Novadmr, 1945 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
In view of the inhibition of iron s d d e accumulation by iron
chloride, it is apparent that films formed of organic sulfur and
chlorine extreme-pressure additives must contain a large propor-
tion of iron chloride if they are more than a few molecular layera
thiok. Another important consequence of this inhibition is that,
apart from their function in improving extreme-pressure lubrica-
tion, chlorine additives in sulfur-chlorine stocks should prevent
excessive attack of the hot parts of the gear surface by the sulfur
additive which usually contains "active" sulfur.
These conclusions have been further supported by investigation
of the reaction of chlorine and sulfur additives in oil solution on
iron powder in the temperature range 200' to 300' C. These
and other results will be-presented in a forthcoming publication.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors extend their thanks to the Lubri-Zol Corporation
who are sponsoring this work.
Viscosities and Densities of
Solvent-Vegetable Oil Mixtures
F. C. MAGNE AND E. L. SKAU
Southern Regional Research Iaboratory,
U. S . Department of Agrfmlture, New Orleans, La.
A pycnometer and a viscometer suitable for use with vola-
tile mixtures and for low-temperature determinations are
described. Density and viscosity measurements are made
from incipient crystallization to a temperature near the
Wiling point of the solvent for the complete binary systems
cottonseed oil-Skellysolve B (commercial hexane), cot-
tonseed oil-acetone, cotton seed oil-2-butanone, peanut
oil-Skellysolve B, and soybean oil-Skellysolve B. From
these data it is possible to construct for any of these sys-
tems the density-composition and viscosity-composition
curves for any temperature as well as the density-temper-
ature and viscosity-temperature curves for any composi-
tion. The various systems are compared and their ideal-
ities discussed. The density-composition curves for the
binary systems of Skellysolve B with the three oils practi-
cally coincide. The viscosity-composition curves for these
systems almost coincide up to about 60% by weight of oil
and then diverge to the values for 100% oil. The same Is
true of the binary systems of cottonseed oil with the three
solvents, except that the curves start to converge again at
about 90% to meet at the 100% oil value. The applicabil-
ity of these data to other random samples of these vege-
table oils is discussed.
W ITH theintroduction and increasinguse of solvent extrac-
tion and low-temperature solvent crystallization in proc-
essing vegetable oils, the need for data on the viscosities and
densities of oil-solvent mixtures over the pertinent temperature
range has become apparent, particularly in connection with the
designing of proceaaing equipment. Data for mixtures of soy-
bean oil with hexane, ethylene dichloride, and trichloroethylene at
25O, 37.8', and 50' C. were reported by Johnstone, Spoor, and
Goas (3). Keulegan (4) determined the kinematic viscosities of
mixtures of poppyseed, neat's-foot, castor, or linseed oils with
-
various solvents between 18' and 30' C. Some isolated values
1097
LITERATURE ClTED
(1) Bowden and Ridler, Proc. Roy.SOC.(London), A154, 640 (1938).
(2) Dittrioh, E.,O h m . Fabrik, 1933,2530.
(3) Evann, U . R., Trans. Elcctrochm. Soc., 83, 129 (1943).
(4)Gruber, H.,2. Meddlkunde, 23, 151 (1931).
(5) HBgg, O., and Suckadorf, J., 2.physck. Chem.,B22, 444 (1933).
(6) Hoar, T. P., and Priae, L. E., Trans. Faraday Soc., 34, 867
(1938).
),( Hofmann, K.A., and Hertmann, F.,Ber., 58B,2468 (1925).
(8) LennardJonee, J. E.,TTCWU.Faraday Soc., 28, 333 (1932).
(9) Lukes, J. J., Prutton, C. F., and Turnbull, D., J . Am. Ohan.
Soc., 67. 897 (1945).
(10) Mott, N. F., Tram. FaTadau Soc., 36, 472 (1940).
(11) Pfeil, L.B.,J . Iron S t d Imt., 119,530(1929).
(12) Pilling, N. B., and Bedworth, R. E.,J. Inst. Medds, 29, 529
(1923).
Preuner, Q., and Schupp, W., 2.phusCk. C h . ,68,129(1909).
Wagner, C.,2.phyaik. Ch.,B21,25 (1933).
Ibid., B32,447 (1936).
(16) W e h a m , E.,2.Elektrochem., 37, 142 (1931).
(17) White,A.,and Marek, L.F.,IND. ENQ.CHIOM., 24,859 (1932).
(18) Wilson, R.E.,and Balke, W. H., Ibid., 17,355(1925).
on mixtures of peanut, caator, or linseed oil with toluene were
reported by Taws and Rabl (6). The present investigation was
undertaken to determine the variation of density and viscosity
as a function of oil concentration and temperature for various
binary systems of mttonseed, peanut, or soybean oils with Skelly-
solve B, acetone, or Zbutanone, from the point of incipient crys-
tallization to a temperature near the boiling point of the solvent.
The cottonseed oil was refined, bleached, and winterized, and
P
had a Wijs iodine number of 110.6 and 0.11 free fatty acid.
It was winterized in admixture with Skellyso ve B a t -17" C.
usin a solvent-oil ratio of 1 to 1 by weqht. The anut oil was
a refined oil, winterized in h x t u r e with Skerysolve B at
-20: C.. using a solvent-oil ratio of 3 to 1 by weight. It had a
WXJSiodine value of 92.6 and a free fatt acid content of 0.41%,
The soybean oil was a mmmercial ,am$ of an edible oil having
a Wijs iodine value of 132.6 and containing 0.10% free fatty
acid.
Skellysolve B, a commercial hexane (6, was used as received
without further treatment. Acetone (c.P. grade) and 2-butanone
(Eastman Kodak practical grade) were purified by treating with
potassium perman anate, over anhydrous tassium
carbonate, and h a f l y r e c t i f a y a thirty- late b e g - acked
distillin column, operating at 40% takesf;. $he rezactive
indices $nv) of the puritied acetone and %butanone were 1.3568
and 1.3764,respectively.
Measurements below room tem rature were made in a ther-
mostat-controlled ethanol bath. Re bath liquid waa cooled b
circulation through copper coils, immersed in a second bat6
containing a sludge of sohd carbon dioxide and ethanol. A sensi-
tive mercury thermoregulator was employed t o actuate the
circulating pump. This type of regulation provided a tempera-
ture control, as recorded by a mercury thermometer, of *0.05' C.
at temperatures aa low as -20" C., which was the lowest tem-
perature required. A conventional aquarium water bath with
thermostatic control within at least ~ 0 . 0 5 'C. was employed in
the measurements above room temperature.
Densities were determined in a 25-ml. Pyrex ycnometer
(Figure 1) consisting of expansion chamber A for gnsities be-
low room temperature, capillary lug B, and a main or equilib-
rium bulb, C. In determining Jensities below room tempera-
ture, the main bulb and plug were 6lled and a small amount of
 1098 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Vol. 37, No. 11

TABLEI. DENSITYAND VISCOSITYDATA FOR COTTONSEED

OIL-SKELLYPOLVE B MIXTURES
ztO? -Zoo C. -loo C. Oo C. + l o o C. 4-25" C. 4-40' C.
Density, Gram per MI.
0'00 0.7131 0,6773
11.15 0.7373 0.6993
19.22 0.7524 0.7149
29.06 0.7735 0.7369
38.98 0.7935 0.7574
'
49.00
58.28
71.73
0.8160
0.8378
....
0.7818
0.8036
0.8374
G
78.76
88.00
....
....
0.8561
0.8830
100.00 .... 0.9151
Viscosity, Centipoises
0.00 0.54 0.48 0.43 0.39 0.33 0.29
11.15 0.83 0.71 0.62 0.55 0.46 0.40
19.22 1.12 0.97 0.84 0.74 0.62 0.54
29.06 1.74 1.48 1.25 1.07 0.88 0.74
38.98 2.89 2.32 1.90 1.59 1.26 1.04
49.00 6.46 4.06 3.22 2.64 1.95 1.54
58.28
71.73
....
.... 7.14
18.60
5.43
13.00
4.29
9.61
3.01
6.25
2.30
4.50
78.76
88.00
....
.... 34.02
90.4
22.54
54.79
15.84 9.80
19.91
6.75
12.79
100.00 .... .... 198.5
34.87
112.3 54.76 31.48

the mixture was introduced into bulb A . The pycnometer was

then immersed in the bath until temperature equilibrium was at-
tained. Excess mixture was pipetted out of bulb A , which waa
then removed, cleaned, dried and replaced on the pycnometer.
The whole was then removed from the bath, allowed to reach
room temperature, dried, and weighed. Weighings werc made
as soon as practical, to minimize solvent evaporation through
the ground glass joints, and were corrected for buoyancy of air.
An additional correction was applied to densities determined
below 0" C. to compensate for the volume change of the pycnome-
ter. Determinations were made in sequence, beginning at the
lowest temperature. Pycnometers were calibrated with water at
25 O ,c.
Viscosities were determined in the modified Ostwald viscometer Figure 1. Pycnometer and
shown in Figure 1. Standard taper joints were used in both arms Viscometer
of the viscometer t o facilitate connection, through three-way
stopcock H , to a gas buret. The latter contained dry sir which
could be forced into arm D of the viscometer under a slight pres-
sure by means of a mercury leveling bulb. Bulb E was filled by
increasing the pressure in the gas buret and adjusting three-way
stopcock H to apply pressure t o arm D of the viscometer. After
the liquid level had dropped to point 3 in arm D, the stopcock
w%sturned to equalize the pressure in both arms of the viscome-
ter, and the flow time between points 1 and 2 was recorded.
A closed system was thus employed throughout the viscosity
measurements to minimize evaporation of solvent and also t o
prevent moisture condensation a t the lower temperatures.
Determinations on a system of mixtures at any one tempera- 200
ture were completed within a period of several hours with in-

TABLE11. DENSITYAND VISCOSITY DATA FOR COTTONSEED 160

OIL-ACETONEMIXTURES w
Wt 7 u)
of bif -10' C. 0' C. + l o o C. +25O C. +40° C.
Density, Grams per M1. (L
c
0.00
9.53
0.t218 0.7850
0.7960
0.7678
0.7797
I20 $
19.44 a 0.8075 0.7919
29.99 0
0.8203 0.8052
39.64 0
0.8322 0.8177
48.51 0.8749 0.8438 0.8296
59.26 0.8875 0.8577 0.8446
68.53 0.8978 0.8702 0.8589 30
78.90 0.9116 0.8844 0.8729
88.86 0.9245 0.8'391 0.8884
100.00 .... 0.9151 0.9056
Viscoeitv.
.. CentiDoises
~~

0.00 0.25 0.41 0.37 0.32 0.29 10

9.53 0.55 0.50 0.43 0.37
1'3.44 0.82 0.72 0.60 0.51
29.99 1.29 1.09 0.88 0.74
38.64 2.03 1.66 1.29 1.06
48.51 4.11 3.12 2.50 1.94 1.47
59.26 7:35 5.50 4.28 3.16 2.33 3
68.53 13.11 9.47 7.18 5.00 3.58 3
78.96 29.82 19.99 14.20 9.22 6.35
88.86 82.8 50.82 32.78 19.16 12.30 PERCENT OIL BY WEIGNT
100.00 .... 198.5 112.3 54.76 31.48
Figure 2. Density-Composition and Visconity-
Separated into two liquid phases.
Composition Isotherms for the System Cottonseed
Oil-Skellysolve B
November, 1945 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY 1099

Thc results of density and viscosity

AND VISCOSITY DATA
111. DENSITY
TABLE FOR COTTONSEED OIG2-&JTLNONE measurements for the binary mixtures of
MIXTURES oil and solvent are shown in Tables I to V.
%%? -20° C. -15O C. -loo C. 0' C. ClO" C. +25' C. +45" C. + 6 0 ° C . The density-composition and viscosity-
Density, Grams per Liter composition isotherms were plotted for
0.00 .... 0.8384 0.8345 0.8249 0.8147
0.8278
each oil-solvent system; Figure 2, repre-
13.46 0.8577 0.8477 0.8479 0.8381
18.75 0.8624 0.8578 0.8530 0.8433 0.8338 senting the data for cottonseod oil-Skelly-
27.58 .... .... 0.8619 0.8524 0.8426
37.04
47.28
....
.... ....
.... 0.8716
0.8812
0.8621
0.8726
0.8633
0.8638
solve B mixtures given in Table I, is
55.92 .... .... 0.8898 0.8821 0.8732 typical of the results for each case, A
66.47
74.81
....
....
....
.... 0.9014
0.9103
0.8932
0.9025
0.8851
0.8948
family of curves is also obtained when these
89.51
100.00
....
.... ....
....
0.9260
.... 0.9186
0.9322
0.9116
0.9253
data are plotted to show the change in den-
sity (Figure 3) and viscosity (Figure 4)
Viscosity, Centipoise8 with temperature for the compositions
0.00 0.61 0.58 0.51 0.47 0.39 0.33 0.29 investigated.
13.46 .... 1.81 0.96 0.83 0.73 0.61 0.53 0.41
18.75
27.58
....
.... 1.23
....
1.13
1.64
0.97
1.37
0.85
1.19
0.71
0.97
0.57
0.76
0.49
0.66
The density-composition isotherms of
37.04 .... .... 2.55 2.00 1.75 1.39 1.05 0.89 the solvent-oil mixtures investigated are
47.28
55.92
....
.... ....
.... 4.27
6.75
3.30
5.13
2.71
4.08
2.11
3.01
1.53
2.13
1.28
1.75 not straight lines but are slightly con-
66.47 .....
... .... 12.86 9.40 7.11 4.96 3.39 2.69 cave upward. An empirical equation
74.81 ....
.... 23.70 16.41 11.92 7.84 5.06 3.89
89.51
100.00
....
.,.. ..... 94.3
.... 56.69
198.5
36.38
112.3
20.85
54.76
11.69
28.54
8.26
16.84
was fitted to each of the isotherms of the
form.
D = a + bP + CP' + dPa
dividual viscometers chosen to give approximately the same flow where D = density at cornposition P
time. a, b, c, d = arbitrary constants
Runs were made in sequence be inning a t the lowest tempera-
ture and thus obviating any refibng in determinations below The constants so determined are listed in Table VI. The aver-
room temperature; above room temperature, fresh samples age deviation of the experimental data from the curves repre-
were used for each determination. T o keep the total volume sented by these equations is t0.0004.
comtant as temperature was raised, the viscometer was designed
with an overflow tip G of suficient hei ht to permit dischar e of The curves of Figure 3 can be constructed directly by solving
excess volume, resulting from thermaff expansion, into b u g F. the equations of Table VI a t the various compositions. For ex-
The viscometers were calibrated a t 25" C. with standard viscos- ample, the curve for 11.1570 cottonseed oil with Skellysolve B
ity oils supplied by the National Bureau of Standards. For the could be obtained by substituting 11.15 for P in each of the
accuracy and range considered, no temperature correction for
the viscometer is necessary ( I ) . The viscosities reported are equations for this system, solving for D, and thus finding the value
believed to be accurate within *0.5%. of density at that temperature. These equations can be used to
construct the density-temperature curve for any desired mixture
of oil and solvent, from which it is possible to read accurately the
density of this mixture a t any desired temperature.
r I I I I Figure 4. Conversely, it is possible to find the composition of a mixture
Viscoslty-
Temperature of the cottonseed oil and Skellysolve B from its density at a given
Curves at Con- temperature. To accomplish this, the density-composition curve
stant Compo- for that temperature is plotted from the points where this tem-
sition for the perature coordinate intersects the curves of Figure 3.
System Cot-
tonseed Oil- Similar families of curves can be drawn for the density of the
Skellysolve B other solvent-oil svstems studied. In each case the data of
Table VI are sufficient to determine the
density of any composition a t a given
temperature or the composition corre-
200 _ _ -
I
Lox\ I sponding to any density a t a given
temperature.
The data of Table VI were used to
test the ideality of behavior of these oil-
I60
solvent systems. If two substances
form an ideal solution, there is by
definition no change in total volume
I20 on mixing; therefore, when the density
is plotted against volume per cent, or
when specific volume is plotted against
weight per cent, a straight line is ob-
80 tained. Table VI1 shows the devia-
tion from a straight-line relation of the
specific volumes of various oil mixtures
40
a t 10" C. By this test acetone and
2-butanone a t this temperature seem to
approach ideality in mixtures with cot-
tonseed oil. SkellysolveB, on the other
C hand, deviates slightly from ideality
Figure 3. Density-Temperature Curves with cottonseed, peanut, or soybean
at Constant Composition for the DEGREES C . oils, the maximum deviations being
System Cottonseed Oil-Skellysolve B
1100 INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Vol. 37, No. 11

40
TABLE
V. DENSITY DATAFOR SOYBEAN
AND VISCOSXTY OIL-
SKELLYSOLVE
B MIXTURES
??OF -ZOO C. -loo C. '
0 C. 4-10'' C. +25' C. 4-40' C.
Density, Grams per M1.
20 0.00 0.7131 0.7066 0.6980 0.6908 0.6773 0.6637
15.44 0.7439 0.7379 0.7294 0.7209 0.7081 0.6948
21.61 0.7666 0.7492 0.7417 0.7334 0.7209 0.7083
34.13 0.7809 0.7738 0.7666 0.7582 0.7463 0.7341
40.30 0.7967 0.7902 0.7820 0.7741 0.7620 0.7501
49.21 0.8173 0,8092 0.8018 0.7941 0.7824 0.7707
00 60.04 0.8421 0.8346 0.8272 0.8196 0.8083 0.7970
69.20 .... 0.8561 0.8486 0.8413 0.8306 0.8193
79.31 0.8835 0.8766 0.8692 0.8586 0.8484
88.55 .. 0.9084 0.9011 0.8943
0.9347 0.9276
0.8838
0.9175
0.8736
0.9075
100.00 0.9410

3o v)
Viscosity, Centipoise8
w 0.00 0.54 0.48 0.43 0.39 0.33 0.29
2 15.44 0.96 0.83 0.72 0.64 0.54 0.46
P 21.61
34.13
1.24
2.26
1.06
1.84
0.91
1.53
0.80
1.30
0.67
1.06
0.56
0.85
50 z
0
40.30
49.21
3.10
5.10
2.49
3.40
2.04
3.15
1.70
2.57
1.34
1.97
1.12
1.52
60.04 .... 7.51 6.69 4.48 3.26 2.44
69.20 .... 14.30 10.34 7.83 5.43 3.81
6.68
79.31 32.23 21.88 15.40 9.88
....
. . I .

80.0 49.03 31.78 18.61 11.95

+O
88.65
100.00 ..., .... 172.9 99.7 50.09 28.86

solvent is changed very little by adding 100% of its weight of oil.

!O This is also apparent from the curves of Figure 4 which were
constructed from the original data to show the change of vis-
cosity with temperature for the compositions studied. The
corresponding curves for other compositions could be constructed
1
0 eo 40 60 80 IO0 by reading the points for that composition from the viscosity
PERCENT OIL B Y WEIGHT curves in Figure 2. By graphical interpolation the viscosity a t
Figure 5. Density-Composition Curve a t 10" C. for
Mixtures of Skellysolve B with Cottonseed Oil (Curve A ) ,
with Peanut Oil (*), and with Soybean Oil (X); Viscosity-
Composition Curve at 10' C. for Mixtures of Skellysolve
R with Peanut Oil (Curve E ) with Cottonseed Oil (Curve
C), and with Soybean Oil (Curve 0 )

0.0073, 0.0059, and 0.0064 ml. per gram, respectively. Similar

calculations a t 40" C. show that the corresponding deviations a t
that temperature are greater (0.0105, 0.0097, and 0.0097 ml. per
gram, respectively).
The viscosity-composition isotherms for cottonseed oil-Skelly-
solve B mixtures in Figure 2, which are typical of all the oil-
solvent systems studied, show that the viscosity of an oil is de-
cidedly changed by adding 10% of its weight of solvent especially
at lower temperatures; on the other hand, the viscosity of the

TABLE
IV. DENSITY
AND VISCOSITYDATAFOR PEANUT
OIL-
SKELLYSOLVEB MIXTURES
To!? -loo C . 0' C. 4-10' C. 4-25' C. +40e C.
Density, Grams per MI.
0.00 0.7066 0.6980 0.6908 0.6773 0.6637
11.35 0.7286 0.7210 0.7124 0.6994 0.6862
19.42 0.7442 0.7366 0.7285 0.7156 0.7029
28.72 0.7628 0.7557 0.7475 0.7351 0.7225
39.63 0.7865 0.7799 0.7707 0.7588 0.7469
49.04 0.8072 0.7996 0.7919 0.7802 0.7881
63.07
68.96
....
.... 0.8323
0.8471
0.8249
0.8398
0.8139
0.8288
0.8025
0.8177
76.45
89.90
....
.... 0.8659 0.8587 0.8480 0.8372
0.9011 0.8940 0.8838 0.8736
100.00 .... .*.. 0.9231 0.9122 0.9023
Viscosity, Centipoisea
0.00 0.48 0.43 0.39 0.33 0.29 0 20 40 60 80 100
11.35 0.72 0.64 0.57 0.48 0.42
19.42 0.99 0.86 0.78 0.64 0.55 PERCENT OIL BY WEIGHT
28.72 1.51 1.27 1.10 0.89 0.75
39.63 2.59 2.11 1.76 1.37 1.12
49.04 4.37 3.42 Figure 6. Density-Composition Curves a t 0' C. for
63.07
68.96
....
.... 7.97
12.07
2.78
6.10
8.99
2.08
4.29
6.05
1.63
3.12
4.24
Mixtures of Cottonseed Oil with 2-Butanone (Curve
76.45
89.90
....
.... ....
21.21 15.10
47.52
9.55
26.14
6.61
15.81
A ) , with Acetone (Curve E ) , and with Skellysolve B
(Curve C); Viscosity-Composition Curve at 0' C. for
100.00 .... .... 142.2 66.68 36.88 Cottonseed Oil Mixtures with Skellysolve B (Curve D ) ,
with Acetone (e), and with 2-Butanone ( X )
November, 1945 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY I101

TABLEVI. CONSTANTS EQUATION

FOR DENSITY-COMPOSITION OF OIL-SOLVENT ih$IXTURES AT DIFFERENT TJWPERATURES
Constants -20' C. -
100 c. 00 c. +lo* c. 4-25' C. +40b C. +60° C.
Cottonseed Oil-Skellysolve B Mixtures
a
b
0.7131
2.0875 X lo-'
0.7066
2.0511 X 10-8
0.8980
1.9680 X 10-8
0.8908
1.9086 X 10-8
0.8773
1.9146 X 10-8
0.6837
1.9469 X 10-8
.....
.....
.....
z -3.000 X 1 0 - 6
6.87 X 10-1
-1.221 X 1 0 - 6
4.32 X 10-8
2.682 X 10-8
1.25 X 10-8
3.366 X 10-8
1.02 x 10-8
4.456 X 10-6
1.83 x 10-
4.320 X lo-*
4.14 x 10- .....
Cottonseed Oil-Acetone Mixtures
a ...... ...... 0.8111 0.8017 0.7860 0.7678 ......
b ...... ...... 1.1101 X IO-' 1.0717 X IO-' 1.1252 X 1 0 - 8 1.2050 X lo-' ......
...... ..... 4.69 x
z ...... ...... 1.02 X 10-1
1.424 X 10-6
2.31 X lo-'
1.838 X 10- 6
-9.53 X lo-"
1.380 X 10-6
3.68 X 10-0
......
......
Cottonseed Oil-2-Butanone Mixtures
a ......
...... 0.8346 0.8249 0.8147 0.7996 0.7785 0.7627
9.975 x lo-'
~

b 9.969 X lo-' 1.0085 X 10-8 1.0469 X 1 0 - 8 1,1292 X 10-8

......
: ...... -2.600 X
8.26 X lo-(
4.990 X 10-1
6.92 X 10-0
3.719 X 10-7
6.99 X 10-0
5.087 X 10-7
6.63 X 10-
3.728 X 10-7
6.45 X 10-0 5.06 x 10-
Peanut Oil-Skellysolve B Mixtures
a
b
......
......
0.7067
1.9344 X lo-*
0.6980
1.9333 X
0.6908
1.8212 X 10-8
0.6773
1.8742 X 10-8
0.6637
1.9338 X 10-8
......
......
...... -2.436 X 10-6 1.836 X lo-* 4.503 X 10-8 4.694 X 1 0
;
s 3.629 X 10-6 ......
$ ...... 9.86 X 10- 2.03 X 10- 5.49 X 10-0 1.37 X 10 9.25 X 10- ......
Soybean Oil-Skellysolve B Mimturea
.....
:
C
0.7131
1.9168 X lo-*
3.827 X 10-6
0.7066
1.9797 X IO-'
8.787 X 10-8
0.8980
1.9888 X lov8
1.938 X 10-6
0.6908
1.8606 X 10-1
4.777 X 10-6
0.6773
1.9277 X 10-8
3.817 X 10-8
0.8637
2.0030 X 10-8
2.529 x 10-0
.....
.....
d 4.12 X 10-0 2.82 X 10-8 2.03 X lo-' 3.68 X 10-1 9.18 X 10-1 1.80 x 10-8 .....
0 These values are for 46' C.

TABLE
VII. D E V I A T I OFROM
~ IDEALITY VOLUMEOF OIL-SOLVENTMIXTURESAT 10' C.
OF SPECIFIC
Solvent Oil 0% Oil 10% Oil 20% Oil 30% Oil 40% Oil 50% Oil 60% Oil 70% Oil 80% Oil 90% Oil 100% Oil

* Deviation equals the sGecific volume (ml./gram), assuming ideality, minus the experimental value.

any temperature for that composition could then be determined.
The curves in Figure 4 can be used, in turn, to construct the vis-
cosity-composition curve for any desired temperature. Ex-
amination of Figure 4 shows that the thermal coefficient of
viscosity is relatively small for oil-solvent mixtures up to ap-
proximately 60% of oil and that it then becomes increasingly
larger, espcially a t the lower temperatures.
Application of the data here presented, particularly viscosity
values, to any random cottonseed, peanut, or soybean oil mix-
ture with the solvents mentioned must be modified by a con-
sideration of variations in composition such as is evidenced by the
iodine value of the oil in question. Previous investigations (6, 7)
showed that the viscosity of an oil varies according to its iodine
value. It is therefore only reasonable t o expect a corresponding
effect with solvent mixtures of oils. This variation will prob-
ably be particularly noticeable a t high oil concentrations and
temperatures below 25' C. The data of Johnstone, Spoor, and
Coss (8) for soybean oil (iodine value 130.1) and Skellysolve B
show close agreement with the data here reported, the largest
deGation a t 25' C. being 0.3% for density and about 370 for
viscosity1.
The densities and viscosities of Skellysolve B mixtures with
cottonseed, peanut, or soybean oil a t 10' C. are plotted in Figure
5. The density curves for these three binary systems practically
coincide. The corresponding viscosity-composition curves also
lie very close together, especially for oil concentrations up to
I The data for viscosity and fluidity reported by these authors are in-
correct beoause the kinematic viscosities actually determined were oon-
verted to absolute values by inadvertently dividing instead of multiplying
by the density. For this reason, all the visoosities which they reported
must be corrected by multiplying by the aquare of the density, a d the
fluidities must be similarly corrected by dividing by the same quantity (per-
sonal communication). The viscosity values were thus corrected before the
comparison with our values was made.
about 70%; above 70% they start to spread slightly to ap-
proach the values for the pure oils (112.3, 142.2, and 99.7 centi-
poises, respectively). It seems probable that for oils of the same
iodine value the viscosity-composjtion curves with a given sol-
vent would show even closer agreement.
Figure 6 shows the density-composition and viscosity-com-
position curves at 0" C. for mixtures of cottonseed oil with Skelly-
solve B, acetone, or 2-butanone, respectively. As would be ex-
pected, the density curves are different for each solvent. The
viscosity curves, however, are very close together, especially for
oil percentages below i'5yO. The viscosity curve for mixtures
with Skellysolve B is slightly lower than those with 2-butanone
and acetone a t low oil concentrations, and crosses these curves
a t about 56 and 80% oil concentration, respectively, so that i t
lies as much as 15% above the other two curves for high oil
concentrations. At higher temperatures the agreement be-
tween the three viscosity curves is much closer.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are indebted to W. 6. Singleton and H. R. R.
Wakeham for their interest and cooperation in this work, and
to the Analytioal Section for certain analyses.
LITERATURE CITED
(1) Cragg, J. C.,and Evans, E. A., J . Inst. Petroleum, 29,99 (1943).
(2) Griswold, J., Van Borg, C . F.,and Kasch, J. E.,IND.ENQ. CHSM.,
35,a54 (1948).
(3) Johnstone, H.F., Spoor, I. H.,and Goss, W. H., Ibid., 32, 832
(1940).
(4) Keulegan, G. H., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., f4th Ann.
Rept.,No. 299,405(1931).
(6) Magne, F. C., and Wakeham, H., Oil & Soap, 20,347(1944).
(6) Tausz, J.. and Rabl, A., Petrolsum Z., 27,41 (1931).
(7) Wakeham, H..and Magne, F. C.. IND. ENQ.CHIUY.,36, 668
(1944).