CHAROTAR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(CHARUSAT)
FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES (FMS)
INDUKAKA IPCOWALA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT (IIIM)
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA) PROGRAMME |
2022 – 24

22MBA124

SHAH DHRUVIL R.

SUBJECT : FIRST AD
Q.1 Define to fracture and explain its various types.

▪ Ans.
❖ Introduction:-

A fracture is a break, usually in a bone. If the broken bone punctures the

skin, it is called an open or compound fracture. Fractures commonly happen
because of car accidents, falls, or sports injuries. Other causes are low bone
density and osteoporosis, which cause weakening of the bones. Overuse
can cause stress fractures, which are very small cracks in the bone.

It is the disruption in the continuity of bone. It occure when the bone is

subjected to stress greater then the bone can absorb. It is casused by direct
blows, crushing forces, extreme muscle contraction and sudden twisting
motion, when it occure, nearby structure is also affected result in soft tissue
edema, hemorrhage into the muscle and joints, joint dislocation, ruptured
tendons, severe nerve and damaged blood vessels.

❖ Definition:-

“A bones fracture is a medical condition in which there is a partical

or complete break in the continuity of the bone, in more severe
cases, the bone may be broken into several pieces’’

May 26th, 2020 by South Shore Orthopedics

Posted in Fracture Care
May is National Osteoporosis Month, so we thought we’d explore one of
the common side effects of the disease: bone fractures. According to
the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), the most
common causes of bone fractures are trauma, osteoporosis, and overuse.
Let’s take a closer look at the different types of bone fractures and how
they occur.
Bone Fracture Basics
There are several types of bone fractures, and each type can have slight
variations. Many of the types of fractures we’ll talk about later may also be
described by one of the following terms:

Open Fracture: A fracture in which the bone breaks through the skin
and can be seen outside the leg. Or there is a deep wound that
exposes the bone through the skin. This is also called a compound
fracture.

Closed Fracture: A fracture that does not break the skin. This is also
called a simple fracture.

Partial Fracture: An incomplete break of the bone

Complete Fracture: A complete break of the bone causing it to be

separated into two or more pieces

Displaced Fracture: There is a gap between the broken ends of the

bone. Repairing a displaced fracture may require surgery.
 Types of Bone Fractures
Different types of bone fractures can be open, closed, stable, displaced, partial, or
complete.

1. Spiral Fracture
As the name suggests, this is a kind of fracture that spirals around the bone. Spiral
fractures occur in long bones in the body, usually in the femur, tibia, or fibula in
the legs. However, they can occur in the long bones of the arms. Spiral fractures
are caused by twisting injuries sustained during sports, during a physical attack, or
in an accident.

2. Greenstick Fracture
This is a partial fracture that occurs mostly in children. The bone bends and breaks
but does not separate into two separate pieces. Children are most likely to
experience this type of fracture because their bones are softer and more flexible.
3. Stress Fracture
Stress fractures are also called hairline fractures. This type of fracture looks like a
crack and can be difficult to diagnose with a regular X-rays. Stress fractures are
often caused by repetitive motions such as running.

4. Compression Fracture
When bones are crushed it is called a compression fracture. The broken bone will
be wider and flatter in appearance than it was before the injury. Compression
fractures occur most often in the spine and can cause your vertebrae to collapse. A
type of bone loss called osteoporosis is the most common cause of
compression fractures.
5. Oblique Fracture
An oblique fracture is when the break is diagonal across the bone. This kind of
fracture occurs most often in long bones. Oblique fractures may be the result of a
sharp blow that comes from an angle due to a fall or other trauma.

6. Impacted Fracture
An impacted fracture occurs when the broken ends of the bone are driven together.
The pieces are jammed together by the force of the injury that caused the fracture.
7. Segmental Fracture
The same bone is fractured in two places, leaving a “floating” segment of
bone between the two breaks. These fractures usually occur in long bones such as
those in the legs. This type of bone fracture may take longer to heal or cause
complications.

8. Comminuted Fracture
A comminuted fracture is one in which the bone is broken into 3 or more pieces.
There are also bone fragments present at the fracture site. These types of bone
fractures occur when there is a high-impact trauma, such as an automobile
accident.
9. Avulsion Fracture
An avulsion fracture occurs when a fragment is pulled off the bone by a tendon or
ligament. These types of bone fractures are more common in children than adults.
Sometimes a child’s ligaments can pull hard enough to cause a growth plate to
fracture.

Q.2 Write the Golden Rules of the first Aid.

▪ Ans.

The following are the 11 golden rules of first aid.

1. Reach the site of emergency as early as possible

2. Do not waste time asking irrelevant and unnecessary questions

3. Find out the cause of the accident

4. Commence first aid care immediately, quickly and without

panic or fuss.

5. Give artificial respiration if breathing has stopped. Here every

second counts.
6. Stop any bleeding

7. Try to guard against shock or treat for shock by moving the

casualty as little as possible and handle him with great care. Be
very careful with him or her.

8. Do not attempt too much. Please do the little that is essential

to save lives and prevent the condition from worsening

9. The casualty and the bystanders should be reassured from

time to time. This will help to lessen anxiety. Bystanders should
not be allowed to crowd around the casualty because air is very
important at this stage.

10. Do not remove clothes unnecessarily.

11. As soon as possible, make arrangements for the casualty to

be moved to the hospital for proper care.