KOHCTPYKUWMA H MPOYHOCTh MK ENE30- BETOHHDIX CYAOB 400362. Oyegsaaytanpay BHBNKOTEHA Aanesy. ‘SOD: O260tpny, nen # W3HATEABCTBO CY AOCTPOEHHE" TEHWHTPAR 1969Cnuyon I. M., Gok HO. A., Antunog B. A. Slanuu £. UM. Koxcrpyxuna “ npounocth xesesobeTOHHbIx cy Ros. JI., Cygoctpeenne, 1969. 384 ctp. HowatKa 9 senesoGeroHe. KoHerpyHponanMe eysosbix wenesoSaTonHel pace Ocnoen KOH CTBYKUMH M KOPNYCOR MOPCKHX Baye coopyMeHNA. TeopeTHecKne ocHO: Neros npoNHocTH cyZOHMIX KOMETRYKUMA Ha OBMMoFe (HENANPAKEHNOTS) H apeREapH- TenbHo HANpsMeHHOrD wmeneaoGeroHs. MeTOAMKA H TAXHWKA NpoBeReHWA, a TaWKe pe~ ayMBTATE! SKCrIePHMetITANbHLIX HCCHEADHANKI “sneMeHToR cyAOMLIX NenesoGeroUNNx KOH eTBYKUMG M HATyPHMIX KOpnycom sKeeaaBetoKMUX cygoa M AnEEyHNX gOKOD. ns WinkenepHo-texHadecnhx paGerHnkee nposKTHux oprannsauni M sepiel, pa- Goraounx # eGnacrH mene2beToHHNOTO cynocTpoeNAs. 3—-18-—-5 30—69 629.12.011.25 CMHYOB TEHHAMUA MUXAMTOBHY, SIKBOB OPA ANEKCAHAPOBKY, AHTMNOB BIADMMMP AHGPERBKY, MANMH EBTEHHA MBAHOBAY KOHCTPYKIIM@ WM MPOUHOCTH IKENESOEETOHHEIX CYAOB Peyensentbi: nwKeHeper B. Wy. MHpoxos, B. A. Coxonos Hay¥Heli pegaktop f. M. Chios Pegaxtop E, M. Menosa Texnwyecknii peaantap JI, M, LUnuKosa Koppextop VU. M. Degopora Ogopmnende nepennera xyabscnnna Jl. A. Sueno Cpaho es Habop 28/IV 1969 r, M-15798. Nognucato k nevatn 28/VIII 1969 r. Mopmar nananma 60: "fig Dna, new n 24,5 (BT. Buel) Yu-wsq. n. 22,6. Wag. N@ 2158-67. Tapax 1500 axa. Lexa 1 py6. 40 xon. Bymara ana rnyGonoi meuati, 3a, NO 1015, Magatenscreo «Cyaoctpoednen, Slexnurpan, A-65, yn.Terona, 8 Tlesmurpaacvan tunorpagua Ne 4 [rasnonurpadnpoma Komn- Tera nO neuata npu Copete Muxnctpos CCCP, Counannctnue- ckas, 14. I- OCHOBHBIE OBO3HAYEHKA Buewnue w suytpennne ycouana M—pacueraei asru6aromaii so- MeuT N—pacuernoe mpozoanoe ycn- sTHe Q—nepepesniwaioutan cua or pacterHok warpyaka Mp —paspymaounit varnOaonuit - MOMeHT Np — paspymaouee opofoabnoe yeusiae Q) — paspymiaiomaa nepepesuipaio- man cnaa Qxo— pacierTHad paspywanouaa ne- Pepesbiaioulad casa, ROCIpH- HUMaeMas GeTOIOM c#KaTOl 3OHBL W BepTHKanpunMH xO- Mytawm (nonepcaHEIMH crep- 2KHAMH) Gx —MponompHoe ycumue B XO- MYTaX (IOTepeUHBIX cTepik- HAX) Wa @]MHMLY jUIHHEL Se- McHTa No— papnogeicrayiomaa — ycu.lKit BO BCCh NpoOlonbHol apMa- Type (Hanpsraemoi wm teHa- TIpsraemMo#) g0 o6maTus Ge- ToMa WIM TpH HanpmKeHHA noIGM, pasiom Hymo (M10- cae noramennia o6xatua be- Tona} Na— pasnogeicrpyiomasx —yenstth Bo sce Hanparaemoll mpo- “oabRol apMatype nocae o6- *Katus Gerona XapaxtepuctuKn MarepHaaos R—npenea npownocta Gerowa na ckaTHe —(ky6uKonaa mpou- Hoc) Rup —apusmenuan mpouocra 6e- Tona Rp—npeaen npoanocrn 6eroua Npu pacts Kenan od Ry —mpesea npownocru Geroua Ha cKatne npn usru6e A’ —xy6uxonan mposnocr, 6eToua K MoMeRTy Tepenaun Ha Ge- TOH MpejpapHteteHoro Ka- TpsKenHs Oy —upewen Texyyecru nenanps- JKCHHOM apMarypel Ra —mpemeabHoe —conpoTussenne wanpsracmolt apMaryput (tpe- Rea TpowHocrH WIM mpeaea TexysecTH) E,—monyan ynpyrociu apMaty- pb Es—wmonya, yupyrocta Gerona py cwaTHH Teometpuyeckue xapakrepuctaKH &—mupwia mpamoyroapuore ce- eHUs, TUMPHHa peGpa TaBpo- Boro CeMeHHA, cyMMapKan TOMUHHA CTeHOK Kopo6yaToro. ceuenHa A —noauan epicota ceveHag o1e- MeuTa fo, Mo’ —paGouaa Bhicora cexeHHat (fo=h—a; hy =h—a’) a, a’ —pacctoanua oT Gawxaiunx Tpavei cevenus No paBHodeli- craywujel yeumah B apmary- pe Fs, Fa u Fy, F, coorner- cTBeHHo *— BLICOTAa @KATOH OHM CeTeHHA Fa, Fa —naomlagu cevenus wenanpsara- emoii npozoaenoll apmatypi: B WeHTpambHo-cwaTHx uUer- TPaMbHO-PacTAHYTBIX 9J1eMeH- Tax — sce apMarypE, & H3- THOAeMBIX sTCMeHTAax H 31C- Mentax, paGoraloliux 4a croakubth varH6 (RHeMeHTpeH- HO-cKATHX HM BHEUeTTPCHHO- PacTaHyrarx),— Moab ap- MaTypH, paclomokenHoh = B pacTauyTol, wanBorec pacta- 3nyToh nat rannctee CHBTOE . 0, SoHE F., Fy -usouaalu CeucHna nenanpara- evo % Manparaenoif upo- oabTol apMaTyphl B H3rA6a- eMbIX STCMCHTAX H SMICMCH: Tax, paOOTAIOUlNX Ha Cs1O%&- neil worn6, pacnO.1OKCHHOh B gone CeJeHUA, KOTOpAA CHH- Mactca oT delicTBHa BrleumHe- TO MOMeHTa F—naomtate conepeoro cexe- laa seMCHTA F,—najoulate cxatof 30Hb 6e- ToHa Fry —lroimaih mpisedennoro mone- peauoro ccucHua aacmenta i — Kosten’ = apwapoRaHnn {oTROWCHHe TMOMaaK owe pewHOro ceveHHn npoLOILHOs apMaTyph kK iMoulaaH Toue- peunoro ccseHNA aqeMenta) Hanpaxenua T— kacaTedbuoe HanpaAKcHHe & beToue Orn, rac — VAABHBe PACTArMBAIOMlne Mo @KHMarOUNe HanpsKeHUA Rn GeToHe HanpaKeHA B — apMatype Fy u Fy 10 oGkatHA Geto- va, 4460 B MOMeHT BOCTHKE- hun GeToHOM HyaeRoro Ta Upaxesua (B MOoMcHT nora- micuad oGKatHa Sera), Ko- Topoe ROSHHKaeT Ha YpoBHE Tol Ke apMatypy oT O6xKa- THA HM BNEMHAX cH. Go, Oy a} 70 mponBacHaa notep» Mpeapapittensiiore Ha TpaKeHna (apaaetcn KOHTPOAHpYCMEIM rae TIpAKCHHEM ApH TaTHIKe- HHH ApMaTyp Ha yro- pi); 6) nocke upospaeHsaa acex noTeph — Mipenapuresb- HOTO AANpSDKeHHA, —Mpo- HCXOARIAX To Ob%ATHO Gerona; n) cyMMaptibie Totepy HANpA- 2KeHUA; 34 —uorepH nperpapurerHoro nanpaxenut 3 apmarype Fy, w Fa: a) upouexomnMe 10 OKOH- yanna oOwaria GeToHa; 6) nporcxotainie HOGe OKOHNAHUA OOKaTHA GCTO- 1a; 2) cymmapnure (sce aotepH) Oy, On’ —TPCABapuTerbHsle — HanpsDKe- Hs COOTRETCTHCHHO B apMa- type Fy « Fy 10 okonvanan oGmaTHa Gerona (On.=Oo-- — 166, Gu=Oo' — 10's): a) do nposmaedun uoteps (sn- saeTes KORTPOANpyeMpoM WanpaKeRMen Tipu HaTs- MeHHM APMATYPHI Ha O&- Ton): 6) uocne uposBacauA TOTep» Hpe\BapHTCAbHOTO HANPA- DKeHHA, NPOUCXOAINAX 10 06K aTHA GeToHA, gw} uocne Tpadercuum BCeX Totep upeBapATesbHOTO HanpwKeHHA (ycTaHOBMs- ulceca wanpaxKerne) Ga, 0%, —HanpamKenun 8 Hevanpsirae- moi apmatype F, u Fy, Bbl- SBaHHbIe BHCWHHME YyCHAns- Mu HH ycaikoh mM jomsyyc- cTRIO Gerona; oy —anpsimcHie B GeToHe, Bbi- abanHoe AAeUIRUMH YCHAHAMH, HAH TIpessapuTerioe HaUpa- wKeHne GeTOHa B NpOv3BOTb- HOM BOTOKHE HOPMaaeHoro CCueMin aneMeHTa TO OKOH- yauun ero o6maTHs: a) ao Mpoanaenna —noTepp HpepapHteibHoro HATIps- KEHAAS 6) nocne | Mpownaenua —n0- TepL, MPOHCXOAAUHX 10 oGwaTaa GeToHa; B) Tocae TpoRBzenns. Bcex woTeps {¥CraHosuBmecca Hanpskeriie) BBEXEHME B CCCP xenesoGeTou B OCHOBHOM Henoapayetca a socTpoiKe CTOHHOYHDIX CYHOB A HAaBYGHX AOKOB. BosMOxKNOCTh yCMemHOTO NpHMeNeHHA ero B KaYeCTBe Kopiyc- HOO MaTepHaa ONpesedactes cTeLyIOWMM: 1. Kopnyca 43 2kcaes06eroHa mpaktuuecKH we Mo;BepraloTca KOPpOsHH, BCTeACTBMe Tero pacxO_b! Na CONCPAAHMe H PEMOHT 2%c- 1e306eTOUTX CyLOB H TOKOB cylleCTBeHHO MeHBIIe, YeM Jas ana- 1OTHUHBIX MCTAMAMMECKHX IaByTHX Coopy2KeHHi, 2. Bec meTaana, Heo6xoquMoro gaa TocTpoiku mxeate3s06eTOH- HOrO KOpilyca, B cCpcanem B 2—2,5 Pasa MCHbuUle, 1eM Ala MCTAJIA~ wecKorO Kopmyca cystHa wh goka. [lp a7oM gecbuunrhan cypo- CrpOuTeABHaH AUCTOBAM H Upo@wAnad cramb 3ameHcua Goaee e- WeBoH Kpyraoit cratblo (apMatypoi). 3. CroHmocTbh mocrpoikm oKeJcsoGeronmeIx KOpmycoB CyJOB H OKO B Cpeguem Ha 15—20% Haxe, YeM aHAaMOTHUTEIX MCTa aAMUe- cKHX KOpNycos. HOMCHKAaTYpa HECAMOXOMADIX TEXHMYCCKAR W CUCWMATDHBIX Cy- AOR H M4aByYAX coopyxenuit u3 *KeneszoGctowa ycranosnela wa oc~ HORE TEXIIMKO-3KOHOMHYECKHX alddH30B, BbINOHeHHLIX B 1958— 1963 rr. Cowsmopimnnpocxrom MM® u WKB Mopeysompoext; 8 Hee BKTOVEHO Gosee TPHAWATH Pasiin4HbIX HaNMCHOBAHHH: Maa- Ryune BOKH BCCX THOR MH HAaSHayecHHH, NPpwyaqel Bcex THNOB M waguauenui, WiaBCKTatl KH XPAanMAMMa rpysoB BeCX Hasta- vent, ge6apKagepbl Rcex THNOB H HagHaueHMii, OpangpaxTel BCeX TUNOB f# Hashavenni, WWiaByuue MaCTepCKue, WaBYYHC 94eKTPOCTaH- UNH, WAaByune KOMMpeccopHble CTaNttun, waBydue cratun-napo- Aare, pblOomMoposHabkble H phi6omepepaGarTErRaiomNe 6asbl, ma- Byque pblGoxaBonnl, WiaRyune Necosasonsl, Naasyane SeToumme 3aBOAH, UAABYYNE ZOMOCTPOHTEbALIe KOMONHATH, NaaByyHe me- PerpywaTcn CLUTY TAX HM NBLIeBHIHBIX Tpy30B, ruaporieperpy2K a- Ted BA PpaBis, ZeMICCOCHBIC aan NO paar pyRKaTeIH, WMaByYHe oSoraTHTenbNble ycTaHOBKH Aas Tpabun, seMwecocet sast OOMUH Necka wT. 3. pare lWMpoKoe NpumencHite wKelesoGeTowa B CyLocrpoeHiti or- M4eHO MIaBHLIM OOPas0M 3HAYHTCALEBIM BeCOM KC.TeSOOeTOHHBIX Kopnycos 1a equnnuy o6bema Kopnyca. Jleao B TOM, uTO NpH cTpon- 5STeAbCTBE KeMes0GCTOHHHX CYAOB HW AOKOB MepponataibHo MpuMe- HANK AU OGbIMHDI Takenbiit GeroH MapKH He Bbite 300 H apma- TYpy 43 CTasH MapKH He Bhle Cr. 3. Kpome toro, NpaHijMMbl KOH- CTPyHPOBaHHA KereSO6CTOHHBIX CYHOR H AOKOB B OCHOBHOM ObIIM S3AHMCTBOBAHBI 3 MpakTHKH CTPOHTEBCTRA MPOMBIIICHHBIX HW Tpark- HAHCKHX COOpyeHHE HW Mp¥ 9TOM He YYHTHIBaTach chelnduKka Ha- Ipy30K H KOHCTpyKuHi, XapakTepHbIXx AVIA Cy OCTpoeHHa. B nocneqHWe Togbl B IPOMBINAeHHOM CTpOHTeAbCTBe TOABMAKC WoBbIe BHAbI GeTOHOB (6eTORLI c erKHMH 3aNOAHHTCAAMM, GeTORHI TOBbILUeHHON MpoyHocTa HT. X.) HW HOBble TexHOdorHyecKHe HPHEMb! H3TOTOBICHHA KeTeso6eTOHHbIX KOHCTPyKuHA (B TOM HHCe MpCaBa- puTeIbHO HAaMpsXKeHHBIX), B pesyAbTaTc Yero yAaioch YMeHbIIHTb Bec *Keses0G6eTOHULIX KOHCTPYKUMA, a CAeCOBATeAbHO, BOSMOZKHAA o6acTh IpHMeHeHuA %KeNesoHeTOHA B CyAOCTPOeHAN paciIMpHsace. C pocrom orevecTBeHHOro TOproBoro H pHOOMOBHOTO Gora BOs- HAKIa OCTpad HeOOXOQHMOCTh B PasBHTHH MAKeBPCHHbIX cpeCTB PeMOHTa A OGcIy2KMBAHUA (NAaByXHX TOKOB, WaBYYRX MACTEPCKHX, QUeKTPOCTAUMMH, CkazOB HT. 1.), Hp CTPOUTeMBCTBe KOTOPBIX 2Ke- seg06eTOH MOxKeT HaiiTH WIHpoKoe npumeneHne. Boxpiioit KOMINeKC OMbITHO-HcceqOBaTeMbCKAX pador, Hapan- JI@HHBIX Ha COBEPUIEHCTBOBaHHe CYAOB 2xeres06eTOHHOTO ACTIOMHE- HUA, Obie MpoBeeH PALOM Hay4HO-HccMeLOBATeMbCKAX HUCTHTYTOB, KOHCTpykTopcKux 61opo H Beptell xXeneso6eToHHOrO cyZOcTpoeHHA B nepvog 1958—1968 rr. Baxnylo pow B ONpesereHHH HampaBseHAA MccrenOBaHHl H BO BHeWPeHMH HOBbIX TEXHHYCCKHX PelICHH B NpakTUKy MpoektHpoBa- HMA Wi CTPOUTCADCTBA %eAcsoSeTONHBIX NAaBYYAX COOPyKeHxHi CbI- rpan Texnmueckuit CopeT Mo KenesobeTOHHOMY CYOCTPOeHHO, NpH- cTynupumi K padote B 1958 r. nox MpefcemareabcTBOM aKad. 10. A, Humancroeo (1883 — 1962). B pesyaprate npoBeweHHEIX uccrenoBanui GbimH paspa6oTanu coraacosaHHbe c Perrerpom Com3sa CCP uw Peunbim Peructpom PC@CP HopMaTHBHble JOKyMeHTH! NO KONCTpyHpoBaHHlO, pacueTaM MpOvHOCTH M TeXHOOTUM MocTpoiku cOopHo-MOHOMUTHEIX HM COop- HbIX KOPNycoB *KesMes0GeTOHHLIX CYAOB HS PasIHMUHBIX BHLOB Kee- 30GeroHa. - B atom Knvre o6O6MeHE! pesybTaThI TeOpeTH¥ecKHX H SKCTIepH- MEHT@IBHLIX HCCHELOBAHHH MpOYHOCTH KOPNYCHbIX KOHCTpyKUHA H HATYPHLIX KOPIYCOB, BHINOHeHHHIX aBTOPaMH WH MpH WX HemoOcper- CTBCHHOM Y4aCTHH, a TAKKEe pasoTb! OTevecTBeHALIX H 3apyGexHEIX ABTOPOB NO BONpOcaM MpOuOcTH HM KOHCTPyHpoBaHHA xenes06eToR- HBIX KOHCTPyKUHH. : B 3aksO0uvTeibHOd Mabe [IPMBeAeHbI NpeAAOMKenHA NO LatbHeli- WeMy COBePUIeHCTROBAHHO MeTOAOB pacueTa M KONCTpyuposaHua CYAOBbIX KOHCTPyKUMH H KOPMYyCOB u3 %*eeZ06eTOHA. B xuure mpuiata norsapuas ByMepalwa pHcyskon, Tabuy H dopmya. raga I. CYHOCTPOMTENDHbIN MENESOGETOH § 1. CYAOCTPOWTENbHBIE BETOHbI MH APMATYPA Cyaocrpowrenbubie Getonbl (Tarenbie M merkwe) W MX OCHOBHBIE Opo4dnocrHpe Hecopmaruenpie caolictea Berou, npequasnaycHnb 20a WOcTpoiKA KopHycos pasaMunrx usaByIAX COOpyKeHA, QOWKeH OO1aqaTb ONpexeNcHHbIMH cBOiT- CTBaMH H KavecTBaMH, OOYCHOBCHHLIMA TpeOoBaHHAaMM, KOTOpHIe MpeAbABIIMIOTCA K HeMY KaK K CYROCTPONTeABHOMY MaTepHady. CYAOCTPOHTeMbUbi GeTOH AOMKEH OGAaLaTh ROCTaTOUHO BbICO- Kol mpounocreio, Sta xapakrepucruka GeToHa aBaseTca onpene- asioulel, TaK KaK B 3HAYATeENDUOM CTeneHH OGycHOBMHBAeT HM BCE OcTaJbHble ero (M3HKO-MCXaHHyecKHe CBOMCTBa M KayecTBa: HHTCH- CHBHOCTh clemvieHMa OeToHa c apMaTypoi, oGecneaHBaomlyw ax COBMeCTHYIO paOoTy; NAOTHOCTH CTpyKTYpbI, O6ccneyMBAIOy10 He- O6xoAHMyIO cTOAKOcTS GcroHa NpoTHB BosgelicrauA Kucslopoqa Hu PACTBOpeHHbIx B MOPCKOM Boe cOMeH pasnMaHelx szeMeHTOB; cTOM- KOCTh 2ketesO6eTOHHEIX KOHCTPYKUMH Kopnyca mpH Towepemenvom SaMOpaKuBaHHH MW OTTAMBaHHH; CTOMKOCTh GeTOHa NpOTHB HCTApa- HUSA, BHEMCHaGHBAHUA, BbIMBIBaHHA H Mp. Vkasauubie (pusHKo-Mexannueckne cBolcTBa H KayecTBa GeToua 3aBMcAT OT CBOHCTB M KayeCTB HCXOHLIX MaTepHadoa, npHMense- MbUX IPH MpHroToReHHh 6eToua,— Lementa, KpynHoro 3anoaHHTeAA {ule6enb uM rpaBuit), MeaKoro 3anoanuTeas (necok), BO» 3aTBO- PeHus, XOOaBOK, BBOAMMEIx B GeTOH Np MpHToToBaeHAH, a TaKxe oT pacxoga Ha | a? GeToHa yKasaHHEIxX BETHIC cocrapasionax npa- CMOB HW MeTONOB BLINOTHeHuA SerouHbIx pa6or. , Uementsl, uchonnayemite ana npuroropzenns cy Oct pouteapnalx SetoHOR, AOIMUL OFAANATL MpOMvocTHwH (akTHBHOCTAIO) He Meme 0 (TOCT 1017862) u yaosaersopaTs TpeOosannam jeltcTBy1- mux TOCT wan Texnuyeckux yerosui, UpeMbABTACMEIX K OJ(HO- PONHOCTH, CpokaM CXBaTEIBaHHA, XHMHUeCKOMy cocTraBy H fp! H AKTeBHOcTE LeMelTa xapaKrepusyeTCA NpeeqOM NpOuHOCTH MpH CATH Gpasios Hs weMcATHO-necHa TBODA, TOB. TAHHAIX CO- mectakoro pac’ Haro’ ‘ B Pi OBNCHHHX MW HCHBTAAlTlopriana-ueMcHT, Mpegiiasnavennbii ana cysocrpouterbyoro 6e- TOHAa, LomKen OLITL cyibpatocroitkum., Tpumenenne cyaptatocroii- Koro ueMerTa OGeclcyHBacT MOuyYeHHe Gerona, cnoco6HOre npotu- BOCTOATH arpeCCHBHLIM areHTaM, COepKaIHMCA B MOPCKOM Boe, 1 CTOHKOLO K BHIMe.1aYHBaHHIO UH BbIMbIBAHHiO. UroGir oSecnequTe TakWe KayecTBa cyHOcTponTedsHore GeTora, KaK BOMOHENPOHHUACMOCTh, MOPOZOCTOMKOCTh H Mp., pacxon We- MCHTa Ha npHroToBaenue | #3 Gerona cnezyeT NPKHMMATD B Npese- nax 500—550 xe. B xkauectse KpyMHOro 3aNOmNUTeAA NeOHXOLHMO ACMOAb3OBaTb we6enb, nomy4aemblt gpo6menuem ropHEIX Nopon.(rpaHHta, Ha- 6a3a). Hapagy co me6ueM MOXKHO MpuMeHATD rpaBnit ecTecTBeHHOTO MPOHCXO*ACHHA, KOTOPEIA HCHOMb3yeTCA AA IPHTOTOBIeHHA THKe- Noro (o6ptuHoro) cyLOcTpOHTeADHOrO GeToHa, H KepaM3HTOBbIil rpa- Bu, NoAywaeMblii MCKYCCTBeHHDIM myTeM; TaKkoli rpaBHii HCTOAb- sylot Aut NosyNCHud AerKoro cysocrpontesbHOro GeroHa.! MexanuyeckHe CBOCTBa eCTCCTBCHHOro . e6HA, HeOOXOAMMOTO 19 MpHroTOBNeHHA CYJOCTPOHTCbHbIX GeTOHos: TIperen nposnocri npa okatHu wacuncHHo# Bo- How ropuod noposb, Wogdemaueh rpobrentio, KD jem® . Se ee Bomee 1000 Conepxanne aepen caa6wx nopoa B OTReALNEX cpaxumax . 2... ee ee ee. . He Gomer 5% or Beca ppaxuun Cogepxanve wragsaTux Hu nemaguesx (nitacTaHsa- Twx) aepen mo necy ....... +... « He Gonce 15% Obtemupl Bec, mse. ee ee ® MOBED 2,3 Kepam3uTosblii rpaBuli AO7KeH YACBeTBOPATH CaleAYIOULUM TPc- 6oBanusM: 1) o6temunii Bec B HACBINHOM cocTomHuH—B Tpememax 600—700 KP/43; 2) npounocTs sepeH mp HCHEITanHy Ha cqaBMBaHHe To TOCT 9758—6i — ne menee 60 «I'/cm?: 3} BogonornonlenHe To HcTeveHnM 2 yac.— He Goce 15% To RECy; 4) moposocTotKoctTs 3epeH KepaM3ura, oupcegeaseman no TOCT 9758—61,— ne mevec 15 WHKAOB NonepeMeHHOrO 3aMOpaxKuBaHHa H OTTaHBaHHA Cc Morepell B Rece He Gomes 10%; 5) rpanuii ve AOWKeH COLepKaTh BKMOUCHMA HaBCCTH, paspy- wmawuleh cro 3epila Wocne KHIAYeHHA B BORC B TCNCHHe 4 Mac. Iie6eus (rpasuli), Hcnonpsyembii Ana mpHroToBjenna cys0- CTPOUTCABHEIX OeTOHOR, NoApasAenAOT Ha cHemyloMe PpaKunu, sm: 5—10; 10—15; 15—20. Sepna kepamsuroBoro rpaBHA OAK uMeTb oKpyray dopmy. Konuuectso 3epen BEITAHYyTOH dopMni | Parken (oGuemmiit) cyqoctpoatennmsit GeToH xapaxtepwayeres oGnen- uiint pecom 2400—2500 xf Ju, aerxuii — we Gonee 2000 x/'ja3 (npn npenersHOM HachIeHHH BOIol). 8 ¢ OTHOMeHHeM HaWOoOAbUero AMaMeTpa K HAHMCHDIeMy Gonee BByX He JOKHO TpeBEMaTs 15% no o6bemy. B kayectBe MeWKOrO 3am0nHHTeA ATA TIpHTOTOBICHH SL CcyWo- CTPOHTeMbHOTO GeTOHa MOXKHO HCTOAL3Z0BaTb NPHpOAHble KBaplenbie W NOMeBOMINATHbe MeCKH, 4 TAKKC BhICeBKH HI WeSHA HM rpaBus, Kpynocts 3epeH KoTopLix 0,15—5 mz. B cocrape necka a4 Gerona AOIKHDI SEITE 3epHa pasanuHOl BeNHIAHBI, IpH 310M OGbeM mycTOT B HEM JOmKeH 6bITh MUNMMaabHeIM (ipHmepHo 40%), uacEmHoll o6vemubtii pec 1500—1550 «l/s. Jlyamum necxom suis cyxocrpouTerbuoro GeToHa cuMTaeTca mpu- POAHbId KBapUeBbIY NeCOK C HCOKATAHHLIMM TpaHAMM HM WepoxoBa- THIMB TOBepXHOCTA MH. . B 3anonHHTeaax He AONyCKacTCH HaNvyne upuMmecelt TAHITI B BHAC KOMbEB HAW MNeNOK, OOBOAKHBAIOULIX 3epha 3aTONHATEAH, a@ TaKKe CyTIHIKa, Wha, Macen, MyCOpa WAM ApyruxX NOcTOpoHHAx BKMOUeHHH, Komvucereo rauAueTLIX HW MEWIeBHAHbIX YaCTHIL B 3a- NOAUATEIAX HE JOKHO TpeBolllatTh: 1A Kpyukoro 3anoOaHHTe1a — 05%, a Aas Memkoro--1% mo Beecy. Aaa saTsopenua cyzoctTponteapworo Getoua, a TaKxKe ero n0- AMBKM B TIpOWeCcC cOspcBanus MOKHO NpHMeHSTL, so6ylo Bony, Hpuroquyi guia nuTas. Munepamw30panuble npuposHble BOB cvTe- AYeT WCNOGb3OBATb TOKO B TOM CuIY4aC, eCHM HX ROMOPOANHIA M0- Ka3aTeb He MeHbule 4 (akMycoBaH OymaxKa He OKpallHBactea B_ Kpachbli pet}, oGulee comepyanne cone He mpeBalluaer 3500 mz/a, a KOANYeCTBO CyAbPaToR He 6omec 2700 Me/A. Boga, ucloap3yemad Aa MpHroroBeHHs cyMOCTPOHTeNbHOTO Gerona, HC M0J2KHA COMEPKATbh PAHHUCTHIX WH HAACTHIX upumeceli H Ha BAL WOMKHA OnlTe Mpospaynol. Hannyue B pose wKHpoOB, HedTe- TIPOLYKTOB H CaXapHCTHIx BCLICCTB HeONyCTHMO. + Ans mpagatma 6crony woBLumennot KOpposHOHHOA cTofKocTH, HerenenpouhiacmocTa M MOposocTOiKocTH B G6eTOH BMECTe ¢ BO- JOH BBOAAT pacTBOpeHuble R Heli B CTporo OMpemeneNHbIX M03ax f0- 6anku kKpemuHiiopranwuecknx cocauHcHua (CK)K-94 4 [KIK-10}, cylbputHo-cnuptowoh Gapan (CCB), *ugkoro crekia u ap. Sta 406aRnKH HEOOXODHMO yiOTpe6ATb B CTPOroM COOTBETCTBHH C Jel CTBYIOIUMM & XKeACZOGETOHHOM CYMOCTPOCHHM HOPMATHBIIIMH LOKy- MeHTAMH H TO/bKO 1lOCAe Mpe_BapuTeAbuOrO AabopaTOPHOrG Uccae- A0BAaIINA, BHITIOMHACMOTO B KaK JOM OTebHOM cayyac HCXOLZA U3 KORKPETHBIX YCAOBHH CTPOMTENbCTBA H 3KCILyaTallun CyAHa. Tipownocts Gerona. Pauwonanpbyoe npumcuerve GetTona Xak KOHCTpyKUHOHHOTO KOpiycHoro MaTepHasa HeBOsMOxTIO Ges SHaHHA ero OCHOBHEIX «pX3AkO-MexaHMYeCKHX CBOHCTB: TPOUHOCTH H Jehopmarusaoctu. Hpounocrs Gerona onpeneanerea ero conporus- leHHeM Pa3JIMUHhIM CHJIOBLIM BO3KeHCTBHAM — CKAaTHW, pacTake- HIG, Haruby, cpesy, a MeopMaTHBHOCTH —- ero cnocoOHOCTHIO K y PYrHM HM HeyNpyrum gehopMallam MpH aTHxX CHMOBLIX BO3) CTBHAX.Hecneqopanva n0Ka3biBaior, uTO NPOWHOCT GeTOHa 3aBMCHT OT pga tpaxropos, mpHuem ake np OAHOH H TO xe TeXHOJOrHH MpowanogcTsa (OMHAKOBOM COCTaBe, OMHUX H TeX 2Ke IpHeMax MpH- TOTOBCHHA, yKaqKe M cpoKax cosperania G6eTona) mMoxer Me- HsATbCA BECbMa 3HayHTenbUO, Ha upoywocTHbe NoKasaTetH OeTOHa CYLIECTBERHOe BJIHAHMe OKA3bIBaOT Pow, H XApakTep HanpAXKEHHOTO cocToaina, PopMa H pa3Meps! HCHBITHIBAeMBIX OGpasKoB, BOSpacT 6eTona 4 T. 3. OcnopHolt Mexanwuecxoll xapakTepHcTHKOh OeToHa — aTaOHOM erO NPOWHOCTH ABAMeTCA Tak HagbiBaeMad Ky6uKOBaa posnocra, o6osHavalolan mpefeabuoe conporupmenue R B KP{ca® (npexea MpOwHOCTH) NpH cxAaTHM O6pasa-Ky6a c pasMepamH peGpa 20 ca (aaa nerkux 6eroHoR —~ 15 ca) B BospacTe 28 yuef ng GeTOHA pa- Gouero cocTaBa, 43fOTOBAeHHOTO uM HCIETANHOTO cormacHO cTaH- aapry. Tlo ky6ukopolt npounOcTH cyMOCTPOHTeAbHbIe SeTOHL! Moxpaaze- JIMIOTCH Ha MapKH: TAKeNbIe (oGEHbIe) — 300, 400, 500 nu 600; nerKne — 300, 350 2 400, Onpitbl noxka3HBaioT, YTO RpOYocTh TAxKeHOTO GeTOHa NpH HaaH- WHH Bla KHOH Cpelbl H NOdoRUTeEADHOM TeMNepatypbl HOBbIaeTcT ueMpepbiBuO B TeveHHe QIMTeAbHOrO Bpemenu. [Ipa stom HaHGonee GHICTPEIA pOCT NPOYHOCTH HaGalORAeTCH B HAYaADHBIA MCpHO, TBep- genus (B neppEe 28 cyTox). Tlo fanHbiM onbiTOR HapacTaHHe MpoOwROCTH TaxKeAOre cyq0- crpovTenbuoro GeToHa BO RpeMeHH NOAYHAeTCA 3aKOHOMepHOCTH, nerpenkaexcok Sorapudmuueckok ynxymed (hopmyna 5, [. Cxpan- Taepa R,=RBL, 1g 28 rae Ri — ky6uKoBaa NpounocTs B Bospacte f AHEM. Tpounoctb Jlerkoro 6eToHa HHTeHCHBHO NOBbUNacTcA pH TBep- Helv He TOAbKO BO BIAKHEIX, HO HM B BOSAYUIHO-cyxHX YCIOBHAX. B panem Bospacre Jerknit Gero naGupaer mpownocts Ooaec HH- TeHCHBHO, 4eM TaxKesbIit SeToH, 4 B BOZpacte Gonee 28 Hei — me- Hee MHTeHCHBHO. O6oG6uenve OMBITHLIX AAHHLIX NOKASbIBAeT, ITO 3aKOH Hapacta- HHA NpowocTH AerKOrO cyxOcTpouTeAbHOro GeToNa BiIpaxKaetcs ypabhennem (popmyaa H. 3. Batumretsna) Ry = Rog (0,24 lg t + 0,68). Ha ocuosanHu astoxentoro [Tpapua nocrpodxu Koprycos >xKe- neso6eTOHHBIX CyoB paspemaloT (B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT cnocoba H3ro- TOBIEHMA, YCIOBHH TBEPeHHA GeTONa, CpOKOB MOHTAKa KOpNycAbIX KOUCTPYKUAA, @ TAaBMIM O6pa3som oT cpoKoB tbaxTMUccKOTO 3arpy- 2KeHHA KOHCTPyKUMH PaCueTHOH HarpysKolt) NPHHHMAaTS MpouHocT- lu Wble XAPAKTCPHCTHKH IPH MpOeKTHPOBAHHH KOPDYCABIX KOHCTPyKUMH no WaHHbIM AI Gerona B Bospacte 60 u 90 qHeil. Tlpu nocrpoiike Kopmyca cyHa cilefyer KOHTpOAMpoBatb yKa- sayIHylo B paCieTax WpoyHocTh GeToua, HchbiTHiBA# KOHTPOTbHbIC o6pa3ip 13 SeTOHHOH cmecu, npeqHasHaUeHHOH WA tpopmupopanua COOTBETCTBYIOWAX KOPNYCHBIX KOHCTpyxuMi. OSHMHO npownoctE Ge- ToHa Ha cKATHE Olpesensior MyTem ucnbiranusd obpasuoB-Ky6oB pasmepamu 10X10X10 cm, npw 9TOM TloKasaTeneM TpOUHOCT AB- qdeTen cpeqvee apuiMetuyeckoe H3 ByX HanGombIIMx pesyAbTaTOR, HOMYICHHBIX pH ACHBITAHHH Tpex OGpasios. TTockOAbky npouHocts GeTOHA 3aBHCHT OT pasMepon OOpasNOB HU, KAK NOKA3HIBAIOT ONHITH, yMCHbillaercad c yBeiH¥eHHeM pagMepoB Ky60B, NOKa3aTedb mpo4- NocTu 6eroua NO aBHEIM ACHbITAaHHA yKasaHHLIx OOpasyoB BHIHC- Am0T NO popMysze = Po R= 085% rac Pp — paspymiatomaa uarpysKa, «I; 0,85 — xoaipuuHeHT Ada Mepenona pesymbTATOB HCMbITaHHA K o6pasuam pasmepom 20X20 20 ca. Heemotps va TO, uTO KyYGHKOBAA MpOUHOCTh BSHAadHTeNbAHOH CTe- NeHH XapakTepusyeT KavecTBO MIPHMeHAcMoOre GeTOHA, ee Hemb3s He- NOCPeACTBeHHO HCNOAb3OBATS B PAaCdeTaX MPOUHOCTH CYAOBbIX *Ke- Ae306€TOUHEIX KOHCTpykuHit. B CBASH ¢ STHM Ha OCHOBAHYH OMBbITOB ¥CTAHOBNEHEI IMAIMPHYeckHe 3aBMCKMOCTH MexKAy M@pXOli GeTOHa H CPO OCHOBHBIMM IIpOvHOCTHRIMH XapakTepHCTHKaMA .B PasRHYHBIX yc- JIOBHAX Harpy2KeHHa, NpHOMMKAIOUNXCA K OCHOBHDIM YCAOBHAM pa- GoTbl KOpmycHbIX KOHCTpyKuMa (IpH3McHHaA NpOdHOCTL, NpOHOCTh Up pacTaKeHHM, MpOYHOCTh Ha CKATHE pH warHGe, NPOYHOCTh Mp MeCTHOM CKATHH, MPOYHOCTh MPM MHOTOKpAaTHO MOBTOPHOM Harpy- 2KGHHH). Tpusmennan npoaxocte. B nactosulee BpeMA Np pacuerax NPOSHOCTA KOSHOwuneHT NpHsMeHHOR WpowHocTH TpwHnmarcT paB- abim 0,7, OfNaKO, Kak [OKa3bIBaIOT MHOTOUMCICHHbIe SkcTepH- MEKTH, KOSPOUNMEHT NMpHsMeHHOM Npowsocrw cyAocTpontensuoro Seroua Ha 5—15% Gombme. B cpeaHem c yueToM olpesxeneHHoro gallaca faq RCeX MapOK TaxKenoro cyzocTponTembHoro Gerona MOXHO PeKOMCHACBATh KOMPPHUMEHT NPHaMeHHO Mpouxoctu, pap- unt 0,8. Flas nerxux cynocrpoutenpnbix GeTOHOR B cBASH ¢ HeLOctTaToU- HOCTRO SKCHEPMMeHT@AbEBIX AAHHBIX, A TAKE NOBLIM CTaHMapTOM Ha onpemeaenne MapKH aerKoro Gerona (Ha O6pasllax-Ky6ax c pa3- Mepom pe6pa 15 c# BMecto 20 c#) KospuuHeHT NpHsMeHHOA Mmpou- HOcTH Heo6xCAMMO TpHHuMaTD paBHbmM 0,7. B nadbuelmem nocse TponeyeHna MONOAHATeADHBIX HCCHeROBaNAi H lo Mepe HaKonaeHHA OUITHEIX ZaHHEIX 9TH KOIhDUUKeHTH 6yLyT yTOUHE HEI. ILHopmatusnpie BeaHYHb! npHsMeHHoit MpowHocTH cymzoctpou- TeEIbHLIX GeTOHOB cAcg_yIoWHe: Bug 6erona, mapka Cuarne occkoe Ruy AP ica? Takeabi (o6nunpi}: (npusmenian nposnocts) 240 408, 320 500 400 600 480 Terk wii 300 225, 350 260 400 300 Fpoxwnocre npu pacrwcenuu. Tlpexea mpounocra Gerona pr pactaxkcnua Ry uMceT cpaBHHTenbHO HeOONbILyIO BeaHMITHy (0,1-—0,07) R. Fags bas Pre. 1. b. Cxema Pue. [. 2. Cxema ucnnitanun o6pa3zuon na achbitanua o6pa3- pactaxenHe mpH varube. Lon-ky6oB ma pactameuue MeTo- Nom — packaanina- HAS, t—eranpwoi ete weub 28 wae 2 ue inTeeaemnh oGpasel, TIpeyem mpounoctu Gerona wa ocewoe pactaxkenne MOxKHO ONpe- AeNMTh TyTeM HCTbITanHA O6paguoB-KyG6OB pasmepom 10x 10x 10 cat MeTOJOM PacKaJIbIBaHHA 10 CXeMe, NpuBeleHHow ua puc. I. 1. Mpe- Hes TpOwnocTH ONpcseAAIOT kak CPpeaHee apUcMcTHYeECKOe 3HAYeHHE “3 Apyx HawOoabulHx pesyNbTATOR, NOAyVeHHIX: pH weNbITaHHHA tTpex o6pasyos. Tipeacr mpoynocta 6eToHa Ha oceBoe pacTaxKeHUe ANA KaxKA0ro o6pasua onpekenaor mo topmyae P R, = 0,635 £2, re a@— Aauua pe6pa Kya, cm; 0,635 — nocromHubs Kos duunenr. Beanuuna mpexena npowsoctn Gerona Rp Moxer OBIT onpese- aeva Takakc MPH HCIbITAHHMA GeTOHHDIX 6atoueK pasMepom 10X10X X40 cm mo cxeMe, npeqcraBaenuofi na puc. 1. 2, nye Burycnenaa 12 cpeaieapHMeruyeckoro 3HaxeHHA AByx HavOoabuMx pcsyabTaTos npw HCNbiTawHH Tpex o6 pasos. Beanuuny ipezena mpourtocta Gerona Rp aa KawAoro oOpasua B 3TOM Cayaae B CooTseTcTBHH c TOCT waxogat no cbopmyane R, = ePasx, be Alaa onpeacienva MoKasaTenaA MpoyHOCTH Mp pacTAKeHRH AIS CYAOCTPOMTCAbHBIX GeTOHOB CaemyeT CuHTAaTL cHpaBChaHBot oM- WHpHYecKyIo 34BMCHMOCTE (popmyaa Pepe) Ray Re. Hedmpanonout ~~ Bred” ~~ TlopMaTupHbie BenH4H- abl NpOwwocTH cypocrpou- Te.bHBIX GeTOHos Ha pacra- *KeHHe CheWyOlMe: Pare. 1. 3, Patota Getona npy msrate. Bux Gerona, Mapka PacTaxkewue oceBoe : Taoxemuli (o6trmnesti): Rp, KP le 300 25 400 30 500 34 600 36 Jleraui: 300 a 350 29 400 31 fpounocre Geroua xa cacarue npe useube. Onpitel MOKashiBaior, 4TO B cxaTOH 30HE xenesOGeTOHHEIX GaloK paspyuleHHe Gerona OT AeicTdia CKAMA@IOUIMX HanpsaxKeHHi HOCHT HHOll XapakTep, vem Mpa paspywenuu Ky6uKa. Imopa cokMMaIOWx HaNpmxKeHM UMeeT KpU- BOAHHelHDIA XapaKtep (puc. I. 3), BcmeACTBHe “ero MeHec Halps- XCHHEIe BOAOKHA, PACHOOMReHHbIe OAMKe K HEliTpasbHow OCH, OKa- SbIBaIOT NoAkepKHBaoWee AeHCTBHeE H MpenATcTByWT cBOGoAHOH JehopMauun Goree nanpsaxennblx BomOKOH. [Lira onpezenenus mpou- Hocru GeToHa Ha CxKaTHe NpH HsrvGe He KMecTCA HH HCEpIRBai0- WMX SKCHePAMCHTAAbEIX JB@HHLIX, HH ROCTOBEPHLIX TeOPCTHYCCKHX o6ocHosanni. Tlo smnupuueckolt dbopmyse LHATIC Ry = 125Rop. Onuirs: noKasbigaior, JTO JIA CpeaHHX MapoK GeToHa Mpener "poguocru GeToHa Ha cxKATHe pH w3rH6e GausoK kK KyOUKORO! Upodnocru; acid GOsee BLICOKHX Mapok GeToHa Ry HECKOAbKO CHH- *Kaerca, 13HopMaTHBHbie BEAMYHHN iipehenos npownectu cyxocrpowTeab- HBIX GeToHOB Ha CaaTHe Ip usru6e cnemyiomue: Bun 6eTona, MapKa CawaTue ap usruge Tamennii (oun): Ru, KI cw? 300 260 400 350 500 440 600 520 Fernnii: 300 260 350 305 400 350 Hposnocre Gerona npu mecruom coaTuu (emaTuu). Mectuoe ckaTHe (cmaTue) Ha@mojaeTca pH AelcTBUA aBeHHA TOMDKO Ha HACTh TAOWARM SeTOHHOA NOBePKHOCTH, B HACTHOCTH, NOR aHKep- MBIMM YCTPOHCTBAMH B MpeABAaPHTeAbHO HaNpsKeHHLIX -weMEes06e- TORHEIX KOHCTpyKUMAX. OUbITH WOkashisaior, UTO B STOM caAyuac GaaToapaA NOAAepKUBAIOUICMY BAUTHHIO GeTOHa HesarpymeHHO! 4acTH 3arpyxKeHhas YacTh OOaaaeT GOnbUIel MPouHOcTbio, yeM TPH Hepegaye Harpy3KH Ha Bc} BOWab. Mp sTOM c yMeHbUTeNHeM Barpy2KenHon MOWasu MO OTHOWeHMO KO BCeH MoMA, po4- HOCTh Ha CMATHe BOSpacTaer. TIpenex npownoctu Gerona pH MecTHOM c>KaTHH (cMATHH)} OM- Peseamor no bopmyze _ F F Ra Rn Vet WV eX Ecau wentp TaxkecTa momalu cMstus F., He Copnagaet c Uell- TpOM TaxKecTH Bcel MoMat4 Harpykaemof Nosepxwoctu 31e- Menta F, B pacieT calexyer MpHHUMaTb TOADKO yacTh nowanu F, CHMMeTPHUHY!O OTHOCHTeNBHO WeNTpa TAKecTH nAOMAnH cMATHS. flpounocr Gerona npu MHOeOKparHo nosTOpROe u Aaureavnolt xaepysKax. Ananu3 vccaexosanHa SeToHa npu AeltcTRBuH MHOTO- KpaTHO TlOBTOPHOTO HarpyKeHHA NOKAsbIBAacT, YTO paspyuienne Ge- TOHa MPH MHOTOKpaTHOM IpusOMeHAH Harpy3KH Mpoucxo_uT mpH Melblelt Harpy3ke, UeM MPH OAHOKpaTHOM cTaTH¥eCKOM ee IIpHO- xxenun. Kpome toro,'c yBemuuennem delicrayoule Harpy3KH O6pa- 3e, paspyllacrcA MpH MeHbIeM 4HCHe ee noBTOpeHuk. Uazectuo, uTO UHCAO WOBTOpeHu HAarpy3KU ONPeNerennoro ypoBus, neo6xogH- Moe Aa paspyliledua GerowHoro o6pagua, Bo3spacraeT c ROBbIIe- HOM TAK Ha3biBaeMoli xXapakTepHCTHKH Wuka Harpyxkenus Q, KOTOPAd OMpeLeAACTCA OTHOWEHHEM MHHHMAABHOTO yeusMa (HAnpA- tmin_y, wao6opor, yMeHb- Smax oKeHHA) WHKIa K MAaKCHMaJIbHOMY p WiaeTca ¢ yMeHBUeHHeM (9-0). Onpiret HOKA3biBalwoT, YTO CONPOTHBAAeMOCTb 6eToHa MHOrO- KpaTHO MOBTOpHbIM Harpy3KaM YBeNHYHBAeTCA C NOBbIMEHHEM OD- 14 HOposHocTH GeTowa, a TaKKe Npw yAyWeHMH CllensennA MexKAY COCTABAAIOLNUMH, HW HECKONbKO YMeHblwaeTca C yBeNHYeHHEM comep- «KalHA UeMeHTA B GeTOHe, BOMOWeMeHTHOTO dakTopa GeTOHHOM cMCCH H Ip AelicTBua Ha 6eTOH MOMepeMeHHOTO samopamuBaHHA A oTTaHBaHua. Ana1H3 pe3y1braToR NpoBeAeHHIX uccnemoBanHii Geroua H 2Ke- acsoGeTOHHDIX KOHCTpyKuHH MO3BOAgeT CUeaTb BBIBOL, ITO GeTOH Ue AMCET KAKOTO-2N6O abcoMOTHOTO SHAYeHNA Tpelena Bblnocan- socru fo 20-10° muknop npuaoxKenua Harpy3KH. [IpH moctpoeHRu Snax Pag 1 ag Sei 2 +S a N Pie, oS a7 + = GP ae oF Os — L L L 4 40 20 88 4D. AQ Puc. 1 4. Tpabux yeranoctuof npowtocra pu cmaTaH oGplsnoro (TrkeROrG) cyNOcTpOHTeAbKOTO SeToHa Mapxn 400. Gerox HOPMaTLHO BaARHOCTHOTO xpaHeuHa; . Gerou, HaCMMeHMUM BOAOH. TpadHka BbINOCAMBOCTH B NOAYAOTAapAMHYeCkUX KOOPAHHATAX KpH- BHC BHIHGCIHBOCTH ¢ HOCTATOYHOM CTeMeHbIO TOUHOCTH MONO Uped- CTaBHTh UpaMbiMM JAMHHSMy. Takke rpacbukn gaa cygqocTpontenbntix GeTonos mapKx 400 mpu- Begemb na puc. 1.441. 5. Anaantwyeckne sbipaxenaa jt onpesesenaa mpegzena ycra- OCTH cyocTpouTerbHOro Gerona MapKu 400, nonyyeHHbIe myTemM OOpa6orku peayaeTaTpB HcHbITaHAit MeTOmOM MIpaMoaHHelinok KOp- Porat IpH XapakrepHcTHKe UAKNa Harpy3KH g=0, MO2XKHO 3a- MCAT: Awa OSbuHOrO GeTOHa HOpMaJIbHO BiaKHOCTHOTO XpaHeHHA 3,9 = Ryp (1,08 — 0,092 Ig N); Aaa oOp4Horo (taxenoro) GeroHa B HACEILIEHHOM BOsO; co- CTOAHHH 349 = Roy (1,03 — 0,093 Ig N);AAA Terkoro GeTOHA HOPMabHO BsaKHOCTHOTO XpaHeHHn 92 = Ruy (0.97 — 0,074 lg Ns Aaa Aerkore 6eToHa B HaCbIICHHOM BOAO! CocTOAHAR 39 = Rap (1,02 — 0,081 Ig N). Tipe g>0 wg #1 3aBNcHMOcTE Upewera BEIHOCaMBOCTH OT xa- PakTepHCTHKM MAKAA MPATOKENHA HAPPy3KA MOXKHO BEIPAIHTb thop- Myson + a +} BS oot c a ar py ~ i, Ts a 16 te 2 io 4g 5d 50 gM Pe, 1. Tpadux yeraaoctuom npowkocta apa exatHa cyuo- cTpowreavoro KepaMaHToGeToHa MapKH 400. — Seon HOPMaaHD BAarKHOCTHOTO XpaHeR HN; RaceHFief BORE. ~—- Geton, Hccneaxopauuii Mpounocra 6cToHa np AAHTCAbHOM jeficTBHY 1O- CTOAHHOH Harpy3kH mpoBeweHo oYeHD Maso. HgBecTHO, uTO Mpeget mpounoctH Gerona pH RANTeADHOM AedcTBUM, ROcTOMHHO Ba Ape- MCHH Harpy3KH, NaspinacMplit yposHem oArospeMenHOrO compoTus- JeHHA WIM MpexeOM ZAUTEADHOH NPpOYHOCTH, MeHbINe Mpegeaa mp KpaTKOBpeMeHHOM JelicTBHM Harpy3sku H COcTaBAAer MPA cKATHH (0,85—0,9)R. Mepbopmatusune caoiicrsaa Getona. Berou spasetca YIpyro-4acTwyeckHM MaTephaiom. HaykHaa ¢ MaubIx HampsxKe- WMH, B HEM, TOMHMO yapyrux pedopMauKil, passusatorem naactHye- ckve HepopmMalnn. Kak n0Ka3prBai0T OnLiTh, Ip NepBHHOM 3arpy>KeHHu O6paauos nepBble CTYNeNW NpHxiatbiBacMO Harpy3KH BbIsbIBAWT sebopMa- 16 KH: yupylyto, BOCCTaHaBIHBADMylOcH Moce CHATHA Harpy3KH, naactuueckyio (octarognylo). Ecau mp uembitanan obpasua Ha oxaTHe netbopmaiwn saMepath Ha KARO CTyNeHH DRAKA (B MO- MehT MpHAOKeHAA Harpy3KH wH Yepes HEKOTOPOe BpeMaA MWocre BEI- Repxxu oOpasua mol, warpyaKow), TO BHarTpaMMa o—e MomyunTcs B Buge crynenyaToa aunvu (puc. 1.6). Lebopmalun, usmepeHHule B MOMeHT IpHoxeHAA HAaTpy3ku, UpexcTraBasior coGol ynpyrue Ae- dopmayuy, KOTOpble CBasaHB c HANpMKeHWeM AHHeMWEIM 34KOHOM (wa quarpaMMe HMelor NOCTORHHEIA yrom Hakaona). Jepopmanan, Paspupaiomueca B Geront 3a Bpe- MS BbILepKKH ero HOA HarpysKolt, caesyioT HeAHHehHoMy saKkony, Bol pactas Hp TOBBMIEHHH YPOBHA AehcTayioulnx HallpaxenuA (Ha MMarpaMMe HMelOT BH TopHsoR- TaIbHEIX MIOMagOR), 3aBHcHMOcTh o—e Asia OOBII- Horo (tTa2xenore) cymocTpouTesb- Horo GeroHa Mapxu 400, nonydeH- Hae pw ACULITARHAK 6erouun o6pasuos-IpH3m Cc pa3Mepamu m10- mepewuoro ceyenva 10X10 cw Hn amanot 40 cm, Moxasana wa pue. 1.7. CsoftcTBo Gerona, xapakTepH- syemoe HapacTanvem jsepopmannh NOX geficrBuem Harpy3sKH hocross- Pee areonpaneenen nanpymean nol BeIHIHHN, HOCHT HasBaHHe f—ynpyrme gepopmanns; ?—noxme memsyuectH GeToHa. Redopmanua. Tloasyuecr GeToHa 3aBucuT OT ‘ MHOTHX (aKTOPOB: cocTaBa GeTOHa, BOMOKEMeHTHOTO OTHOMIEHHS, komuuecTpa WeMenTa Ha efuBHny O6bema Geroua, Bospacta Gerona K MOMEHTY eFo 3ATpyXeHHA, BaKHOCTH Cpesbl, B KOTOPO Gero HaXOMuTeH Toy narpysxoh, x np. C yseshaennem BogowemMenTHOTO OTHOWCHHA HM KOMMYECTBA WeMeHTa B 6eToHe Hos yuecTh 6eToHa nod, Harpy3Koi YEeNHINBACTCA, a C YBEAMTCHHEM BOSpacTa 6eroua K MOMeHTY garpyerua, C WOBbIWeHHEM BaKHOCTH CpeAb, Mpor- HOCTH H MOJyaR ypyrocTu sanoaHHTena Rebopmanyn nomsyuecTH 6eToHa yMeHbmaiotca. Onprrat TOKa3bIBalot, ITO pH AAWTeCABHOM neacTBHy Harpy3sku TOCTOAHHO BenHUAHEL TACTHYeCKHE Repopmannn Gerona TIpoyoa- 2KAIOT PASBUBATHCH B TeyeHHe UpOMOMAKHTeTbHOTO BpemenH (B TeIe- uve 3—4 Jer u Gomee), OMHAKO B HaNGosbiNeH cTeneHH 9TH Ae*op- MALAY. NPOABIAIOTCA B mepBire 3—4 mecalla gefictaua Halpy3sKu. Muoroxpatuoe TIOBTOPeHHe RHKAOB SarpyxKeHHA H pasrpy3kKi MpHBOLUT K NOcTeNeHHOMY HAKOMeHHIO HAAaCTHYeCKHX AeopMallAh B GeToHe. : & 2 7. M. Cannon » ap. 17Xapakrepneni Tpa@uk 3aBucumMocTH OCTATOUHBIX OTHOCHTeABADIX NpPOROALNBIX Aewopmauuit OT KOMHYeCTBAa QHKAOB pH MHOrokpath TOBTOPHOM HarpyxeHHH NpHBeneH Ha puc. 1. 8, pane J papux MOKa3bIBaer, uToO 6onburas 4acTh ocrar UHH, MpOABAsOMHxXCR PH MHoroKy HaOmoxaeres 5 HawaNbHbI mepHo, Hapacraior MCW1eHHO. OMHBIX Zeopma- PaTHO NOBTOpHOM HarpyxxenuH, » B nocneayiolem neopmanaa 5, 0 /em? T TT s HE 358 Tt 308 250}. : 260 150 160 50 rt @ 208 40 600 ba Hae 1200 1400 fel-1g® Puc. 1.7, 3apncumocrs » L7, O—e RAR O6HIHOTO (raxXenOTO CYMOCTPONTeTBHOTO GeroHa MapKy Soo. ) f—Serou nopmam.no waaknceruoro xpanenn — Serox, nacumen- aKHOCTHOrO xpanenun; 2—~ Ger ru . Serene nea aa 4TO SaKOH pocra ocraTouNBIx Aepopmannit iH CTaTHYecKHX MHOrokpatHo no) BT = PPpy30K MOxHO oupezeaHTB bynxunamn Bua P OPHBIX a 1s, 1 Soop = | —— - Sma yt | oer [ & OR i THE — focr — OcTaTOUNBIE Zedopma uuH sa N yuxaos 7 harpyonn ww DHUIOKEHUA §, 4, m — ancnonsie Kootbuunentur. 18 Aan cyxocrporreazpHoro Geroua Mapku 400 npw romHOM acuM- MeTPHYHOM UHK#e MPWOXeHHA NOBTOPHO CKHMAIOUeH Harpy3KH yka3aHHble WucHoBEe KosPunHeNTH upaBeseHb B Tan. I. 1. Mogyab nehopmauuh Gerona. Jina pacuetron mpos- HOCTH CYAOBEIX KeNesOGeTOHALIX KOHCTPYKKMA MO PHHSTOMY B Ha- cTostfee BpeMA B KesesOOeTOHHOM CyAOCTPOeHHH MeTOAy pacueta To pa3spyllaloluum Harpy3kaM BeWYHHA MOAYAA yupyrocTH He Tpe- 6yerca. Ognako aTa Benu4NHa HeOOXOAUMA ANA ONpemeneHUA nMEH- HAX HeMSBECTHEIX CTATHYeCKH HeOMpeemuMEIX CHcTeM, pacueTos mporH6op KoHCTpyKuHA, pacue- TOB IIpeABapHTebHO HallpaxKen- Focm HBIX KeMeSOGETOHHEIX KOHCTPyK- unit. Benenctsne ympyro-maacra- weckHX CBOHCTB GeroHa ero qua- TpaMMa .o—e wa06pamaetca naByoh KpuBo#t. Ecaw mposectu KacaTebHyio K 9TOH KPHBOM, TO TaHTeHe yraia " Hak0Ha KaCaTebHOH K OCH aécuuce Gyzer ompexeaith Mo- Puc. 18 3apncumocts eto¢7—N mpH Ayib NOAHMX ReopManui Ge- MHOTOKPaTHom nosTopHom Aarpyxenn, Tona Ey. B otawane oT navaap- Horo Moya yupyrocta &, MpeacTaBaseMoro TaHYeHCOM yrna Ha- K10Ha KacaTeabHOl K AMarpaMMe O—e¢ B Havane KOOpPAMHAT # XapakTepusyioulero PasBATHe TOAbKO YMPyrHX NedopmMalwi Ge- TOHA éy, MOMyb NOABNX AedopMauu Ey otpakaer pasBuTne noA- WbIX TeopMarlua es. Tlockoabky onpeqeauth MOLYAb ROAHBIX Rechopmauuit sarpyAHHs TeIbHO, Tip pacueTax CyMOBbIX MeMesOOeTOHHAIX KONCTpyKIAH TonbsylOTCA CPeHHM MORYEM, NpeAcTaBAmowuM cobow TaHrenc TaGauya tt Kos@panuente: sanucumocra ocTaToquMx Retbopmagaa coor OT BeAMAMHEL AcicrayiomHx nanpaxenni o/R ana oGm4nore (Faxeaore) cyxoctpouTessHoro SeToua npH MHOroKpaTHO NOBTOpHOM Harpyae HHA Cocroanue GeToua g Beron opmaabno paaxHocruoro xXpanenua 11,4 0,054 0,31 Berou, wacumeawuti sonoit | 8,65 0,053 | 0,24 Irpuwesanwe. Kospanvenrw nonyseati ua Gerone vapxu 400 (em. § 7 ra. VII). os 19ya Haknona cexymeh x Kpnsoit TOM. c sana mining Hanpmxenuem E%, (puc. 1.9) Peluuh Mogzyab cas3ay c Hag 1 AJ bHbIM MOLY TE) coonn Y1emM yupyrocru Eg, CTBYIOWMM TOAbKO ynpyrim Recopmannam Tipu wrnOBeHoG Sarpymennn o6pasua, sapy- CHMOCTBIO HEIX ReopMannk B TouKe Bsoga nonaTue Kospu- UHeaTa WAACTHEHOCTH 6etTona 'n A we = xKosddunnesta yopyrocru 6erona = y = £¥. 6 4 IlpHiumaa Bo BHEMaHHe, "To = “Sa v 6S T—:, HOsTY4HM Es = vEg = (1 —2) Es. Onprter NOKa3aiH, Y4TO SHaveHHA 2 WpakTuqecky H3- MeHAIOTCA B mpemenax 0,5— TIpe nxepopmamm Pacta- KeHHA CpeqHee OMbITHOe 3Ha- Puc. 19 Moya» gehopmaunx cygo- TRUE MOKHO npHiata’ pas- 1 CTpowTensHoro Gerona. HEIM A=05, Torma yopyrne Aehopmanan: 2— sore pedop- * anes, Foy = 0,5Ey. Hopmavusunie SHaqeHHA Hu: TCMbHEIX GeTOHOB cneryioue: Bux 6erowa, mapxa aqaibHoro MOnyna aq cynocrpon- Hatanpuni wo Ayan YUpyroct Taxensi (o6tuseeat): silent 00 3,15-108 @ 3,5-108 500 38-105 Jlernnai: 40-108 300 1,95-108 380 2,1-108 2,95 -108 Tou weyauna: 1. 3a ak : 1. 3a navamn Sepuagee: RoPMEDDHOrO ‘anpamcuam = Geldge fT OST MPMEATO DH BeMHERG RAupSmeNAT og < 020 SRTEAGHOM Ae 2. Moxyan xnapaeeey eer ab yrocrs ASH xerkoro Gerona Zan xA2 GeToRA wa 20 TlomHmo O6baHO RPUHATOTO HOPMUPOBaHHA MOayaeH yupyroctu, cyWecTByeT TAKKe pA SMIMpHYeCKUX opMyn Ane onpeneneuna MOAYAH YEPYTOCTH. M3 MHOTOUNCIEHHEIX SMIMPH4eCKAX SABHCHMOCTeH MexKIy MOsy- aaMM YIEpyrOCTH H MapkaMu GeToHa MpHBeseM HaHGouee pacnpo- cTpaneHHble: aa TaxKenoro GeroHa (cbopmyaa Tpaca) E= 1000000 | $= 360 174+-—— + R mala KepamauTosetaua (copmyaa JI. H. Areena) FE, = 300000 360 2,.6+—— R Cransxan apmatypa ApMatypa cyfoOBnx *ees06eTOHHBIX KOHCTPyKUM cocToHT 43 paGownx cTepaxHel, YCTaHOBACHHDIX JIA BOCIPHATHA eAcTByIOUAX ycHIHi, H MOHTAKHLIX, OOpasyolWHX H3 OTACIbHBIX CTepaKHeH apMa- TYpHbIe ceTKH WAH KapKachl. ia wsroTOBeHMA apMaTypbi IpHMeHsAIOT OOLMHMIe yraeponH- CTbIC H HH3KOJCrHPOBAHHbI€ CTANH, &@ TAKKE XOJOANOAEPOpMUpo- BaHHHe H TepMHYeCKH YNPOYHEHHEle. Kax npasuAo, yivlepoaucTaa ropavekaTaHan apMaTypHan cTalb HMCeT Ha AWATpPaMMe PaCTAKCHHA UeTKO BbIPAaKeHHyw TmIOWaRKy TekyyecTu H OOTAHYAeTCA SHAYHTEABHEIMH NO BeENATHHE YA MHeHRAMH Tp paspbBe — ea. op (puc I.10). To MpoqHocTH yraepogancTpe cTaan ycTylait HH3KONerHpoBaH- HIM, HarapTOBaHHbIM H TEPMHYECKH YUPOUHEHHbIM CTaslAaM. ZivarpaMMa o—e AMA YIpOUHeHHEIX M AerMpoORaHHEIx cranek He uMeeT YeTKO BbIpaxkeHHoH mmowlanka TeKyyecTH (cm. puc. 1.10); OTHOCHTe@MbHbIe yAJIMHeEHHA TIpW pasphipe STHX cTamen cylecTBeHHO HAxXe noKasaTeien YANHHCHHA, MOYUaeMbIX AAA yIrepOMHcTbix cTameli. Craau, npeqHasHatenHbie ANA MIpOKaTa apMaTypbt CyHOBHIX wAKe- dlezo6cronnbix KOHCTpyKuui, AOMKHbI YAOBICTBOPATS CEA YIOULHM OCHOBHDIM TEXHHYECKHM Tpe6oBaHvaM: — HMeTb TapaHTHpOBaHHylo MHHHMAABHY!O powocTHyi0 xa- pakTepuctaxy (mpenea TEKYFECTH, BPCMCHHOE COMPOTHBeHHe pPa3- pulpy); — MMeTh TapaRTHPOBAHHylO MHHMMAJIBEYIO BeAWaMBy, Xaparte PH3yloulyio WACTHYHOCTh (OTHOCHTeAbHOe yIAMHeHHe, yron 3arH6a HOU WHcHO neperu6oB). 21Aaa wsroropzenua apmatypu ¢ CTpyknui MOKHO uchombsopane crag oe soem CKUX Tevax, H KOHBEpTopHylo cram, B Buy, ITO KOHBepToOpHan cTaab o6s1, AOMKOCTHIO No CPaBHeHHIO ¢ MapTexont O6CTOHHDIX KOH- HSTOTOBAAEMYIO B MApTeHOB- Tpu stom ‘caenyer umerp MaeT NOBbUeHHOH xnaqHO- KOM cranbio, cKnoHHocTDIO 20000 T T rm op 1 15000 * | . EEE F 1_| x o a § wooo} 1 | | 3 a a 9008 2 s000 rs | & roof 1 = seoe 000 ao0g' 2 3000 & 26% 2000 pt rit 1000 I a 5 6 San 15 Omuocumensuere Semopmauun £,% Puc, 110. 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CrepxkHu apMatypbl kaacca A-] nocraBasiored KpyrbiMu raai- KHMM, CTepRHH apmatyps KAaccos A-II, A-III u A-IV — nepnogu- yeckoro Mpoduas. [lopepxwocTs crepxHe mepwoguueckoro mpo- buna (puc. I. 11} wmeer Ba UPOROMbHBIX pedpa H ¥acTO pacnosoxKennEe NMOvePewHble BLICTYTIBL, HALy- mMe m0 FpexsaxogHok BHHTOBOH auHun (A-II), au60 o6pasyioulue » C=3d A-Ill, 6—40 4000 6000 4 90° » C=3d A-IV 10—32 6000 9000 6 4° » C=abd 23— XOMOAHOTAHYTAaA CTAABHAA HpoBoMOKa Kaacca B-I (ua Koyr- weponuctaa), ucnoabsyeman aaa Henanparaemoit apMatyphi; —— XOMGAHOTAHYTad CTabHaA npoBonoKa KmaccoB B-IL, Bp-II {yrnepogucrag), MCTOMBSYeMAA DMA ipewBapHTeAbNO HallpaKeHHLIX CYAOBLIX 2KeNes06eTOHHHX KOHCTPy KUNI. * a @pMaTypHEIX Ipake M apm MexauwyeckHe xapakrepHcTHKH - TYPHBIX KAHATOB YCTAHOBJCHbI COOTBETCTBYIOMLMMM TocytapcrBeH. HBIMH CTAHA@pTaMH M TEXHHYCCKHMH YCAOBHAMH. in. 1A CopraMeHTH cTepxKHeBOM apMaTypbi Ranh B Tas. 1.4. Tab6auya 1.4 Tipexenbuce conpotusnenne craabiok BBICOKONPOYHON xomOqHO- Coprament crepmnesoll apmaryps TAHYTOH npoBoAOKK MpHBeeHo B Taba. 1.3. nl none- Pebsaya 1.8 Howmvannet | Tanne oe. ee ne ere 0. , Tpexeabroe conportesenne ctannnoi BHICOKONposHA amane™p crpacna | pean cae dys Ha oe XOMOQHOTAHYTOR NpOBOACKH ° 2,54 Conpotusnenne apmatypu B xTYoa* upu Awamerpe 6 0,288 8 3,14 MPOBOOKH, AM 7 0,385 22 3,80 Bug apmarypm 8 2508 s . 4:91 2.8 | 3 | 4 5 6 7 8 6 0,785 28 6.16 12 L131 2 10,18 14 154 36 12,57 Kpyraaa 20-108 | 19.108 | 18-105 | 17-108 | 16-10 | 15-t09 | 14-108 16 2,01 40 , yraepoxucraa no TOCT 734855 Tlepnoxueckoro | 18-163 | 17-109 16-208} 15-108 | 14.105] 13-108 12.198 Rpopuas, yrae- Ponuctas mo TOCT 8480—57 B nocaeanue roger MeTadTypruueckas! 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B WeHTP astbHO-cxK: @1€306CTOHHOM SreMeHTe CONPOTHBMeHHE JelicTsHIO ipuno- *KeHHOH cual oKasbipaer Ger YeHH, eTO CTanbH: 5 si 6 ‘OH H BkqiOyeHHag BH ‘O CTaabHag ap. B CTaHOBATCA AA N = Feig + Fyoy, an tae Fo a Fa — nnomagn cTReHHO. Wakn ceqenns Gerona H apMaTyppr cOOTBET- TIpu 9rom xedopma Wun Gerona n apmatypu 61a HHIO M@KDy HHMH OynyT omuiaxoptienn P MOKGPH corerne- Be Ey Ee (1.2) Orcioza -oxuMato: He Halipamwkenua B 6erone H apm. a’ AeicTBHH BRE Heh Harpy3ka MeHbUTe Paspywatomer Wey oy AYT onpenzenateca CAeAYIOIWHMH BRIPaKeHHAMH: ») oy 95 = 6s = egvEs; (1.3) = = o6Fs 90 Say = ES 6s (1.4) Tae n= fa, z 32 ° C ypesH4eHHeM Harpy3kH HallpskeHHa B OeToHe AOcTHTaIOT mpe- ena mpowwocru Wp cxaTan o6 =Rop, a HANpPAKEHHA B apMaType cormacno dbopmyae (1.4) 6yayT Aa 3, = Rye (1.5) Coraacko ONBITHHIM JaHHHM, IpH paspyweHun v=0,2- 0,3, cae- AOBATCADHO, IPH PaspylleHAY HANPAXKeHMA B APMATYpe OYAYT oy = (3 + 5) ARyp AMR. 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B 6etTone MPoOucxoguT o6patuoe HBeHHe: HO Mepe yganenna OT Kpaes TpelwHH pacrarnnaione HallpakKewHA B Geroue yBennuy- Batortca, 34 » Cpequne nanpsmenua 4 cpeanwe nedopmManuH apMatypbl Mexny TpCLMTaMH OyLyT MeHbUle HW HX IPHHATO ONpexenaTe C MOMOLLLD KosPPUIMEHTA Pa, YIUTHIBAIOMErO paboTy pacraHytoro Getona Ha yuacTke Mey TpeblHHamn, S08 ey, (1.18) Tipu yBenusenun wanpaxenvit B apmMaType 4 AAMTeMbHOM MpH- NOKEHHM HATpy3KM, AH60 MHCTOKpaTHO MOBTOPHOM e€ UpHOxKeHHH, peauuuna Koappunnenta ta upH6amKacrca K enHHUue. TlosTomy fi 2 ’ a) og 5) = 85 otf! £5 | f | he ‘ Ry Féin 4 a SaFa Fy Rp fap Puc, 1.16. Hanpaaxerno-nepopmupopaiioe coctonnue narnGacMnx 2%xKeJC- soGeroHIx snemeHTos B cranun I; a— gehcrBuTensHoe, 6— pacternoe. BOIHUHBY PaspylIaloulero YCHAMA pH OCeEBOM PacTAKeHHH 2Keme30- 6eToHUOro sneMeHTa TIPHHATO ONpeACATS No tpopmyze Ny, =o,Fy, Te oO» — 6paxosounbiit MuHuMym npenena TeKy4ecTH apMaTypHo cTaau; . F, — Waomags uposonbHo# apmarypsi B ceyeRHH aaementa. Copporusaenue meaesoberona npu useube. cnuranua *enes0- SeTOHHBIX Gan0K Ha wSTHO, SarpyskaeMLix nocaeAOBATeMBHO BO3- Pacraioulel Harpysko# BIOTb AO paspylleHuA, NOSBONHAK BLABHTS Tp XapakTepHble CTaqHA HanpAKenHo-AepopMupoBanHore co- CTOAHHA, Craéua f. Tpw Maabix Berwunnax Harpy3kk, Kora Hahpaxenua B OeroHe H apMaType HeReauKy, HePopMauuH HOcaAT npenMynye- CTBCHHO YipyrH XapakTep; 3aBMCHMOCTh MexAy HalpaxKeruamn 4 AehopmaunsMu aMueliHas, 4 sTOpEl HOpMaABHEIX HallpsxKennii B Ge- TOHE CMATOH HM PaCTAHYTOH SoH CeYeHHT TpeyrombuLie. C yBenHue- HHEM Harpy3KH B pactanyTon 30HE CCYeHHA PasBHBaIOTCA NAacTHYe- Ckne AePopMaNMH B GeTOHe, M aTOpa HallpaKenui craHoBATCA KDH- BONHHeHHOR, MaKCHMaJbHad BeAWUHHA HallpsKeHua o5.p=Rp (pac. 1.16). Sto HalpAKCHHO-ChOpMupoRaHHoe COCTOAHMe NONOWKeHO B OC- Houy pacuera MosBqeHHA TPelMA B pacrAHYTOH sone 4 Debopmanult 35SN€MeHTOB AO TOmBaAecHHA B HHX TpeulHH. Tipu stom uGpossie ReopManun GeToHa B pacTaHyTOH sone e6p ONpexermoT nO op- mywe Rp pes” 6p = Yun7Tbipad, YO B PacTaHyToH 30He 9eMeHTA e,—65.p, Ha- MpwkewwA B PacTAHYTOH apMaType MOXKHO ONpeAeAvTh nO dop- myae (1.10) a, = 2nR,. Cuntas’ cnpapegnusok runoresy waocKax ceveHHii, HerpyaHo YCTaHOBHT, UTO HallpmMKeHUA B GeTOHe CATON 30HHI paBHpl fg p eB = Ret ‘Pox “6 ES h— (1.14) (v=1 semencrane HeGorbMOk BertunH Hanpaxenui B GerTote cmaTon 30H8t). B caasi ¢ TeM, YT B CKATOH 30HE SeMCHTA &a=e5, HANpAKe- HUA B ckKaTOM apMaType MOXKHO BEIPAsRTD 3aBHCHMOCTHIO t~—a * (1.15) B topmynax (1.14) a (1-15): . X%— BbICOTa cxKATOH 30NbI ceseHua Nepex oOpasonanuem Tpe- IMHH B GeToHeE; A — ommas Bbicora cerenua: a’ — pacctosnue or LIT exato#t apmatyppi a0 cxarot Tpann ceqeHHa, Hsrnéamal MomesT My, BhIsHBaIOMNs oOpasoBanve TpemHH B pacTaHyTo s0He GeTOHa, MoxeT GbITh BbIpaKeH Kak MOMCHT BHYTPeHHAX PAaCTATMBAIOWAX YCHAMM OTHOCHTeNbHO TOUKH MpHo%xKe- HHA CKHMAIOWMETO ycuana B Geroue (cM. puc. 1.16) M,= Ry (Fe, p25, pF 2RF,2 + 20F, =e 2) =R,W,, (16) rye uepes W, oSosHayeH MOMeHT cOmpoTHBeRHA xKeTes06eTOHHOrO CeqeHHA AIA PACTAHYTOH 3OHDbI NpH# O6pas0Banau TpeLHnH. Tlonoxenve neiirpaabHol ocH ceveHAa H BBICOTY CATO 3OHEI x OMpeneamoT U3 YCIOBHA paBHoBecHA (paRencTBa) BHYTpeHHHX PACTATHBAtONINR W CRAMAIONINX yourRA : AF TRF eg = OF, + 096F Tlocae nogctanoskn B aro BbIpPaKenwe HaNpAKeHHH Ga, Og HG’, HA ochopanun (1.10), (1.14) 4 (1.15) m4 nexoroppix mpeo6pasosanat s—a’ pp onF, + Fey — 2 A—* F, — 20 Fy=0, (19 7 A—x rae @— Koop uynext NoaHOTH oObeMa STOPhI CHKUMAIOLIAX Ha- npwxkeHai (upu TpeyTombAom ceteHnu @=0,5). PKectKocTh ceqeHHaA Mepey o6 pasonanuem TpellHH ONpeseaAnwrT HA OCHOBAHHH Caemylolleh 3aBHCHMOCTH: B= EW, (a—2). (1.18) Cradun UI, C wospaenwem TpewlMH B pacTanyToh sone GeToHa HacTynaeT HOBOe Ka¥ecTBReHHOe COCTOSHMe W3THOaeMorO SeMeHTa (pue. 1.17). C po3pactaHHem Harpy3KH TPeUlHHbI, BOSHHKUIMe B pacTAHyTOH sone 6eTOHa, MocTelleH#HO pacipocTpanmiorcA 70 HelTpatbHoro cmos. Bee pactarmpaiomjee ycuwe BOCIPHRKMaeTCA TOADKO Apo- Fa a) é 5s Fy el tL Safa i f. fa a Puc. 117. Hanpsxeano-nepopmaposamHoe COcTOaHue MS- rHOaemMbx xelesc6eTOHHLIx Silementos & ctanua II: @— jekcTaurenbuoe; 6 — pacuerace. HoAbHot apMatypoli, Hanpaxenne B KoTOpOl eille MeHbille npesena texyaectu. Hanpamenue Gerowa 8 caKaTOM 30He TAKME HE AOCTU- FaeT ewe Upeweaa npovwoctH Gerona Ha cxKaTHe NpH uarHbe. . S70 HANpssKeHHOe COCTOAHHE GbWIO nomOKeHO B OCHORY MeTORa pacuera *Kerez06eTOHa NO OMycKaembiM HalipsAKeHHAM UM MCMOMNb- syerca 'B HaCTOsIWee BPEMA TIpH pacueTe pacKPBITHA TpeLllHH. Tlo Bbicore cevenua getbopmanun B craguu II asmeusioTca He- avneiino. Ho qawne siementa Achopmauwn CHaTON w pacianyTol 30H ceweHHA H BBICOTA KATO 3OHI TaKxKEe TepeMenHDl, a Hefl- Tpanbuad ocb — sowMoo6pasua. Jaa cpeqHHx ceveHHi, pacnono- XKOHHDIX Ha ydacTKe M@KAy TpeULHHAMH MH UCMbITEIBAIOULUX CHMMeT- PuunbIe BOsRelicTBHA CHeBa M cMpaBa, THMoTesa Nockux ceyveHHa Moxer 6uITb npHAATa cNpasenaMBoH. Torfa WcxoaA u3 CpeMHHX Me- opmauvit eg.¢ Aaa Kpalinek bu6pil Setona cxarTo soHbl MH cpen- Hux yetbopMaunk pacraiyToH APMATYPHI ga.c CPeAHIOIO BBICOTY CK aTOM 3OHbI MOKHO BbIPAasHTb 2aBMCHMOCTHIO (pHc. 1.18) ea 8 hy, (1.19) *6e7 fae Tre Ay)— pacctosuue or LIT cevenus pacraHyTo apmaTypbi 20 kpafinefi cxatoh @uOpbi Gerona (paGouad BelcoTa ceyenusa). 37Hanpsxewaa, ppaxenubie wepes geopmauuy 8 ceqenun C TpelllHHOH, MO2xKHO OnpeAeAUTb v3 CAeLyIONNX 3aBUCHMOCTe!: Aisi GeToHa 8 CATON sone Es Eg % = &6 ca = 6 eo S46 “8 46 Hau ¢ yuetom 3apucumocrel (1.12), (113), (1.19) Key ve, ba? £ og = eo a OTe Hee 5 Cig)” (1.20) “| exe SSS pe AN - ba R SPY T OSL SS ON 2 | a ly 2, Sbp Puc, 1.18. Hanpsaxenua 3 Serone m apmatype mo AMMHe BSrH- Gaemoro saeMenta B cTanua IL Tae ths — Kosbduuwent, yyuTbipaiowwh HepaBHomepHocTs pacnpe- HenenuA Jehopmanuk Getona cacaToH sonbl Ha yuacTKe Merny Tpe- IIMHaMH; PaBeH OTHOUIeHHIO CpeqHUX ReopmManHh Gerona K Repop- MAlWaM B CC4ueHHH C Tpelinnol (no AanRbiM onnToB H 6= 0,75 1,0); me ees B ckarToh apmatype HH (1.21) Wan = UsruGaiomuk Moment B ceveHun c TpemHHoh Aan Bropoll cTa- AH HaTpAKeHHO-AetopMApoBaHHOrO COcTOMHAA MOXKeET GEITb BEI- 38 paxeH Kak MOMeHT BHYTpeHHAX ycuanti oTHOCHTeABHO LIT pacrany- To apmMatyppl M = w06F 6% + (1.22) HH KAK MOMCHT BHYTpeHHEX ycunuh oTHOcHTeabHo LET smioppt cmaTok sonnt GeTona Mm oF oot 5". raP ate val Fete Pia oF ets |=20W (123) rae Wa H We _ yupyro-nwacTHyeckHe MOMEHTBEI CONpOTHBAeHH A 2Ke- wez06eTOHHOLO CeleHHA B cTanqun II COOTBETCTBEHHO IO pactanyToh H CKATOH 3OHAM. Buicory cokaTofi S0HbI Ha, TpeLHHOM HaXOAAT H3 ycOBUA paB- HOBCCHA BHYTPCHHHX CHE B CeteHHH {paseHctBa pacTaArHBarormMHx H OKHMA@IOUINX YCHHH) 6,F, = oF, + 03,F,- Tlocne noxcTaHOBKy HanpaxeHni no sapucumoctam (1.20) 4 {I.21) u HexoTopprx npeoGpasopannh s1To BbIpamkeHHe MpHBOANTCA K BHAY ave — oF, —“8—__ = ono 16 ty — 9) Tae @ — Kosphunnenr noanoTH oGbema KpHBOAUHeHHO Smopbl Ha- Wpw@keHni GeTOHa cxKaTOH sonE! (c PasBHTHeM HwacTM4ecKWX je- dopmanni Gerona cmATOM S0HLI BETMYAHAa w CTpeMHTCA K eqn- Haue). ‘ Hampaxkeiia Mo2KHO Halirn n0 hopmy nam: 8B O€TOHe CxKATOH 30HbI 0, (1.24) : (1.25) B pacTAHyTOH apmatype : (1.26) Wa Kecrkocrs 2xeneso6eronHoro cevertia Upa varu6e B craguu II BbIpPaKaeTca CECLYIOMMMH 3aBACH MOCTAMH: NO pacTanyToit sone Bat Ea W, (ty — 3); (27 ‘va nO cKaToil 30He Bex Es Wx, (1.28) +6 39o6ulad 218 slemeHTa ho B=——_ 2%, 1.29) Ye (1.29) EW, | EW, Cradus II]. B ato cranuu paGoTbl uaru6aemoro xKeses06erTon- HOO S€MeHTAa MACTHYecKHe AedopManuH GefoHa paclipocTpana- HOTCH H& SHAUUTeIbHYIO 4ACTb BBICOTH CxKATOH SOHN cedeHHA, BCNEACTBHE YeTO KPHBOAHHEMHOCTS STOPb] HOPMATbHBIX CKUMAIO- IkuX HAaNpsxKeHH craHoBMTCA pesKo BEIpaxeHHoH. Jlaxe np He- SH@UHTCXbHOM YBeAHYeHHH Harpy3skH MpPOHCXOAMT peskoe yBeun- ueHve HanpsxKenult B GeTone mM apMatype, MHTeHcHpuNUpyeTca PaCKPHITHE TpeHIHH B pactaHyToh soNe OeroHa uM HacTyNaer paa- pyuienve anementa. Sta ctragua WosowKeHa B OCHOBy pacueta 2enesoGeTOHHEIX KOHCTPYKUHA No paspywaiouHM HarpyskaM. TIpouecc paspyluexua B SaBHCHMOCTH OT apMHpoBaHHA CeyeHHA {KOMNeCTRA APMATYPbI), MCX@HHYeCKHX CBOfcTR apMaTyPpbI H 6e- TOHAa H CTeNeHH HanpsAxKeHNOCTH pacTAHyTO u cxKaTON 30H CeveHuA MOxXeT NporTekatp No ofMol 43 Tpex cxem: 1. Texysecth pactauyTtok apmatypbl uM pa3pyujenne GeTona B CKATOH 30He HATHHAeTeH OHOBPeMeHHO. 2. Texyyecth pacranytoH apmatyph HawuHaercH paHee paspy- Irena GeToHa B cacaToit gone. 3. Paspymenve Gerona B cxKaTOH 30He HAIHHaeTcH paHbule, yeM Hallpsokenve B pacTAHyTOH apMatype MocTurHeT mpenena Te- Kytectu. Pacuer no cranuu II} apasercns ocHOBHEIM Ip¥ onpelenecnuu MPOYHOCTH cyMoBbIx weTesxO6eTOHHEIX KOHCTpyKLMA (OApoGHO cM. ra. FV). O6pas0eanne WH pacHpbiThe TpeLKH B HWenesOGeTOHHDIX HOHCTpy#yKnXx TpeliHnt BOSHHKAIOT B Pe3yJbTaTe HeSHaYHTeMbHOA pacTA2KHMO- ctu Gerona, He cloco6Horo cAexoBaTbh 84 YIIMHeHHAMH apMaTypH TIpH BBICOKHX HallpAKCHHAX. Onetr SKCINIY aTAL HH 2KedesoOeTOHHEIX coopyakeHuh, B TOM 4HCJIe H NaByYHX, NOKasblBaeT, YTO TPeluHHbl B G6eroHe nmpu onpexzenennoh WinpHHE packphiTHa He oacHbl w He MapylaloT o6weli MoHOAMTHOCTH RenesoGeToHa. Tpenyinnt TIOABJIAIOTCA C on peaeenHok TIOCEAOBATEIbHOCTBIO H, Kak MOKa3bIBaloT ONBITET, pachosarawTcsa TIpHOAUSHTeADHO paBHo- Me€pHO Ha yuacTke C yCHMeM HOCTOAHHOH BeMUHHEE. OueBu ano, uTO NepBhle TP€LLAHBI BCeACTBHE HeOMHOPOAHOCTH Gerona 10 ANWHe J€MeHTa NOABARIOTCA B HaHGONee cabOM MecTe, Tipu 270m HamnparKennoe cocrosiive Geroka uM apMaTypbl OKOAO TpenAb! H3MeHsHeTcA (pne. 1.19). 40 B cetenwu c TpeliMHo HalpaxKelu@ B apMaType cpasy yse- SHURBAIOTCH JO Ga, 4 B PACTARYTOM SeTOHe ONM 6YAYT paBHl Ay.TO. Tlo mepe yAaueHWa oF Kpaew TpeMMHE! HanpwKeHua B GeToue B cusy Cfo ClenNeHHA C aPMaTypoH socTuraoT Ry, a B apMaType CHMKAOTCH RO BeEAHIHHEI, Opesensemoh cormacuo opmyue (1.10) o, = 2nRp. B 910M ceueHHH, OveBHAHO, H AOnKHA OOpasoBaThcH CMEKHAT Tpeuuna. IIpHuuMas, aro pasuocTh ycuiuii B apMaType B CeveHHH ¢ TpelHHOA upH HanpaxeHun Oa, HB CCNCHHH M@XKAY TpellHy- HaMM ==pH Hanpsoxeruy 2nR, ypapHopeluuBaerch Ha Anune fy CHAMH CUCNACHRA MexKRy ap- MaTypoHl H GeTOHOM, TOAyYHM BbIpaxehHe JA OlpemeleHHa paccToaHHA Mex;y TpellaHaMH 3,F,—2AR,F, = o'%q,Sl,, (1.30) rye w’— KosdpuuHenT ToAHO- ThE SIMOPH CielleHHA; S—nre- ¢E RAM DAMeTp apMaTypBI. KK cee Tipe vesitpaabHom pacTaxeHHy, onpeneiaa coraacho opMyt = toy, (1.10) # (1if) wanpssxenue ox Ny RpFa | WARpFa __ Puc. 1i9. Harpaxenioe cocrosnue = GeroHa H apMaTypil OKOAD TPELAH: @—O NoABHeRHA Tpeuwuu; 6— nocne ToaBeHKA TpemHy; ¢—mocse nosBae- Hus! CMeKHOR TpeLieHEtey. : = a Fa Pa = Ry( + 2n) Mw w ToxcTaBa ero B popmyay (1.30), nory4am = Wty Sls orkyqa Lake fa 1 To SB HAH L= + ts (1.31) “= a (1.32) 41ABAACTCH OTHOWAHHEM TWIOWlanH cexeHUA crepmHeh pacraHyTol apMaTypbI K AX NepHMeTpy see. 1.33} Ton Tlo Aannpim onbitop, BenwwHEy KospduyHedta 1 MpHHHMarOT paBuol: Aas apMatTypbl MepHoswyeckoro npoduna — 0,7; Was apMatypbl ragKoro Epoduass — 1,0; Aid oGnIKHOBeRHOH apMaTypHo mpoBosoKH, upHmMenAemoli B CBApHEIX KapkacaX ¥ CeTKax,— 1,25. B wsrnGaemix sheMenTax paccrosHne MexKAy TpewiwHaMM Ha yuacTKe ¢ MOCTOAHHEIM W3THOaloulM MOMeHTOM TaK «Ke, KaK B WCHTPasIbHO PaCTHHYTOM, MOXKHO HaliTH HcxOoMA M3 yCJOBuA {1.30). HanpaxenHa B apMatype B CeyeHHH c TpeMHHOR mpu 2TOM MO- 2KHO OUPEMeAUTh 3 YCMOBU PaBeHCTBa MOMeHTOB HenoCpepCTBEHHO HO uw TOcHe OpasoBanHA TpelliMH cooTBeTCTBeEHHO No opMy.1aM (1.16) 4 (1.23) RW, =3,W,, orcioza we RpWy aE (1.34) Tlogcrapasa B papencrso (1.30) oa no opmyse (1.34), nozysum t= n( 2) £2. Be aw, Sot q W. O6osHauns — —2=h Hc yueToM Bpipaxennit (1.32) 1 (1.33), a thopmyay gaa onpeseaenua [, 8 usrHGaembIx seMenTax 3anuuiem B Cremyioulem Bre: i, = nkywn, (1.35) Ilupuny packpplTHa TpellHH a, ONpeRenaloT H3 ycuoBHA, UTO cyMMa yAaunenui 6eTona HM MIMpHHM packphiTua TpelMHE pas- HseTca AGCOMIOTHOMY YJJHHCHHIO apMaTypbI Ha yuacrKe /, MeKAy TpewHHamu. Bupasas adcomoruble yAMHeHHA Yepes CpemHHe OT- HOCHTeAbHBEIE YAAWHEHHA apMatypbl H Gerona Ha anne ta, TNOAYaUM 8 pole + Oy ey, cbs orkyaa 4, = (5, © — 6, pic) Ape HIM, NpeveOperad CpeqHuM YATHHeHHEM GeToHA eo.p.c 16 CpaBHenHio Co CpeqHHM yAJMHeEHHeM apMaTYPEL ea.c, 42 Tipnnumas no chopmyvte (1.13) , 2a e, =, ae Pe Ey noayaum : a, = eRe (1.36) Onpedenenue xoa@puyuenta a. KospPpunvent wa, Kak ye YKasbIBasIoch, MpewcTaB/gerT coboh oTHOmMenHe CpeqHHX HailpAxKe- nui (geopmaunfi) B apmarype Ha yuacTkKe MCKAY Tpekinnamy K Hallpaxenuam (zecopma- Tpeuunot 4 IMAM) B CeTeHHH C TpelllHHon ‘ y, = “ae, =e Tpapuuecku sror Kosdpdu- UMeNT MOXKHO NpeacraBuTh Kak OTHOUeHHe TOM AH STIOPbI Ha- ol IIpsKeHH B apMaType Ha yua- Gay | ° cTKe Mealy TPeNLWHAMH Ko Bceli Lu TOL aH SIIOphi HanpsKeanit Ha 3ToM ysactTxKe (puc. 1.20) alr — Optasl, ¥ w= Cals S =1—a,“, (1.37) Puc. 1.20. K onpenenenmo xoaipmnn- a : eHTa tpe. ‘Ja — Oa, — PasHOCTb HanpsKeHHH B apMaType B CeveHHAX c TPeMHHOw H Wocpeawne MeKAY THenIMhaMy, @p — koseunnenT NoAHOTE! aiiopEl pacraTHBalo- IHX HanpAxkeHH B GeToHe Ha yuacTKe Me- aKLy TpellwHaMmu. Ecan npeneOpewb ugMereHvemM Mleyua BHYTpeHHeH Mappl Ha yua- eTke Mexfy TpemgkHHaMH, To H3 YCAOBHA PaBeHCTBa BHYTPeCHHHX PacTaruBaiomlHx yenanit B ceqeHHH C TpenjwHok H Tocpeavne MexKAy Tpeu|HHaMA oF, =F, +56 oF o. ps (1.38) TR o¢.p H Fo.p—- pacTArMBalomlve HanpaxeHHa BOCTOHe H M1OUlasb PACTRHY.TOH SOHEI CEVeHHA TOcpedvne MEY TpellwHaMH. Tip#uuMaa 3o BHAMaHHe, UTO BEIpaxeHHe (1.38) MomxHO sanu- CaTb B BHZe (%s 544) F, = %, oF 6.p = a y9F 43MOMENT, BOCIPHHHMaeMbIt GeTOHOM PacTAHYTO! SOHI MpH Halps- 2KeHHH O6.p, MOMKHO BEIPASHTh C.leAyoMle PopMyAon: Mo, , = Sak 4%, (1.39) 6p ad a6. p* Moment, BOcHpHHAMaeMbIi ceyeHueM ¢ TPeLIHHOH, paBeH M= tr = su : s_ ry Wes BME BLE +s) s S$ H 3 uy ss = sa y as | ® WeOUs DH 9D( BK O4) 8 ss #1 200, DHYO OE 3 a "4 g OF 3 DL tl WE R0UY OK YO DOL ® z @ BOLE HLF (05 +4} b> cou on unsclor alt wrooveontera(oes) 4 " uno 3 B OAe WOU s PHBE Oia if @ 008k ase oak 0086S 57Baipes dn9 zopa0bun, REpaaARoor ieee emie adh ila Is 1208 Puc. 11.5, Hecamoxoguaa peiaonan wamHenan Gapxa rpysonopbeM- cMellaHHOR cHcTeMe, HaGop Auuma, Goptos u naay6, kak Mpasuno, copMentaioT B OfHOH HNocKocTH, B pesyabtaTe uero obpasyiotca S3aMKHyTHe pamu. B cayyae, ecan mpHHaTe pasnwuable paccroaHun Mexay TOAKPenAIOWHM HaGopoM m0 BhICOTe Kopltyca, 6onblmve mpoersr AeNawOT KpaTHEIMH MeHDIUHM. Tpononpunie cBASH Kopnyca PeKOMEHAYCTCA To BO3IMOKHOCTH pactoaratTb na PaccTOAHHH KpaTHOM DIAL Ha6opa. Tlpoxoubune GaaKn na6opa nany6 u naathopm (kapsmurcer) C6EMHO OMupalT Ha cTOHKH NomepewHbIx fepe6opox, mpH stom BepTHKAaAbHbIe CTOAKH Tole peuHbix nepe6opox HaxogATcn B WTOC KOCTH NpoAOMbHx pebep AUMULA, Nany6 u naatiopM. Crofiku mpoxoabunix nepeSopok TakxKe yCTaHaBAMBAWT B OsHOH naockocTa ¢ 6opTOBLIMH INNaHTOyTaMH u AMMLLeBEIMH Toneped- HBIMH CBA3HMH MH HajexKHO COCHHHAIOT Kak c GUMCAMH nany6 H naaTpopM, Tak # ¢ MonepewHBIMH Gaakamn 7HHtKeBOTO Habopa. Bee ochosable caa3H Kopmyca 8 palioHe u3MeHeHNA CHcTeMDI Ha- Sopa m THA KONCTPYKUHH, 4 TAKKE pH WEMeNeHHH pasmepos ce- 58 yocthio 1400 7 c KOpnycoM MOHOJUTHOK KOUCTPYKUWH, Ha6paHHDM 10 KoncrpyaxTusunri veprex. yenHi He JOJKHbI UMeTb Pe3KHx o6pHBOB H H3JI0MOB, KOTOpble MO- TYT BbISBaTb KORKeHTpauMn MeCTHESX HanpmMKeHHA. C sro WeNbIo IpH MpoekrupopaHwu KOpHycoB 2%enesoGeTOHHEIX CyLOB TOAMIHHI TLJHT H pasMepbl tohepequoro cevenua 6anoK B Tipezemax cexWnit H€1aloTCH MOCTORHHBIMH, H3MeHCHHE TOJNMH ILAHT HJIH BEICOTHI (wHpHEel) 6a10K OCyIecTBAAOT, KaK IpaBHo, B pafione pacnoso- 2KeHHA MOKCEKUROHHEIX CoeaMHeHu. B emyaae, Korda coekuHeHHA ceKILHI pacnowaraltca He Ha NoMepeywHbIx CBA3AX kopnyca, rpk H3MeHCHHH TOJILMH YCTPaHBaloT HakMOHHbe Nepexogupe yuacTKH © BHyTpewHek cToponbi KoNcTpykuuH. Kpome Tore, o6pniBatomect Ganku Ha6opa AOBOMAT Do SawKahuMx MepeKpecrHux. cBasel, a KOHCTPYKTHBHBIe Yrubl B 90° H MeHbUIe CMATUaIOT, ycTpaHBan Tex- HOMOTMYeCKHE (baCKH Pa3MePOM He MeHee 2,0X2,5 cH. ThosepxHoctu Kophyca, NoWBepraloulHecA HHTeHCHBHOMy Me- CTHOMY HCTHpaHHtO (yuacrkH Oopta B paone pacnonoxKeHHA AKO- pel, KpOMKE KOMHHTCOB [py3OBbIX JIOKOB H T. TL), O6HIKOBbIBAIOT CTANDHDIMH JHCTAMH WM TpyYAMOKCTHPaeMbIMH NOKPbITHAMH. 59KenesoOeTounbe acementil Kopnyca, mo_seprawuneca sn- TCAbHOMYy HarpeBY, 3aHlMMaloT Hs0NAHe HAM aKpaHHpyloT AAA upegoxpanenun Gerona of Harpesa Goaee yem Ha 100°C. Cynospie xKemeso6eTOHHble KOHCTPYKIMM, Mo_Bepraloulveca BO3- HeiicTBHlo arpecCHBHBIX cpes, (TY3AyKH, WlerouH, paccoubl 4 T. T.), a Take He@TeENPOAYKTOB, BHINOMHAIOT H3 CHeUHaIbHEIX GeTOHOB, oGsalaionx HeOOXOAMMEIMH 3aNLMTHLIMM CBofictBamu. Ecan Ait H3POTOBACHHA STHX KOHCTPyKUKA MpHMeHsioT OGHMHEIA GeToH, ux NOBEPXHOCTH CO CTOPOHE LeHcTBHA ArpeccHBHOM cpenH SaMlANLaloT CHEUHATbHLIMH HOKPbITHAMH. Cyxostie *xenesoGeToHuBIe KOHCTpyKUHH Mpeacrasanior coGoh TOHKOCTeHHBIC 9JI@MEHTH C OTHOCHTEIbHO BBICOKHM Hacbilenvem apmarty pol. 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NO 3alHTHHIM Cnoem, 3a- WHTHBIA CAO yAyWwlaeT YCHOBHA CeIWIeHHA apMaTyphl C 6eTOROM H Wpeqoxpanaert apmarypy oT KopposuH. Flag WapyKHBIX NoBepxXHOCTeH 3uleMeHTOB OCHOBHOTO Kopnyca TOMIMHHY SAL[HTHOTO CO# MpPHHHMaloT He MeHee 15 sa, am Oc- TaAbUBIX SIeMeHTOB ——-He MeHee 10.44. Benwuuny 3alMTHOTO cmon Gerona AAA cTaledb-maay6 AoOKOB IpHHuMatwT He MeHee 20 wa*. Ecaw WcrupaeMble yacTKH HacTHMa Hany6 we MMeloT cneuManD- HEIX NOKPBITHH, TOMMY 3alkHTHOTO CAom yeeARUHBAalOT AO 20 stat. Alas BHYTPeHHAXx SeMeHTOB KOpMyca, aPMHPOBaHHBIX cTep2x- HAMH HHamMetpom 6—10 # uM He HOmBepralomuxca BOsrelcTBHIO arpeccuBHBIx cped, AONYcKaercs NPHHUMATh TOMMY 3allHTHOTO canon 5 MM, * Tipy KonctpyHpopaaun TOMMRHY S3AlMTHOTO Cod HaMepsOT B cBeTy —~ Mexny HapyxHol Tpadbio suementa u GmoKaimeh K HapyaHo rpatw KposiKoll apmarypbl. 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AAKTbI OBLUMBHM MW BANK HABOPA FTaurot, Hanmenpinyio tommany nant qAMMa, raBno many 6, GopTos H Tpanles weo6xoauMo npanymarT. papHok 60 se, Toa- HWHY IT. OCTaIbHBIX 2/eMeHTOB Koplyca—we menee 40 aM. B CpelkeM TOAULHHEY Haut HapyKHOK oO DIMBKH MOPCKHX MKeweso- GeroHHbEX cyzoB cocraBasoT 60—100 442. Tonnuny WHT HasHavaloT c YYCTOM TOMER 3allLMTHOrTO c.10s 4 YCJOBHII pasMeLjeHHa apMaTypbl B IAHTE. Tipu oipegeseHuy KoMY4ecTBa cTrepKHeH AapMaTypbl cHenyeT HC- XOXHTb M3 TOFO, 4TO @apMHpOBaHHe MMT AOUKHO OnlTh TO BOSMOK- HocTH Goaee AMChepCcHbim, 310 HeoOxoAHMo NOTOMYy, YTO WHpHHa PackpbiTHA TpelluH, NOABAMOMHXcA B OeTOHE KOHCTPYKTHBHBIX 3u1e- MeHTOB Tip Aelicrsuu Harpy3kH, HAXOHTCaA B UpsAMO mponopino- HaNbHok 3aBucHMOCTH or Moma TIOBEPXHOCTH apMaTypHbIx eTepxueli, PaCHOJIOKEHHEIX B pacTanytToi 30He SlemMeHTa. Cuenyer HMETb B BHAY, 4TO To HOpMaM ApOCKTHPOBaHuA Kopmy- Cop xxenesOeTOHHHIX CyL0B AHaMerp cTepxHeit pa6ouei apmatyppr AOKeH GbITh He MeHee 6 MM, TAK Kak CBapHBaTb CTE€p2KHH MCHb- mero AvaMeTpa 3aTPYAHHTeVIbHO. . Tlanrer @aPMHPYIOT IpaMBIMH ceTKaMH, CTe€pxAn KOTOPBEX mlepe- ceKabTcn Moy TIPAMBIM YIVIOM H Tap asJeJbHeL okaaMascioLluM MIMTy 31eMeHTaM naGopa. JlonycKkaercs TIPHMeHeHHe TAKKe KOCHIX céTok, O1HaAKO IpakTH4eckH: HX HCHOJIb3YIOT PEAKO H3-3a TEXHO.MOTH- WecKHX TpyZuocteli. B 3aBMCHMOCTH OT HHTCHCHBHOCTH Harpysky, xapaktepa pa6oTn H Rorpe6uof NoWanH apMaTypH ANTE MoxHO ApPMHpoBaTb ABohHO# uM onuHapHol cetKamu (puc. 11.7). Paccrosnwe B cBeTy Mexay coceqHAMH NapadeibuHMy (HH TepeceKawUluMAcA nog yriom He 6onee 15°) crepsKHamn apMaTypH 62 B IMIHTe He JOKHO 6bITb MeHBILE AvaMeTpa Gonbilero 3 HUX, HO B mo60m cayyae ue Meee 20 ma. Sto TpeGopanve obyenopneto HeEQOXOAMMOCTbIO HOpMaJIbHOK ykKankn 6eToHa B mauTy H obecne- qeHHA cBo6oaHOTO mpoxosa kKpyHxoroe sanOJHATent MexK,y cTepxK- HAMH. Aaa yBeJHUeHHA STOrO paccTOaAHHA ABOHHbIG C€TKH B 60.15- UIMHCTBE CAYUAeB yklag,bIBaroT rae yom CTepKHH pactowarasHuch Hhopagke (cM. puc. af). ° “ilar apMarypht 2 mene ceTke NpHHUMAaIOT KpaTHEM 50 #4, Ho He Gosee 200 ma. Ilar apmaryps! He AomKeH GbITh MeHbIe 50 ws, woGnH He 3aTpyAHATh ykuaaky Gerona B NAHTy. Basaubie ceTKH AAA apMupoBa- HA «=IMHT OlyckalorTed TOKO B MOHOJHTHHIX KOHCTpYKHHAX HOH aA ceKUHH, apMaTypy KOTOPbIX co6upawr va Mecre GeTOHHpOBa- HHA, KOTa TpakcliopTHpoBKa ap- MAaTYPHBIX KOHCTPyKUWH He Tpe- Gyerca. . B apmatypuprx cerxax, o6pa- sylowax kapKac WAHT, nAomManp ceveHHH apMaTypH ORNOTO Ha- a) ’ 2 NpasieHuA NOMKHA COCTABAATH He TWaka< 200m Menee 20% oT miomana cevenua ——_ iT cer apMaTypbl Epyroro wanpapqenna. Puc. 11.7. Apmnponatme mut - P To 25% o6mero KONHYeCTBa = KaMH: a — RROFOR; 6 — onunap- Tpe6yemoh 0 pacueTy pacTaHy- {—padonan apuenps: 2 —pacrpeneam- Tow apMaTypH, pactonomenHol aaanan apaatyDe ¥ OMIOpHEIX ceqeHHi, MOXKHO BEI- TOJHATh B BUA€ OTHEMbHEIX CTep2K- Heit KOTOphIe B 9TOM Calyuae AOJKH BI 6BITB TpOROsKeHEL B o6e cTOpOHEI oT rpaHei onopbl Ha AWHHy He MeHee 4 Mponera san OGppisnl crepsHe apMaTypbl cieAyeT pactonaraTb TaK, Get B KAKIJOM CCYCHHH H3MeHeHHe TloMlanu ceweHHa apMaryPEt B : NoAOKeHHOH B pactanytToi 30He IIHT, cocTaBTanoO He Goaee Ob. Tlo HampaBdeHho OGpbIBaeMEIX cTepKueH paccTonHHe MemAYy 4 PHIBAMH aPMATYPHI AO/KHO COCTAaBWATh He MeHee 30 auaweTpop HanOombwero W3 OOpbBaembix crepskHel. B mantax, Harpy seal ycunnamu or o6nxero usrv6a, O6pripaemEte cTepxKHH cuenyeT o a i ollep euHOn CBA3H. SAT@AbHO AOBOAMT fo GrwKahwed 1 Baaku xa6opa, PasMeppl nonepeinoro cevenua 6anox Ha6opa kopnyca 70.12KHBI YUOBNETBOPATE ycHOBHAM fg KOM, 2D hg xXHAMM — War XOMYTOB He AOA- KeH MpeBHMWATh CeAYIONAX BeAHUMH: 0,75 BEICOTH 6anKH WAM Haw6ombulero pasMepa monepeynoro ceyenua naasepca, 15 aAua- MeTPOB HaMMeHbULETO H3 DMAMeTPOB MpoLOAbHO apMaTyPH, OXBa- TEIBACMOH XOMYTOM, HO He Oonee 250 am. B eHTPasbHo-cK aTBx 64 Puc. 118. Apmaposanue pa- cramytoro Byta. it pKeH Mpe- gyleMeHTax War Wolepeunix crepmnell (KoMyTOB) He Jou p Ta. 1,5 TOMMIHHE CKATOTO DeMEH | ee Kak XOMYT JOJKeH OXBATBIBATh we Gonee NATH cane crepxHen (puc, 11.9). Eom xe Miowlamy ceveHun CKATHIX cTep Heft Gonpme 3% nNoDladH ceieHus aieMeHTa, paccTosuue MexAy z=: s = Finsbs2hq i Q a) -—_ tS A g rm = 4 = i = S i 3 " “ % +o ata! a SSS el = ae & ft apmatypok (xo- upoBanHe GaioK Ha6opa someperHoh Pa neem CKATHX NpomowULx crepmuel Menpule 5 (a) wyranel: wan Comme 5 (6). XOMYT@MH JOIHKHO OBIT He Gonpute 10 aMaMeTpoB CxKAaTOrO CTEp- HbULeTO KaMeTpa. ; een panKax APMHPOBAHMEIX MAOCKUMH CBapHbIMA KapkacaMHi, y HapyXHbix rpanei ycTadapiuBaioT nomepepe wourancibe crepxkEH, coelwHmollue Kapkachl. Paccrosune MexKaY TaRKHbIMH CTepKHAMH MPHHA- maloT He Gonee 20 AHaMeT- pos, a HX AHaMeTp— He Me- Hee AHAMeTpa ToMmepeyHbIx crepe WapKaca. B Koncrpyxuuu Mepeceye- Hutt Gan0K, O6pasyloulMx BXO- Tawve yribl B pacTAHyTOH 30He, HeOOXOHMO ycTaHaB- PB mero Isa ac, Hi. ApMuposanve BxOMAl a apMa- 8 pacTauyTOH sowe MomepedubIMH CTepA awpaTb lomepedHyio ap Q Typy, KOTOpad BOCIpHHAMAeT YCHAMA B IpOMOJIbHEIX CTEpA- HAX, He 3aaHKepOBAHHBIX B CKAT ‘of gone. Sta apmaTypa AOWKRA ee 35% papHopeheTsyionlero yeu BO BCEX el apr eneniax pacra THX CTepKHAX, BXOAMUMX B Tepecesenue HPOAOAbHLIX pacTaH ic. 11.20). . ax rpa- (Pas beam HaGopa BEIcoTOH Gozee 600 A oT Sea OTlOuHH Het wéeoS6xoAMMo ycTaHaBluBath XK wyio apMaTypy: OHA KpexorBpalliaeT BOSMOMIOCTD BuITySnnanH XO y tos np GeroxHposanun. Jmametp STOW apmatypel P maton He Meee AHaMeTpa cTepxKlleii NOMepewHOH apMaTyPh, a P MexKLy CTepARHAMH No BBICaTe He Goce 300 sm. 65