‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   216 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 
9W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫ א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   216 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
DC Chopper Drives

‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،EF‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KKKKK‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

E4-1) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 Ton‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،E4-1F
، ‫א‬Toff ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E2-13F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   216 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

Ton
Vo = Vs = kVs (4-1)
T
 
‫א‬ Vs

‫א‬ Ton

‫א‬ Toff

‫א‬‫א‬ T

‫א‬ Vo

‫א‬ k

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (4-1)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
IGPT, MOSFET, GTO،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
W
‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ J
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬
   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  E4-2F‫א‬K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E4-3F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   216 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E4-4F ‫א‬   K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(4-1)‫א‬
I s = k Ia (4-2)
W(Pa) ‫א‬‫א‬(Ps) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ps = Pa = VsIs = VaIa = kVsIa (4-3)

E4-2 F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

E4-3 F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   216 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

Vg1

Vg2

IQ1

IQ2

Io

Vo

E4-4F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W(4-1) 
600 V‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  0.06 Ω ‫א‬   0.04 Ω ‫א‬   0.6   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K200 N.m. ‫א‬  0.031V/A-rad/sec  
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   216 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  1000 rpm. ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
Vs = 600 V k= 0.6 Rf = 0.06 Ω Ra = 0.04 Ω
TL=200 N.m Kv = 0.031 V/A.rad./sec.
W‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Td = TL = 75 N.m
 E
E4-4F‫א‬‫א‬E4-3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
‫א‬
Va= kVs = 0.6(600) =360 V
Te
Te = KvIa2 = =80.322 Amp
If = Ia =
Kv
Eb = Va –Ia(Ra+Rf) = 360 –80.322(0.1)= 351.968 V
E
ω = b =141.245 rad/sec.
KvI f
60ω
n= =1348.79 rpm
2π
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ps= kVsIa = 0.6(600)(80.322) =28.916 KW
 E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2πn
ω= = 104.72 rad/sec
60
Eb = KvIfω = 260.75 V

Va= Eb + IaRa = 268.78 V

Va
k= = 0.448
Vs

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   216 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

Regenerative Braking ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E4-5F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫" ﻓﺈن‬Q"‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬”D“‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E4-5) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E4-6F‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬    
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
(4-4)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Va=Vch=(1-k)Vs (4-4)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   216 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Is = (1- k) Ia (4-5)
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ps = Pg = VsIs = VaIa =(1 - k)VsIa (4-6)

E4-6F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   216 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Eb= Eg = Va + IaRa=(1-k)Vs+Ia(Ra+Rf) (4-7)

K‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

0 ≤ E g − I a ( Ra + R f ) ≤ Vs
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(ωmin)‫א‬‫א‬
Eg – Ia(Ra+Rf)=0
KvIf ωmin - Ia(Ra+Rf)=0

I a ( Ra + R f )
ω min = (4-8)
Kv I f
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( Ra + R f )
ω min = (4-9)
Kv

 (ωmax)‫א‬‫א‬
Eg – Ia(Ra+Rf)=Vs
KvIf ωmax - Ia(Ra+Rf)= Vs
Vs + I a ( Ra + R f )
ω min = (4-10)
Kv I f

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(ωmax)‫א‬‫א‬(ωmin)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   216 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 W(4-2) 
،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬    
 0.03 Ω‫א‬ 0.6‫א‬ 600 V‫א‬
  K250 A. ‫א‬   0.016V/A-rad/sec   ‫א‬  0.05 Ω ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
Vs = 600 V k= 0.6 Rf = 0.05 Ω Ra = 0.03 Ω
Ia=250 Amp Kv = 0.016 V/A.rad./sec.
 E
E4-6F‫א‬‫א‬(4-5)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Va=(1-k)Vs = 0.4(600) =240 V
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ps = Pg = VsIs = VaIa =(1 - k)VsIa = 48 KW
 ‫א‬
Eg = Va + Ia(Ra+Rf) = 256 V
Eg
ω= =80 rad/sec.
KvI f

60ω
n= =763.94 rpm
2π
 E
ω min ‫א‬‫א‬
( Ra + R f )
ω min = = 5 rad/sec
Kv

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   216 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

60ω
nmin = =47.746 rpm
2π
ωmax‫א‬‫א‬
Vs + I a ( Ra + R f )
ω min = =192.5 rad/sec
Kv I f
60ω
n max = =1838.24 rpm
2π

Dynamic BrakingE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E4-7F ‫א‬ K‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

(4-7) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   (4-8) ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   (4-11) ‫א‬   (Ib) ‫א‬
(4-12)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Ib = (1- k) Ia (4-11)

Vb=Vch=RbIa(1-k) (4-12)
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   216 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pb = VbIb = (1 - k)2 Ia2 Rb (4-13)

(4-8)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W(4-3) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 0.03 Ω‫א‬ 0.02 Ω‫א‬ 0.5‫א‬
6 Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K120 A‫א‬ 0.016V/A-rad/sec 
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   216 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
k= 0.5 Rf = 0.03 Ω Ra = 0.02 Ω

Ia=120 Amp Kv = 0.016 V/A.rad./sec. Rb = 6 Ω

 E
(4-8)‫א‬‫א‬(4-7)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vb=Vch=RbIa(1-k)= 6(120)(1-0.5)=360 V
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pb = VbIb = (1 - k)2 Ia2 Rb = 21.6 KW
 E
‫א‬
Vb)max=Vch)max=RbIa= 6(120)=720 V
 ‫א‬

Eg = Va + Ia(Ra+Rf) = 366 V
Eg
ω= =190.625 rad/sec.
KvI f

60ω
n= =1820.33 rpm
2π

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Combined Dynamic and Regenerative Braking
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ”Q1“‫א‬ (4-9)‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ،”D“ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬

- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   216 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬”Q2“‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ”Q2“‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ”Rb“
K”Q1“ ‫א‬

(4-9) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K(4-10)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
(4-10) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   216 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

Q1،Q1, D1‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 OFF   Q1   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ON   
،Q2, D2‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬ D1‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ON   Q2
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (OFF)‫א‬  Q2‫א‬
 D2 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،E‫א‬ ‫א‬F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4-11)‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

(4-11) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  Q1, Q2 ،(OFF) ‫א‬  Q3, Q4 Q2, Q1‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Q1   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   (ON)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   216 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬FD4Q2‫א‬‫א‬ONQ2 ،(OFF)‫א‬
 KE‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬ ،(ON) ‫א‬  Q4  (OFF) ‫א‬  Q1, Q2, Q3
‫א‬،(OFF)‫א‬Q4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D2,Q4
   ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ D1, D2

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  Q3, Q4،(OFF) ‫א‬  Q1, Q2 Q4, Q3‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
   ‫א‬   (ON)
‫א‬ ON Q4  OFF‫א‬ Q3‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬FD2Q4‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬ (ON) ‫א‬  Q2  (OFF) ‫א‬  Q1, Q3, Q4
‫א‬ (OFF) ‫א‬  Q2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ D4 Q2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D4, D3‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   216 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬



W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K

K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫ א‬K

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
600 V‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  0.05 Ω ‫א‬   0.03 Ω ‫א‬   0.6   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K70 A‫א‬0.031V/A-rad/sec 
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  20%‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬“DC chopper”‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.05 Ω‫א‬0.03 Ω‫א‬660 V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   216 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K 0.035V/A-rad/sec  ‫א‬ 
W‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬547 Nm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬0.03 Ω‫א‬0.02 Ω‫א‬،660 V‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ،250 A. ‫א‬  250 V ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  0.016V/A-rad/sec
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬           
‫א‬0.03 Ω‫א‬‫א‬K5 Ω“DC chopper”
350A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬14mV/A.rad/sec.‫א‬0.05 Ω
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬60%‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬ K


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