Ih bpecaad AD bpecal Ke. SIKOHOMUYECKOE OBOCHOBAHME CPEACTB OCBOEHMA MUPOBOrFO OKEAHA Os TEXHUKA OCBOEHNA OKEAHABBK 65.9(2)37 B87 YK 551.46.073.003.8 Ye CYFS B87 B PENAKUMOHHAA KOJIAEDHA CEPHM: VW. B. AKOHHHKOB (orserctsennuit_peaaxtop), B. HW. BA- PAHLEB, B. M. Kee inoD, A. H. OMMATPMEB, B.A JIO- BAHOB, B.T, MACAEHHHKOB, HM. B. MEPEHOB, B. A, MOJI- UAHOB, H. ©, PYCEUKHM (san. penaxnued), H. T. IHAMA- HOB, A. 1. WWATOIWJHHKOB, H. I. WHKEP, B, Cc. ACTPE- BOB Peuensentn: K. fr. CYBOPOB 9. 0. KYPBAHOB Haysuaii penakrop A. A. HAPYCBAEB ——— > Slba0TERA dou, KopaSaserpoureaya.} Bpecaas J. B. EE { TexHuKo-sKOHOMMYCCKOe OOOCHOBANHC CPCACTB OC- poeHua Muposoro oxeana.— JI.: Cyaoctpoenre, 1982 (Texnuka ocrocnua oKealia).— 240 ¢., HI. MCBH te a 1" eLeAvTh OYTeM Te XHit- Ro okamre snepaae cieiaHa TOMnTKa Upenont : xo-ompnonmnectare oSocHoRaHas suiGop oGvoKTo® okeaHOTeR aa Gonee nono YROBACTROPSIOIIAX TpeGoBain cre ari sRporsn oGtapuna MaTepHan HM Bie! Meno “oneaHa, Tiokazanu epcnektHent ocpoeimm MPa: orexHK. pace HOT, ouenKH SkoHOMMUeCKOA Shier Dp Peet OOO ae ROR TporHosnposanwa Satya, ano MOHATHE 06 HAMepeRHAX WH nf oot e ~3605030000—065, 65.9(2)37 648(01)—-82 2—82 © Usnatemacrso , 1982 NPEQMUCNOBKE Tpyauo Tepcolenuth pOdb, KOTOpyio urpaeT oKeaH BOKU3HH YelOBeyecTRa. C speBHuX BpeMeH OM Obl HCTOUHHKOM THUEREIX PCCYPCOB, 10 HeMy Mpomerama ceTh TPancnopTHitx Maru- crpadel, OOBEAHHAIOMIMX OTQaIeHHbIe CTpaHbl KH MOsBOMAIONAX HCNOAbSOBaTb CaMbIi JEUICBbIM BHA Tpancliopra — mopcKol. B, waln AHH pOAb OKeaNa BOSpacTaeT H APHHIMHTHaNbHO MeageTca. Bos- HHKia MW yemeliHo pellaerca npoGmemMa oceoenna riy6WH M WHA OKeaHa, B HiCpBY!O OVepesb KOAOCCAADHLX MUNePaTbHbIX HU SHEpre- THYCCKUX PecyPCoR, Yuenble H Tocyzapcrecnuble JeATeH, OU€HHBaA 3HayeHHe Mpo- Os1eMbI OCBOCHHA Mupogoro oKeatHa, CTaBAT €e B OHH PAL C Kap- AHHaJIbHbIMH HAYTHO-TeXHHYeCKMMH NpOOw.eMaMH COBpeMeHHOCTH, © pagBuTHem AAeploli SHepreTHKH HM OCBOeHHEM KOCMOCa, : Okcan mocTeveaHo cTaHOBHTCH TOJeM HHTCHCRBHOM BpousBog- CTBeHHOM meATeabHocTH. Hexotoppie OGmacTu ee, B YaCTHOCTH, pas- BelaKa H Ho6nYa TOMe3HHIX HCKOMACMEIX, BOSHHKAH B Halle BpemMaA H pasBaRaiotch 6ypubIMH TeMMaMH. OToT apolccc, aBssiomulica ccleACTBHEM Kak pacTyux HacylllablxX NoTpebuocteli, Tak H HaydHO- TeXHHYeCKOrO Mporpecca, MopowAaeT MHOMHECTBO HOBLIX BeCbMa CAOMHLIX TEXHHUCCKHX, IKOMOMAYECKUX, SKOAOTHYCCKUX A MP aBOBbIX npo6iem, M CaM, B CROIO OUePejd, CTHMYANPyeT PasBUTHe HOBHX HaY4HBIX AMCUMITIHH, OcoGoe MecTo B aTOM KOMIJeKce mpo61eM 3allMaeT 9KOHOMHKa ocnocHua oKxeaHa. [Jpukaaquaa PyHKUMA 9TOH Hay4HoH oTpacaH — Pa3paGorKa H peaqusalluaA MeTOgOB O6ocHOBaHUA Hu BEIGOpa NyTeH ocBoenwa Muposoro oKeana, oGecieyHBalollux jocTHKeHHe Tpe- OYeMbIX Pe3y2bTATOB MPH HaHMeHDLIHX 3aTpaTax. EcrecrBeHHo, 4TO B pelleHHH 3TOH 3anayH nepBocTeneHuyi0 poab Hrpaer OGocHoBa- HHe OKeaHoTeXHNKH — TeXHHYecKHX CpegcTs ocBoenia Mupozoro oKeana. Tip sTOM Camo HampaBneHve paspaGoTKH TCOpeTHYecKuX OCHOB H MPaKTHYCCKHX Me€TOJOB TEXHHKO-SKOHOMMYeCKOTO O60CHO- BaHUs CpeNCTB OCBOeHHA OKéaHa MOCTeneHHO otpopMaaeTca B Ca- MOCTORTEABHYLO SKOHOMMYECKYHO ANCUMETMHY, . Tlo xapakrepy HCnonb30BaHus YaCTb cpeacTB ocBoeHHs Mnpo- BOrO oKCaHa TPaAMUHOHHa — K HHM OTHOCATCA TpaHcnopTHble H 1* 3prioupoMblcnoBbie cyga. J[pyrne cpeactaa — naydno-nccaeqoBa- Teapckue cya, GypoBbie cyaa, caMOnosbemuble H TonynorpyxHnie Sypopple ycraHoBKH (maaTopMbl), cyla o6cnyxuBaHAS MOPCKHK HePTenpoMEIcce, NOABOMHEIe oOuTaéMble u HéecOuraempie alla- paTbl — chopMupOBasMcb Kak THI B Halle BpeMa. Metosn o6oc- HOBAHMA TPaNWUMONNLIX CpeACTB CTORKUAECh A AOCTATOUHO TOKO W3.10XKEHKI B ANTepatype, B TOM 4yucne B MoHOrpadusx B. HW. Kpa- ena, O. K. Crynnna, 3. JI. JIumouopa [29] » A. H. Paxopa [50]. B oatax ny6nnkallNax paCCMaTpHBaOTCA KONKpeTHble BOUpPOCnl o60cHOBaNMa HMeNIO TPaHCHopTHEx CyOB H HMeHHO prrGoupombic- JIOBBLX CYAOB, @ BONPOCh TeEXHHKO-9KOHOMHYeCKOTO o6ocHoBaHua He- TPaAHUMOHHbIX THOR cpexCTB oOcBoeHKA Mupoporo GkeaHa He Oc- BCULAIOTCH, TexHiko-3KOHOMHYEeCKoe OFOCHOBaHHe CpeAcTB ocBoeHHA Mupo- Boro OKCaHa uMccT cBOH ocoGeHnocTH. Onn onpedensorca Helto- CpercTBeHHOK cneltHpukoH STHX cpeACTB H KOMMAeKCHOCTHIO BCekt Npo6aeMH, TONHOMeHHOC peleHue KOTOpOK BO3MOxXHO TOsIbKo B paMKaX mpesxycmotpeaHoro AoKymentama XXV u XXVI ceesgzon KCC nporpaMMHo-yereporo Maannposanua. 3aqata TexHHKO-aKOHOMHYeCKorO OGoCHOBaHHa TpebyeT RocTa- TOWHO CepbesHOH MOXroTOBKK B PaSIHUHWX OO1ACTAX 3HaHKH — UPOCKTUPOBAaHMH, TeXHOAOTHH M Opranusallun mocTpoliku obbeKTos, oco6eHHocrax ux akcnayatauun. [lostomy wapamy ¢ «mpodeccuo- MaibIbIMH> 3KOHOMACTAMH BOmpocaMH TeXHHKO-9KGHOMMYeCKOrO oSocHOBaHHa 3aHHMaeTca Bce GombUlee YHCJo MHKeHepoB-KOpab.re- cTponTeach, MeXaHBKOB, CilelMaaucTOB Apyroro npoussd, He UMCIO- IHX FOCTATOUNOH NOXTOTOBKH Mo 3KOHOMHKe, B YaCTHOCTH Mo TIpob- HCMC SKOHOMHYeCKON ad*eKTUBNOCTH, H HsyqalOULHX STH BOTIPOCEI CaMOCTOATeILHO. C yyeTOM 3TOTO B KHHTe C2KAaTO PAaCCMOTPCHLI Oc- HOBHHe NOWATHA SKONOMEKH B oOLeMe, HCOOXOAHMOM 349 paboTH B ston o6aactH. Xora asTop cTpemMica u3JlaraTb MaTepHan Ha ypoBHe compe- MeHHBIX NPCACTaB.TeHHH H MCTOAONOrHH, MaTemMaTHYecKuit allapat B KHKTe HCNO1b30RaH MHMMMA.IbALIA, TIpu 3TOM oco6oe BHUMAHHE o6paueno pe ¢TOJbKO Ha CTporocTh (opMasjbHOrO annapata, CKOIBKO H4 ACHOCTh W MOCACAOBATEMbHOCTH 9KOHOMMUCCKOH TpaK- TOBKH. Tlyuxr 1.2 nawucan copmectuo c K. T. Cysopossim, Astop Bui- paxaer ray6oKyo lpusHatetbyocth npodeccopy B. B. Poxaecr- Bencxomy, aouenty M. B. Capennepy, kang. rexu, wayx A. MW. Iur- puesy, Kawa, 9KOHOM. Hayk V1. C. Oxecckoii, oxasaBilMM noMOLID Tp NOATOTOBKC PYKoucH, Tlockasbky MHOFHe BOUpOCKL Aaliel B HoBOl TpaxtoBKe (3To onpewerseTcad cncHHpukol TeMaTHKH), BOSMOXKNO, ITO HCKOTOPLie NOAOMKEeHNA KHYPH OKaKyTCA Te GeccnopyLiMy. Bee KpaTuyecKue 3aMeYaHHa, ROSPaxKenwa UAH YTOWHEHHA, HanpaBseHHEe B alpec usgaveabceTBa: 191065, Jlennurpaa, ya. Toroas, 4. 8, u3a-Bo «Cy- RoctTpoeline» ~~ Gy 1yT npUNATEL c 6.1arOapnocTLyw. 4 Tnasa t NEPCIEKTMBLI OCBOEHMSA MMPOBOTO OKEAHA VW PA3BMATMA OKEAHOTEXHMKK 1.1. Tlepcnextiem ocsoeHKA Muposoro oKeaHa B kau Au Npob6aema KOMMAeKcHoro ocRoenaa Mu- poBoro OkeaHa BH3bIBaeT OTPOMHbIi uNTepec. Ona u2 ero mpu- uHH — Bo3pacTalolwe morpe6yoctH “wenoseyecrza. Onpegzeaarca OHM UAaCTHYHO BEICOKUMH TeMMamy PocTa HapoMOHaceneHua 3¢MHOTO wapa. To qanHbim OOH, Hacenenue Hale maaneThl Kaw ZI rox Bospacraer NpHMepHO Ha Ba mpouenta. Oxusaetca, YO K AByX- THICHUHOMY TOAY Ha seme GyeT MecTb-CCML MHJMapAOB YesloBeR. NlotpeGuoctn YeaopeuecTBa yBesHYHBAIOTCA-He TOKO B CBA3H € POCTOM ero YHCMEHHOCTH, HO H HOTOMY, YTO MPOMBIHLeHHOCTE m0- rollaeT B pactere Ha Aylty vacenenaa Bee Gombe u Gombe cbipba H aneprau. Tlogcuntano, yro MHPoBOl Pacxo cbIPbA CcHKeE- TOAHO BOSpacraeT B cpenHem na 4,8 %, Mpwuem B OonpMeH creneHH UBeTHLIX H, B OCO6CHHOCTH, PenKUX MeTagoB. Pocr oKHAaeMoro vioTpe6acnua HeKOTOpEIX MeTaqion [57] npexcTaBaen B Ta6.1. f.1. Tadmua 1.1. [pornos norpe6aenus merassoB npompuaeHHoctiio kanaTa@AnCTHIecKHX CTpad (MAH. T 1970 1985 2000 Meray. c : a cma Josssie cua [Osaamate| crix | Ouse ?Keaze30 100,0 300,00 | 120,00 | 600,0 130,0 800,0 Mean 230 4'00 2150 8.0 4:0 12°0 Amosnintt 48 5,00 | 12,00 | 10/0 35,0 200 Hues 0,2 9,30 0,35 0,6 0,7 5,8 Xpom O85 1,00 1,00 1,9 12 24 KoGaapr 0,1 G,15 0,15 0,2 0,3 0.3 Eule 6oaee ocrpa sHcpretuyeckan Mpo6sema, B NepRyio ovepeas npodtema He@TH. B olexkc 3anacos HeTh AaHHbic pacxorstcs. V3 paspegaHHbix Ha cyule 62 MIpA. T KSDATO WB Heap seman OKOTO 20 Mapa. t [81]. Hoxasannpe (xocroRepHbie) sanacty HepTH Ha cyie cocTaBamior oxono 80 mapa. T [81]. Ecan yuectp, yo 5exerojio MoOpBaeTca oKONO 3 MupA. T, a NoTpe6HocTh RB nedtH MpososKaer pacTH, TO CraHoBNTCA MOHATHOM ocTpota sHeprerH4c- cko# npo6emu. Ko nocneavero BpeMenuw HabmO_anacL onpesenen- Had BAKOROMCPHGCTh: PASREAAHHLIC SAAC BOSPacTann NpHMepHO MponopivoHadbHo pocry Ao6ptmH. Ho, owesHgzHo, ato Tak 6ygeT He seerga. Kpome Toro, 91a 3aKoHoMepHocrh Oblia ciipaBeaHBa Wa Mapa B HCIOM: Aula pagBuTbIX KalMTaNMcTa4ecKAX cTpan yxe celi- WaC pOCT PasBeAaHHLIX 3aMacoB OTCTACT OT AOOHUH, a NOTpeOmeHHe HepTH pacter B Ba-TpH pasa GnicTpee, YEM pocT MpoMbIMNcHHOH npoxyKunn. Hafexkaa Ha HoBble HCTOUHMKH MOeSHBIX HCKOMaeMBIX Ha CyLIC Hezenuka. OcnoBHad MaCCa JerkKOQOCTYMHBIX MeCTOpOKRCHHH OT- Kpbira, TOJaBiAOllyo HX YacTh paspabaTLIBaloT, MHOrMe MecTO- pOxkLeHHA SHAIWTeRbHO HcTOUIeHD. Cefuac cTouT 3aqaya ocBOcHHA MECTOPOKLEHUH B TPYRHOAOCTYNHMX palowax cenepa, pafionax Bed- Nok Mep3a0TH, nyctTitHb. Tlonatuo, 4ro 3aTpaTs Ha paspa6orky 9TMX MeCTOPORAeHuh HW TpancnopTApoBKy BOGsITOTO CHIpbA wan MmpogykrToR ero nepepaGotTku SyAyT CYWecTBeHHO BEIUe, 1eM Ha Me- CTOPORAeHHAX, paspaGaTbipaeMEIX cerozus, Mox#xHoO MoaaraTb, YTO HacTyNHT BpemMA, Kora: BaxkHeliwum HCTOUHHKOM 3HePrHH CPaHeT aepHoe TONMHBO. ATOMHEIE aJICKTPO- CTaHIHM yaxe celittac ycneMHo KOHKYpHpylOT c TemoBbIMH. A Korma YeNOBeUeCTRO OCBOHT TCPMOAJEPHAH CHATes H Hay4uNTCA HCNO.1h30- BaTb B Ka¥ccTBe TONJHBa AehTepuli, coxepualliniica B BOAe, OHO NOYAUT MpakTHyecKh HeRcCakaembill MCTOUHMK STIEprHH. Oxiako Hapsiay c noTpe6uTeaamu Tpancnoprupyemof sneKTpH- ueckOl| SHEPIHH, NO-BUAUMOMY, BCeTa B IKHSHH “eMOBeNecTBa Gy- AYT HIpaTb SHAaNHTeNbHYIO Powb ARTOHOMHLIe ee noTpeGuresn, B HepBy! Ovepeh aBTOMOOHAbHEI H BOsLyuMA TpaHCuopT. [o- CKOMbKY CO3TanHe AZepioh sHepreruKA AWA TaKHX ToTpe6uTeset — Heo BeCbMa oOTLaneHHOTO Gyzyuero, HoTpe6HocTa 4enoReveCTBA B XHMHYCCKOM TOTIHBC elle yonro 6yAYT nOcTaTONNO ReANKH. He meee Baxken # Apyrol achext — ucnoabsoBaline HeQTH nw yrast Kak CHIPBA Jaa XHMuYecKOH mpomiInenHocTH. M agecb oH TaKKe TpyAHO34MeHEMEI. ~ Crajla GueHb CepbesHOH ellie ogra npobema — mpo6nema mpce- Hof Boab. Ua KonoccasbHbx ee 3allacOB Ha 3eMIIOM wWape OCHOB- ible HCTOURMKH — peku 4 O3epa — cogepaaT mrp 0,02 % o6mnx BOAHBIX samacos. [Ipu 9TOM 3alacht pecHof ROAM pacnpenenenht Kpaline HepapHoMepHo: 6onee yem B 50 cTpanHax MHpa HCHEITLI- BaeTCa OCTpBIM ee HesocTaTOK. Camaa 6craTaa crpaHa oO 3aflacaM mpecHol Bogbl — Cosert- cxnii Colo3, OaHaKO H y Hac ee 3aMacbl pacupezeaenbl Hepastio- Mepwo. Ha paiions: Esponeficxoli yacta c BHCOKOpasBUTOH mpo- MHIULI€HHOCThIO WM BbICOKOM MAOTHOCTbIO HaceMeHHe NPHXOLUTCA anus 20% BogHErx 3anacos. Baecte c rem noTpe6senve upecHOH BOAbI CTPeMHTC.IbHO pacrer, Tak, QJ BHINJABKN OMHOM TOHHE! HHKCA Tpe6yerca oxo.0 800 M3 6 BOAI, OAHOH TOHHDI aTOMHHHA 1200 m3 aoab. OcoberHo BoRoeMKO MPOWSBOACTBO CHHTeTH4YeCKHX MaTepHasios. Ha npousBoscTBo oAHOn TOHHH Kanpora Tpe6yctca oxot0 5000 m? Bogan. Beauku u GniTo- Bae noTpeéuccta B sone. Kaan xutetn Mocks patxogyet B CyTKu B cpeaHem Goace 0,6 m® BoaH, T. €. MOCKBHUH B TOM pac- xoaylot oKono 1,8 KM® Bogbl, ¥TO cocTaBieT oKONO 2 % rozoBoro ctoka Bonra B Kacnuit. HWenuo c orpawH¥enHoctbio pecypcoB CBA3aHa, BepOATHO, \aae- wad pana npuctanpnoro ByuManus K Muposomy oKxeany — OUSHEHIaT HCOOXOMMMOCTL OCBOeHHA ero pecyPcoB AIA yAOBNeT- BOpcHHaA moTpe6noctes yenoReKa. Cnpalimpacteca, YTO 2Ke MOET BaTh OKeail, KaKOB efO SKOHO- Muteckuh forenunan? flo mocneqHWX eT OKCaH paccMaTpMBaicsh KaK rio6anbHast TpaHcCNopTuad CeTb, CBASIBAIOULad CaMble OTAaJIeHHHe TOWKH 3eM- Horo Wapa, W Kak MOCTaBLHK npoxyKTos nuTaHun. Xota 9TH ac- N€KTHI HCNOAbSOBaHAA OKealla OTIOAL He NOTepAAM CBOeTO SHaue- HHA 7 C€TOAHs, BOSHHK elle 04H — HCMOAb3ORaHue GoraTCTB, CKpbi- THX Kak B CaMOH BOXe, TaK H MOA BOAAHOM TONMIel, U, BOSMOXKHO, 9TOT acHektT CTaHeT B TepcmeKTHBe caMBIM BamHoim. HockoubKy 90% cTOHMOCTH BCeX MOWeSHBIX HCKONACMEIX, j106HIBAeMBIX B OKeaHe, MpHXOAHTCH Ha ROMO HepTH M rasa H MOTeHUaTbHIE BOSMOMKHOCTH HX JOGbIUN B GaMKahUCH HepencKTHBe Hauboree BbI- COKH, NawHeM C HHX pacCMOTpeHHe SKOHOMHYeCKOrO NoTeHiMaaa Mupogoro okeaHa. Ha MOpcKae Mecropoxsenua mpuxoautca Go.tee 30 % Bceft mu- pono q06HuN He@TH uM 12% go6nMH rasa. No nporno3sam k KOHLY XX B. Roa MOpcKOH HedresoG6ul4H MomeT RocTHYb 45 % or obmte- Muposod. Ecaw Ha cyWle OONbIIHHCTBO MecTOpOKJeHui-ruraHTOB OTKPEITO, TO B MOPAX OTKPLITHA TAKHX MeCTOPOMMCHHH, KaK MeCTO- poxkgenua Tepcuxgckoro 3ampa c 3anacamMu Gonee 1 mapa. 7, n0- BUAHMOMY, elke BHepedH. Ae6urni MOPCKHX CKBAKHH Yallle BcerO Ha NOPAALOK BblMmIe CyxO- nytnpx. Econ sp CUA na cymie npombmacnanit aedut veda aMewr TomEKO 12% cKBaxHH, To B Mope 42%; B ABcTpannn Ha cylle Heth faeT TOAbKO OfHa u3 140 npobypeHHEIx cKBaxKHH, Ha MOpe — O4Ha HSB Tpex. “Tio opHeHTHpoBoyHo oenke 3anacbhi HeipTH H raga B OkeaHe B Mpezetax go ray6uH oKono 300 Mm cocTaBastwT: HedbrH — 280 mapa. 7, a rasa— 140 tpHanuouos m® [6]. Has CopetcKoro Cowsa ocBoenHe MOPCKHX MecTopoxeHHit HepTu H fa3a Take uMCCT Bamnoe 3naveune, B pemennax XXV cpessga KMCC npe- AY€MaTpHBaeTcsA *. * Matepuama XXV cxeaga KIICC. M., Hoamtusgat, 1976, © 183. -Cosetckni Cows Obit ofHOM H3 MepBLIX cTpaH, HaYaBUIMX Mop- eky1o LoOpray He@Tu. Tlomuso Het H raga, AHO Muponoro oKealia coepaxnT H Apy- THe TomesHble ucKoNaembie. Hx 3HaucHHe MeMbUIC, 4TO CcBA3aHO c¢ TexnoNorHyeckHMn TPYAHOCTAMH MLOHCKORB, Pa3BeAKK UW Ao6ptuH, a OTCION4 BO MHOTHX CJyWaHX H C¢ OTHOCHTeTbHO HMsKoi pexTa- 6eqbHocTbIO. OAHakO HECMOTPA Ha TO, YTO NODROANLe paspaboTKu TBEPALIX NGAE3HIX HCKOTAeMBIX elle He3HaTHTeAbHBI 10 CpaBHCHHIO © paspadorkamn Ha Cyllle, Aid MHOrHX cTpall ye cerosna Onn HMelOT MepBOCTeneHHoe 3HayeHHe. Pyaubie novlegHbie HCKOMaeMBIe B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT MecTa HX 3a- nerawui AeIAT Ha MOnesHble HCKOMaeMBe MOPcCKOrO AHa, KOpeH- Hble MeCTOpOKeHKA H TIpHGpeRHO-mopcKue pocceInH. AGcomoTHC HHP, XapaKTepusylollve pecypcbl pyANbIx s10- N@SHLIX WCKOHaeMbIX MOPCKOrO Aula, OfPOMHbI. Tak, samacht we- awesa olesuBaiorca B 232 Mapa. T. ipumepuble 3anach mMeTaa10B OKeaHCKOTO Ha 3HAYHTeAbHO TIPeBbILNAlWT 3anach na cyule: Map- raha 6onplle, vem Ha cyme B50 pas, KobOassTa—s 620 paz, Hukea —B 90 pa3, Meny —B 86 pasa, uupKOHaS, MomHOXeHa # UMBKa BO MHOrHe COTHH pa3, OCHOBHAA YacTb 9THX pecypcog co- HepATCH B Tak HaSbIBaeMHX %KeAESOMAPTaHLCBBIX KOHKPeUMAX, obaacTH pacnpocrpanenus KOTOPHIX 3aHUMAIOT OTPOMHBIe NAOWATH. Koukpelun BCTpeyaloTca H Ha MauBIx MMy6nHax, H B OpHOpexHDIX Boa, OfHaKO OCHOBHA HX acTb cocpesoTouena Ha GOombWIUX ray6uuax pianu or Seperos, Konueurpatina Konkpenni Kore6serca or 10 THe. F 20 50 THe. T Ha 1 KM?. OGnlaHO B CpemHeM KOHKpeuun comepKaT 24% mapranua, 14 % akcgesa, 1% nakera, 0,5 % Mequ, oKos0 0,5 % Kobanbra. Mapran- Heépble PyAbl, MOGLIBAEMBIE Ba cylle, o6btHo B 1,5—2 pa3a 6oraue, HEM KOHKpelMH, MOITOMY NOCMe_HHe OcobeHHO npHBAeKAaTeIbAbL SKOHOMHYCCKH 3-34 MeA, KOGallbTa K HMKedIa. KuMnuecKufi co- crap KOHKpenuii gapucuT oT ray6unBl: c ee pocToM MOBBIMaeTcA co- Hepaive HUKCna H MeAH, qa COmepKanwe KOOambTa 4 BananUA Tayaer. * Bonpoc skonomuyeckol adekTHBHocTa npouecca ao06bman 4 nepepaOoTku MOpcKHx KOHKpeuHii HeoOHuakHo samen. B CIA B CBASH ¢ RePHUNTOM MeTaq0B, AOGHIBaeMBX Ha CyWIe, NpoBoAH- Och cheiMalbHoe HccAexOBaHve 2sToh npobsemnt. YcraHosrexo, YTO OPH goctaTouHO Gombiiom o6beme npousBoscrBa (5 Tite. 1/cyT) AOGbl4a GyAeT 9KOHOMHYECKH ONpaBAAHHO, npuyemM mepBOHadasb- HHIC 3aTpaTH OKYMATCA 3a YeTHIpe Toga. TombKo 3a cueT mepepa- Gorkn 30% pasBeqanHbxX 3amexKeH KOHKpeLMi MpH coxpateHuy HBIREWINerO TEMHa TOTpeGJeHHA MHPOBaA NPOMBILIAeHHOCTh MOxKeT 6yTb oGecneyena Ha 2000 aeT MeybIO, a HUKCaeM M KOGambTOM ele Ha Gonee 1.1uTeADHOe BpeMaA. Cpeay KOPeHHHIX MecTOpOxKJeHHH NaH6omee BaxKHN paspabaTH- BaeMbie WaXTHEIM cooco6om — NOABOAHHMH WaxTaMu, lpoliacH- HBIMH C CYLUH, WH © ecTeCTBEHHHx H HCKYCCTBEHABX, cneljuaaLuo 8 NocrpoeHHbIX ocTpoBoB. TakuM crlocoGom jo6bIBaIoT KaMcHmuit Yrovib, KeTesHylo pysy, PYAbI MeaH, OlOBa, HAKEIA. Ilpw coppeMenkol TexHuxe paapaborKa MOpCKUX MeCTOPOXAe- HHH WaXxTHBIM cnOcoGoM Np AOCTATOUHO GouBMMX 3alacax MOKCT 6uITh penta6capnol mp yaanewnu ot Gepcra A0 25 KM, 9KOHO- MHYECKH ONPaBAawHa uw 9KCMyaTawHA MecTOpoxKAeHA Ha paccTos- HHH 10 50 KM or Gepera. TIpu6pexuo-mMopcKue pocceiiH Ccosep%kaT MpeMMyllecTBCHIO Pyanbie MHHCpamh, 8 TepByl0 OYepen, THTadoBEie (HLMCHHT H pyTH3), a Taxxe Uspkow » MonaguT. Kpome toro, B HEKOTOPHX AKBaTOPHAX POCchMH cOnepxKaT XPOMHT, MaTHeTHT, KaCcHTepHT, aJIMa3bl, AParouenuble METAMA: 30.10TO, MAaTHHy. HupMenut uchorh3yOT AlaBubiM O6pasoM B waKoKpacoyioM Mponsposcrse wv B MeTaddypran, Pyrat cogepaxRT a0 60 % yAcToro vuTana, LINpKOHOBHI NecoK IPaMeHHIOT B MCTaJAyprHd Mina To- AYUeHHA “KCTOTO WMPKOHUS, OOnasalowlero BEICOKHMH adTuKOppo- 3HGHHBIMH cROAcTBaMH. LInpKoHHi, cabo TOTAOWMAOVIAH TeMAOBEIC HeHTPOHEI, HaxOAHT mpuMeHeH¥e B peaxtopocrpoenuy. M3 Mona- LATA WOAYUAOT OYeHb HYKHEIe PCAKOSCMEdLHbIE SMCMELTH, TAB- HbIM 06pa30M TOpHA W Weanit. Hav6o1ce Kpynhble MecTopowseHHA STHX MUNepasoB HaxoAATeA y Bocrounoro noGepexba Asctpasuu. Hx npoTmKeHuocTh BAOmb 6epera npepuuaer 1,5 Tac. kM. Ha gomo Apcrpaaua mpuxoautcs 6onee 65% MupoBoH gO6nI4Nn aTHX NOMeSHLIx ucKONaeMEX (90 % pytHaa, 60 % uupkoua nr. 2.). Brtpysxa or ax aKcnopta K 1980 r. AOMKHa gocru4» 70 Mapa. goa. Borarbe mecropomenus STHx MHHepasloB HaXOAsSTCA Y wro-ganalHoro HW woro-BOCTOUHOTO nobe- pexbes Huguu, 8 Bpasnana, Wpu-Jlanka, Appuxe, CILIA, umeiotca pocebinu # B CCCP. Marnerut coxzepaur no 70 % oKec3a, a XPOMHT H KaccHTepuT (OJOBAHHLIA KAMCHb) — OCIIOBHbIe PYAH LA H3B.ICUeHA XPOMa H o10Ba cooTBercTBeHHo. Boratpie poccninm mMarHeTuta cocpesoto- ucHht B Hosoi 3eaauyuu, 8 TacManuu (Asctpasna), Anonna. B Snonnn oxono 60% o6mek yo6nan Kere3n04 pyatl (npumMepHo 1,5 Man. T) WOKpbIBaeTCa 3a CUeT MarHeTHTOBETX ueckos. B Hosoi SenaHauM Ha 6a3e MarHeTHTa B UAAKHEIX MecKax paGoTaeT MeTas- clyprHyeckua xoMOunar. Kaccitcpat npHiaaiexut K MeHee pac- TpocTpaHeHHEIM MuHepadiam. Ero poccsinu cocpezorovensi B lOro- Bocrouxoh Aswu—y noGepexui Maaafisun, Tafinanaa u Uaso- HE3HH — PlaBHbix upousBoquTenett MHpoBoroe o.10Ba. TloMHMO Ha3BaHHBIX MHHepadoB, B MOPCKHX Poccbinax comep- WATCH HW yIKE YHOMAHYTHIE Aparokenupe MeTadap: MaaTana — 8 saanpe Pynnbioc (CUIA), 302070 — va Auacke A B apyrax pato- aX THXOOKeaNCKOrO Wenbia, a Takke aymMash —y nobepexns lOro-3anaanoi Adpaxa (Hamu6us). CymMapHble sanacpl aMa- 30B Ha Werbibe H Geperosol Nosoce B 3TOM palloHe OLleHHRaIOTCA B40 wim. Kapart (8 Tr}.K Munepanprbim pecypcam caenyer OTHECTA AH pasaHanble 9e- MEHTHI, COMepxalinech B 1,4 Map. KM? Bom Mupozoro oKeana. Beanunna 9Tax pecypcon B aGcouwlOTHOM H3MepelMn KosOccaabHa: obUlce KOANYeCTRO PacTBOpPeNIIEIX -B OKeaHe MHHepasbHbIX BeliLecTs cocrapaser 50-10% 7. B ognom xy6myeckoM Merpe MOpCKOli BOABI cOepMCNTCA B cpel- Hem 1,3 Kr Maraua; 0,3 r G6poma; 0,079 r mean; 0,011 r ypana. Pacrsopennpie B MOPcKOl BOAC 31eMeIITEI cocraBasioT 35% oF o6mHx ux 3anacos. B wactHoctn, o6ulue 3anachl 30n0Ta B OKcaHe ouennBawtea B 8—10 man. 7. Oanako BaxkHbt HC CTOMbKO aGCOuIOTHBI€ BeHUHAbI, CKOAbKO KONMeHTPalua, KOTOPat H OMpPeLeIrReT BOSMOAHOCTH MPOMEINeR- Holi jobstuu, H3 va3sBanmeix sacMCHTOB H3BaAeKaroTCA B HPOMBII- JeHUbIX MacuiTa6ax “ulub 6pom H Maranfi. Ha oxean mpuxogutca cefiuac oxo10 70 % Muposoro wpousboncTBa Gpoma, a Jo6nI4a Mop- exoro mardus B CIA npcsicuaa 250 tic. t. Uspacucnne apyrax XMMBYUCCKHX 3JICMCHTOB 13 BOT OKeala CCrORHH NoKa elle HopeH- ta6enbuo [72]. Usyyenne MuHepathuntx pecypcos Muposoro oKxeaHa mpHBeso K OTKDPHITHIO HOBOrO THIa HCTOYHHKOB nOse3HHX HCKORACMiLx — AOHMBIX TOPAYHX pacco0B c TeMnepaTypod Bbilue 40° H BbICOKO KOHKeNTpalneh MHTIepanbHblx BelliccTB. OcHOBHOH KOMMOHeNT pac- coos — NGsapeHHad COTb, a COAePACaHMe B ITMX MeTaIMOB LocTa- TOUHO BeHKO: MapfaHila 100 mr/a, unHKa 7 Mr/a, Meqn gO 1 mrfa. Tlogctuaioune 9TH paccok OcamoyHEe cnOH OGoraLleHbt WnH- KOM, MeAbIO, CBHHUOM, cepc6pom u 3on0Tom. Ilo aanupim [25], MeCTOpOKeHAA Takoro THA cocpexoroueHb! B ray6oKoBoA~HOt uentpasdibHo vacta Kpacnoro mops, [lepenektupyn B OTHOIUCHHH TakHX HCTOUHHKOB UepHoe n Cpeaqu3emHoe Mopa. H, waxonen, o mpecuoi Boge. 3anacht Boab B OKeaHe (1,4 Mapa. xm*) npakTuyecku GesrpaHu4Hb, H BOMpoc CTOHT HWS 06 9KOHOMHYeCKH peHTaGeJbIIOM cHoco6e noAyYeHHA HB HEC pec- HOH-BOAH. B 910m GoraTcrse oxcana — BTOpad MpHuwHa uHTepeca K ero ocpoenm0, O”Hako fyTS K NPOMbIAeHHOMy OcBoeHMIO GoraTcTR okeaHa Hempocr. Co3qaine HaydHO-TeXHHYeCKOrO NoTeRMMana, o6ycAOBAMBUero peaibHblc BOSMOAKUOCTH 718 OCBOCHHA GoraTcTs Muposoro oKeara, GasupyeTca 8 OcHOBNOM Ha yclexax B MpHkragHbX OTpacaax WaykKw WH TexXHHKH. YabTpa3sByKOBaad TeXHHKa BOOpyaKUAAa Hccres0- BaTesleli MOUHLIMM CPeACTBAMH TOABOAMDIX Ha6moxemmh, H3sMepe- Hu H CBASH, a4 OTPa6oTKa TeTeBH3HOHHBIX cpegcTa Habslogenus oGeciewnia UpakTHUeCkH HCHOCPeACTBEHHOe SphTeabHoe ROCTIpPAs- THC MPOWECCOB, MPOKCXOAAUIMX B HCAOCTYMHBIX vesOBCKy MecTax, AgepHaa SHeprerHKa co3qaqa mpegnmochikW Noctpoika Hagpos- HBIX H, B OCOGeCHHOCTH, MOABOMHBIX TeXHHYCCKHX cpeACTB WpaKTu- uCCKH € HeOrpalinyeHHOH aBTONOMHNGCTHO H BbICOKOM SHCproBoupy- wenHoctsio, [Iporpecc B xXHMMH H MeTaasyprHn, o6ycaoBuBLMi 10 NOABNCHHE JePKHX, MPOUHDIX H KOpPO3HOTHIO-cTONKUX MaTCPHaJOB, HOSBOIHA CO34aBaTh KOpPHyca MOBOAHDIX auMapaToB, PaccuuTaH- HEX Ha ocBocHHe GonbUIMx ray6un. TlorynpososHuKoBEle mpH6opH MW SvKTPOHHO-BRMHCHUTeMbHad TeEXHHKa ObecneuHaH BEICOKY! 30- dekTuBHOcTb c6opa 1 O6pa6oTKH uAopMauHH. TeneympanaacmMle cHcTeMH O6yCAOBK.IH NOcTPOHKy NOABORHEX neo6uraembix anmapatos. KocMuyeckaa TeXHuka cieNada BOoMOxK- HEIM rloGarbublii OxBat Mupoporo okeaHa Hi cyilecTBeHHo paciln- puta WaBHralMOuNbe BOSMOXKHOCTH CPEICTB ero OCBOeHHA, B UACT- HOCTH, MPH OpeAeeHHH M CUHCAeHHM CBOerO MecTa. Vy, HaKoHen, Hem3A He OTMETHTh TECHY!O B3AMMOCBASb MeXKTY yerlexamu B BOCHHOM KOpaGjecTpoennu, B TepByl0 Ovepeyb mph CTPOHTeIbCTRE ATOMHBIX MOABOAHEIX JOROK, H Nporpeccom B oKea- HOTexHHKe. Pemenic Bamucilinx mpo6em sHepreTuKu, HaBura- UHH, CRASH, AMHAMAKH JBAXKeHUA, WHuZHCOGecMeTeHUA NOsBOAHAO HpHMeHHTh NOAYYeNHELe pesylbTaTH B MMpPHOH oOnacTH Hay4eHHA u OCBOCHHA OKeaHa. Kpome toro, stor Hay4HO-TexnHuecKuH Dporpecc B 3Ha4uHTe/Ib- HOt creneHH O633aH HeH3MepHMO BEPOCILMM 3HaHuaM 06 oKCare. Hayka 06 oKxeale — oKeaHonorua — JocTaTOuHO J[peBHAA OTpac.ib 3HAHHA, CCA CHUTATh BPeMeHEM ee BOSHEKHOBeHHA PasBHTHE Mep- BHX Npescraplennli o semnoh nogepxnocta. Buayane ncrouHnKoM HudopMannn faa ee COopa, axanw3sa u OGOOuleHHA Cay RWAH CyYXO- Bhie 2KypHaJIbt. PeryiapHble waysnbie UCCeOBARAA OKeawa Haya- AKCL BO BTOpOH NonoBHHe XIX a. Muorne HCCAeoBaTeaH MPMBASLIBAWT OOPMAeCHHEe OKeAHO.I0- THB B CaMOCTOATC.THHYO HaYYHY!O OTPacsIb K KPYTOCBETHOK SKCHe- aunan na , npo6ypxswemy x Kxonmy 1972 r. Goace 300 cksaxaH Ha Ane AtTaanTH4eckoro u THxoro oKkeaHos. Teonormueckne MaTepHanit SobmOoH NeRNocTH ObINA TOayyenb upd pasBeaKe Hedtu, rasa 4 PyAHBIX HCKOMAeMBIX, OCYUkeCTBAAB- WHeCH pazOM CcTpaH, B TOM 4HcAe H CopercKum Corosom. Hpo61eme H3yWeNHA pasMeLleHAA KOHKpenn ua Ae Mupoporo okeaHa 6pla NOCBAMEH ChekHabubi pelle sKcHexHUMONHOrO cyaHa « COCTABJI€Ha KapTa pa3MeHleHHA 2Kee30OMapraHleBhX KOHKpeunt Ha ine Mupoporo oxeata. Hayauo-rexuuveckuli nporpece cTupaer rpamuny Mexay cbywita- M€HT@JIbHBIMH H NpWKiadbIMa HaykaMH, ¥TO B TOAHOK Mepe OT- HOcHTCA H K OKeaHQsOrHH. PyHaMeHTaJbEBIe OkeallonorudeckHe UCCAeAOBARHA MPHOSGpcrawr NoTcHUMAILHy!O 3IKOHOMMUeCKyO Weu- Hocrb, B pagBATBX KalWTasMcTuyeckHx Ctpanax u B CCCP paa- BePHYTHL NPHKALHEe HCCC AOBAHHA, Web KOTOpbIX — paspaboTKa clTEXHOJOPHM PeHTAGCAbHOH NOGHUH H H3BAeVeHHA MUBHEPANbHBIX pe- cypcos Muposoro oKkeana, Tlocrpoebl w 3kciiyaTHpylwotcs TexHi- yeckue CpeAcTBa ACORN He*pTH H MpupoAHoro rasa, pasmMAbe To Tully B 3aRHCHMOCTH OT rvly6OHHEI MOpA B paltone, rae own SyayT SKCIVIY ATHPOBATHCA. B 1970 r. B CIUA co3qanu MeTOR, c HOMONIbIO KOTOpoTo yaaetca usBreup jo 98% BcexX MeTaqOB, CORepKAMUXCA B KOH- Kpemnax. B CHIA, Anouna u @PI sunonvenbl Mpoekret Apar, oGec- ncynBawUlUx ZebL4y KouKpeuwii c rayGun go 6000 M. Anawtorny- HLie No HasHayenmo NpocKTh paspabaTHBalotes u B CCCP, B Ano- HHH AQDKHa OLITL nyWleHa ONbITHad yCTaHOBKa aA UsBAeVeHHA ypatla u3 MopcKof Boab. A k 1990 r., nO MHeHHIO cnenHamucTos, Anowua 6yser noxpbiBaTp go 15 % norpe6uoctH B ypake Ajit aTOM- REX ScqeKTpOCTaHUMii 3a C¥eT ypala, HSBNeyeHIIOrO us MopcKoOi BOIL. C uauaza XIX 8. B pasnw4HbIX cTpaHax MMTawHch NOAyYHTD H3 MOpceKo BogBI 301070. Hemeykomy xHMuKy 3. Bayapy yaatocp noayant, u3 100 a mopckofi Bogan 1,4 mr sonora. Mecaeqonanna allaaoraunoro XapaxTepa nposogzatca nw B CCCP. B 1959 r. Bo BpCMA ORHOTO H3 pelicos Ha Hayulo-HCCAeAOBATEJIBCKOM CY JHC «Muxana Jlomonocony 651414 ycravoBnena (usbTpyioulan KosoNKa C HOUNOC6MeHHEIMM CMOJaMH (HOHHTaMH). B Teyenne peiica 4epes KONOHKy Mpoulto NpHMepHo 60 m? MopcKoH Born. B pesyaprate K@KIBIK KMIOTpaMM HOHHTOR H3BacK 0,15 r ypaHa, 0,125 r ce- pedpa, a TaKXKC, UpaBla B sayATeTbHO MeHDINKX KONNYCCTBAX, CTPOHILHH, 30n0TO, Menb 4 WHHK. B gpyrom akcnepmmente uz 500 1 MOpCKOH BOgbI Gbin BEIACAaCcH 1 Mr sonora. YuvTEIBad BBICOKHe TeMMIbI Hay4HO-TCXHHYCCKOrO Mporpecca, B YaCTHOCTH WedeHalipaBleMmmix wccaexzoBannii B 3TOH oGaacTu, MO%KHO NOJaraTb, WTO B CPaBHHTeNbHO HefaleKom SyxyWlem GygyT paspaGoTaHbt JOcTaTOUHo SKOHOMHYHBIC TeXHOdOTM¥eckHe MIpoueccHl HSBCVeHHA L€MHbIX MeTaJIOB H8 MOpcKOH Bob. Sro ocobeuno BaxKHO B CBA3H C TEM, TO B OTJIMYHE OT MeCTOpOxA AC HHI Ha cyle, HCTOWAlOUluxcA TO Mepe AX SKCIIYATALAH, MOPCKHe MecTOpoxKe- HHA BOSOOIOBAMIOTCA eCTeCTBEHHLIM NyTeM. SHayHTCAPHBIC yellexH AOCTHTHYTH u B pcuICHHH Npo6.1embt onpecnenua mMopcKoi Boab. Hemme Bo Bcem Mupe JelicTBywT Gonec 300 onmpecHATesbHEIxX ycTaHoOBOk. Camble Kpynnpre #3 Hux coopy- akenpl B CCCP, CIMA, Benecyagne, Kypelire, Hapanae, Anonnn W apyrux crpanax. B 1964 r. mexay CCCP u CIA G6pito saKmoveHo cormaienve © COTpyAHMYecTBe B OGNAaCTM ONpecHeHUH COMeHLIX BOA, B TOM ¥Mcse HC HcHombsoRANHEM aTomMhol 2ueprul. B stoi o6aacra CopercKHa Cols HMeeT BeCbMa 3Ma¥HTeThHBIe AOCTH- Kenna. ATOMHBIM ompecHuTetb Ha ObICTPLIx HelitpoHax Br. Wepyenko, Ha Oepery Kacnmiickoro mops, noaHocTbio oGecneuMBaeT ropos Tpechod noxoH, npwyem Ha Kam ROTO ARHTeMA UPHXOLHTCA B CyTKH Goace 500 1 mpccHof Bogbl BbICOKOTO Ka4uecTBa. 12 Ovesuano, TO HayuHO-TexHWyecKHH W 3KOHOMMMeCKHH NOTeH- Ua uenoBeyecTBa DocTaToYen Wiad OCBOeHUA 6oratcrs Muposoro oxeaHa, B 9TOM 3aKq10UaeTCd TpeTbA HPHYHHa MpHcTaMbHOrO REM- manua K npo6semc Muposoro oKeaHa K CTPeMUTeBHOR UHTeEUCHH- KallWu e@ATeLHOCTH MO eTO OCBOEHHIO. TIpoéaeme necncnonanua Muponoro Oxealla HW OCBOCHHA cro pe- cypcos Gopuloe BHUMaHHe yAerAeT Opranazauua OOpeaHUeHHbIX Hana. Hecxoapxo ceccvt OOH mpxnaan pesoaionuio 10 ycnacnHo necaemobaHHk B 3TOM HampaB.cHHH. AxTupHoe yuacThe B HCce,OBaHHAX Muposoro okeaxa Mpamu- maet ConetcKuit Cors. Ha 6ase Mucturyta oxcanonoran AH CCCP co31a MeKLYHAPOABBIA KOOPAMHANMORNEL UCHTP, corsacoBbIBalo- lanit ACATeENLHOCTh MHOTOMHCACHTX OprannaailNit H BeAOMCTB TO uccnesosannio Mupoporo oKeaha. K Havasy 1970 r. B MMpe HACUHTEIBAIOCb 1170 WenTpop oKea- nosorHyeckux uccreopanwl. B Conercxom Cowse oxeano.torn¥e- ekue HccHelOBaHHy BeayT 53 KPyMNbIC WayTiO-RCcseAOBATEABCKHE oprann3aunn (He CHHTaa ny30B). OG6tee pykoBoACTRO H KOOPAH™ Hauwio uccchoBaHHa ocyulecTBuner . Benymlee MecTO B KaNHTasHCTHYCCKOM MUPe B npo6ieme Hece- oRaHHA w ocBoeua” Muposoro OkeaHa 3aHHMaloT CHIA. B 1966 r. Konrpece CILIA npunan 3aKou, onpesxeruBwui noauTHKy B OOnacTH ucCAeqOBaHa uw ocBOeHHa Muposoro okeaHa. DSror sakon mpemyc- MaTpuBaer BOCeMb OCHOBHBIX HanpaBaenult wecneszopanuii, B TOM YHCTe WHTCHCHUKAMKIC OCBOCHHA MOPCKHX pecypcon, paclinpeHne oKeanorpaduyeckex Hecrelosannl, yaywuexne iOATOTORKH cne- unangcTor B o6mactTH oKcaHorpa bau. Mexay ConetcKum Co1os0m 4 CIA 3aKxsmioyen soroBop 0 COT- pyauuyectse B o6.1acTa necaegosanui Mupoporo oxealla, B YacTHO- cru ray6oKoro AHa OKeaHoB, OxpaHe okpyKatoulel cpeapl, cTaH- JapTusarau oxeanorpapHucckoh amapatypbl H MeTOJOB wecHCAO- BaTeJLCKHX paGoT B OKeaHe, Tlytb peieHaa npo6embl ocBoeHHA Muposoro oxeava, 43Bac- uel eFO OTPOMHLIX OoraTcTB HenpocT H HeNCTOK, a TaBAoe HEC wes, OxnonpemeRHo € pocToM o6bema ucenesoRaHHi, U name onme- peas HX, PACTYT SaTPaTH, CBAGAHHBIE C UPOBCACHMEM STHX HCCAIE- AonaHud, [locrarouro cKa3zaTb, YTO B CIA o6ujne saTpaTes Wa ocBoenne Mupoporo oKeaHa BOspocay ¢ 333 MuH. AOsI. B 1966 r. ao 1044 wan. goan. B 1978 1,, T. €, 6o7ee YCM B TPH pasa (pe. 1.1 i 1.2*), [87—97]. Avaana npusereHHbIX rpacpaKos nosBoancT 3a~ M€THTb, UTO poct 3aTpaT Ha OCBOeEHHe MHHCP a4.ibHbLX pecypcos 3a- Mero | o6rouset poct o6mux gaTpaT Ha ocsoenne Mupoxoro * C6op, avanus v oGoGilenme marepuanos, YNOMAKYTMX B TeKCTe, HH MO- c1poeime Mpupomumux sapncumocreli sumonuexo [, TI. Jlacopws, npeaocrasns- WWM UX B PacnopmeHHe aBTopa. 134 to? nnn. done, 1a + 9 a | 7 4 ' 4 t 8 i ! 5 | a 4 { 1 5 i 2 2 4 0. 1966 67 &8 69°70 71 72 73 74 05 9677 78 Punencabeie 200 Pac. 1.1. Lnaanuxa enepanbuux pacxonos CIA Ha ocroenue Muposoro oxeana: J — o6uuie parxomel; 2—ocaoeuue MunepanLHux pecypcos 4 pemenne TipoGmemet MpecHof: Boge. +H. Donn, 300, 250} 200} 150 100 5a 4 5 a Q L 1966 67 68 §9 70 71 72-73 «4 75 76 77 78 Punancobee 2ode Puc, 1.2, Pacnpesereuve exepaapuex pacxonos CILIA mexay ReZOMCTBAMH; 1 —muincteperso ofopoun; 2— munHctepctao ToproamH: 2 — BanuoHame- kei ways ona; 4—Manucteperso tpancnopra; 5 — MuRcreperao BHYTpENIMX Her okeaHa. 3atpaTh MO STO many, donn cratbe pplpocaH Bp 28 pas: 60, c 5 man. B 1966r. 20 140 Man. goaa. B 1978 7, 50) Wz wegomers CIMA nan- Goble 3aTpaTh mpuxopaT- #27 cA Ha JoOnI0 MuHUCTepcTBa 1 i oGopoHhl, mpH¥em ypoBeHb at STHX 3ATPAT MOBONHO CTAGH- eH, H MuRKeTepcrBa Topros- 2 T 7 Au, KOTOpOMy MonuHHeO Ha- UHoOnaNbHOc ynpapnerve no © OCBOeCHHIO oKealla H aTMO- cpeper (HYOA), 3AHBMalo- 1977 970 4B75 mecca PasBeAKol, paspa6ot- Koll M OxpaHof MOpCKMX Pe- pyc, 1.3, Munamuka nen na KexoTopue cypeos Ha weanpe. Tomumo cpeactsa oczoenua Muposoro oKeaua: eAePaRbAbIX BEOMCTB H WC- ;—camononsemume GypopNe yetaHORKH; 2— cnenonaTenbcKAX —oprannon- TessPerprens, Srponu aceiense: | — Sp ii, B ACCIeLOBaHHH OKeaHa Bee CERa ¢ THHaMHuecKoH cTaGuanzauxel. NpRHMMaIoT y¥acTue HM YacT- Hble MPOMBIMICHHBe KOPTOpPauMH, UPMYeM 3aTpaTb YaCTHOrO KanH- Tada IpMMepio paBHbl 3aTpaTaM tbegepatHHlx BesOMCTB. Peaxngailuf HalHOHAtbHbIX HPOCKTOB JOaKHA OGCCHEYNTh pe- WeHHe OFHO 3 OCHOBHHIX TeXHMKO-3KOHOMMYECKHX 3anad, onpe- geastouux nosMraxy CIA 2 ato o6mactu: MONHOCThIO GCBOHTb k 1980 r. reppHTOpHa/IbHEIe BOLI, web H CKION Zo Try6uneE 600 m, a x 2000 r. HauaTb ncnNOAb30BaHHE YYACTKOB Dna OKeanA Ha ray6anax go 6000 “. Sra nporpamma paccmaTpuBaetca B CIA Kak OHO 3 BaxKHSIX CPeACTB JOCTHKeHMA SKOHOMHMUECKHX, CO- UHANbHLIX, HAYSHBIX HW BOCHHO-MOAMTHYCCKHX NPeHMyIlecTB AIA CIUA [85). SHayHTCIbHaA YaCTb PacxoNoB Ha OCBOeHHe Muposoro oKeana HamaeT Ha CO3LaHHe CHENMAAbHBIX NOOHIBAIOLIMX, TPaHCHOpTHLIx A oGecneyHpalolmlux CpeACTB, NpeAHagHayeHHLIx Aa WayaHblx wecne- Aonanui, B cBiay C STHM B MHPOBOM CYJOCTpOeHUH CTOKUAGCH oOM- pesceieHHoe cheWnanHshpopannoe HalpaBlenne Mo cOsJanMio TaKHX cpegzeTs. Beayulee Moloxcuve B STO cnemMannsHpoBaHHoll oT- paclH cygoctpoenna 3aHnMator CILIA u Anonna. Jina sToi OTpacnH cynocTpoeHHa XapakrTepcH AOBOAbHO GpicT- Pil pocT cTOHMocTH CHeywastbHHX cyzoB u cpegcTR (puc. 1.3, no- cTpOeH 0 AaHHbim [47]}. Sror mpouecc B usBecTHOH Mepe OGnsac- HHeTCH OHM H3 C.ICICTBUH HaYuHO-TeXunyecKoro mporpecca — POCTOM TEXHHYECKON BOOPyKEHHOCTH H CAORHOCTH STUX CpexCTB, a TakKe B 3UaunTeAbHON cTenenH HHPAAMHOHHEIM axTopomM, B Coperckom Coi03e Takxxe WMpOKUM (poHTOM BeAyTcA paboTHl TO NPOeKTHPOBAaHHWO H CTPOHTC.IBCTBY TEXHHYECKKHX CpeCTB IA HCC.1@JOBaHHA OKCaHA H DOGHUN MHNepacTbHBIX pecypcos. ww, 194 1975 aadey 151.2. Cpeactsa ocpoenns Mupogoro oxeaHa MK TCHACHUMK HX PasBMTHA HakoneHnniit ONbIT nOKaSbIBAeT, 4YTO B pemMleHHH 3a- 4am ocsoeuHa Muposoro okeana cyilecTBcHHyto, ecan We onpedc- AIAWULYO POAb urpalor HayyHbe HccACAOBalHA, mpecsicaywulne PASTHYHBIE LIK: OCBOEHHC MHHepanbHbIX H OuoMOrHyeCKUX pecyp- cos, oGechicueHne HopMamblio geaTenhHOCTA TpaHxcioptioro 4H BOeKHO-MopckKoro aoToB, cCOop HayyHo unopMauun o mpoileccax, MpoTekalowldx & rHApociepe uv aTMoctepe. OcymecraslcnHe s9THX HccAesoBaHMi Tpebyer ucnon»sonaHuA paso ASMepHTebUOH aluapaTypLI, pasTH4Hbl MeTOARKM mpo- BCACHHA HCCVICHOBAMH M CROCOOBI AOOBIYH MO.1e3NEIX HCKOTAeMLIX. Tlostomy stpextnsnoe BEINOAHeHHe HeCACROBaTeACKUX paGoT 11 pa6or mo WenocpeacTBeHHOMy ocBOeHHIO MMHEpasbHbix pecypcoR TpeOycT HCNOAL3OBAHHA KOMMMeKCa MaRyYHX TCXHAVECKHX CpencTB. STOT KOMMICKC RKMOYAeT MaByyne TEXHHYECKAC CpCAcTBa pa3s.iud- HbIX HasaveHHii: O6echeunBaioline nposegene dyHAAaMeHTaADUblX HayUHO-HCCCMOBATEIBCKHX pa6OT; ocyUlecTBAAIOHe NOHCK HW pas- BeAKY NOACSHbIX HCKONAeMBIX; BCHOMOraTeAbHble CpencrBa, OGecre- uhBaloulne PYHKUMOHUpPOBaHUc MepREIx Tpex rpynu. B mero Bxogat cya H WwaBy4e TeXHH4eCKKe cpeACTBa pASAHYHBIX THIOB; NeKo- TOpble u3 HHX MOMHO HCNOMb3OBaTh TOKO TO OAHOMY HasHayc- HEN, pyre —110 HeCKOJIBKUM. HayqHple nccaeqonaza ocyilectsasioT B OCHOBHOM Hay4Ho-ue- CHCROBATC.ALCKHE Cy4a H C MOMOMbIO OyHKOBeIX cHCTeM, O6ecneuH- Balollux pery.lapHoe nocrynaenue unopMaunu. Touck 4 paspeaKy MOMe3HEIX HCKONACMBIX BCLYT CHelHasbHbe CyMa, B TOM UNCTE H cyda pa3séqounoro Gypenua, a Takwxe miapyae Oypopyc ycra- HOBKH (1aTPOpMbI) Aaa pasRexounoro Gypeuus. SKcuayarauon- Hoe 6ypenHe, 4o6bi7a NedTH uw rasa NpousBosaatca co cralHouap- HBIX THelaTpopM. CnenMasibuble cyta cosqaoT yaa WOObIuH 2KCnesOMapraHuenblx KOuKpeunit WH jaa ux o6oraujenaa (naapyyne ropwo-o6oraTuTeab- Hbie KoMOMMaTh — MiaBroku). DyuKUMOHMpOBaHe aTHX cpeacTB oGecneyHBaioT BCNOMOraTeabHbie Cyya, B TOM THCAe yHABepcabHHe 4 cyaa cuaGaxKenua, GyKcupbl, 3aBosuNKH aKopell, cyua ana nos- BOAHO-TexmmM4ecKux paGoT. Monrax GypoRslx ycTaHOBOK ocyulecT- BAMOT KpavOBLIC CyAa H MWaBKPaHbl; NPOKaAKy NOABORMBX Tpy- Somposogos — cyga tpy6oyKaagunKu. Heo6xoanMoctb B Goabuiom MacuITa6e pa6oT nog Boro noTpe- 6oBaja cO3aHHA CHeWMAAbNEIX cpeacTB ofecnexeHHA ZKTC.IBHOrO upe6bipanun UIOBEKA B YCTOBHAX TOBBINEHHOTO TaBsAeHHR, KOTO- pale oSpasonaau col TH TeXHMUeCKHX CpegcTB. Oco6yw rpynny cpeacTs coctaBasioT oONTaeMBIe H HeO6uTae- MbIC HoABOaHbIe annapatbl. [pumenenne WX yHHBepcatbHo: npu HaYYHBIX HCCACIOBAHUAX, OOCAYKUBAHHA yCTbeBOrO ObopyszoBaHHA CKBAKHH, NOSBOANEIX Tpy6OnpoBor,OB H B APyrHx o6acTax mpons- 16 BOMCTBEHUO-XO3ACTBEHHOM JEATCABHOCTH, B YACTHOCTH B pbIGHOM XO3HHCTBC, MPH NOWCKEe 3aTOHYBUIHX O6DERTOR. Eme ofia rpynma cpegcTB — cya AIA OWHCTKH akBaTOpHH — CBAgAHAa C TEMHAMA rI0OanhHOro ZarpusHeHHa Mupoporo oxeaHa. EcTecTBcHHO, 470 KpOMe MICpCHUCeHHDIX THMOB CyJOB HM IaB- CpescCTB B Mpouecce BEIMO.NeHHA PaGoT ucHOAbSyIOT A cyma Tpa- AMIHOHHBIX THOR — TaHKepbl, PYLOBO3H A T. 1. THOBL cyZ0B H WiaBcpeAxCTB, BXOAMINMX B STOT KOMIWeKc, pa3- BHBAIOTCA C pasHUHOM uNTeHCHBHOCTDIO. IIpu noctpolike HeKOTO- PHIX H3 HHX HCIOJKSYIOT MHOTOJeTHHE TpagMllMH (HaytHo-ucc.2e10- BaTebCkue cyia), APyrve THMbl HaXOgATCA Ha HawaIbHOl cTaqHH pa3BHTHA, Korda .TOAbKO MpopaGaTbIBaloTca TexXHuyecKHe Hen (cyda Asm LOGOBIUM 3Ke1es0MapraHleBLix KOHKpCHMi). OcHoBHYylo 4aCTb KoMMseKCa TeXHWYeCKUX. cpescTB OCBOeHKHA Muposoro okcaHa cocTapnuiOT HAYYHO-NCCACHOBATCAb- ckne cyaa. K xoauy 70-x rr. B oTevecrBettom ote waculTEI- Basoch 82 canHHub! (cyga cMcuMaabHo nocTpoiiku BOJOKSMCLIC- uvem cBbue 500 Tt). Kpome Toro, B KayecTBRe TraydHo-necstes0- BaTedbCKHX Heclomb30nasoch oko0 360 mepeoGopysoRaHHHx PHIGoOBMBX, HaccaKupcKux ¥ SyKcupHbix cyfor. [lo KomuyecTBy HMayYHO-HCCHeZOBAaTeAbCKHX CYAOB Hala crpaHa B MovTopa pasa MIpesocxoantT Takue cTpanb, Kak BeaukoOputanua, Ppanuus u OPT BMecTe BaHTLIc, H amccT 19% cocraBa o6LleMHpoBoro Hay4HO-HC- cAleloBaTenbcKoro *p.loTa, 3aHMaA TpeTbe MecTo B Mupe (CIA — 25 %, Anonua — 22 %). Kaaccuukauna HayaHo-HCClesoBaTerbCKHX CcyRO0B (mepBaa, HACKOJKO aM H3BCCTHO) mpeasoxera H. ®. Meypeacsum [33]. Xora Ipu KlaccHPHKayHw YURTIBaTOch H BOMONSMeleHHe, B CC OCHOBY 6uIO NOJTOKeHO Wa3sHayeHHe cy Ha. Bpigeasiores cre gylo- WHE OCHOBIBIC KJaCChl NayWNO-NCCHeORATeMbCKHX CYB: gKCTIe- AMUMOHHEIC OOMbUWoro BonoHSsMeMeHuA (5—7 rec. T H BBE), Ha- mpuMep «AKanemuk Kypyatob» W Ap.; yHuBepcambHble HayyHO-HC- C.leAOBATEDCKHC BOFOKSMEMeNHeM jlo 4 Thic, T— «JucKaBepH>, «Meteop»; okcaHorpaduyeckue, ruaporpadwyeckue, MeTeoposiorn- yeckue H Apyrue xnaccn HMC, chennannsnponannbie na cpaBni- TeIbHO Y3KHX 3a,auax. Ban3ky0 K 9TOH KlaccHpuKallMw mpedia- raer I, K. Kpynnop [47]. Alo 60-x rr. B KageCTBC HayYHO-HCCesOBaTeIBCKUX CYOB HC- TO1L30BaIH TIaBHEIM o6pasoM mcpeoOopyaOBaHHble cyza: cyANo paccMaTpyBasiM B OCIOBNOM Kak TpaHcnopT aia OGopysoBauHs U o6cayKUBaIOULcrO ero mepconata. C nadaaa 60-x rr, B 6o.BINHH- cThe Beiyuax DB ato o6aactH cTpaH nocTpolika HUC pexerca 10 cneunabuo paspaGoTaHHbiM upoekTaM, a nepeobopysopamue © aTOH Weblo BCTpeyacTCA TObKO Kak UCKOdeHHe. OGbacuHeTCA 3TO0 TCM, 4TO HayUllO-HecTeTOBATebCKOC CYARO AC1KHO YAOBICT- BOPHTbh cuellucHyeckKHM TpeOOBaHHAM KOpaG.1CCTPpOHTCAbHOTO Xa- paxkrepa. Oxo gouKNO OTAMYATECA XOPOLIeH MOpCxXOHOCTDIO, B TOM 2 Bakaa M 241 7WMCHe W Ha MA@JBIX XOMax, TAK KaK GoMbUyIO YacTh BpeMelH paGo- TaeT HMCHHO Ha RHX, Mopexoyupie KavecTBa JOJ2KHbI OGeCICYHBATh BO3MOKHGCTb pa- GoTH pk cpaBHKTeAbIO BHICOKOM SarbHOCTH Mops, B MpoTHBHOM cayyae cynHo Gyscr ManoapextTuBuEM. Tak, cHwxKCHHe sonyctH- MOH GaqmbHocTH Mops c HATH GaanoB Jo YeTbIPeX yBCIMYHBACT BpeMA Mpocroes no4xTH BTpoe. Cyta qomKHE! O61a,aTb XOPOMCi MaHCBPeHHOCTLO — TO AMK- TYeTCH KaK YCIOBHAMH W1aBalNA BOAASH NOABOANEIX NpenaTcrentt HOR YSKOCTAX, TAK H HCOOXOAMMOCTLIO paborbl ¢ onycKHO! alltia- patypot. Haysno-necaeqoBaTeabcKHe Cyia SOUKHEI ObITD IpHCMoco6.1eHEL A BEIMOTHCHHA =pa34MUHBIX HCCaCaqoBanul 6e3 cyllecTBCHHOro nepeoOopygosanug. Ha cygax mpHmMeHsiwoT «cbemmpies ma6oparo- pun, oGopyxoBaHHe KOTOPHX MOHTHpyetTca Ha Gepery B KONTefine- Pax, yeraHasauBacMbix mp 4e06xoqumocru va cyano. Hasura- WHOHHaS CHCTeMA ONpPeeseHHA HK CUHCIeNHA MecTa Wa cyTHe AG- %KHa O6aLaTb BLICOKOH TOYNOCTHIO H NakexKHOCTbIO: B HPOTHBHOM Cly¥ae yTpayHBaloTca AOCTOREPHOCTD HW WeHHOCTb nowy4aeMoll aH- bopMaunn, K Rayquo-neceoRaTeAbCkHM cynaMm NpeAbABNAIOTCA H jipyrHe, MeHee sayHtenbuble Tpebonanua. Mx copoxymHocTh H o6ycloBHvia Bbijencaue HHC g ocoGplit tan cyyxos. HanOouce KpynnpimMu v3 OTCYECTBEHH bIX Hay4HO-HCCAeOBaTeABCKHX CYIOB (IH KOMILICKC- HbIX HecHeZOBaHUI OKeaHa ABIAIOTCA 637 M?. Hapagy c cyaama 6oaburoro BOOKSMCUIeHHA, KOTOPHIe HCNOAb- SYIOTCH Avid ROMMMIeKCHDIX HCCHe_OBAHHH, BaxKHOe SMaueHue npHob- peraior HW HayuHO-HCcneAOBaTeICKHe CYAa, MpesHasHayenubIe ANA CUCIMaIbHbIX necuenopanuit, B TOM WHCAe Teo1oro-reoH3nyeckHx pa6or. C 1973 7. Gino HayaTO CrpouTemberTBo MaJbix reosoro-pa3- REAOYHBIX HAY4HO-HCCHELOBATEMBCKHX CYQOB THA , NPCLHa- BHAYeHNEIX Ja padoTh B mpx6pexHod sone. Ha wux ycranoBaeHul o6opytoBale Ayla Mpopemenna oKeanorpaduyecknx 4 reosoro- paspezouKbix pa6ot, ycrpoficrBa Aaa 3a6opa rpynta, 6yposaa norpytaa ycravoRKa BuOpaHoNHoro THNa mM AHOYepMaTery. Boxousmenletive cyaHa 267 7, MOU{NOCTS raaBHOTo ABHraTeld (aH: senb) 300 1. c. (220 KBr). Cxopoerh cyaua —9 ys. [pu coszanun cyiHa 6b ucnomb30BaH MpoexT pbiGomoBHoro celinepa oTeuecT- BeHHOM LOCTPOHKH. STO NOAOMUTETHIO CKasaOCh HK Ha CTOHMOCTH cyjHa, H Ha CpOoKax cro Co3/laHus. Ognako noctpolixa cnelHatblblx Madbtx Nay4HO-HCCAenoBaTe.Ib- CKAX CYLOB NeGONLINHMY CePHAMA TO PasAHYHBIM MPOCKTaM 9KOHO- MHY4CCKH HERHTOAHa. SHAYHTeADHO PallWOMauLHee CTpouTh yHudH- MMPOBaHHMe cya, B KOTOPHIX XOTA GbI OCHOBHETe NOACKCTEMEI, Ta- Kc Kak Kopnyc u 9HepreTHyecKkad ycTaOska Onn Obl B OCHOBHOM oanHakosnl. JleficTauTembuo, yHUHKAWA MOXKeT CHH3HTb Cpesne- cepuiinylo cTouMocT yun@uyupoBannyx nogcuctem na 20—30 %, uTO, B CBOIO oYepedb, Ha 8—12 % yaeulenur cyano B lenoM. Hocrpofika neppbx Hay4HO-HCeAOBATebCKHX CyHOB TO yiMdpH- UMpoBaHHOMy npoexty Ha¥aaach c 1974 r. Toaosuoe cyano «Bane- puan Ypbipaep» cnpoekTHpoBaHo ¢ yeTOM coBpeMeHHtIx TpeboBa- HAB oTeuccrBeHio# mu MMposok Mpaxtuku. Yuuduuxpopannne Hay4HO-HCCAeAOBATEIBCKUC Cy a HMEOT OAHMAKoBble rable pas- MePpeHHA H KOHCTPYKUWO KOpPMYCOB, 3HeprerHuecKie yCTAHOBKH, CAHHbIe MpUHUMT! COuero PacHONOKeHA KMALIX H CHYRCOMDX nomeweHuit. Bogousmemjenuve cyagda «Banepnuan Ypriwace» 1100 1, davbWocTh naaBanwn 10 TbiC, MHL, CKOpocrh 12 ys. MupaBarenmic OAHOBAABHOH AM3e.1bHOM ycTalOBKOH, BHHToM pery.lupyemoro ware H MOAPYARBalOMHM ycTpolicTBOM OCyH\ecTBIACTCA 43 pyenott py6xa. Ha cyane 10 na6opatopait uw spruucaurcabubii uentTp, ux o6wlad MAouladb oKoo 100 M2, Ha 6a3€ 2Toro upoeKTa cTpoaT cyha oe 19Puc. 1.5. Yaudsmposannoe wayyno-ucccenowareanckoe cyto «Ione, pasHbx HasHaucuuit Ana naphoro ynpapacnua ruapomercocy Obl, Axagewnn Hayx CCCP, Munuctepersa reonorua CCCP. © Tipaktwyeckn oHOTHNHS ¢ cyqaMH THNa «Bamepwan VYpurpaen> yHapuuuposannste cyga Tuna , upexnasHayenHi gan KOMI- sI€KCHBIX HCCJleqoBaHHA B ApKTHyecKHx paiionax. Ero nogonsMeie- mHe 3,5 THC. T, Ha Hem pasMemeHo 8 aaGopaTopHit o6ulel m0- Wjaqbio noMelenni oxono 100 mM? nu BbluncaHuTerbHBi ueHTp. IByx- Ba/lbHan AM3C1b-3ICKTPHUeCK ad ycTaHOBKa oGecneuHBaeT ‘AC TOKO.1Y BBICOKYIO MalIeBpeHHGcTh, neo6hxoanMy10 AIA NpoBexenna ACcIE- AOBAHHH B GAOBbIX YCOBHAX. B 1979 r. oreuccrscuHbli por Rayyno-uccwexOBaTeTHCKUX Cy- Jos nonosHvaca acaoKxonom «Otto UImast». Bararoqapa coveTanmio XOpOWHX AeCAOKOADHDIX H MOpCXOAIBIX CBOHCTB, CYAHO MOoKET ycneliio BecTH HccueJoRAaWA KaK Ha BOJ- HeHHH, TAK H B J@AOBHX YCIORHAX MPHUOAAPHEIX PalionoB, HesO- cTYMHBIX ja apyrnx HHC. Boxousmemenuce aczoKxoaa 3700 7. Paapuasa anepremmucckan ycravosKka 1M3Cab-3AcKTpHdecKkan COUCH MomHocTbw 5100 2. ¢. (3750 KBr). Ona coctouT 43 Tpex aM3eab- TeHepaTopos MW ABYX Tpe6HbIX ABHTaTCcH. CKOPOCTh noaHorO xoza 20 15 y3. Ha cyque o6opyxosauo 14 na6opatopuil o6uleH nnoulaabIo 320 m2. [na yMenbwenus ammautys, GopToBoli KauKH ycTaHoBJeH NaccuBublit ycuoKouTeNb KauKH. [iia Toro sTOGE B NeqOBLIX yC.10- BHAX He npeKpailaduch HecresOBAHuA, NpesycMOTpeHa crellHasb- Had WaXtTa, npoxoadtaa of BepXxHell naay6u go AHHBLa. Ilo sTolt WaxTc MOXKHO ChycKaTb almapatypy. Uipyroi Baxnolt rpyunoit cpexcra, o6ecnegHBaiwoMmNx MCCAeRO- Bana H ocBoeHHe Mypoporo oKeaHa, Caykat O6HTaeMbIe TOABOL- able aumapater. To cpaniennio c HaxBOAHLIMN cyxamu Onn O61a- falor MpeiMyulecTBaMu, CBASAHHbIMH C BOSMOXKHOCTHIO BeCTH YcereqoRaHna no Beel Tome BoA H Ha rpyHte. K stHm npeHmylie- cTRAM OTHOCHTCa: NOBLIWeMe JocroBepHocrd nHpopMalHk, BO3s- MOIKHOCTh B3ATb SOMbUIOe YNCIO Npob rpyHta, COBMeCTHB ¢ OMHCa- HMeM FB cboTocbemMKoii MecT, rhe B3ATHI mpo6nt. O6uTaempie HoABOA- ube anlapatn (OTIA) paciimpaior He TOabKO HcCeoBaTebCKHe, HO MW Hpowspogcrscnbie Bo3MoxKHOcTH. Hix ycneurHo HcnoaL3sywoT JIA NOUCKA, OCMOTPa HM PCMOHTA MOABOAHEIX OODEKTOB, B Nepayto ovepedb TpySonpoRosog Hw KaGeielt. 3a py6cKOM ¢ MOMOLIbIO NOABOANEIX almapaToB BbITOANAIOT pasq4yEBe pa6oTH: uccseqoBanuA B HNTCpecax pbI6uoro xoaali- CTBA, NOKCK 3ATOHYRIINX OGbeKTOB, cMacaTembHble paGoTH, wecre- HOBA@HHA MOPCKOTO HA M OTAeAbHbIC paboTbl HO 34Ka3aM BOCHHO- Mopckoro ¢aora. Pacnpexeacnwe skciAyaTalMORHOrO BpCMeniT OTIA uMeer caenyroutai xapaKtep: o6cay2xxHBaHne MopcKHx nedTe- Tpompicnon 50%, yxnaaka B rpynt Tpy6 u KabcneH 20 %, Tone BOLKBIC H aBapufino-cnacaTeubibie padoTH 12 %, SuonormueckHe W reosOrvyeckHe HCCACAOBANHA, KOHTPOUb 3a SarpssHeHHeM H Apy- ruc paborn 18 % [47]. Tlepptimn noqpogHsimy anuapataMH cautaioT Gatucdeppl Mu rHs- pocraTh. B 1953 r. Gbuin cosqanb wpelitapcKmii SbaTuckab «Tpnect> 4 ppannysckuli MHPC-3. B Cozercxom Cowse B 370 Bpema WcHoapsoBarH ruapoctar TKC-6 u noxBoauyio atoaKy (anmapato ) u «Mamunen6ay Ta6nep» (OIA «Toype»}. Anmapatit Katatckoi noctpofka <«Maiicue> sogousmemennem o7 7 n0 11 Tc ray6uxoi norpyxenus oT 1000 a0 2000 mM o6aagzaior BSICOKUMH TEXHHKO-SKCIAYATAWHONHBIMA XapakTepHCTHKaMH MW HC- TOAbSYIOTCA Aid HAYYHBIX HCCAeAOBAHKA, chacaTeIbHIX onepanul, NOABOAHHIX paGoT No yKaanKke KaGesel u Tpy6ompoBogos Ha MOp- CKOM Ate # OGCAYKUBAHMA MOPCKUX HeTenpombicaoB. Bcero Kk Ha- yany 1980 r. Guo moctpocuo 15 annapatos ). Bogousmemlenve annapaTop B mpefenax or 10 40 18 1. Annapar «Mepmaiia-V[> o60pyaopax cchepHueckow Kame- Po ANH BHIXOMa ROMOTAZ0B H AIA CHacaTenDHBIX Week. CKopocTS xoga (moqsosuaa) oKon0 3 yz, 9kamaxK —jlRa veTOBeKa, KpOMc aToro Ha Opry waxogaTca aBa BO_OsIa3a. CTOMMOCTh anmapata oKxono 1,5 Man. Mapox ®PT (850 thc. gona.) (pune. 1.6). Asronomubic OITA, npoextupyempe dupmoi «Mamuncu6ay Ta6aep>, mpeactapasiot coboll Maablc NOABOAHEIe OKA c gO- BO.BHO BECOKHMH TeXHMKO-SKCIY ATAU HOHHBIMM XaPpakTepHCTHKAaMA. OFA TOYPC-200/500 umeeT Bojou3amemenne oxono [50 1, uod- BOAHYIO cKopoctp 1] y3, HagBoTHyo 8 ys, Mpesenbnyio rayGuny morpyakenua 500 M. OMA TOYPC-430/500 npequasnayen ga% uccnezoBpanua Mop- cKOre Ha, OCMOTpa MO_BOAHLIX KaGerel, TpySompoRosjoB u 6ypenua expaxkin ray6uno% go 200 m. TipeqenbHaa ray6una norpyxenua atoro. anfapara 500 mM. Oxunax anmapara—oceMb 4Yeno- BCK H JONOAHHTeNDHO TPH CHeyManucTa no GypeHuio k 48a BOLO- asa. CxopocTb noposuoro xoga 10,5 y3 (sKouomMuccKkaa 8 y3)}, ckopecTh NagsosHoro xoga— 10,5 ys. JlaqbHocTb maaBaHHa 2200 muab. Ha Gopty mpeayemotpena 6ypH.ibRad ycTaHoBKa Aa TEpOXOMa CKBARKH C MOpcKorO Ha. Bogou3meulene AOBO.IBHO siaunrempuo = 830 T, cTOHMOcTh nocTpoixn 40,0 MAH. MapokK {oxono 23 Man. goan.). Crpoar anmapate 8 Anrauu, Ppakunn 4 Anonun. Ppanuyscku WeNTp MOABoaHUx necesoBaHHA CHEKCO pea- ‘IH3y€T MpOeKT annapata ¢ ray6unoh norpyKcuua ao 5000 wu. O2- HaKO alana CTaTHCTH4ecKHX NAaUHBIX 3a 70-e rr, NOKa3bIBaeT, ITO HOABOAHHIe allapaTEl ¢ rAyOuHOH NorpyxKennd Sonee 2000 m upak- THYECKH He CTPoAT, OCHOBHOC BHUMAHMe yAeAAIOT OTPaboTKe KOHCT- PYKTHBHEIX THNOB H COBepueHCTBOBAHHIO TeXHHWeCKHX pemennii AAA anfapatos, paccunTaHAblx Ha yMepenuble ryOnHEl, 22 Puc. 1.6. Toasomuufi annapat «Mepmaiin> (@PT). B Cosetcxom Coto3e naxogated B akcnayatanuu OITA orevect- BeHHOH ocTpoiku BoOHsMeLeHHeM oKono 39 7, THHPO-2, sononsmemennem 10,5 Tu ap. (puc. L.7 w 1.8). OTIA nMceT cTambHok WHAHHApRYecKHA BpodHElit Kopnyc, o6ecncyuBatomnli norpyxkenuc Ha ray6uny x0 2000 m. Jlerknit xopnyc # 6assacTHble UMCTEPHL H3TCTOBICHL W3 CTCKIO- MlactuKa. SHayiTetbHasl GaCTh MPHBOAMEIX MeXaHH3MOB H HCTO"- HUKM 9HEpIHW Caedavbl B NOrpyAKHOM HCDOAHEHHH HW paaMelleHbl BHe HMpoOwHoro Kopnyca. STO obecnewHBacT Gombuly!o 6e3sonacHOCcTh aKcnayaTaluu almapata WH HaACKHOCTb, B TOM 4HCne H Ha 60.1b- wax ry6uuax. [Ing BepTukasbubix mepemeniennit OITA o6opyao- BaHb NOBOPOTIbIMH BHITAMH B Bacakax. Tlozsoanniit annapar THHPO-2 xora a ipenuasnaued aan Membuunx ray6uH (a0 400 M), MMCeT PAA CXO,THBIX TEXHRYCCKEX Pe- WeHNH: KHAnBApAseCKHA mpouiteli craqtauel KOpmye H JerKHil Kop- nye m3 cTexnomaactuka. BepTukatbuple nepemeliienia oecncun- Balot TpeOkbic BHHTHI, pacmosroKeHHLIc B Tpy6ax JerKoro Kopnyca. B 1976 r. co3zgana MioroMecTHad NloJBOsHaA sma6opaTopua «Bentoce c ray6nHok norpyxenia 300 M, KomManuo# 12 yea. H aB- TOHOMHOCTEIO jo 12 cyt [51]. B sto axe BpeMaA LHCTHTYT OKeaTO- 23Pre. 1,7. Asronomabii nompoanert ofutaemei annapat «Cenep-2>. Puc. 18. OGuTaempi noanoruoi anuapar THIIPO-2. 24 uorMH nocTpona annapaT <«, Ha GopT KoTOpOTO HOARMMACTCA NOABOAHLI almapaT aaa o6cayxuBaHHA, O.“nako PyHKunH cyaia-HocHTena 3HayHTesbHo WHpe: TpancnopTHpoBKa OMA x Mecty pa6or, xpanenne ero Ha GopTy, Pasmelllenue rHApo- HaBTOB H Up. Ha nepapix craanax akcnsyaraunn OIA B paiionax ¢ Baaro- Wpustuol TH_poMereoposormyueckoh o6crauosKoll ucnoansoBatH NIpocThle HOCHTeH — NOHTOHbI-KaTAMapanbl. Tlocae yenemHoro HpUMeHeHHA cyAHa-locureaa «TpuTou> (@Ppanlias) cosqaioT cre- uwaapipe cyga-nocnteia OTA raasubim o6pasom nyrem mepecbo- pyAosanua. TpeGopanua oGecieveHua BHCOKOTO ypoBHA HajemHOcTH Ge30- Machol SKCIVIyaTalHN NOABOAHWX anmapaTor oGycnoBnnBawT ycra- HOBKY Ha CyJaX-HOCHTeAAX M CaMHX alllapaTaX CiCMHaJbHbIX CHYCKO-NOAbCMHBIX YCTPOKCTB, cpeCTB CBA3H C anmapataMu H Ux oGHapyAXCHHA Kak B NOABOLHOM MOWOKeHMH, TAK HW MOCAe BCTLITHA Ha WORepxHocTh. STHM TpeOonakuaM YROBACTROpAIOT OTeUeCTBeH- uble cyfa-wocutremm a THHPO-2. logpogupii alMapaT Wa STuX CyAax pasMemlet B GopToBom axrape, cnabxeu- HOM pa3ZRWKHBIM 6opTOM MM BEIABWKHBIM cIYCKO-ToOdbeMHBIM yeTpoiicrpoM. Onpit gecarkor norpy%xeuufi ammapata «Cepep-2» B PasmngHHx palionax or Hopsexcxoro mops 0 Huguiicxoro OKeaHa MOKa3as1 BEICOKY10 HawexKHOCTh TaKkoll KOHCTPyKUMH. VUntepecno oTMeTHTs, ¥TO B CBH3H Cc OcBOeIHCM PaHoOHOB C Iie- GAaTOUPHATHRIMH THAPOMCTeOpOAOrHYeCKHMH YCMOBUAMH BO3MOXKHO CO3RhAHHE NOABOAHHIX JIOQOK-HOCHTCICH AOABOLHHX alilapaTos, 103- BOJIAIOINHX GasuposatL AO ABYX TOABONIX allmapaTOB BO,Ou3Me- mexnem 50 50 7. Xorg amnapaTH Mp 3TOM MOKNO MCHODb30BaTb TIPakTHYeCKK BHC 3aBHCHMOCTH OT COCTOAHHA Mops, YTo, ecrect- BeHHO, NOBbUUAeT UX a:PeKTRBHOCTS, KO-BUAUMOMY, B 61nKaliwel N€pcNeKTHBe OCHOBHNIM THOM HOCHTencH MOABOAHHX aniapaToB OCTANYTCA BCE KE HaBOAHbIe cyAa. PassepThipanue pa6oT no j706LI4e ucTH B Mope NoTpeOoBaio Tocrpofixu 60.7buIOrG KONNYecTBa TeXHHYECKHX cpezCTs, Ipunllu- THAAbHO OTAMYAIOWIKXCA OT TpasHHoHHblxX: GypoBbix usaaTpopm Pa31N4HBIX apXHTEKTYPHO-KORCTPYKTYBHBIX THNOB HW CHCUMATbIBIX cyson, Konuuectso 9THX cpeNcTBR B CBA3H Cc TeHJeluMel K pactiu- peHuio palionoB KOHTHHEHTaILHOTO Weabda, The BeJeTCA 6ypeHue, HenpepHBHO pacTeT, a CaMH Cp€ACTBa KaYecTBEHHO BUON3MC- HAIOTCA H COBepuleHCTByIOTCA. TeMnEI CrpouTesbeTBa 6ypoBEXx WaT- opm 4 cysoB Mpescrapnenbl na puc. 1.9. 25Ceroana o6mel texzex- unell MO2HO CUNTATh CO3Ha- Hue OypoBbIx uaaTpopm cydog, Npucnoco6reHHEIX A018 pa6oTht B ray6oKoBoAHblx pafouax B CloxKHOH ruapoMe- Teoposoruyeckol o6cTaHoBKe. PaGoTH m0 cosqaHHW 6 poBBIxX maaThopm mwayanucb Sean BIT 8 ime ars ve rr emte op BO-x rr. K nayany Puc. 19. Temma erpontencraa rexanie- 80-X_ TT. | MocrpoeHo Gowtee CRUX CpeMcTS qa Mponegenun pador ua 400 naaropm pasuisx TanOB. KOHTHHEMTaIbHOM WeAbibe: OcnosyHble H3roTOBUTeAH — 1 —nosynorpyxnsic naatbopmsr, 2—cavo- CIA, @panuna, Anowua vu Woxbenite mMrarhopae; J - Gyponuie cyaa. Hopserus. Yenosua Sypoxua MPC bABAAOT K 3THM COOPYKeHHAM TpeGoBaHHA BbICOKOM cTeneHH cTaOHIH3alHH Hak ycTbeM cKBaxuny. T[leppowavanbuo, Korfza 6ypenne wo Ha He6onbuioH ray6uHe, cTpoHnH G6ypoRble mazat- copmpt norpy2xHoro Tana. Y HAX craGuausanua oGecneunBaerca WKECTKHM cLeMeHHem c rpyHToM. [laasyyecrh NorpyxaHbix myaT- qbopm oGecnewwBaloT BepTHKaIbHble MWIHEpHecKHe KONOHHEI, B HAKHEM WACTH KOTOPBIX PasMelleHbl GOammacTHbIc MuCTCpHE. Tlocne sanomuenua GammactHhx wkcrepH naarbopMe ycranaBan- BaloT Ha rpyHt. Betcota KOMOHH MO3BOMHeT PAasMeltlaTs BepXxIi0i0 TloWagKy c O6opyAoRanvem Ha BbICOTe, UpeAOTBpalyawutel yaapE Bont, Ocrofanpoctb NorpyKHbIX Gyposbix miathopm Bo BpCMa norpykenua oGecneaupaeTcsh 34 CYeT MoWatH Nonepeytoro ceye- HHA UNAWAApMdeckAx KoaoHH. Mocne oxonyanua paGot Ganmact- Hble UNCTepHb OcyWaloT, MaAaThopMa BenEBae;r, u ee TpaHcnopTHn- PYloT K HOBOMY MecTy 6ypeHHa. K 1979 r. B 9kcnayaTauMH Haxogquauch 22 norpyxKHie miaT- cbopmut, Camas 6oapmaa u3 Hux o6ecneunsact pa6oTEL Ha ray6une Ao 53 M. Cra6unmgalua 3a cuer %KeCTKOTO cHenieHHA C TpyHTOM AocTH- raerca HK Ha CAMOMO_bCMHEIX 6ypoREIx naatiopmMax. Ocuosunie SIeMeHTH CYJONOLbemMTOn MaaTpopME — oGecnecyHBawWWHA MWaaBy- wecTb MOHTOH & oOnopHEIe KOJONHEI. Flocse 3agqaBanBanua onop B [PpyHT NOHTOH, MepeMeltatch BLOT KOJTONI, MORUMMaeTCA Haz NOBEPXHOCThIO BOALI JO BEICOTHI, Ha KOTOPOH yAapH BON HC 40- eTHraioT ero AHHUla. Octoiiumgocrh camonombemHol maTpopMbl B npouecce NOrpyxXenna KONOUN H pH TpawcuopTMpoBKe oGecre- UNBACTCA HOUAAbIO BaTepPAWHHA TOUTOHA. Camonoxpemuble = nlaTsbopMbi — nanGoace MuorouHcenuant Tpyitia TexuwuecKHx cpeACTs, OPM azaqenHblx AF Pa3BeloqHo- noucKOBOro Oypenua, OGLACIBETCA STO KAK BOSMOMHOCTDIO BbITON- HeHua pa6oT mpaktayecku npx 11060M cocTOoxHHM MODs, TAK H He- BICOKOM MO CpaBHeHMtO ¢ APYTHMM BusaMu WaaTpopM cTOMMoCTbIO. 26 co 0 aS 56 5 ao iw n Konaveombs Vuteycupnce crpovtenperso CaMOmoabeMAHIX WaTopM Hauanoce c Hayata 70-x rr. MaxcumMaabHblii rogospoli BbInycK cocTaBHa 20 enunun. Beero x 1979 r. 6rm0 nocTpoeno 108 camonogbemaALtx TaatpopM, UpHicm wanOoubwad ux 4acth (63%) ATA uuTepBana ray6uH Mopa 75—90 m. Camonoabemuble Hiatpopmel Hav6onee mpucnocobucnbl awa 6y- posbix pa6ot Ha Werbhe, Ha orpaMuenNEIx rtyGHHax (n0 100-— 120 m). Kecrko cBa3anuble C TpyHTOM, OHH MaJO 3aBUCHT OT N0- TOALI H He TpeOyOT cnelHaThMBIX CHCTem ANA yaepKallna Has TOU kol Gypenua. Crpont camonoxpemuble GypoBbie naatpopMbl u B CopeTcKoM Cowse. Cepkiabie yeranopku «Bakbly, we ycTylalollne mydHine MHPOsbiM o6pa3uaM, yROcToeHbI 3uaka KauecTBa (puc. 1.30). Camonogbemubie Gyposne M1aTpopMb! NepBoHayasbHo cTponAK € HPAMOYTOABHLIM B WiaHe BOHTOHOM H UeTLIPbMs# onopaMH. Oguaxo To Mepe copepltencTBORAIINs NOAbEMHDIX Mexallu3MoB, NOBBIMIEHHA HX HaLeKHOCTH OKAsaTOCb BOSMOXKHEIM Mepeliru K TpexonopHbim Wwarpopmam (prc. 1.11), uMciowwM McHDbUIyIO MeTANNOEMKOCTS, Bmecre c Tem caMonoxpemunic SypoBbie nAATHOpMH UMeIOT He- Hoctarku, Ux TpancnopTuposKa, yCTahoBka Ha MecTe pa6or H CHA- THe c MecTa CyIeCTBeHHO 3aBHCAT OT HOTOANBIX yCOBHi (uMCHHO B 93TO BpeMaA MpoHsom70 30% aBapuit storo THNa naaTcbopm). Hepeaxu cydah upcsMepHoro 3afaBHBAnWA H 3alijemnenHA ONOp B CPyHT, TO yClOKURCT NepecTaHoBKy M1aTPOpME Wa HOBy!O Touky, Uacth aTHx HeROcTaTKOB YCTpaNAcTca B USBCcTHOM Mepc HOBLIMH TeXHHYCCKUMH pemenuamH. Bepxnve ceKUHH OnOpHLlx Ko- JOHH JeMalOT CLEMHbIMH HAY KOJOHHEI Boobie BHINORIAIOT Tene~ cKonnyecKHMH. STO NoBLIWMaeT OCTOHYMBOCTD COOPyKCUuHA IPH TCX %e pasMepax nonTona. ua mpexoTepalicnua 3a2aBIHBaHHA ONOp CTaaH NPHMeHATD MaTHI-NIOWAAKH, COeAMHSIOIHe H¥KHHe KOHNET ontop. Qgiako caMOnOdbeMHbIe IWaTPoOpMit NPRMeHHMBI TOAbKO Ha rayGuuax g0 100—200 m, Hu nepexoq K G6ombUIHM Ivly6unam, rie craGwausauuA 38 CueT NOCTaHOBKH Ha rpyHT WeBosMOxHa, Mpejo- npencam mocTpoiky noaynorpykRux naathopm. Murescusnoc CTPOHTeCALCTBO cOOpyKCHHi 3TOrO THMa Hayajoce B 70-x IT. K Konuy 70-x rr. 6blno noctpoeno 99 nosynorpyKHbIX naaTpopM, nosaBHoulad yacTh KOTOpHxX (90%) paccyHTana Ha rayGuEbl ao 450 mM. BoxousMemaloWiim ocHoBaHveM noaynorpyxuol naatpopMpr B paGO¥eM COCTOAHHH CilyeKaT NOHTOHDI, 3arayOaeunne Ha 15— 20 M, rae BEICOTa BO.IHEI peIKO mpespnuaer 1,0—1,5 mM. Kononmt, yeTaHoBneHHble Ha NOHTOHaX HW NOWMlepxKBalOWMe MiOMarzKy, pas- HOCHT Tak, ¥TO6H! oGecteyHTD HeOOxoAHMY!O ocTOHYHBOCTh (0- HEPEVHY70, HPOJOIbHy10 HNO AHaroHadaM). OGopyzoBanuc pagMe- Mawr Ha n10Wlalke, Haxoasuestca wa gocTaTounof BeicoTe Had HOBEPXHOCTLWO BOHI. 27Puc. 1.10. Camononnemnas 6yponas yeranoBka «baxbl». Puc. 111. Camonompemnan 6yposan ycranoaka «Kaxypuy IV». 28 Pue. 1.12. Dowynorpy:kenuaa Gypopar yerauoaxa ano 104,5 mM, mupumot 67 m uw ra6apuTHon BEIcoTon 104 mM. Sta uaarhopma BEepazuBaeT BLICOTy BOAHE 20 27 M, BeTep CKopocTbio No 60 M u TeveHNe co cKopocTao 10 3 ys. B focneguue rox norynorpyxkuble warpopMbl mpoextupywr CaMOXOANIMH, YTO NosBoaseT OOofTuch Ges GyxcupOB H yupOCTHTp mepexog K Mecty pa6otsl. C apyrof cToponly, 970 ne TpeGyer yBe- SWYeHUA COCTaBa SHEPreTH4ecKOH ycTAHOBKH, MOWIKOCTh KOTOPOH BHOHPAaIOT H3 ycloBHi oGecncyenun pa6oTH OypoBbIX H AROPHBIX se6eOk, Hacocos u Apyroro TexHosornyeckoro OOopyloBanys, Tak, uanpuMep, maatopMa «Xakypro-V> — caMoxoauad, MOULHOCTD ee TpeOHHX alexTpoyBurateneh 2X 1900 KBr. Hoaynorpyxnim 6ypoBbim miaTbopMaM, HeCMoTpA Ha MX WH- poKylO =pacnpocrpanennocTs, cBofcTBeHHbl opranwueckHe Heno- CTaTKH: CAOKHOCTH SKcnyatalBN H3-3a Neo6xoANMOCcTH ykKTanku Gonbuloro aca TAKCTHX AKOpel, MOcTpOAKY A TOKOBAHHA, 4TO Heu3G6€KHO CKa3blpaeTCa Ua MX SKOHOMMYCCKHX TOKAsaTe-I5X. Alpyro xsacc cpexcTs 9Tore HasuaveHus — 6ypopEe cyza, XOTA HB OOnbUICH cTeMeHY NOABEp KHL! BONMHEHHO, ANCHE para HeQOcTaTKOB, CBOHCTBEHHEIX MOaynorpyxKHLiM naaThopmam, Ilo- STOMy Avia NOMCKOBOrO u pasBeAouNorO GypeHua, ocoGeHHO B yaa- ACHUBIX OT 6a3 Patouax, 4 TaKKe B MeCTAX, TC BeTpeualoTcA Ma- BY¥He Abb, HCHONBSylOT, Kak MpaBHAO, Syposple cya. Osh 06.ta- Mawr xopowek MopexomHocTh uw GombEIOH aBTOHOMNOcTbIO. Bamba otamyuem 6ypoBbIx CYAOB OT NOJYHOTPYRHIX D.JaTpopM ABAACTCA TO, TO HX MocTpolika He TpeGyeT chenManbuBIx cydo-~ crponTenbHMx MpesmpuaTuli: HX MOXKHO CTPOHTL NpaKTH4ecKH Ha s060H cyfoctpoureabnos Bepdu (puc. 1.13). CogqaHie cnenwabHbix 6ypoBbix cyfOB Oblo HayaTO B cepc- anne 60-x rr, xomnanuel «Pro6aa Mapuu». B 1968 r. ona no- CTponta yiomMuanmeccs Gyporoe cyano «Tnomap Ucaaenaxep», TipeqHasHaycHHoe 49 pa6or Ha rayOuHax Mopa 30 6000 M c moR- TOPHEIM BBO,IOM 6ypOBOrO HHCTPyMcHTa B CKBaxuHY WU CHCTEMON AWHaMu4eCKOrO yRep%KaHHA B TOUKe pabor. B 1977 r. cucTeMo# An- Wamuyeckoro yRepManua Gpau oGopynoBanni 30 GypoBblx cyZoB. HavGo.1ec copcpulenHbimn #3 GypOBbixX cyAOR, MOryT CUnTaTaca 6ypoBbre cyza Tana ¢co- CTaBAMIOT NOJOBHAY BOLOKsMeulenna (7500 1), ITO OGecnedHBaeT HpoxoaKky ABYX cKBaxkHH TayGunoi go 3000 m 6e3 monOsHenuA 3a- tacos. Bypossie cya ecth n B CCCP. B nauane 1980 r. Kk 6ypcHHio Wa HeTeraz0BOM MeCTOPOXAeHHH NPKCTYNHNO cneyMaTHsupoBan- Hoe cyqHO, cmocoGHoe BeCTH MpOXORKY CKBaxKAH Ha rayOunax 500—600 mM mpu nomomH waanroKa6ens.* flax o6ecnevenus GypoBnx pa6oT, UPOBOAMMEIX B MOpe caMo- NOLbEMHEIMH H NOJYNOTpyXHWMH NAaThopMaMy, WeoOxoAHMBI crie- WwaaH3UpoBannple Cyda, pelilaioulve Bee BCNOMOTaTeabHbIC 3aya4H, B TOM YHCTe ROcTABKY MYHOTO cocTaBa, PpasqHUNHWX Tpy3oB, Tex- NOMOTHIECKEX ganacop BH G6yKCHpOBKY. STH saayH pellawT yun- BepcasbHble cyja H CyAa CHaOmenHA, YMCO KOTOPLIX B MEpe mpe- BbICHO K Havany 80-x rr. 2000 caunHH. Cneunuka akcnayaTauuu onpezeaua Ax apxHTeKTypHo-KOH- crpyxtupabli tun (puc. 1.15). [pyx-TpexpapycHaa magcTpolika pasMemena B HoOcoBOH 4YacTH cyaHa. Ha Gonpuloli cro6ognoli Kop- MopoH Nany6e pagmemen Raay6unii rpy3, cocraBaaiomua po 70 % uegselita cyana, Mawnntoe oTuenenue CABHHYTO B HOC, a B KOpMe pacnonomeubl OyHKepa Jin ChINyYHX Fpy3oB, HCOOXODMMDIA Lt o6ycTpoficraa cKBaxkaH. OSazaTenbHol MpMHaaexKHOCTHIO yHUBep- CaNbHBIX CYLOB ABAACTCA MOUlHan Je6enka ¢ TATOBBIM ycr.HeM Ho 150 t, oGecneynBaiollan SyKcHpoBKy miaThopM, aaBonKy un noqbem ux Akopel. Waa yaepxaiva OKONG naAaTpopMbl mpu mepe- gave rpy30B cyfa cHa6xKelun o6opyaywT noapyawBaOulHM ycT- policrzoM, O6bl4HO Tuna , Aaa oGecnevenna syyuiett MaHeBpeHHOCTH — AByXBAJbHOH yCTaHOBKOH, yalkc BCeTO 2H3eb- How, c Hcnob3oBannem BPIE B nacaaKax. B 1977 r. g CIA noctpoenn apa cyana cHaGakeHNa c an3ecb- 3AeKTpHyecKoh ycTaHopKol. MouocTh aHepreTHyeckoH ycTaHOBkKH cyqua cHa62kenus: yHnpepcarbHoro — no 8000 «. c. (5900 KBr): CYAOB, HCMOMb3yeMbIX TOIDKO A AOCTaBKH rpysoR — 20 3000 a. c. (2200 KBr). * ¢ ABYMa NOrpy2KNBIMH NOHTOHAMH w WecTbIO CTabusH3sHpylomuMHn KOJOHHaMH. Tlocne paspexogunix paGOT, MO3BORAIOUINX ONpeAeTUTh SKOHO- MBUCCKHE XaPAKTCPHCTHKH MCCTOPOReHHH, OCYULECTBAReTCA Mpo- XOIKa SKCMIyaTAaUWOHHBIX CKBaKHH w goOBa HebTH w raza. B mpoucece OCBOeHHA MeCTOPOAEHUA HCHOADSyCTCA KOMMeKC cpeacts, B KOTOpLI, HOMHMO YIOMAHYTHX CyLOR cHaGxeHRA, UxO- AAT NaaTPopMe Aa DOSLIMM HepTH u Tasa HM HX NpeaBapATenBHO nepepa6orkH, cya M18 MpoKiagKH nO_BOLHbIX TpySonpoBogos, WaBYYHe XPaHHJWLla HepTA, BUD AHOTE: 4 3 Sanes Ne 241 Y 6Y 7 Vem totes AETInarpopmMet azxa go6nUH Knaccuduunpy!oTca mo cnocoby Hx ycTaHoBku law ckpaxkunol. Bce ngarcopmMb jedaroT olmpatollH- MHCH Ha MOPCKO€ AHO, XOTA HM eCTb MpOCKTH! MAaThops, mpors- BOAAIHX Sypelue B WlapyyeM COCTOAHKH (2Kete306eTOHHad maaT- copa «Konapuai>, paspabaTeipaemax HopBexckoil Kommannell «Xollep Suaepcen>). Byposple wiar@opMbl, onupalouiuced na MOPCKoe AHO, NOApas- Heimores Ha CtaumoHapuble, KOTOpble ydepxuBaioT Ha MecTe Gy- peHHa ¢ NOMOMILIO CBai, 3a6HBaembIxX B rpyHT, HK rpaBuTalHOHHEle, HepKalhuces Ha rpynte Gaarojapa cobcraenuol Macce. CrayucHapunie SypoByle MaTpopMbl npeactannawr coboli hep- MeHHYIO KOHCTpyKUMiO, B Take ppaMoyrojbiuyio. Ha ue MOHTH- pylot GaAoKU-MoxyaM ¢ MeXaHKSMaMu, SypoBhiM oopydosalnem, } KiabiMY TOMeIRerMAMH. Macca ognoro G10Ka-MoRya KogebeTcr ot 400 xo 1600 t, a KOAMSCCTRO Ha OAHy MaaTpopmy or 6 no 8, CrauvonapHite naaTpopMat ycTanaB.lupawrT Ma rly6vHax mcHee 200 M M paCCHHTHBalOT Na BbICOTY BON! fo 380 M u CAAy BeTpa no 70 m/c. Macca CBIT (cratwouapHerx 6ypopstx naaThopm) cy- UecTBeWO SaBucuT OT riy6uubt MOpH mw paliona okcnyaTalan. Aina Cepepnoro mMopa yBenu4enne rvly6GuHbl MOpA B ABa pasa ‘ TIipuBOAUT K YBeAKYeHWIO MaCchl B TPH-4eTbipe pasa. CTOHMOCTS TaKHX coopyKerHh BechMa 3HaNHTeAbHa — COTHK MBAAMOHCB Aon- qapos. Montax xKpymueiuiek p Muape CBII (CIA) 6pta saxonyen g 1978 r. p Mexcukaycxom 3aauze 8 15 Muaax oT Gepera wa rily- Gune 310 mM. YerawoBaennoe Ha neh TexHomoTHYeckoe ObapyjoBa- Hue paccuHTako va Gypenne 62 cKBaxKHH, OKORMAaHHe TPOXO|KU KG- TOpblx Hameveno na 1982 r, Macca naarpopMb 46 TeIC. T, a UOA- Han Bbicora 385 mM. Ulaardopma 3axpenmaena B rpyxte 24 caanME maccoli no 450 Tr kaxkaas, AvaMeTpom 2,12 M & AaHHoi no 188 M. TexHosorua AsroToBacuua wu cOopKu CHIT soctatowo croxHa 1 Tpe6yer cieuHanpnoro o6opy4oBaHua. K degocratkam CBI Moxuo oraecTu: Hea6xogumocTh 3a6uBKH BHa4HTeMDHOTO YHCa CBA, C1OAKHOCTD MOHTaKa B MOPe BepxXHero CTpoenus, nosBepxKennocth KOpposuH (OcHOBHOM MaTepHa KOHCT- pykunw—cTajb), HeOOxoMHMOCTh MpOKNaIKH ROABOAHX HetpTe- NpoBogos K Geperosoli Gaze HAN COOpy*eHHA chemMaabIbIX TepTe- Xpanunul. STHx wefocTaTKOB AMWeHLL rpaBuTallvounble maTpopMyt. Marepuasom ux Kopnycoa cayaur oKenea06eTON, a pasMepbl HX TAKOBLL, UTC B HX MOFyT ObITD OPraHHYCCKH BILNCalIbl XpaHHAulila nietu S6o.1bWwok emKocTH, TpasnTagHonnan MaaTopMa uMeeT cneayiouc OCHOBMEC 4a- CTH: OcHOBaHHG HK HHUA KOPHYC BBICOTOH HECKONDKO ,teCRTKGB METPOB, BEPTHKAAbILIC KOAOHHDI, TOAIepARHBAIOIKe BCPXHIOW T1.10- ulanky, Ha nocaeguci- pachonarawT anepreTmucckylo YcTaHoBKy, Sypopce o6opyxoBaHne, »KHABe Nometienua. B HuxKueM KOpmyce o6opyayiot Xpanumume Heptx. Bo panuyscxoi maatdopme 34° a «Kopmopant-A» (prc. 1.16) oGpeM He:TAHsIX oTceKos 160 THIc. m3. Tpapuraluonupie = nar- opMbI crposT, kak mpaByao, B Tpu stana, Buayane B KoT- JOBaHE, PACHOMOReHHOM KaK MOXKHO OnmKe kK MeCTY 9KC- melyaTallWl, COOPyKawT HHIK- HUH Kopmyc. 3atem Mepemsry- Ky KOTMOBaHa pa3pyltasor, 3aTaMBaloT cro BORG, HWKHMK KOpiyc AocrpanBaror 4H HavWHalOT MOHTAK KOMOHH, Ha tpernem Srane coopyxe- Hue OTBORAT Ta Gonee ray6o- koe MCCTO, IPWTanaHuBaioT H HpOBOART MOHTaK BepxHero crpoeHus. CrouMocTh rpaBH- TAWHOHABX TarpopM -HwKe, WeM_CTallHOHapBEIX. Tpasuraguonnne byposnre naaT@opmsl oGaqaior 4 Apy- Puc. 1,16. [pasuraunounas naatdop- THMH JOCTOHHCTBaMH: BBICO- ua «Kopmopant-A» (panuna). kof QonropeqHocrhio H no- CTYMHOCTSIO OCHOBHOrO MaTepHatia (GeTOH), OrHecTOfKoCTDIO HAP. Henb34 He HPHHMMATL BO BHHMaHHe, 4TO KBaTHbuKauuA pabounx AA MOHTAXKA rpaBHTAaHOHHO nAaTbopmsl MoxeT ObITE sHauH- TCIBHO HHKE, YEM AA MOHTAKa (epMeHHHIX KoRCTpyKMuli — oc- wostl CBIL. Winpoxoe pacmpoctpanenue rpaBnTalHoHHLx SypoBbix naarpopm orpanwuuBaerca ux HemocTaTKaMH — cHOMHOCTHIO 6yK- CHPOBKH HW YCT@HOBKH Ha rpyHT. 3nayntenpnad OcagKa Dpu 6yKcu- popke Tpe6yer rayOokosognEx dbapraTepos, a NogroToBKa mecTa HX ycCTaHOBKH — IpoBegeHHA CAOMKHHX TpyJoemKux onepauuit. Tlaarbopmsl, Moctpoennpe 10 cux nop, sKcIyaTHpy1oT Ha ry6u- wax He Bhinle 250 M, ofHaKO bupMa «Cu Tank» (panna) Beret HCCACZOBAHHA NO CO3LAHHIO NIATWOPM, PaccYTaHHbIX Ha 9KCHIYa- rauulo Ha ray6une 600 m. Ao6uiryio Hera TpacnoprupyioT Ha Geper av6o TayKepaMH, SyHKepylolluMuca y WiaBy4wuxX TepMHHawoB, AH60 mo No_BO_HEIM Tpy6onpoposam, TpyGonporoail B OTKPRITOM MOpe MpoxasbIBaIOT © MOMOMbIO CHennarbuyx Sap wan cyszoB-TpyGoyKnaauuKos. Or- AHUNTETHON HX OCOOCHHOCTHO CHV KUT cHewHanbHad KONCTPyKUHA B KOPMOBOH YacTH — CTuHrep, bepMeHIIaa paMa, NO KOTOpOH Tpy6o- RpOBOA onyckalwr B BOY, M OH AOMUTCA Ha HO HO WaaBHol Tpaek- TOPHH. Ockosnot noKxasaTeab addexrueHoctu TpyGoyKaas4HkoR — CKo- pocTh yRAaKH Tpy6 ~~ 3aRHCHT Kak OT yc10BHi ykaadky (rHapo- id 35MeTCOPONOrH4eCkKX YCAOBHH, ryOuusl MOpA, AdamMerpa Tpy6), Tak HOOT KayecTBa camoro Tpy6oyKlaqunka, cro MopexOJHbIX CBOiicTS HW OOOpyyORaHHA AAA COOPKH, CBapKH H yKaaaKH TpyY6. TpyGompo- Bog Ha GopTy cyada COGupaWT H3 OTACIHBIX CeKMMH, YTo THe6yerT SoibuMx 3aTPaT BPeMCHH Ua CBAPKY, KOHTPOTb w Hs0AALIMIO CTHI- Kos. YReNHVeHHe NPOMIBOANTeN_HOCTH VKaLKH Tpe6yer LoBENe- HHA ypoBHa cTaOHIW3auMM CyLOB HM COBepUleHCTBOBAHAA TeXHONO- tau cOopKu Tpy6omposoza. Hauuuaa c 1970 r., p CIA peayr pa- GOTH To cosmaHHD TpyOoykaqyuukos, ¥ KOTOPLIX MpeaBapuTe.1bHO cpapcatit rpy6onposo, wamaTprBaeTcA Ha 6apaban, Jvamerp Ko- Toporo oGecnequBaeT UsrH6 Tpy6 6c3 nacTHdeckux jepopManuh, _C ReabO yay4dlenna MopexojHix KavectB paspa6aTbiBaloT cyAa-Tpy6oykKlaq4Hku nodynorpyxkHoTo Tuna. B 1975 r. RAAep- “laHacKan KoMManua cyaaa B aKcnuyaTanmio cyquO- Tpy6oykaanquk = =noaynorpyxxHoro) Tuna <«BuKuur Tlaiinep»> {puc, 1.17). Dro cyasto umeer pogsonsMeulenHe 50 THIC, T, AHHy 168 », umpuny 60 um. Ob6mue pec 3anacon, MpRHEMAaeMBIX Ha cyano,— 15 The. T, H3 Hux 8,6 Thc. T Tpy6. anna cruurepa 100 m, TIpWueM KPHBH3Ha CrO ONOPHOH NOBepXHOCTH MSMCHAeTCA B 3aBRCH- MOCTH OT AvaMeTPa ykKalbIBAcMbIX TDy6. CrowmocTb cyzHa «Bu- kuur [laiinep> co sBcem o6opyqoBaHnem — [00 Man. ry.1bacHoR (ooo 51,5 Man. aos.). Haw6oaee nepenektupatim pafoloM, rae MOxkHO OXMLAaTb pas- BepTHBanHA paGoT_ no goGpe HchTH WM raga, FBAACTCA apKTHUE- ckuli meub. Ero Gombulaat YacTh B TeYeHHe ANHTeTbHOTO BpeMenu Tloxphita abjom. Ja pa6oTat B aTux ycnoBuAx noTpebyioTca cre- WHAJbHbIe TEXHHYeCKHS cpekcrsa, paccuuTaHible Ha Bo3selicTBHe Wbla, BOIMOMHOCTH OOeLeHeHUT, PAaSOTY MPH OFeHb HH3KUX TeM- icpaTypax HapykHoro posayxa. Tionardo, uro Gyposne cya, GypoBLie NaatTpopME oOb4Horo Tula He DpHcnoco6icHe vA SypeHHA B aPKTHUeCKUX ycrOBHAX. Ocpoenve apkTHyecKux palioHon 3a py6exKOM 6blIO B MaBecTHO Mepe OGyCiOBJeHO SHEpreTH4eCKHM KPH3HCOM MH Ha¥asioch B CRASH © OTKPLITHem = mMecTopoxyenmh nepTH u rasa y Ocperos AuackH. Bypenne ua weabe apKTH4cCKHX Mopeli Re_yT ¢ HCKYCCTBCH- HBIX HAMBIBHLX WAM JICAAHBIX OCTPOBOB H CTalMOHAapHEIX weLoycroti- SSS ry Pace. 1.17, TpySoyxaansmx (Toananaua) (cxewarnanposaunuit Bug c6ony). 86 uHBLIX GypoBsx natiopm. [posogzaT uccnenoBatenickne paGoTH No cosqaHvlO WaTHOpM Aaa pasBeqounCro GypcHHA B STHX palio- WAX, ACROKOMbHBIX OYPOBBIX Ccy.40B, OypOBbIX CyAOB Na BOs pa3pa6orata mpoeKT yera- HOBKH la GypeHua skcomya- TAQMOMHBX CKBAxKHH B e70- BRIX YCOBHAX Ha MawoH ivty- 6une H HeGomblioM yRanenuH ot Gepera (pue. 1.19), Yera- HOBKa COCTOHT H3 ABYX KOIISI- wecKHX KOpnycoB, coexuHeH- HEX MAJIBIMH OCHOBaHHaMH. B otceku nuxHero Kopnyca BPMHMMaecTCH OPN ycranoBKe Ha mecro oxono 200 The. BOAR, KOTOPY!IO NOCe MpHemMa s3amopaxknpar. KonctpyKiua BHZepREBACT HarpyskH OT AaWKeHHA baa TOmMLMHOn Ho 3m. Jlen aBwxKeTCa no MO- B@pXHOCTH HuAKNero KOHYca 4 pasraMEIBaeTca. B 1970 r. amepukanckaa oupma «Paoban Mapu» pas- Pue. 1.18. Cranmonapiaa abzoycroiamBar = pagoraa MpoekT AexOKONb- umathopmMa — MonOnOA «YHuoH Mapadon>. oro 6ypoBoro cyaHa, mpea- HagHaveHHoro fia aKcnya- Taunuu y apKTHyecKoro noGepexba Kanagu. Cyano paccivtano Ha pa6oTy Bo mbAax TONMMHOK go 1,8 M, ABWKYUIAXcA CO CKOPOCTHIO zo 1,2 ys. Cyauo 6ynzet o6opygopaHo nueBMaTH4ecKOH KpeHoBo- auddepentHoh cucremoh Af B3aaMbBaHHA Abda. . @upma BRIONHHAa NPOeKTH cyfz0B Ba BOsLyWHOH noxyuKe (CBI) aaa GypeHHa cKBaKUK HW NPOKIAIKH NOSBOAHHX TpySompoBogos B se- gopbix yerosHax. IIpexnosaraetes, uTO BosAyWHan Nosyulka n03- BOT cYaHy nepeMemjaTbca Ha BbIcoTe 2,5 M OT WOBepXHOCTH Jha ¢ MOMOMp0 cieHuasbHoro yerpolicTBa. Sto ycTpolicrBo 6yseT co- CTOATh H3 yCTaHaBRHBaeMblx Ha ably GapaGanos, Hrpalousnx pol sikopeli, 4 cpcTembl Tpocos. B Tom xe rody, To xe pupMoi ObwIo noctpoexo CBIT ACT-100, pexsamupyemoe Kak 6ypoBoe. OnHaKo UMCIOWINECA aKHbie TOBOPAT 0 TOM, TO OHO HcNOAbsoBaOCcb TOALDKO AAA HOCTABKH Tpy30R Ha GypOBylo Ha WCKYCCTBEHHOM OCT- pose. Tipu ero 9kcnayaTaluu Gea ycraHoBen paxHbli axT — Aapsenue possyxa Nod rH6KuM orpaxkyenHemM JOMatO aeA TOME A- HOH 0 0,7 m. Cxopoctb cyaqHa np STOM He yMellbulamach. Sra Ke bupMa co3zaaa npoext CBII — tpy6oyxnagauka AMPS aa npo- KlaaKH Tpy6onpoBogzoR AHaMeTpom jo 1,2 M MpH ToallWHe abla 38 Pae. 1.19. Tpoext maasyuei sbmoyeroiumeoh Warhopme pupMit BpelycMaTpHBaeT HC- NOAP3IOBAHHE CHCTeEMBI HS ABYX CYAOB, OHO 43 KOTOPHIX o6cayKH- 3Baer Apary-BoJOKylly, Apyroe — cayKUT BAA XpakeHHA KOHKpe- HH, OTACAeHUA UX OT rpyHTa H JocTaBKu wa Geper. B 1972 r. cu- cTeMy STOro THNa HChoab30Baaa upmMa «Kennexor sxcusopelimny, o6opygoBas Ja 9TOro oGmuHOe cyaHO CHaGxKeHNA. CpcaHaa mo- Aaya STOPO cyoHa cocraBusia 2 t/a, B Anoumu paspa6orana Muorovepnakonas cucrema CLB. B 1970 r. 6LITH MposedeHbl ucnblTalva 3Toi cucTeMbLI Ha cmic- UMambHo o6opys0BanHom cyaHe sogousmemenvem 16 tic. 7. Tpeznosa- raerca, 4To paspaGoTKa MecTOpomsenua Ha rayGuHe 5400 m Gyzer BecTHCh co cperHel nofayeit 25 t/1. Bawskylo no 3aMpicny cucTemy AparupoBaHia paspabaTHBaioT Bo Mpanuwu. Ona orauuaetca oT onucanHol Tem, UTO Ga30H cay- XKUT HE OAHO, a ABa cyANa, Mepemelaionlneca MapasneabHymn Kypeamu. Ha kax%K20M 43 IIMX ycraHaBaAUBaIOT No 1e6e_Ke, Yepes KoTOpble HpoTaruBalor Tpoc. Skonommueckuii Mporso3sntth auad3 JaeT OCHOBaHAC MomaratD, uTOQ HakMepee KanvTanoemxum GyyeT nepBEii cnocoG (apara-Bos10- kyla), HO BCJeACTBHe HH3KOH NPOHSBOAMTeAbHOCTH ceGeCTOHMOCTD TOHHH KOHKpewHi GyszeT HanGoubued. Amepukanckaa dupma «Jlun cu Bensypec» B cBonx paspa6ot- KAX HCNOIb9OBaIa Me€TOX HOJbeMa KOHKpeuHii C NOMOLIbIO ap- aupta, SpaupT mpegcrapaser coGoi norpyxenuyio B BOAy TpySy © OTKPLITBIMH KOHHAMH, K HH2KNeMy KOHIy KOTOpOl moyaeTcA CKAa- Ti Bosmyx. [lysbippkx BO3Lyxa, BAYBaeMble B Bony, O6pasyioT BOJOBOSAYLIHY!0 CMEcb, KOTOpay H NocTynaeT BBepX. Tipu KoRTaKkre HWDKHCTO KOHIfa TPyY6bl C HEBASKHMH OHHBIMH OT/IOKEKHAMM 3a- xBayeHHble BOAO KonKpelLun GyazyT TpaHcnopTupoBaTpesA Ha CyAHO. SkKonOMAYecKHe OKa3aTeIM apHTOB BHIe, vem y Apyrux TANOB BCacbIBalonnx yerpolicts, BbIle H HayexkHocTh, HasBannaa upMa cosqana oGpasen cucTeMbl C AHaMeTPOM nywzbnOBOZa 240 um. Sror o6pascu 6h ycranoBack Ha cyaHe «J[un cu Maii- Hep> BOZOHaMeleHHeM 7400 7. B cpeanel uacrn cyaua 6piana CMoH- THpOBaHa wlaxTa, Yepe3 KOTOpyIO H cnycKkaaca rpynTosa6opHprit Hynbnopor, 3a60publii KoHel, KOTOporo GH OGopysoBan cnhelMal- THM crpeSarolluM VeTpolcTBoM. Venbitanua, mponesenuite ua ray6une 900 mM, noKa3a1v yAOB- JeTBOPHTeIbHYO paGoTy CHCTeMbI, OOecneyHBalolleH motayy Ao 60 T/4, H BOSMOKHOCT, NpOBegenHa pa6oT MpH jJlocTaTOUHO C.10%K- HEIX THAPOMeTeOpoOsaOrHyeCKHX yeoBuAX (cKOpocTs Berpa 70 14 m/c #H BodHeHHe 30 6 6anaoB). B xambHeliem mpeAnowaraerca co3zqa- nue cyfHa Ad ZoGnrau KOHKpenni c mogayeh go | man. T/rog. 40 Takum o6pa30M, ONpeseaMAMCh OCHOBHbIe TeEXHHYeCKHe cpea- eTBa, OGbeAHHAeMBIe MO NPHSHAKy OGMIHOCTH cpegAb NCHOT3OBAHHA B CHCTeMY, HCOOXOMAMY AAA KOMMAeCKCHOrO H3yYeHHA MW OCBOeHHD Muposoro oxeara. Cozqanne orsebHbX TeXHWYECKRX CpeacTB 3aBH- CHT He TONBKO OT YPOBHA pasBUTHA HaYYHOTO MW MPOMBILIATeHHO-9KO~ HOMBYCCKOTO MOTEHUHaa 8B OTACAbHEIX CTpanax, HO” ompene: ACTCR SKOHOMUUECKOA aPeKTHBHGCTH}O paGoT Mo OCcBOCHHIO MoOp~ CKUX MECTOPOXKAEHUI NOTe3HLIX HCKONACMBIX, UTO BO MiOroM 3aBH~ CHT OT HaWaux M 3aTlaCOB aHaJIOrMUHbIX CYXOMYTHDIX MecTOpOK- wenn. 1.3, OcnocHne MHHepanbHEIx pecypcon okeaHa Ww 3aU\HTA OKPyKatouyeh cpeAbi IJupoxoe passepTaeauue pabor no ocBoeuHw Mupo- BOrO OKe@Ha TeEMEICAHMO Ges cobMIOReHHA HCOGXOAMMBIX Mep Mmped- OcropoxHocru, 6e3 AOCTaTOUHO HayexKHbix MeponpunTu, oGecne- YHBAIOULAX SALTY OKpy2Kalomlel cpeAbl. Ceroguf CaMble cepbesuble sarpasHeHHa OkeaHa CBa3aHM C n0- wWayanvem B Hero He@Tenpozykros. B atom oTHomeHAu mopcKoe 6ypenve npegctaBiseT sHatHTerbHy onacuoctb. px apapuax Ha aKCIyaTHpyeMblx CKBaKHHAX H OypOBbIX YCTaHOBKaX, MpowsBoasH- MEX pasBegounoe Gypenve Ha HetbTh, B CUHTAHHHe MHMHYTHI B MOp- CKyi0 BOLY H3THBaIOTCA COTHH TOM Hera. flocrynneune net x wedtenpogyKtow B Muposoit oxean one- HHBaeTca BemMuHHON OT 6 Man. T [47] go 10—15 man. TB rog [9], 4TO MpuMepHo paBHO rogoBoi no6pmue Erunta nia Ascrpatun B 1978 r. Onn MopeKHX paspaGoTOK NoKasawl, TO Npa MOpCKoM 6ypeHuH 4aCTh HePTH nomaqaeT B MOpe. YUNTHIBaA, 4To B 2000 r. Ha LIeADe, HO HeKOTOPHIM HporHosam, GygeT mpuxog_utaca go 50% AoGbsiTOH He(pTH, MOXKHO OWEHHTS PeaMbHYIO ONACHOCTb yrpo3bl SarpasHeHHA. Tipu aTOM HYy2KHO HMeTh B BUY, ITO sarpAsHeHwe MORKET AOCTHYD creyenu, KoTga ounmenue Mupoporo oxcata noTpe6yer Heu3Me- pHMo Gombe ycusuil, eM MpuMeHeHHe CROCBPCMEHHEIX BOSMOKENX Mcp mpenoxpanenua, Jlo6pma nedbtn 3axpaTbipaer ace Gomme ak- BatTopuu. Bce 6ombule yelicrByloilux ckBaxKHH MosBctca B Mek- cukancKoM 3anupe, B KapuGckoM mope, y Seperos Kaandopxun, B ueranonk Oaccelty mpesparasocb u Cepepuoc Mope. Sarpasuenve HepTbIO NPONCXOZHT He TOnbKO BCTeACTBHE j0- Gbiun MOpCKOM ueiTH, a TakKe IpH MepeBosKe Ke*TH, NpOMBIBKE TawKepOB, pa aBapHAX HetpTeHaNMBHbIX cyaow. K aueay ipesBH- 4aHHO 3arpasHeHHbIX akBaTOpHli Mo ato mpuywne oTHOcHTCa Cpe- AWzemuoe Mwope. MceaeqopaHna MoKa3bIBawoT, YTO B HCKOTOPBIX Paitonax Muposoro okeana 3arpa3sHeHe MOPCKHX BOA HepTHIO HererpoaykTaM MpeBpaeT MpezecabHO AOnycTHMbIe KOHUeHTpa- man, K ancay nan60aec garpa3ueHHblx MeTbio OTHOCATCA Kpome Cpeansemnoro H pyre Mops CesepHoi Ataanrakn, mops, omH- Baiolkue Cesepuyo Amepuky, u ap. Okcnenuuna «, pyKoBoaH- 41terem xKoTopot 6 Typ Xeliepaan, B TeweHuc 6 wa 52 suet ce peiica cueROBata B aaTPASHEMUbIX BOAAX, NOKPHTHX . . Heranuimn nyieHkaMd NOKPLITHI OTPOMHLI€ akBAaTOPUH. Bu- ayaNbHHIMH Ha6OJeNMAMH, NPOBOAWRILHMUCA B PaMKax MOK JOHECKO = (mexnpaBHTebCTBeHHart okeanorpadnyeckad KOMHC- cua) n BMO OOH (Bcemupnaa Meteopos0rnuecKaa opranwsauns), YyeTaHOBneHO, “TO eHKAaMM MONHOCTHIO LOKPBITHI JOmuo-Kuraiicnoe u Kentoe Mops, SHadHTerbH ble MOM aAu B palione Flanamcxoro kKa- Hala nw uo xoxy TeveRMa Kypo-Cupo, ioro-Bocrounad 4acrb Bepuu- ropa Mopa ¥ xp. Husimu ciopamn, HedpTanoe sarpasucHune Muposoro oKeaka mpnobperaer rioGaabublii XapaKTep. BarpasHeHa nepenocaTca cucTeMaMy Tevenuil B MaJOTIOABHK- Hble pafioubl OkeaHa, KOTOPHle CTAHORATCA AKKYMYTATOPAMH BPCA wux petects. Boa Foanbcrpuma, Cenepo-Atuanrayeckoro Teve- Hus, acbillasich 2aTpASHAIOWMMM BeukccTBaMH y Geperos Cesepuolt Amepuxn u Esporti, nepenocat Wx B pafioust Capraccosa, Hopsex- exoro x Bapenuosa Mopeli. Haas Cenepunix. Mopeli sto oco6cuHo onacuo. YcTaHoReHo, 4TO mopcKde GakTepHH SbpexTHBNO OUMULAIOT OKEAH THM DPH 1OHO- sKHTeTeubIx TeNnepatypax. [Ip —10°C nponecc pasioxKCHHA NpaK- THYECKU TipHOcTaHaBauBaeTca H HCPTeyrAesOAOpoaH, .COXPANAACE B revenue J\ccaTHIeTHH, 6yayT HAKADIMBATECA. AxrmBunIM ucTouHUKOM 3arpa3Henun Mupoporo oKcana cTaau peku. Pacopeqencune nocTynienni HebTeyreBonopozoB B Mupo- Bol okeall NO HCTOUHHKAM BHITIALHT caesylouLMM OGpasom: CGpoct c¢ cyaoB B Mope H mopTax H B pesylbraTe apapuli cocTaBaAIOT MpH- MepHo 45%, socTyl1eHHs ip MOpCKOM 6ypenuH 1%, mpHToK ¢ peyHBIMH BOaMH HB AMBHEBBIX cTokax 33% w 10% nagaet Ha mpurok ug armociepsi, BaxkHo B 3TOM pacmpeacaennn To, ¥T0 43 % HOCTYIMCHHA TpakTHYecKH He NOAMeAAT peryHpoBaHHo [47]. Pexu npunocat 8 oKeam He TOMBKO HepTeyrseBonoposy. Tio nanitim IOHECKO, ¢ sogaMu peck @KeroaHoO NonalacT B MOpe 6,5 man. T hocbopa, 2,3 mu. T CBHALA, 320 man. tT xexe3a [7]. Tipu sTom OcHOBHas YacTh BarpAsHeHNit COCpeLOTOMMBAeTCA B paito- Wax KOATHBeHTambNoro Weabha, Me BbIaBAMBAIOT 90 % ppt6ni. Tlary6voe BanauHe 3Toro Mpowecca TPyYAHKO NepeOucHNTD. Ma- posoli oKkeaH MOMHO 6e3 IpeCyBeAHUeHUA Ha3BaTb « 325 1, cKopocTh mepexoga 11 y3 (pa6ouaa 2,5 ys). Ero asuua 25 M, ocanka 2,5 m (c rpy30M), WIHpHHa cyaua 14 M, WHpuHa KaxkAoro w3 Kopmycos 4,} M. . . B 1976 r. B Halle cTpatte HayaTa NOCTPOHKa CAMOXOAHBIX NOP- TOBBIX H MOPCKHX HedTe- x Mycopoc6opumuxos. Bogouamcmlenne 9THX CyxoB 52 T (MOpTOBLi KepTe- Mycopocéopmtuk) w 65 1 (3stop- cxoit). Pa6ouaa cKopoct Hedre- MYCOpocOopmlHKOR — 0 2 y3, mpo- W3BOAHTeNBNOCTh Ha cnOKOMHOA Boze 12 t/y, Onur 9xcnnyatalHa Ton0BHoro cyaHa B OMECCKOM HOPTY Aad NOMORKATCIPHLE Pe3yJ1h- TaTbl. Moxuo nosarath, YTO B AabHeHLIEM YHCACMHOCTS CYAORB STOTO HasHavenua 6yAeT 3aMeTHO BO3PacTaTs, a CaM THN HX byReT U3Me- HATECA Kak BCAeACTBHe H3MeHeHHA H COBEpPIeHCTBOBaHHA TeXHO- AOrHu cO6opa Red ¢ NOBCpxHOCTH u ee OTACTEHNA, TAK H 34 CNET pocTa MpoHSBOANTeAbHOCTH, MaBHLIX pasmepeHnit, BonOHSMEleHHA. Kak cneacrane, 6yLyT pacTH WeHbl ua Takue cya. [napa 2 OBLIME BONPOCHI OLIEHKM SKOHOMMYECKOK DMMEKTMBHOCTM CPEACTB OCBOEHKA MMPOBOTO OKEAHA 2.4. Bagaua w comepokanwe TexHHKO- SKOHOMMYECKOFO o6ocHoBaHHn cpegcTe OCBOCHKA Mupoegoro oKeaHa Hayyno-rexnuyeckhh mporpece B cygocTpoeluu # CM@XKADIX OTPAaCNAX WayKU H TeXHUKH CyU\ecTBeHHO paculMpseT 4 ToRbIaeT TEXHHYCCKY!O BOOPyKeHHOCTh Mpouecca OcBoeHuA Mupo- Boro OKeaHa, Dror mpollecc HMCeT He TOMKO KOAHYeCTBENHbI, HO 44 a KavecTacHHb xapakrep. Konuyectao BapuaHToR AocTIWKeHMA OnHOH H To xe Lea cTpeMHTembHO pacteT 3a cueT NpHMeHenuA PasHooGpa3zHblx TEXHHYECKHX CPEACTB MAM Pa3HEIX Hx codeTannil. Alospry KOHKpenM MOXKHO OCYyHeECTBAATD pa3MUHbIMH THNaMu cpcAcTB — AparupylouluMu, MHOTOKOBIIOBLIMM, 3EMMECOCHBIMH, 3p- THPTOBLIMH, OOcayKHBAHMe Mopckux HeTenpombicaoB — obnrae- MBIMH H HCOOHTaeMbIMH NOABOAHUMA anmapaTaMy H BosOsa3aMH; mowck oGbeKTa Ha rayOuHe — cnenHanbio adopy2OBaHHbIMH cy- FaMM, BoLOMa3amn, OGHTACMBIMH u HeEOOHTAeCMLIMH TMOABOAHLIMU annapatamu. Kpome toro, Bo BceX Tpex mpHBeweHHEIX cCyYAAX OTH ga1ald MOFYT PCWIATHCA COBOKYMHOCTHIO COOTBRETCTRYIOWNX cpezcTB B PaRtMaHBIX coveranuax. Takum oGPd3om, 6 BiGope - camux CPCACTR, MpeAHasHayeHHWx jaa pelvenna ONpeAeteHHON sazaqn, cy- HeCTBYIOT ZOCTATOYHO WUpPOKKE BOSMOXHOCTH. He meee wmpok cClekTp BapHaHTOB TexHHuecKHx pemeHnit B CaMOM mpoexte. Ogun H Te Ke XapakTepHcTHKU BPoeKTHpYeMoro o6bckta, OMpcsersioulMe acdext ero tyukyHOHHpoBawua H B KO- HC4HOM cycTe ero aibeKTUBHOCTD, MOryT ObITh NOAYYens! IPH NpH- MeHenNH pazM4NbIX MaTepHaslos, KOHCTpyKOHA, oSopyAOBaHua HT. a. Tak, pH mpoexTupopannn naideyyero ropRooboratuTesEnore KOMOWHaTa MOKET MpeAyCMaTPHBaTECA aTOMNAA HM HeaTOMHaA 3Tep- reThHKa, MpO¥Hbie KOPNYCa NoOgBOAeIX aflnapaTOB MoryT cosia- BaTbCA W3 pagIHYNbIX MaTepHadoB. Oguaxo Hayyno-TexunyeckH mporpece umecT H apyrylo cro- pony: BecbMa OLyTHMBI pocT CroHMOcTH CaMoil cyAGcTpouTeaDHoH NPOAYKUWH, CBAZAIHEM C pacTyllel CAOMKHOCTIO. 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Texnuueckoe 3a,anuc, ycTanaBnyBalomee OCTIOBHOe HasHayc- WHE, TCXHHYECKHE XAPAKTEPUCTHKM HW NOKA3dTeIM KavecTRa, a TakKe TCXHUKO-3KOHOMMMeCKHeE Tpe6oBaHHA K NpoOeKTUpyeMomy oOdReKTy. 2. Texnuyeckoe mpeictoxelme, B KOTOPOM COCpxKHTCA TeXHH- yeCKOe H TeXHHKO-3KOHOMMYeCKoe OGOCHOBAHHe LeclecoobpasKocTh Aadbuefiiero MpoeKkTHPORANKHA OGLEKTA, HCXOAA U3 BOSMOXKHBIX Ba+ pHaHnTGB pellleHug MpockTHoA 3aaaqu. 453. ScknsHblt npoekT, coepxKalluk OcHORHbIe NpoeKTHBIe pelle- HHS, OCHOBHLIE KopaGnecTPOHTeAbHbIe SeMeHTN poeKTHpyemoro O6bCKTa H 9KOHOMHYECKOR OOOCHOBAHHe STAX peuleHyi. 4. Teximueckni mpoekt, paspaGaTpsaempit Ha OCHOBe 3CKH3- HOro WpockTa ¢ yUeTOM u3MelenHH, BHECeHHLIX IPH ero paccmoTpe- nun. B texnayeckoM NpoeKTé cosepRATCA RpoeKr fers! A NporHo- 3HpyeMad BeNHYHHA SKCHAYAaTANMONHMX 3aTpar. 5. Pa6ouaa AOKyMeHTaHaA ABAAeTCH BaTsHeHlinM pasBHTHCM H KOHKperu3anved TexHhYeckoro MpoeKkta. MockombKy ace npoeKTHBle pelleHnv, Kak [paBH0, HPHKATH Na upeAuecTByIOUlNX cTaaNAX IpoekTupoBakua, B Mpouecce paGowero npoeKTupoBanua SKOUOMH- yeCKOrO O6OCHOBAHHA OGHYHO He enaerca. TexHuk0-9KOHOMMYeCKHe COOCHOBaHUA HEOGXOZHMBI w NpakTH4e- CKH HX BHROJRAOT.Ha COD YMUNX ITANax.cO3,aHvA HOBLIX cpesqcTB ocsoeHua Mupoporo okeaka: up paspa6oTKe mporno3a pasBuTua, OUPeAeneHHH OCHOBHLIX. HallpaBicHnh wayyilo-BecJesobaTeAbCKAX, UPOCKTHHX paGOT, . SKOHOMAYeCKOK RenecoobpasHoctH. coszaHuy HOBHIX THIOR CyOB. H alifiapaToB; Mpu BHGope OCHOBHEX xapakre- PHCTHK MpoeKTupyeMoro OGbeKTa, Paspa6orKe TexHMuecKUx 3aza- Hu Ha npoekTHpoBaHie, PopMupoBannH TpeOonannh 3aKa3uHKa K NpoekTupycmMomy OObeKTY HM K KOMAMeKTYIOUIMM ero oGpa3uaM (mexany3MaM, o60pY1OBaHHIO HT. H.); B Hpowecce HenocpezcTBeH- HOTO MpOCKTUPOBaHUA, Ha CTANHAX SCKHSHOTO HM TEXMHYCCKOTO Npo- €KTOB, roe POPMHPYIOTCA 1 IPHHRMAaIOTCA pemlenuA, OnpeaerAOllne O61HK npocKTupyemoro obbexTa. f°" Merosonorus pazpa6orkH TeXHHKO-aKOHOMH4eCKHX OGocHoBaHUA, | ABIACTCA Da3JeJOM cpaBHutTedbHo~MOTOAGH..Hay4HO!. .oTpacan — ) TEXHHKO-SKOHOMMICCKOTO anaNH3a, mpeAcraBasiomero cool, 10 : CYIECTBY, TeOpHio. OHOCHOBARMA IIpOeKTHELX. pewelus_B MocTpoen- HOro. Ha 9KOHOMMMECKOM alfamuse MpoleccoB cosAaHnA 4 WCNOAb3O- ‘BaHWa MpoeKTHpyeMbIX OODEKTOB. Texuaxo-9KOHOMMMeCKHIT aHaJiHg BOSHUK H pasnHBaeTcs Ha Cthike.rpex ay aR Orpacen: “PéSpuli. ipoekTApoBannH, sKoNG- MUKH H HCCHeMOBAHMA Ofepallh, COCTaBAAWUMxX MeTOAHIECKyIO 1 MaTeMaTHUECKyIO OcHOBY HOBOit Hay4yHOon oTpac.iH. TipeqmetoM TCXHUKOQ-3KOHOMUYCKOTO aHaIH3a CY KUT W3y4C- HMC 3aKOHOMCPHOCTCH BO B3aKMOCBASH XapakTepucTHK oOpeKTa HIPOCKTHPOBANA HW PCMeHMt, peanH30BaHHHX B NpoeKTe, c OmNMAAe- MBM pesyIbTATOM HCNOSOBAaHHA NpOeKTHpyeMore COBCKTAa H 3a- TpaTamn Ha HOcTHKEeNHe STOO pesyIbTaTa. Kak a06an Hayduad OTpacab, TexHHKO-9KOHOMMNCCKHH alla.tH3 HM€eT CBO CHCTEMY GCHOBHEIX ROHATHE, CBOIO TEPMHHOAOrHW, Ya- CTHUHO 3aHMCTBOBALIHylWO H3 CMEAKHEIX orpac.ieit, yacTuuko co6cr- BeHHyIO, Baegem B PpaccMOTPeHHe HEKOTOPLc NONATHA TeXUMKO-9KO- WOMMYecKOTO allas3a, HeOGXOJHMble B Mpouecce mocsexyioulcro M3d02KeHHA. : Tloa sxonomuveckum o6ocnosaxuem OyneM TMOHHMaTb Hccaeso- Bale C NOKAZATCAbHDM. BIGOPOM KapaktTepUCTHK caMoTo OObeKTAa 46 TPOCKTHPOBaHHA H TeXHHYECKMX peulcHHli, oMpecyycMoTpeHsIx B Mpoekre JA NOAyNenna. BNOpaHueN XapaKtepuctuK, KOTOPOe.No- CTpOeHO Ha LPOTHOZe Xapakrepa. Co3LaHHA H HCNOAb30BaHHA OGO- CHOBMBAeMOrO OODEKTa. OrmeTHM, uTO B CaMOM ONpedeseHHH TEXHHKO-9KOHOMM4ECKOTO oOOCHOBAHHA eCTh HCCKOIbKO K-OUeBLIX houAaTAH. B neppyto oxe- pelb 9TO XapakTepHcTuKK OObeKTAa H NPHHATLIX TEXHWUeCKHX peule- nit, Onu u asaaiotcd o6pexTom o6ocnosanaa. XapakrepucTuKn MOTYT HOCHTb Ka¥ecrseHnbi, RUCKPeTHDI XapakTep u.IH MOrYT OvITh H3MEPENE! KOAMYECTBCHHO C NOMOM[bIO HEKOTOPOrO HempepEB- HOPO W.IM UeTOUNCICHHOTO NoKasaTeas. Tlpumepamn guckperibix, KadecTBeHHbIx xapaKTepucTHK MoryT CAYRHTL: THI Kopllyca o6xraemoro nomBogHoro annapata (Hanpy- Mep, UMAMHAPHYCCKaA OG0AOUKa, NOAKpenaenHad TonepewHLiMA pe6pamm 2xecTKOCTH, Hau esbepuueckas o6o0s04uKa); ycTaHoBKa Ha Oyposom cyzHe CHCTeMb WsaHro-KaG6eapHoro OypCHHA Han CH- crema OypeHua pasGopHol KoOHHO’. IlpuMepaMu XapakTepHeTHK, HOCALIMX KONHYCCTBENHLI Hempe- pbiBHi NapakTep, MOLYT COYKHTS BETHIMHA CKOPOCTH Xofa cysra WAM anMapata, aBTOHOMHOCTD; JA NOABORAEIX annapatoR— mpe- Aedbuad TAyOUHa NorpykKenus, LAaMeTp Npoaiore Kopnyca wT. O. ’ Tipumépamn wesouveieHHEx KoaWueCTBeEHHHX XAapaxTepHCTHK MOFT CAYKATh YHCIO AKOpCh Ha cyiHe, KOAMYeCTBO BHHTOB KA ABHRateneti u T. 1. B npouecce BEINOAHCHHA TeXHHKO-9KOHOMHYecKOrO O6OcHOBa- HAA Kak wpockTupyembii obbexT MoxeT OLTb OnHcaH Tabo- pOM xapakrepucraK, Kak yKa3hBamocb, 4acTh 3THX XAPaKTCPHCTUK ompexerseT cpolictpa OGbekTa B UesOM, cro aKcnayatanuoHuie AaHuUble, APYrHe 4aCTHble TeXHHYECKHe PELIEHMA, ¢ MOMOLLbIO KOTO- PLIX, MpOeKTupyemomy. OGbexTy OGecncuHBawTcA TpebyembIc 9KC- HayaTauuouuble-crosicTBa. ~ Tlepsyo rpyuny xapakrepwcrux mpHHaTo HaswBath TexHNKO- SKCHAyaTauHOHHBIMY ‘9leMeHTaMH OGbeKTa (T93), sBropyro —na- - pamerpamu tTexnuueckux pemenni (IITP). Jlaqum Gonee crporoe onpescaenne KaKAGH 3 HageaitHerx rpynn, Tlog TID GyaeM NCHHMaTb COBOKYHHOCTH KOAMYECTBEHBIX Xa- PaKkTePHCTHK, OAKOSHAYO OMPCACAPIOWHX SKCIAYaTauMOHHBe CBOM- cTBa mpockTupyemoro OObextTa, HEKMH CcIoBaMH, CTCNEHb ero cooT- BeTCrBHA CBocMy HasHayenwio. 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