques. How much power saving (in W) is achieved for DSBSC? If the depth of nwdulatio
changed to 75 /o, then how much power (in W) is required for transmitting the DSBSC wave? Conip
powers required for DSBSC in both the cases and comment on the reason for change in the power levelfjmI

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 Amplitude Mmlulation 45
Solution

Case I Given, P = 400 W and //; = I .

Total power in AM ,
P<SI = p (| + sL) = 400(, + i} = m w
Total power in DSBSC ,

= P (f) = 400 (j) = 200 W .

Power saving (in W) = Pnf -

p , = 400 w .

Thus we require only 200 W in case of DSBSC which is one

we achieve using DSBSC
-

third of total AM power! This is the gain

.

Case 2 Given, Pc = 400 W and m = 0 75 .

Total power in DSBSC ,

PMJC = P ( -) = 400 = 112 5 W..

The power required in this case is lower than m = 1 case. This infers that the total power in DSBSC
also depends on the depth of modultion It will be maximum that is, one-third of total AM power
.
,

when m = 1 and less for m < 1 .

Example 3.8
A DSBSC transmitter radiates 1 kW when the modulation percentage is 60% How much of carrier power .

(in kW) is required if we want to transmit the same message by an AM transmitter?

Solution

Given P
Dmc = 1 kW and m = 0 6
, . .

Carrier power ,
P = Pfmsc (-£) = 1 fe) = 5.56 kW.
We require 5 56 kW to transmit the carrier component along with the existing 1 kW for the sidebands when
.

m = 06 . .

32 . .
3 Single Sideband (SSB) Technique
The basic version of AM is modified by supressing thecarrier
bandwidth re ainc|y, LSB mid USB
carry the samequirement
i of DSBSC is still same as a hi ) hy suppressing one of the sidebands.
This thought process led to Hence
nformation. saving in bamiw.dth
the development o
can ano *f
V PP
sideband su s«;bSC is more commonly termed as SSB.
"n ppressed carrier (SSBSC) technique.
tins book unless specified, SSB refers to SSBSC. Sinct omy
,
. oft|lc sidebands is selected for transmis-
sion ,
SSB needs a bandwidth equal to that of message. . ..
"
(V41)
u,
-
L
»hcrc f is maximum frequency component in the message.
m

"ie DSBSC
signal is given by
(? 42)

1r>
.w- «** ->.
.

SB is chose
n for transmission in case of SSB, then
-

{ t43>
.

V
at -
eos((M - «>„))

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 SSB = USB

fc-fn fc +

(a)

SSB = LSB

fa ~ fff fr + fn

(b)

Fig. 3.9 Frequency spectrum of the SSB wave. Spectrum for (a) SSB = USB, and (b) SSB - LSB.
3.10 shows .he time
Time Domain Representation of the SSB Wave Figur e
SSB wave for one cycle of message signal. Tie modulated wave w, have onlylower
one!sine
or more than ca
wave to distinguish is to compare with carrier signal. Its The
frequency will be etther
envelope of SSB does »con am nessage and
frequency hy an amount of modulating signal frequency. the rnessag. Tta is he P™tw. pay
hence a simple envelope detector circuit is not useful for recover,ng
by suppressing the carrier and one of the sidebands. Of course, here also, there are ways ,0 outcome
problem to recover message.

SSB = USB
* -
t

SSB = LSB

B xm*.
Fig. j.iu
3.10 Time doma in representation of the SS
rig. a ....-
d one sideband are
ier component an nt.
,N Me SSB Wave It has been sliown that the carr o one sideband compone
5Uppressecj ontains energy only due t
e SSB wave The modulated wave c
.

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 Amplitude Modulation 49

10 Example 3 .

A SSB transmitter radiates 0 5 kWwhen th .

e modulation percenta
kW) is required if ice want to transmit th e same mes ge is 60%. How much of carrier power (in
Solution sage by an AM transmitter?

Given, P b = 0 5 kW &"d m = 0 6 . .

Carrier power, P c
=P
SSB ( ) =0 .

5 ( ) = 5 56 kW .
.

We require 5.56 kW to transmit the carrier com

05
.
kW more for another sideband when m = 0 ponent along with the existing 0 5 kW for one side band and
6 In total 6
.
-

56 kW is required by the AM transmitter

. .
.

Example 3 11 .

Calculate the percentage power saving when the carrie

modulated to a de
pth of (a) 100 percent and (b) 50r and one of the sidebands are suppressed in an AM
ivave
percent ,
.

Solution

(a) p
M
-

p 2
)-pe[i+4)=w 2 c

2
r 2

I Psss-Pc{ ) = Pc{j) = 0.25P

, .,

L5~°
Saving = 5 25 jf = °-833 = 83.3% =

W =0 + ) = l -
125 Pc

0
) = 0.0625/>c
c . 1.125-0.0625 1.0625
Saving =- =-= 0 944 = 94 4% .

1 125 1 125
.

.
.

35
A VeS1i
8ial Sideband (VSB) Modulation Technique
*

Th

requency comD T T C"a1C' "S PraCt"Ca* difficulty in suppressing the unwanted sideband
f

on nt
1"°n of the wanted \ h Ttu' SerV 1n PraC'1tC that such a process results in eliminating even some por-
*

s1
S CCn"SC "" mfty eases the message has information starting from zero
° )S "
foquency and snr - ) -
'

S
CQ1Ti 0 ° maX"m"m "Z- '" SUC f scenario the first wanted and unwanted frequency
ponents lie v °i
,

t0 °fCh a1 1',f °frr'Cr frequency . Therefore an attempt to attenuate unwanted

C°m
ponent will
10 allow a v
est
-

";
"r *0 a1|CnU3<"°n Wanted component. One way to compensate for this loss is
Pr°cess leadtnth °r raC1"0" °*" unwanted sideband along with the wanted sideband. This thought
e evelopment of yet another ofAM termed as vestigial sideband suppressed carrier (VSBSC)

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50 Kennedy's Electronic Communication Systems

technique, VSBSC is more commonly terme

d as VSB representing vestigial sideband and supressed art. I
as implied. This book also follows the same convention.
The DSBSC signal is given by

v
DSBSC
= Hill
0
Cos(foC - cojt - 2
cos(to. + (Ojt (3.53)
If LSB is wanted sideband in case of VSB, the instantaneous voltage of the VSB signal may be expressed ,

&S

1M =
V cos((0 . - cojt + f(- cos(wc + wm)t) (3.54)
Alternatively, if USB is wanted sideband, the instantaneous voltage of VSB may be given by
v
rsB = - - cos (to . - cojt + F (cos( 0)c -
<o )/)
m (3.55)
where F represents the fraction. The power and bandwidth requirements in case of VSB will be slightly more
than SSB, but less than DSB.

Frequency Spectrum of the VSB Wave One way of viewing VSB is DSBSC followed by bandpass filter-
ing, as illustrated in Fig. 3.8. The only difference between SSB and VSB will be in the cut-off frequencies.
The situation of instantaneous value of VSB wave is same as in DSBSC, illustrated in Fig. 3.5, which shows
how the DSB modulated voltage is made to vary with modulating voltage changes.
From Fig. 3.5 it is possible to write an equation for the amplitude of the DSBSC modulated voltage We .

k have

in V mV
W = ~Y C0S(&&,c - ®J' - -f cos (to, + cojt (3.56)
Now for generating the SSB the DSBSC is passed through the bandpass filter Depending on the cut-off
,
.

frequencies either LSB or USB comes out of the bandpasss filter

,
along with the vestige of the other. If fc ,

cut offfrequenc1es are (f -fj and (f c c +f), where/, is the vestige component frequency ,
then LSB and vestige
of USB are chosen for transmission then ,

mV , my / i
V
«.
~

- cos(to ,. - toJt + F{ - -

± cos(to , + com )t) (3.51;

i2: to r"""°"r
™

for «
"" « f) "* V * O. fc USB and vestige of LSB am cW
-

r
mV IM
r/
- rrW 4 \* j /.-*/
V
Y «* ». + ».V+. 0
-
m .
.
-

It has thus been shown that the cuiritinn nf x/co *-

Of Other sideband The bandwidth re
band. That is
.

quired for VS H Mr!?

*

" ,S C rC4WCnCy ot the modulating signal plus

,

T 1W° °"t tt™P1t1e sideband andg

,

if,. +/J - <ft gj*j

-

f) - (/; .,,/;) - y _ 0 „ + /;)

-
-

1 he frequency spectrum of VSB wave is shown i„ i- , , . , v>

{

consists of two discrete frequencies either at ((/

W - J«)<
r \ ,,{/ f/))
wi "
S,"S VS" C1l"»,'W»K - A» 1,1US1f?lB
'
> at ((/; +/j, (/; -/))
.
.
.
S

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 Amplitude Modulation 51

fc~f,m (a)
fn+f n

-J---"
f f
-
(b)
C fm fc fc + fm

Fig. 3.11 Frequency spectrum of a VSB wave. Spectrum for

(a) VSB = USB + vestige ofLSB and (b) VSB = LSB + vestige of USB.
,

Time Domain Representation of the VSB Wave The modulated wave will have two sine waves. The
shape of the signal in the time domain depends on the value of vestige frequency Iff is very close to the other .

sideband, then its shape will be more like DSBSC Alternatively, if they is significantly lower than the other
.

sideband frequency then its shape will be like SSB.

,

Power Relations in the VSB Wave It has been shown that the VSB wave contains one sideband com-
pletely and a vestige of other sideband. The modulated wave contains energy due to these two components.
Since amplitude of the sidebands depends on the modulation index VJF, the total power in the modulated
wave will depend on the modulation index also.
The total power in the DSBSC modulated wave will be
V2 V2
p = YLSB + Vvs* (3.60)
DSBSC 2 2
where all the voltages are rms values and R is the resistance in which the power is dissipated.

P =p = = -£ (3 61)
.

LSB USB g K & .

iR 4 2R
Substituting these equations in the total power equation, we have
P = aL YL + ™LYL (3 62)
.

dsbsc 42R 4 2R
If LSB is wanted sideband in VSB, then

P = !!LPc + f(HL P)
' r
(3.63)
VSB 4 + ' IV 4 c)
Alternatively if USB is wanted sideband in VSB, then
,

/jfi \ w? (3 64)
.

p = /s(!l-p)+!ZLp
vs„ \ 4 nr 4
Equation(3 64) relates the total power in the VSB modulated wave to the umnodulateil
.
W|)CI1
>s interesting to know from this that the maximum power in the VSB wave is / 1SB"/ transmission
m~ 1 .
Thus we need only maximum of 25% to 50% of unmodulated carriei P"t1,
o i
, js utilized l>y
of VSB wave . This is eorreet also ,
because, in case ol VSB wave, one-sixt > o
one sideband and a fraction of one-sixth for the transmission of the vestige.

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 Example 3.12
'

A 400 W carrier is amplitude modulated to a depth of 100%. Calculate the total power in case ofVSB technique '

if 20% of the other sideband is transmitted along with wanted sideband. How much power saving (in ty) js \
achieved for VSB compared to AM and DSBSC of Example 3.7? How much more power (in W) is required*
compared to SSB of Example 3.9? If the depth of modulation is changed to 75%, then how much power fa I
W) is required for transmitting the VSB wave?
Solution

Case 1 Given,' Pc = 400 W and m = 1.

Total power in VSB, +0.2(PC( -)) - 1.2(400(i))-120W .

"
*
i* ' ; ...*
Power saving (in W) compared to AM = PAM - PVSB - 480 W.
:

Power saving (in W) compared to DSBSC = PDSBSC - PVSB = 80 W.

Extra power (in W) compared to SSB = PVSB - P.SB = 20W.
Case 2 Given, Pc = 400W and m = 0.75
'

M
Total power in VSB, PSSB = 1 2 P K) = 1.2(400(
.
-)) = 67.5W. rf j
.

TZr- iwmk

Example 3.13
A VSB transmitter that transmits 25% of the other sideband along with wanted sideband, radiates y
0 625 kW when the modulation percentage is 60%. How much of carrier power (in kW) is required if we wanl
.

to transmit the same message by an AM transmitter?

-
jfef
Solution

Given, PySB = 0 625 kW and m = 0.6.

.

Carrier power, P = Pm ( £_)

_
-
0.625 ( L_) . 5.56 kW. **
We require 5.56 kW to transmit the earner component along with the existing 0 625 .
kW for one side bano | .
and 0.375 kW more for rest of the other sideband when m = 0 6 . . In total 6.56 kW is required by the AM
transmitter.

3 3
.
GENERATION OF AMPLITUDE MODULATED SIGNALS

33 . .
1 Generation of AM Signal
'
Using Analog Multiplier 1 he conceptual way to realize the generation of AM sipnal is with the h$ P
an analog multiplier and a summer connected as shown in Fig. 3.12.
The output of the analog multiplier is given by \
*

«. . t j . .
* <
.

V ~V V ~ ,/ S.tfV S't£(y = ~~ COS(f0 -(0jt-

m c m r COS((U + (Ojt
Thus at the output of the analog multiplier we have two sidebands. Now adding the unmodulated v
component to this, we get the requisite AM signal and is given by

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