Name = Saran Zaib Khan

Semester = 7th

Submitted to = Maam Misbah

Topic = classification of fracture

Classifications of fracture

Fractures may be classified as closed or open, yet as

Closed vs. open

a simple fracture is also called a closed fracture. In a closed fracture, the broken bone doesn’t
break your skin.

a compound fracture is also called an open fracture. In an open fracture, the skin is tear by ends
of the broken bone. This type of fracture can cause to you high risk of infection When your bone
and other internal tissues are exposed,

Incomplete vs. complete

In an incomplete fracture, your bone does not break completely. Means that, it cracks without
breaking all the way through. Incomplete fractures are more common in children due to their
bones are softer than those of adults. As a result, they are more likely to bend than break.

Types of incomplete fracture include:

  hairline fracture, within which your bone is tame a skinny crack

 greenstick fracture, within which your bone is broken on one side, while the

opposite side is bent
  buckle or torus fracture, within which your bone is broken on one side and a bump or
raised buckle develops on the opposite side

In a complete fracture, your bone breaks completely. It’s snapped or crushed into two or more
pieces. Complete fractures can happen at any age.

kinds of fracture include:

  single fracture, within which your bone is tame one place into two pieces

 comminuted fracture, within which your bone is broken or crushed into three or more

pieces

 compression fracture, within which your bone collapses struggling

 nondisplaced fracture, within which your bone breaks into pieces that stay in their
normal alignment

 displaced fracture, within which your bone breaks into pieces that move out of their
normal alignment

 segmental fracture, within which your bone is tame two places during a way that

leaves a minimum of one segment floating and unattached

some others fractures

 Avulsion fracture – bones are pulled by a muscle or ligament which causes it fracture
 Pathological fracture – when an causal disease or condition has previously weakened
the bone, leading to a fracture

 Spiral fracture – a fracture where a minimum of one a part of the bone has been
twisted.
  Stress fracture – more common among athletes. A bone discontinues due to repeated
stresses and strains.

 Impacted fracture –one fragment of bone goes into another when the bone is fractured,

 Intraarticular fracture – where the break extends into the surface of a joint

 Longitudinal fracture – the break is lengthwise in the bone.

  Oblique fracture – a fracture that's diagonal to a bone’s long axis.

 Transverse fracture – a straight break right across a bone.

Gustilo classification
THE GUSTILO CLASSIFICATION is employed TO CLASSIFY break - ONES within which THE SKIN HAS BEEN
DISRUPTED
THREE GRADES THAT try and QUANTIFY the quantity of sentimental TISSUE DAMAGE related to THE
FRACTURE
• GRADE 1— <1CM WOUND
• GRADE2 — >1CM WOUND
• GRADE 3— SUBGRADES A,B,C

AO/OTA CLASSIFICATION
DESCRIBING THE FRACTURE LOCALIZATION: BONES AND SEGMENTS
HUMERUS
RADIUS/ULNA
FEMUR
TIBIA/FIBULA
THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE RESPECTIVE SEGMENT NEEDS a touch MORE CONSIDERATION. EACH os
longum HAS THREE SEGMENTS:
• PROXIMAL END SEGMENT
• DIAPHYSEAL SEGMENT
• DISTAL END SEGMENT

CLASSIFICATION supported eponyms :
• COLLES’ DINNER FORK DEFORMITY
• MONTEGGIA:: # PROXIMAL 1/3 SHAFT ULNA WITH DISLOCATION OF HEAD OF RADIUS
• GALEAZZI # DISTAL 1/3 SHAFT RADIUS WITH DISLOCATION OF DISTAL RADIOULNAR JOINT
• JONE’S # :: AVULSION # OF BASE OF 5TH METATARSAL
• GREEN STICK # :: UNICORTICAL # WITH BENT BONES IN CHILDREN

Salter-Harris Classification
ONLY USED FOR PEDIATRIC FRACTURES THAT INVOLVE the expansion PLATE (PHYSIS)
FIVE TYPES (I-V)

 TYPE I FRACTURE IS WHEN there's A FRACTURE ACROSS THE PHYSIS WITH NO METAPHYSIAL OR

EPIPHYSIAL INJURY

TYPE II FRACTURE IS WHEN there's A FRACTURE ACROSS THE PHYSIS WHICH EXTENDS INTO THE
METAPHYSIS

TYPE III FRACTURE IS WHEN there's A FRACTURE ACROSS THE PHYSIS WHICH EXTENDS INTO THE
EPIPHYSIS

TYPE IV FRACTURE IS WHEN there's A FRACTURE THROUGH METAPHYSIS, PHYSIS, AND
EPIPHYSIS

TYPE V FRACTURE IS WHEN there's A CRUSH INJURY TO THE PHYSIS

References

1. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173312#Types
2. https://www.healthline.com/health/fracture#types
3. https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/bones-joints-and-
muscles/fracture/types.html