THE ELECTROMAGNETIC TELECLINOMETER AND DIPMETER By C. and M. SCHLUMBERGER and H. G. DOLL Smaury. compass* 1 (see Fig. 1), | driven by anelectricmotor?, ‘Tur clectromagnotie oleclinometer permite the detormination of ee ot ‘ho angio of inclination of the axia of dil hole relation to tho | 826 ‘Verccal, and of the azimauth of this ineliation in elation to tha | the | electromotive _ forces th, Teis based on the Uso ofan induction compass | which are induced in this snd ofan alostromagnot supported | compass, under the influ- ‘noe either of the terrestrial of ce omar a option ote tina epperaan, | a ee ell Wa ‘able comprising’ three naulated conductors, sod the | magnetised pendulum 3 ‘moaniromenta tre mad at the surface by mesns of 8 potent. | which hangs’ freely, thus Inotar. ‘Tho menmurments are extremely wp lasting Ton that va ins ‘2'minvto at each point 20 that 1000 metres of dril hele an bo | Temaining, elways vertical. furveyed in about an hour. ‘The measurements ere accurate to | Compass, motor and pen- SiEiNTalf arn which un at tho bet ofa 00 | dulum enclosed sha {inten dnp ca bo een fo wit 8 mre Roron‘al ‘water-tight casing 4, whi "Toe dipuieter ut nprovernt on toe miecinometer, which | YMCT-tight easing, which conaate fa the adtion to ts lator apparatus of an extenaon comprising ® pole for gending current into the ground and | Cylindrical tube filled wit ‘aburingalectroden." Thowe lator permit the egauement of | an insulating liquid. (trans ‘io oqupotontal rurfces induced bythe pewagsettie earronts | formator oll for instance) {fom which ean be deducod the dicetion of the dip ofthe beds | Mega ton Ghee on euetene in ladon fo the magnetic North, ‘Tho toseuremonts, are mplete appa Particularly easy in the case of steep dips, greater than 10 degrees, | Suspended from a cable 5, For example, which comprises several insulated conductors. Some ‘Tae Execrromaoxento Tutncuivosnran. ote ae aaolen | rm te sia the ete Rapid driling methods, and in partioular tho rotary | current for the motor and process, are often the cause of oonsiderablo deviation | pendulum, and others are from the vertical, the inclination of th hols sometimes | uel to measure the electro ing greater than 20 degrees, The result in, that, in | motive forces induced in deep wells such as are found in oil exploitation, the | thecompass.. ‘The measure- bottom of @ drill holo may bo situated sevoral hundred | ments are made at the ractze from the vertical of the location. Its evident | Srlaco ‘of tho ground by ‘at for many practical applications itis most iniportant | moans of potentiomoter. to linow thechoct devin at diferent opthovond to | he. cable isPwound on he able to plot » graph giving (in horizontal projection, | winch which permits of the Torexampl) the fueve followed by the dail Role tho | tloeinomted being’ moved ground, up and down the hole. ‘The determination of the deviation comprises the measurement of the following two parameters : Peed cee Fig, 2. represents the 1. the angle 8 of inclination made by the axis of the | apparatus with the water- ‘well with the vertical. | tight casing removed. 2. the azimuth ¢ of tho horizontal projection of this The compass 1 is consti- same axis with the North. ‘tuted essentially by a coil of insulated copper wire placed Knowing these parameters for a series of in in two grooves cut’ ina depths, every 30" motree for examples the deviation | graph can easily be obtained, as mentioned above, as. ‘The uso of tho industion Tong as it is admitted that the hole is approximately | omPaasfororionsation om board straight between the conse utive measuring points, which condition is quite sufficiently realised in practice with measuring points near together. The electromagnetic teleclinometer, which is the hes of the present paper, gives silane the Popowd ‘and wud by Pro Keer tin Bonover, dal information pomeersing tho a rw will be found tn the tro lowing publensiona = “Un compas dectromag angle 8 and the azimuth ¢ of the inclination. As it can yéuiqua pour Ubeckhasmetenes easily be moved. up ‘anf down the well andas the | Sumonyuatl per Ly Dasoyen ‘measurements take barely minute at each point, tho | Compl endud de Aca deviation graph can be obtained very rapidly with the, | $e/gc 7, M8, IME leclinometer. | marine et loure ‘méthodor do Eompensation Noutent con Principles of the Electromagnetic Teleclinometer. Slectromagndtique," par Le 5 | Danoyer* Amaatee de Phyeizae, The apparatus is based on the use of an induction | 1900, 10,41; 1223 st 1000, 47,40 44THE ELECTROMAGNETIC TELECLINOMETER AND DIPMETER, apbere of nmulating materi the speria form olsen Tiction, ws the compass tims in the oil at e great speed), ‘The ends of ths oil aro attached to a collector (not. shown on the figure), touching. which are four Brushes, wo" By tro dimcrcaly, On th fige a X-and Y can be seen the outer part of the supports of ‘two of these brushes. bs ee “The magnetised pendulum 3 is an electromagnet constituted by cote of special ferro-nickel (without hysteriss and without » temperature eoelicent), and a | cl of copper wire whose ends are connacted by flexible ‘connections to the current terminals. ‘The top of this pendulum is attached to.a cardan suspension in such & way that it remains constantly vertical. ‘The motor 2, ‘hich provides the power isan ordinary dy HP. motor, A relay 8 may also bo observed on she figure. The co of this relay ie duc to tho fact that it was Eesired to-use a cable composed only of thre insulated conductors (cablo used normally for elctical coring of Srl holes). "One of these conttuctors supplies current {0 eth the motor an tho plum, the oben ea ing through the soil, ‘Tue two other conductors are Connected succesively to the four brushes, by means of fhe relay Auxiliary Apparatuses, At the surface, near the winch, are situated the auxiliary apparatuses, some of which are used for supplying current to the teleclinometer, the others for 425 measuring the differences of potential produced between the brushes of the induction compass (Fig 4) “The source of current is composed essentially of cells, connected to n small switchboard 15, itted with & Theostat for regulating the current, it arhmeter (these tro apparatus making puto giveth current © consi and own vue change-over and wcv-oot ‘On ig. 4 can also be soon an orienting board 14, comprising turing platform IS" on which rests. © support 18, which cat br inclined ati "Thitonenting board is used to calibrate the telelinometer, by giving toit known positions in elation to tho vertical ad to the magnetic North. ‘The measuring apparatus is constituted by a potenti. meter 17 Taking of the Measurements. ‘As already explained, the compass comprises two pairs of diametrical brushos XX" and YY", perpendicular fone to the othor (S60 Fig. 6) One determines the difference of potential produced by induction at each of the pairs of brushes during the rotation of the compass, firstly by the action of the feet magnetic fol. and enonaly by the ction of the magnetic field produced by the magnetis lum. ‘The four following differences of potential are therefore determined : Nz emf. produced by the action of the terrestrial wtie field between X and X’, produced by the action of the terrestrial tio field between Y and Y’ I, eam. produced by tho action of the magnotised ‘pendulum between X and X’. I, emf. produced by the action of the magnetised ‘pendulum between ¥ and ¥’. Interpretation of the Measurements, ‘To make the interpretation of the measurements clearer, it is useful to consider a plane of reference ae N, emi426 perpendicular to the axis of the apparatus, and containing ‘the four brushes XX’ and YY’, and in’ this plane two co-ordinate axes XX’ and ¥'¥ coinciding with the lines of brushes (see Fig. 6). If in this system of co-ordinate axos Nz and Ny aro considered as the components of a vector W, it is easily demonstrated that 47 represents, with a constant factor, Fie. 5. the component of the terrestrial magnetic field vector erpondicular to the axis of the apparatus, In particu- t, if the apparatus is vertical, .V represents the hori- zontal component of the terrestrial magnotio field vector. NV therefore indicates the magnetic’ North, and. its position in relation to the lines of brushes gives immediately the orientation of the latter. J, and 1, are also considered as the components of the vector J (inclination vector). ‘The magnetic field of the pendulum not being uniform field, D represents, with 4 constant factor, the average of the magnetic vector of the magnetised pendulum in the volume described by THE ELECTROMAGNETIC TELECLINOMETER AND DIPMETER, the coil of the compass. As far as direction is concerned, this veetor J coincides with the projection of the axis of ‘the magnetised pendulum, that is to say of the vertical, fon the plane of reference. As for size, the vector J increases with the inclination of the apparatus, and for ‘small angles it is roughly proportional to this inclination. ‘The two vectors WV and J form between them an angle 4. In the caso of slight, inclinations, the vector NV coincides approximately with the magnetic North, and the angle measures directly the azimuth of the clination, ive. the azimuth of the vertical plane con- taining the axis of the drill hole. In the ease of con- siderable inclinations, N’ no longer coincides with. the ‘magnetic North, and itis necessary to caleulate Band ¢ by ‘means of the following formule | ctype ret gain? gy I 1. y=!) sn ® cose = cos 3 cosy + sind sing ooag . (9) In these formule, the notations are as follows : pis the ratio betwoon the length of the vectors Zand V defined above. 4 ia the angle between the vectors D and N computed positively from NV towards D in the direction of rohan ofa wate va 1 is the angle made by tho terrestrial magnetic fil ‘with the vertical in the district where thomeasure- Tents aro made, « is the angle made by the terrestrial magnetic field with tho axis of revolution of the apparatus (e., Yrth the axis ofthe drill hole) at a given point. 2 ia the anglo made by the axis of rovolution of the apparatus (ce, the axis of the dll hole) with the ‘vertical at given point. $ is the azimuth of the inclination, i. the azimuth of the vertical plane containing the axis of revolu- tion of the apparatus (axis of drill hole) ata given point, in relation to the magnetic North. This eimuth is computed positively from 0° to 360° from the magnetic North, in the direction of the hands of a watch, 410) is 8 fonction of the inolination 3 characterisin, the apparatus used, function determined once for all at the time of the apparatus being eal brated. ‘The meaning of the different parameters is also given in Fig. 7, in which is shown the sphero of radius 1 drawn round the point of measurement 0. V, M and H represent respectively the intersection of this sphere with the vertical OV, with the direction of the terrestrial magnetic field OM, and with the axis of the drill hole on. Te must be mentioned here that the solution of the system of equations (7), (8) and (9) ia easier than it appears at first sight. It is made by means of an abae established by calculation once and for all for the district under consideration, and which gives immediately ¢ and a I 8 as a function of y and ‘The calibration, i, the determination of the function {[@) characterising the apparatus, is made by placing ‘the teleclinometor in a eertain numberof known positions, ‘To do this, itis fixed on an orienting board, is repre: sented in Fig. 4. "Iein given a certain number of sues.THE ELECTROMAGNETIC TELECLINOMETER AND DIPMETER, sive inclinations, all oriented in the magnetic meridian. It is demonstrated that the function f(8) defined above is given by equality. £0) = yin (+3) (io) applied to the different measurements earred out under these conditions. ‘The calibration is then finished, and the abac of interpretation can be calculated by means of the formule (8), (), (8) and (10). pn Me Practical Results, ‘With the apparatuses realised up to the present, having a magnetised pendulum constructed to permit an inclination measurement up to about 30°, the measure- ments are accurate to within half degree. ‘This means ‘that these apparatuses permit the location of the base of a 1000 metre hole to within '8 motres horizontally, which is quite sufliciont in practice. In the case of lesser inclinations, longer magnetised, pendulums, permitting. more accurate measurements, ‘could be used, but this necessity has not yet been felt. ‘The measurements are extremely rapid; as mentioned above, it takes less than a minute to cary out the ‘measurements at a given point. If one considers that ‘the measurements are mado 25 metres, which is quite sufficient in practice, and that tho winch makes it, easily possible to draw up the apparatus at a speed of ‘about I metro per second, itis seen that only 1} minutes are necessary for each “point of measurement, which Takes a total of about 1 hour to survey 1000 metres of Ezamples of Driltholes Surveyed by Meane of the Electro- ‘magnetic Teleclinometer. Figs. 8 and 9 show examples of results obtained by means of the teleclinometer.. ‘The curves represent the horizontal projection of the axis of the drill hole. The points marked on the curves represent the successive Position of the dei hole 427 asionn as which the eamrements were eavnd out figures given beside these points indicate. their ive depth, and the angles give the inclination in Agrees ofthe dil hole atthe corresponding depth. ‘Numerous verifentions have. boon made. Some of them concerned only the value ofthe angle of inclination, GUYAGUYARE (TRINDAD) Hornontal projection of hole - September 1882 g E japon bees pees ep one! Eout428 and were made with the acid bottle, others concemed both the value and the orientation of the inclination, and ero mado for example by means of apparatus based on the orientation of the drill stems. Vig. 9 shows verification of a different but perfectly convincing type two drill holes crossed each other, and this is clearly indicated by the corresponding teleclinograms (moasure- ments made at Sourakhany, U-SS.R., 1923). ‘We will not dwell on the interest presented by the systematic study of the deviation of the drill holes in a given field. ‘Tho information obtained therefrom con- cerning the location of tho horizons gives considerable precision to the tectonic data, and is of particular importance in the case of irregular structures and steep ips (salt domes, ete.). ‘sounactany (usan) It is thus, for example, that in tho Grozny field in USSR., more than sixty drill holes wero studied by means of the electromagnetic teleclinometer during the year 1932. ‘* The measurements carried out haveshown ‘that, in the great majority of drill holes, the horizontal displacement of the bottom of the hole runs up-dip, that is to say that the bottom of rotary-drilled wells, because of the deviation, incline approximately towards the of the fold. ‘The data obtained from the deviat ‘measurements were fully utilised to draw up the strac- tural map of the field.”* ‘We may add that the teleolinograms indicate clearly the sudden changes of inclination which almost alws correspond with bad management of the drilling. ‘They {hus constitute « means of controling the work of the rillers. ‘Tax Exuormousoxsme Deusen. ‘Tho problem which consists in determiiing the direction and azimuth ofthe dip ofthe beds traversed by 4 dill hole is of great practical interest, When a second well isto bo drilled inthe Deighbouthoed of ene already risting, it ia oxtromely important to know beforehand at about what depth this socond hole will meet a bod Already located at a cortain level by the fst hole: When a strictly vertical hole is drilled in sedimentary rock, the examination of the cores recovered. urually fives with oullcient accuracy the angle s of the dip of tho bods traversed, that is to say, their angle of inc tion nthe horizontal plane,” Ite dilielt to deton = C. A. Makaronko : “On the question of the Tevton the Now Gromy Piald,” The OW Industry, Moscow, 1989, THE ELECTROMAGNETIC TELECLINOMETER AND DIPMETER however, the direction and the azimuth of the di isto say, tho azimuth 0 in relation to tho North, runted the line of greatest slope of the beds, and the direction which must be taken in order to descend this slope. "For this determination, itis necessary to recover cores oriented in relation to a given vertioal plane—the North-South plane for example—and this operation is extremely delicate. In practice, with the mechanical toring devices at present in use, i can only be realised in shallow drill holes. Te must be noted, also, that oil wolls drilled with tho rotary are often appreciably inclined from tho vertical, Inv ouah ease, the’ angle of incination of the strata (apparent dip) messured on the cores, is not equal to the dip « of the formation, but is a function of this dip 2 tnd of the angle of inclination of the dril holo. It is thus no longer sufficient to recover an oriented coro. ‘The value and direction of the inclination of the drill hole must also be determined, for example, by means of the electromagnetic teleeinometer already described. ‘The dipmeter makes it possible to avoid the dificulties mentioned above, and can be applied whatever the depth of the drill hole, It utilises only measurements mado in the tneased_part of the hole. ‘The apparatus consists essentially of an electromagnetic teleclinometer identical to that doseribod in tho fit part of the paper, but comprises azo @ syrtem of electrodes immerbed. In the water filling the dril hole. Principles of Dip Orientations by Potential Measure- ments. Experience has shown that sedimentary rock is @ better conductor of ourzent parallel to tho strata than perpendicular thereto, and that for the electri curent it possosses all the properties of an anisotropic body, as Tong aa one consider the average phenom in a volume of rock 1. Suffciently large to exclude small local irregula- nities; yet 2. Sufficieély small for the strata to remain ap- proximately plane in ita entire volume. When ain electric current is passed between an earth contact 4 situated inside a stratified formation, and a, second earth contact B situated at a distance at any ven point in the ground, the equipotential surfaces fed fe aE ta apes whose axis Z’ AZ is perpendicular to the strate at’ poi ‘A. In practice, point is situated inside a drill hole, in the part which is uncased, yet filled with mud (eee Fig. 10).. The -equipotential surfaces are not greatly altered te presen of the dl ole end reat roughly ellipsoids, as long as the region very near A is not taken into account. The intersection of these different: sur- faces with the drill hole takes place roughly according to parallel planes FF", eto. ‘The plane of symmetry conducted by the axis of the drill hole, perpendicularly to the strata (plane of Fig. 10) is also tho plane of symmetry of the potentials. In the particular ease where the drill hole is approxi- mately vertical (caso of Fig. 10) this plane of symmetry of the potentials gives dircetly the azimuth of the dip, Tho inclination of the equipotentint surfaces_at their interscotion with the drill hole, that is to aay, the dip of planes FF", et., is always less than the dip of the forma- tions, but ithas the same direction and the same azimuth, ‘The determination of the direction and azimuth of the dip of formations consists therefore in the determination of the direction and azimuth of the dip of the equipoten-THE ELECTROMAGNETIC TELECLINOMETER AND DIPMETER. 429 tial surfacos at their intersection with the aril hole.) to the strata, also conducted by this samo axis ‘As to the absclute value of the dip, itis given by the (plane of aymmetry of the potentials). cores recovered from the well. Azimuth of the dip in relation to the magnetic ‘When the drill hole is not vertical, the plane of eym- | North metry of the potentials coincides with the plane con | Shei by thei of tho di Hb perpen | | | zimuth of the in- clination of the hole jin relation to the ‘magnetic North. The value of the para: ee meters 3,7, 6, i8 measured iby moans of the dipmoter, whereas that. of Ineasured ona coro re. ‘covered from the drill hoe. "To dotermino the plano of aymmetry of the po: tentials, constant. and Positive cument. is sent Into the ground from pole <4, situated on the axis of the dri holo, and. the erence of potential pro- ic tate to dlc trodes Q and 2, sym. metrical one to tho other in relation to the axis of the dril hoe (see Fig. 11), is measured by a potentio- meter placed’ at the sur. face. Pho two lectrodes Q and R ould then be turned, ‘round the axis ofthe drill hole until the difference of otential between Q and ‘becomes, maximum, @ being positive in relation to 8, Vat this time QR would be situated in. the plane of symmetry of the potentials, and, ifthe dill Foote" wero vertical, QR would indicate the azimath of the dip, ‘Thedip would, moreover, be oriented i the direction of Q towards Rie. towards the elec. ‘rode, whose potential i lowest. “in practice, the rotation of the electrodes Q and ® ‘vould be dificalt to realise, and it is sufficient to Ian the dileecc of tial produ Freon two groups of cleo. trodes QR and 81, fixed to the apparatus, QRS? boing respectively oriented. in relation to the appar- ; ; atus in the same way 98 the different parameters having the following meaning : ihe brushes 2° YP" of actual dip of the formation. | the telectinometor compass, so that the lines of electrodes apparent dip of the formation (measured on the | Qitand 8 coincide respectively in direction and azimuth cores | with the axes XX’ and YY’ of reference of the teleclino- 3 = inclination of the drill hole in relation to the | meter(see Fig. 11). The difference of potential measured vertical. | between the electrodes @ and F is called D, (Dz being x = angle betwoen the vertical plane conducted by the | positive if the potential of Fis greater than that of ©, axis of the drill hole and the plane perpendicular | fn the contrary case) snd the difference of the'strata, Tho dip « and the azimuth 0 of the dip are | then given by the formal cos x = cosy 0088 + siny sin Boos, . . (10) | - sin y sin x 160 — 8) = any can cosy — Cony an’ * (uy430 Potential betwoen the electrodes and 7’ is called Dy {D, being positive i the potential of is greater that thde of 8, ogative in the contrary case). "De and Dy fre. considered an the componente of a vector D (dip ‘eetor) in the aystem of co-ordinate axea XX Y'Y of the telelinometer Te the drill hole under consideration is vertical, the vector D fndlicates the azimuth of the dip in relation to the axes of the apparatus, Since the direction of the tngnetie North in relation to theao same axes is known, ining given by the vector N (eee chapter teledinometer), the angle betmeen the vectors NV and D immediately ives die azimuth of the dip (Fig. 12). IF the drill hole i not vertical, the vector D indicates the azimath of the apparent dip in relation to the dsl hole.” The azimuth ofthe actual dip of the formations ier longer given divectly by tho age ofthe vectors ‘nd’ D, and tho actual dip and tho azimuth of the dip ‘rt be elealated by means ofthe above equations (11) find (12), noting thab the angle y is equal to the angle mado by vevtot I with vector D (sce Fig. 13), Equations (11) and (12) are quickly solved by means of an abac calculated beforehand. Detaile of Construction. ‘The dipmétor as realised at the present time is shown 14. Ateach end is found a centralising apparatus 20, for maintaining the dipmeter along the axis of the Grill hole, ‘The teleclinometer is situated at the bottom, above this centralising apparatus, and is almost identical to the one described in the preceding section and represented on Figs. 1,2 and 4. The only modification consists in tho addition of two supplementary positions THE ELECTROMAGNETIC TELECLINOMETER AND DIPMETER to the relay, allowing the measuring oables to be con nected successively to the electrodes @ and then to the tletrodcs and 2. At 22 in situated tie pole A for fending eument int tho ground fol bythe sae erent fs the magnetised pendulum and the telecinometer oor, he lctrodon QRS ate an conn support 38. 'Phis upper part ofthe apparatus is constituted by a retallie tube fitted with an insulated rubber covering 24, to which the connecting wires going to pole A and to tho electrodes QRS are bound. ‘The electrode support 2 can be easily replaced, which permits ofits being adapted to the diatnetar of any dil Foto. ‘The apparatus thus males it posible to carry out dip orientations in all drill holes"whose” damier is greater than 120 ram. Favourable Conditions for Determining the Azimuth of the Dip. ‘The better bedded the formations, i.e. the more anisotropic they are, the more accurate will be the dip orientations made with the dipmeter. From this point of view, gypsum marls are certainly very fovourable. ‘The steeper the dip, also, the better the determination of its orientation. Dips in'the neighbourhood of 45° are the most favourable, but the apparatus can givo gull ciently accurate dip’ orientations as long as the dip is greater than 5, or better still, than 10 degrees. ‘The length of time required for o dip determination naturally depends on the conditions existing in each Grill hole, and in particular on the number of levels to be surveyed. It takes about two or threo hours to survey tne level, even supposing that metsurements are made AU short intervals, for the purpose of obtaining an average eliminating the influence of local irrogularitios.