1.

List out the congestion control approaches used in this work

a) Drop Tail Algorithm

b) DEC bit Algorithm
c) RED Algorithm
i) Gentle RED Algorithm
ii) Flow RED Algorithm
iii) Adaptive RED Algorithm
d) Random Early Detection Algorithm
e) CHOKE Algorithm
f) BLUE Algorithms
g) Fair Queueing Algorithms
h) Core Stateless Fair Queueing Algorithm
i) Virtual Queue Algorithm

2. What are the metrics used to analyse this work?

Gateway feedback is used noting their strengths and weakness. Sending rate,
receiving rate of packets, nodes sent forward or sent back is noted down to
find the strength of the gateway used to compare the performance of the
congestion control algorithms.

3. Mention any TWO differences between Congestion control and

congestion avoidance approaches
Congestion control- once congestion happens, TCP will control the congestion.
TCP repeatedly increases the load it imposes on the network in an effort to find
the point at which congestion occurs, and then it backs off from this point.
Congestion Avoidance- to predict when congestion is about to happen and
then to reduce the rate at which hosts send data just before packets start
being discarded.
 Congestion avoidance is a prevention mechanism it is about preventing
congestion from happening while congestion control is a recovery mechanism
for restoring the flow of control again.

4. Expand AQM and ECN

Active queue management (AQM) is the policy of dropping packets inside a

buffer associated with a network interface controller (NIC) before that buffer
becomes full, often with the goal of reducing network congestion or improving
end-to-end latency. This task is performed by the network scheduler, which for
this purpose uses various algorithms such as random early detection (RED),
Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN), or controlled delay (CoDel).

Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol

and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001).
ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping
packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-
enabled endpoints when the underlying network infrastructure also supports
it.

5. How DT differs from RED, any two differences

In drop tail algorithm if the queue size is full with packets and if the next
packet comes then the last packet entered will be dropped but in RED
algorithm if the number of incoming packets are more than size of queue then
the whole queue is dropped

Drop tail algorithm approach has some serious has a lack of fairness, no
protection against the misbehaving or non-responsive flows but in RED
algorithm the buffer size is reduced automatically if large amount of packets
came to reduce the drop rate.