The Three Objectives of Development

To increase the availability and widen the distribution of basic life-sustaining goods
To raise levels of living
To expand the range of economic and social choices

, transformative shifts.
1. Leave no one behind—to move “from reducing to ending extreme poverty, in all its forms;” in particular, to “design goals that focus on
reaching excluded groups.”
2. Put sustainable development at the core, “to integrate the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainability.”
3. Transform economies for jobs and inclusive growth, while moving to sustainable patterns of work and life
. 4. Build peace and effective, open, and accountable institutions for all, which “encourage the rule of law, property rights, freedom of
speech and the media, open political choice, access to justice, and accountable government and public institutions.”
5. Forge a new global partnership so that each priority should involve governments and also others, including people living in poverty,
civil society and indigenous and local communities, multilateral institutions, business, academia, and philanthropy.

How low income/ 8 significant deifferences

1. Physical and human resource endowments
2. Per capita incomes and levels of GDP in relation to the rest of the world
3. Climate
4. Population size, distribution, and growth 74 PART ONE Principles and Concepts
5. Historical role of international migration
6. International trade benefits
7. Basic scientific and technological research and development capabilities 8. Efficacy of domestic institutions

Structural diversity of developing nations

The size of the country

Historical evolution
Physical and human resources endownments
The relative importance of public and private sectoer
The nature of industrial structure
The degree of dependence on external economic and political forces
The distribution of power and institution and political structure within the nation

Common characteristics of developing nations

Low levels of living

Low levels of productivity
High rates of population growth and dependency burdens
High and rising levels of unemployment and underemployment
Significant dependence on agriculture production and primary product experts
Dominance, dependence and vulnerability in international relations