SINGULARITY - pure enrgy compressed

EARTH SCIENCE in single point

The universe is composed of 1. BIG BANG THEORY

- stars 2. RADIATION ERA
- galaxies 3. GRAVIATTIONAL FORCE
- solar system SEPARATES FROM 3 FORCES
- sun 4. INFLATION
- asteroids 5. STRONG FORCE SEPARATES
- planets FORM ELECTROWEAK\
6. QUARKS FORMATION
COMPOSITION 7. WEAK AND ELECTROMAGNETIC
SEPARATION
Baryonic Matter (4.6%) 8. QUARKS BIND TO MAKE PROTONS
- ordinary matter consisting of protons, 9. PRIMORDIAL NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
electrons, neutrons that comprises OCCURS
atoms, planets, stars, galaxies 10. MATTER ERA
Cold Dark Matter (24%) 11. COSMIC MICROWAVE
- matter that has gravity but does not BACKGROUND AND RECOMBINATION
emit light 12. STARS
Dark Energy (71.4%) 13. GALAXY
- a source of antigravity: a force that 14. SUN
counteracts gravity and causes 15. EARTH
universe to expand 16. DARK ENERGY ERA
THREE MOST ABUNDANT 17. LIFE
- hydrogen 18. PRESENT TIME
- helium 19. NO LIFE
- lithium 20. MILKY WAY AND ADROMEDA
COLLIDE
Stars - building blocks of galaxies 21. SUN COLLAPSE
Superclusters - clusters of galaxies
Galaxies - cluster of billion of stars DOPPLER’S EFFECT - change in
Universe is 13.8 billion years old frequency/wave due to motion
REDSHIFT - use to tell the distance of
BIG BANG THEORY object that is very far away
- ORIGINATED FROM INFINITELY COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
TINY DENSE POINT - source of static
FOUR FORCES: GRAVITY, STRONG - universe used to be orange
NUCLEAR, WEAK, - cooling down of universe
ELECTROMAGNETIC Recombination

SOLAR SYSTEM

Encounter Hypothesis - star passed
through sun
- hot gases continue to spin
- same direction as sun forming planets
Nebular Hypothesis - large cloud gas
protosun - planets within disk
Protoplanet Hypothesis - fragment of
interstellar cloud
Planetsimals- protoplanets - planets
- going circles
STARS
- first things formed
- normal vs. massive
NORMAL — RED GIANT
MASSIVE — SUPER RED GIANT
- SUPERNOVA
———- NEUTRON BLACK HOLE
TWO FORCES
1. GRAVITATIONAL
2. THERMAL
3. SUPERNOVA - STAR EXPLOSION
* PLUTO IS ORBITING TO KUIPER’S
BELT
* PLUTO DOES NOT HAVE OWN
ORBIT
* ORBITING AND HAS GRAV FORCE
EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS
ATMOSPHERE - VITAL PART OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- ENSURES THE ADEQUATE
AMOUNT AND FLOW OF GASES ON
EARTH
- IF THERE IS NO ATMOSPHERE =
EXTREME CLIMATE CHANGES AND
EXPOSURE TO UV RAYS
EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS
1. GEOSPHERE
2. HYDROSPHERE
3. ATMOSPHERE
4. BIOSPHERE
GEOSPHERE
- solid earth
- rocks and minerals
- mountains and hills
HYDROSPHERE
- totality of earth’s water
- including forzen parts (crysosphere)
BIOSPHERE
- all life forms
- organic matter that has not yet
decomposed
WATER CYCLE - interaction between
diff subsystems of hydrosphere
water from the ground — absorbed by
plants through osmosis — released in
the atmosphere — transpiration — water
vapor — precipitation — absorbed by
rpcks to form groundwater
biogeochemical cycles - pathways
ROCKS AND MINERALS
minerals - naturally-occuring, inorganic,
solid with a definite chemical
composition and an ordered internal
structure
mineraloids - no ordered internal
structure
rock - naturally-occuring, coherent
aggregate to minerals or solid materials
such as natural glass or organic matter
- found in lithosphere
IGNEOUS ROCKS
 Non renewable
- nuclear
- fossil fuels
- ex: coal and petroleum

FOSSIL FUELS
- world’s primary energy source

Coal - clack combustible rock

Petroleum - naturlly-occuring liquid
composed of complex hydrocarbons
HYDROLOGIC OR WATER CYCLE

Heat coming from the sun provides

energy for the movement of water —
INTRUSIVE - BELOW SURFACE
causes evaporation or the process in
EXTRUSIVE - ON SURFACE
which liquid water becomes vapor
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
— transpiration is evaporation of water
METAMORPHIC ROCKS - FROM PRE
fromleaves and stems of plants
EXISTING ROCKS
— ice to water vapor is called
sublimation — vapor to liquid or solid is
condensation — precipitation is transfer
of water from atmosphere to surface

SOIL
TROPOSPHERE - WEATHER OCCURS
STRATOSPHERE - NO WEATHER
45% MINERAL
MESOSPHERE - COLDEST
25% AIR
YJERMOSPHERE - SATELLITES
25% WATER
EXOSPHERE - OUTERMOST
5% ORGANIC MATTER
ENERGY RESOURCES
5 FACTORS THAT AFFECT SOIL
FORMATION
Renewable resource - can be
1. Parent material
replenished or regenerated on a human
- soils formed through weathering -
time scale.
residual soils
- geothermal
2. Climate
- flowing water
3. Topography
- wind
4. Biological factors
- solar
5. Time
- biomass
EXOGENIC PROCESSES
- occur on earth’s surface
Weathering - on-site breaking down of
rocks
may be physical x chemical
Chemical Weathering - involves a
change in composition of the rock
Common chemical reactions
1. Dissolution - happens in certain
materials dissolved in water
2. Hydrolysis - water reacts with
minerals and breaks them down
3. Oxidation - reaction of oxygen with
minerals in rock forming oxides
4. Hydration - occurs when water is
absorbed into the crystal structure of
mineral, causing it to expand
5. Biological weathering - when fungi
and lichens secrete organic acids
that dissolve minerals
Mechanical weathering - physical
breakdown of rock
Erosion - separation and removal of
weathered and unweathered rocks and
soil from its substrate due to gravity or
transporting agents like wind, ice or
water.
Deposition - process in which
sediments settle out of transporting
medium
ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
Magma and Volcanism
Magma - molten rocks found beneath
earth’s surface
Lava - magma emerging at surface
Formation of Magma
1. Decompression melting - melting
occurs when temperature stays the
same but pressure decreases
2. Flux melting - volatiles and gaseous
substances are added into hot solid
rocks
3. Heat transfer melting - melting of
surrounding rocks caused by very
hot magma
4. Partial melting - when rock begins to
melt, but all only certain materials are
melted
Eutetic temperature - temperature of a
rock
CRYSTALLIZATION OF MAGMA
- occurs when magma cools and
mineral grains start to form
when magma crystallizes, there is a
sequence in the type of mineral formed
Bowen’s reaction series - sequence of
mineral crystallization in igneous rocks is
called
Volcano - visible manifestations of the
process of rock formation
Crater - funnel shaped depression
Eruption - event when lava is spewed
out of the volcano
Effusive eruption - dominated by flow of
lava and formation of fountains and
lakes
Explosive eruption - ejects ash and
larger fragments of broken up pyroclastic
materials , forming ash clouds that
eventually collapse and cover the slopes
of volcano
THREE DIFF KINDS OF VOLCANOES
1. Shield - very broad dome with gentle
slope that covers a wide area
2. Stratovolcanoes or Composite -
composed of alternating layers of
lava and pyrcolastic materials
3. Cinder cone - consists of a small
cone formed by spattering of lava
Earthquake - vibration on surface of
earth resultingfrom sudden release of
energy.
- small shaking that could sway hanging
objects or very large movement that
could destroy buildings
Fault - fracture on which one of the body
rock slides past another
Focus - place where rock ruptures and
slips
Epicenter - point directly above the focus
Seismic waves - energy released from
hypocenter of an earthquake travels as
seismic waves
Body waves - waves that travel from
interior of Earth
Primary waves - body waves in which
the particles of the material move back
and forth parallel to direction of wave
motion
Secondary waves - body waves where
the particles of the material move back
and forth perpendicular to direction of
wave motion
Surface waves - waves that travel along
earth’s surface
Rayleigh waves - surface waves that
cause the ground to ripple up and down
Love waves - surface waves that cause
the ground to move back and forth in a
snake like movement
Mercalli Scale - intensity
Richter Scale - magnitude
Deformation - tectonic forces operating
inside the earth cause rocks to deform
Metamorphism - process occurs when
a rock changes its form into a new one
without undergoing melting or
disintegration

THREE TYPES OF PLATE

BOUNDARIES

1. Divergent

- are where the plates move apart. 

- two plates move away from each other
allowing magma from mantle to rise
up making new crust

2. Convergent

- collision of two plates

3. Transform

- two plates side by one another in two

directions