Journal Sept-2015

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 1
2| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 1
Islami Banking
September 2015
A Journal published by Public Relations Division
Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited
Rbms‡hvM wefvM, Bmjvgx e¨vsK evsjv‡`k wjwg‡UW KZ…©K
cÖavb Kvh©vjq : Bmjvgx e¨vsK UvIqvi
40, w`jKzkv evwYwR¨K GjvKv, XvKv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ|
wWRvBb : bvwn` wcÖw›Us G¨vÛ wWRvBb ÷zwWI
gy`ªY : GfviMÖxb wcÖw›Us G¨vÛ c¨v‡KwRs
2| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
m~wPcÎ
m¤úv`Kxq 5
gb‡Ri Kvn&d
gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn& : AvaywbK Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’vq cÖ‡qvM 7
†gvnv¤§` Ave`yj gvbœvb

gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Av‡jv‡K e¨vswKs I Avgv‡ì KiYxq 31
b~iAvmwj›`v Ave`yj Avwim, †ivnvbv Imgvb I ivwd`vn †gvnv¤§` AvRwj

Bmjvgx A_©vq‡b gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn& I gymwjg gbxlx‡ì fvev`k© 49
BKevj Kexi †gvnb

gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn& ev kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨ 65
ZvIwdK Avj-gyeviK I W. b~i †gvnv¤§` Imgvbx

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡q gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&& I gvmjvnv cÖ‡qvM 73
gynv¤§` ingvZzjøvn L›`Kvi

gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn& : gvbeKj¨vY, Dbœqb I AwaKvi 86
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 3
4| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
m¤úv`Kxq
Bmjvgx kixÔAvn& gnvb Avjøvni c¶ †_‡K gvbeRvwZ‡K †`qv Abb¨ Rxebweavb| Gi i‡q‡Q
KZK¸‡jv wPišÍb I gnvb D‡Ïk¨ hv Kvh©Ki nq mKj hyM I gvby‡li Ava¨vwZ¥K I e¯‘MZ
mgm¨vi †hŠw³K I ev¯Íe mgvavb cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g| gvby‡li Kj¨vY mvgwMÖKfv‡e we‡ePbv K‡i
Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&&| G †¶‡Î ag©-weÁvb I AvBb-weÁvb‡K Avjv`v K‡i †`Lv nq bv| GwU ïay
cvi‡jŠwKK Kj¨v‡Yi c_ †`Lvq bv, †`Lvq Kxfv‡e Bn‡jv‡K kvwšÍ, mg„w× I Kj¨vY AR©b Kiv
hvq| Kj¨vY AR©‡bi GB gnvb j¶¨-D‡Ïk¨‡K ejv nq gvKvwm` Avk&-kixÔAvn&|
wesk kZvãxi †kl PZz_©vs‡k Bmjvgx e¨vsK cÖwZôvi ga¨ w`‡q cÖvwZôvwbK ch©v‡q Bmjvgx
A_©vqb eë¯’vi cybiæ¾xeb N‡U| e¨vs‡Ki cvkvcvwk Bmjvgx exgv †Kv¤úvwb Ges Ab¨vb¨
Bmjvgx A_©vqb cÖwZôvb KwZcq K¬vwmK¨vj A_©vqb Pzw³i wfwË‡Z bZzb ÔA_©vqbÕ Abykxjb
wb‡q GwM‡q Av‡m| kixÕAvn&Õi `„wó‡Z Gme Abykxj‡bi êaZv wb‡q GKmgq e¨vcK weZK©
ˆZwi nq hv Av‡Rv Pj‡Q| W. gb‡Ri Kvn&d Zvi ÔgvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn& : AvaywbK Bmjvgx
A_©vqb eë¯’vq cÖ‡qvMÕ kxl©K wbe‡Ü wiev (my`) wbwl×Ki‡Y kixÔAvn&MZ D‡Ïk¨ AvaywbK
A_©vq‡bi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K hvPvB K‡i‡Qb|
Avw_©K †ÿ‡Î gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn& ev¯Íevq‡bi GKwU gva¨g Bmjvgx e¨vsK| MZ wZb `k‡K
evsjv‡`‡k Bmjvgx e¨vswKs Ôc×wZMZÕ mdjZvi cÖgvY †i‡L‡Q| GiB c_ a‡i AvR †`‡ki
mvwe©K e¨vswKs Kviev‡ii GK-PZz_©vsk Ges †emiKvwi e¨vswKs‡qi GK-Z…Zxqvsk cwiPvwjZ
n‡”Q Bmjvgx c×wZ‡Z| G †`‡k Bmjvgx e¨vswKs gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨MZ mvdj¨
AR©‡b KZUv mdj n‡q‡Q Zv AbymÜv‡bi †Póv K‡i‡Qb †gvnv¤§` Ave`yj gvbœvb Zvi ÔgvKvwm‡`
kixÔAvn&i Av‡jv‡K e¨vswKs I Avgv‡ì KiYxqÕ kxl©K wbe‡Ü|
D¤§vn& Ges mvaviY mgv‡Ri Rb¨ Bmjvgx e¨vswKs KZUzKz mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨
†cuŠQv‡Z †c‡i‡Q Zv wb‡q gbxlx‡ì g‡a¨ wØav i‡q‡Q| mgKvjxb †cÖ¶vc‡U gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i
e¨vcv‡i wdK&n& ev AvBb kv¯¿ Qvov g~j Drm †_‡K wb‡`©kbv MÖnY K‡g †M‡Q| ZvB mgvRKj¨v‡Yi
we‡kl †cÖwÿZ‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Bmjvgx A_©vqb eë¯’vq gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& msµvšÍ aviYv wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb b~iAvmwj›`v Avãyj Avwim, †ivnvbv Imgvb I ivwd`vn †gvnv¤§` AvRwj|
Zviv ÔBmjvgx A_©vq‡b gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn& I gymwjg gbxlx‡ì fvev`k©Õ kxl©K wbe‡Ü
†`wL‡q‡Qb D¤§vn& Ges Zv‡ì fwel¨r cÖR‡b¥i mdjZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Bmjvgx A_©vqb eë¯’vi
cwiPvjb Ges Kg©¶gZvi cÖavb †dvKvm wn‡m‡e gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i evaëvaKZv ˆZwi Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 5
gymwjg Rxeb-mvabvi Acwinvh© Dcv`vb Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&| Zv Qvov Kv‡iv c‡¶ Bmjvgx
Rxebhvcb m¤¢e bq| kixÔAvn& ej‡Z †mme Av‡`k-wb‡la I c_wb‡`©k †evSvq, hv gnvb
Avjøvn Zuvi ev›`vi cÖwZ Rvwi K‡i‡Qb| Gi D‡Ïk¨, gvbyl Avjøvni cÖwZ Cgvb Avb‡e Ges Zvi
Av‡`k †g‡b Rxebhvcb Ki‡e| Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&‡K gymjgvb‡ì eënvikv¯¿ ev AvPiYwewa
ejv hvq| BKevj Kexi †gvnb Zvi ÔgvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn& ev kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨Õ kxl©K
wbe‡Ü kixÔAvn&i D³ wk¶v Ges g~j¨‡eva¸‡jv Zz‡j aivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs eë¯’v cÖewZ©Z n‡q‡Q wZb `k‡KiI †ewkKvj Av‡M| GiB g‡a¨ GB c×wZi
mvdj¨ †hgb Av‡Q, †Zgwb gymwjg MÖvnK‡ì gb Rq Ki‡Z wM‡q Ggb wKQy eë¯’v wb‡Z
n‡q‡Q, hv weZ‡K©i D‡aŸ© DV‡Z cv‡iwb| mgv‡jvPbv D‡V‡Q, †cQ‡bi ìRv w`‡q †ek wKQy
my`wfwËK †jb‡`b cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q GB my`wenxb e¨vswKs †mevq| ZvB ZvIwdK Avj-gyeviK I
W. b~i †gvnv¤§` Imgvbx Zv‡ì ÔBmjvgx e¨vswKs‡q gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&& I gvmjvnv cÖ‡qvMÕ
kxl©K wbe‡Ü gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&&i Av‡jv‡K mgmvgwqK Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi wKQy cY¨
I †mev ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ Av‡iv fv‡jv GKwU e¨vsKeë¯’viI cÖ¯Íve
K‡i‡Qb Zviv |
Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&i g~j¨ D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv e¨w³ I mgwói me©v½xY Kj¨vY| Bmjv‡g gvbeZvi
Kj¨vY‡K G‡ZvUv ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, Ôgvmvwjn&& gyimvjvn&Õ ev AevwiZ
Rb¯^v_©‡K Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&i GKwU Drm wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvbeZvi Kj¨vY mvabB
kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨| A_©vr, Kj¨vYB kixÔAvn& wKsev kixÔAvn&-B Kj¨vY| Bmjvgx e¨vsKvi I
kixÔAvn& M‡elK gynv¤§` ingvZzjøvn& L›`Kvi ÔgvKvwm` Avk&-kixÔAvn &: gvbeKj¨vY, Dbœqb
I AwaKviÕ kxl©K wbe‡Ü gvbe RvwZi êlwqK I Ava¨vwZ¥K Dbœqb Ges †gŠwjK AwaKvi
cÖwZôvq Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&i HwZnvwmK Ae`vb, Gi j¶¨-D‡Ïk¨ I wPišÍb †KŠkj-c×wZ Zz‡j
a‡i‡Qb|
ÔBmjvgx e¨vswKsÕ Rvb©v‡ji PjwZ msL¨vi wbeÜ¸‡jv‡Z gymjgvb‡ì A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK
Rxe‡b ÔgvKvwm` Avk-kixÔAvn&Õ ev kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevqb m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡q‡Q| †h‡Kv‡bv wePv‡i kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv gvbe Rxe‡bi mvwe©K Kj¨vYÑ G welqwU
bvbvfv‡e D‡V G‡m‡Q M‡elK I wbeÜKvi‡ì †jLvq| wbeÜ¸‡jv Bmjvgx e¨vswKs I A_©vqb
wk‡íi PP©vq kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨ c~i‡Y mnvqK n‡e| M‡elK, cÖeÜKvi, Abyev`K I cvV‡Ki
cÖwZ ÔBmjvgx e¨vswKsÕ wel‡q ZvwË¡K I cÖv‡qvwMK wel‡q Avgv‡ì‡K †jLv cvVv‡bvi Aby‡iva
KiwQ| Zvn‡j Avgiv K…ZÁ n‡ev| mvwe©K cÖqvm m‡Ë¡I wKQz fzjÎæwU †jLv¸‡jv‡Z †_‡K †M‡Q|
G wel‡q mevi mü`q gvR©bv Ges g~jëvb gZvgZ I civgk© Kvgbv KiwQ|
6| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&
AvaywbK Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’vq cÖ‡qvM
gb‡Ri Kvn&d1
m~Pbv
wesk kZvãxi †kl PZz_©vs‡k Bmjvgx e¨vsK cÖwZôvi ga¨ w`‡q cÖvwZôvwbK ch©v‡q Bmjvgx
A_©vqbeë¯’vi cybiæ¾xeb N‡U| be¨cÖwZwôZ Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki cvkvcvwk Bmjvgx exgv
†Kv¤úvwb Ges Ab¨vb¨ Bmjvgx A_©vqb cÖwZôvb KwZcq cyi‡bv Bmjvgx A_©vqb Pzw³i wfwË‡Z
bZzb ÔA_©vqbÕ PP©vq GwM‡q Av‡m| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K Pzw³ QvovI i‡q‡Q gyivevnv ev
Av‡`k`vZvi Rb¨ µq (purchase orderer), BmwZmbvÑ hv Av‡iKwU mgvšÍivj BmwZmbv Øviv
mgw_©Z, Avw_©K BRviv cÖf…wZ| G¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g hy‡Mi Avw_©K Pzw³¸‡jv bZzb
K‡i Abykxj‡bi d‡j bZzb †hme kZ© †hvM n‡”Q †m¸‡jv Ges/ev †Kej A_©vq‡bi nvwZqvi
(tool)-G cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv Pzw³i mgš^q mvab kixÔAvn&i `„wó‡Z KZUzKz êa Zv
e¨vcK Av‡jvPbv-mgv‡jvPbvi Rb¥ †`q| G‡ÿ‡Î †h êix mgv‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ N‡U Zvi GL‡bv
cwimgvwß N‡Uwb| GKwesk kZvãxi Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’vq bZzb gvÎv †hvMKvix ZvIqviiæK,
myKzK Ges Avj Kvdvjv we AvRi (paid-for guarantee), †h¸‡jv BZtc~‡e© m¤ú~Y© wbwl×
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡ZvÑ weMZ kZvãxi †kl bvMv` †m¸‡jvi e¨vcv‡i bZzb ai‡bi d‡Zvqv
(Bmjvgx weav‡bi Av‡jv‡K wb‡`©kbv) Avm‡Z ïiæ K‡i| hvi g‡a¨ Av‡iv i‡q‡Q bM` cÖwfkb
ev †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb‡K e¨w³MZ A_©vqb Ges fwel¨r cY¨ I gy`ªvi Rb¨ iÿvKePg~jK
Znwej (hedge fund)| G m¤úwK©Z bZzb d‡Zvqv¸‡jvi cÖwZ `„wó w`‡j eySv hv‡e GLv‡b
Bmjvgx A_©vqb cwiPvjbv, Gi SzuwK cÖkgb Ges G‡K my`wfwËK A_©vq‡bi cÖwZcÿ wn‡m‡e
`vuo Kiv‡Z e¨vcK cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GB wbe‡Ü, wiev (my`) wbwl×Ki‡Yi D‡Ïk¨wU
AvaywbK A_©vq‡bi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K bZzbfv‡e hvPvB Ges GB D‡Ï‡kï m‡½ IBme d‡Zvqv
KZUv m½wZc~Y© Zv cixÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov IBme d‡Zvqvi wPšÍvavivi m‡½ wgj †i‡L
GKB ai‡bi Avw_©K D‡Ïk¨ nvwmj n‡e Ggb kixÔAvn&m¤§Z Avi †Kv‡bv weKí i‡q‡Q wK bv,
ZvI GLv‡b cixÿv K‡i †`Lv n‡q‡Q|
GB wbe‡Üi `ywU Ask i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g As‡k wiev wbwl‡×i D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GLv‡b Av‡iv ejv n‡q‡Q †h ÔBmjvgx A_©vqb Pzw³¸‡jv‡Z wKQz mywbw`©ó SzuwKÕ i‡q‡Q, hv
1 W. gb‡Ri Kvn&d, wmwiqvb es‡kv™¢~Z Av‡gwiKvb cÖ‡dmi| Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ I A_©vq‡bi Ici we‡klÁ| 1975 mv‡j
BDwbfvwm©wU Ae DUvn †_‡K A_©bxwZ‡Z wcGBPwW K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b hy³iv‡óªi I‡q÷wgb÷v‡i †_‡K BmjvwgK A_©bxwZ
I A_©vqb wel‡q civgk©K wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Qb
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 7
Bmjvgx A_©vqb Pzw³i cÖK…wZMZ ZvrÿwYK djvdj| wiev wbwl× nIqvi Kvi‡Y A_©vqbKvixi
GB SzuwK enb cÖZ¨vwkZ| GLv‡b `xN© w`‡bi kixÔAvn& iPbvw`‡Z DwjøwLZ A_©vqb Pzw³¸‡jvi
mvaviY êwkó¨, wiev wbwl× Kivi †hŠw³KZv Zz‡j aivi cvkvcvwk GB wbwl×Ki‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ ev
ÔgvKvwm`Õ¸‡jv bZzbfv‡e we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wØZxq As‡k wiev wbwl×Ki‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ ev ÔgvKvwm`Õ-Gi cÖ‡qvM wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ges wiev
wbwl‡×i D‡Ïk¨ cwic~i‡Yi gva¨‡g bZzb Avw_©K cY¨ m„wói c×wZMZ bxwZgvjv wPÎvwqZ
Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Bmjvgx Avw_©K ga¨¯’Zvi cÖK…wZ, we‡kl K‡i Gi cÖvwZôvwbK iƒc wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| K¬vwmK¨vj wdKn& kv‡¯¿ G¸‡jv wQj bv|
cwi‡k‡l, G‡Z A_©vqb SzuwK Kwg‡q Avb‡Z KwZcq ÔgvKvwm`-evÜeÕ Kg©c×wZ Zz‡j aiv
n‡q‡Q| G‡Z Av‡iv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, †hme D‡Ï‡k¨ KwZcq weZwK©Z d‡Zvqv †hŠw³K cÖgv‡Yi
†Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q IBme Kg©c×wZi gva¨‡g †m¸‡jv gvKvwm` ev Bmjvgx A_©vq‡bi KwZcq
†gŠwjK êwkó¨ j•N‡bi SzuwK QvovB AR©b Kiv hv‡e| GB êwkó¨¸‡jvB my`wfwËK cÖPwjZ
A_©vqbeë¯’vi wecix‡Z Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’v‡K †MŠi‡ei RvqMvq ùvo Kwi‡q †`q|
1. wiev wbwl×Ki‡Yi D‡Ïk¨

mnRvZfv‡e Ges wbR¯^ cÖK…wZi Kvi‡Y my`wfwËK A_©vqb wbLv` e¨w³MZ| KviY, GUv
cy‡ivcywi FYMÖnxZvi mZZv (hv‡K FY cwi‡kv‡ai mvg_©¨ wn‡m‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq) Ges
AwR©Z Rvgvb‡Zi Ici wbf©i K‡i| Gi Av‡iKwU wbwnZv_© n‡jv, wievwfwËK A_©vqb jÿ¨-
gyLx (target-oriented) bq| A_ev ejv hvq, †h D‡Ï‡k¨ A_©vqb Kiv n‡”Q Zvi m‡½ GwU
m¤úK©nxb| Znwej eënv‡ii m‡½ m¤úK© bv _vKv cwiYv‡g Av‡iKwU mgm¨v m„wó K‡i| Gi
KviY n‡jv bxwZ-ˆbwZKZvi avi bv a‡i †h‡Kv‡bv Lv‡ZB e¨w³MZ A_©vqb eënvi Kiv hvq|
Ab¨ K_vq, A_©vq‡bi gvbweK kZ© we‡ePbv K‡i ev ˆbwZK evQwePv‡ii gva¨‡g wievwfwËK
A_©vqb Kiv nq bv| GUv AbygvbwfwËKI e‡U| GLv‡b cÖe„w× Av‡ivc Kiv nq F‡Yi Ici|
A_P FY n‡jv weg~Z© cÖK…wZi m¤ú`| Gi e„w× cvIqvi ÿgZv †bB| wievwfwËK A_©vq‡bi GB
Abygvbwbf©i cÖK…wZ †Kej wbwðZ cÖe„w× a‡i †bqvi †ÿ‡ÎB mxwgZ bq| G‡Z cÖÖe„w×i GKwU
nviI a‡i †bqv nq Ggb GKwU m¤ú‡ì Ici, hv e„w× †c‡Z Aÿg| cwi‡k‡l, wievwfwËK
A_©vqb cÖK…Z evRv‡ii GKwU ÿz`ª wfwËi Ici F‡Yi eûmsL¨K ¯Íi m„wói my‡hvM †`q| Gi
gv‡b n‡jv, e„w× cvq bv Ggb m¤ú‡` cÖe„w× AbywgwZi Kvi‡Y G‡Z ev¯ÍeZv †_‡K Av‡iv `~‡i
m‡i wM‡q weï× FY wewbgq Ges †jb‡`‡bi AbygwZ †`qv nq| d‡j †Kv‡bv mgv‡R A_©vq‡bi
AvKvi ev cwigvY cÖK…Z evRvi †jb‡`‡bi †P‡q eû ¸Y †e‡o hvq| Aek¨ †KD †KD ej‡Z
cv‡ib, GB mgm¨v¸‡jv evowZ †Kv‡bv Dcvq, AvBb ev wewai gva¨‡g mvgvj †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wKš‘ GUv wVK bq| KviY, †jb‡`‡bi êwkó¨ j•Nb K‡i Ggb †h‡Kv‡bv AvBb-wewa evRv‡ii
Pv‡ci Kvi‡Y e¨_© n‡Z eva¨| Zv Qvov, †Kv‡bv AvBb w`‡qB evRvi kw³i m¤¢ve¨ me djvdj
mvgvj †`qv m¤¢e bq hw` evRviwU Aev¯Íe aviYvi Ici cwiPvwjZ nq| GB cwi”Q‡` wZbwU
wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e : wiev wbwl×KiY, kixÔAvn&evÜe A_©vqb Pzw³ I Gi êwkó¨ Ges
wiev wbwl×Ki‡Yi KviY Lyu‡R †ei Kiv|
8| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
1.1 wiev (my`) wbwl×KiY
Ab¨vb¨ G‡Kk¦iev`x a‡g©i g‡Zv Bmjv‡gI wiev wbw›`Z| Bmjv‡g K‡Vvi Ges my®úó fvlvq
wiev wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avj-†KviAv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q ÒA_P, Avjøvn eëmv‡K nvjvj Ges
wiev‡K nvivg K‡i‡Qb;Ó (2:275), Ges ÒAvjøvn wiev aŸsm/wbwðý K‡ib;Ó (2:276) Ges
Ò†n Cgvb`viMY, †Zvgiv Avjøvn‡K fq K‡iv Ges my‡ì †hme e‡Kqv Av‡Q Zv cwiZ¨vM K‡iv,
hw` cÖK…ZB †Zvgiv Cgvb`vi n‡q _v‡Kv| AZtci hw` †Zvgiv cwiZ¨vM bv K‡iv, Z‡e Avjøvn
I ivm~‡ji mv‡_ hy× Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z n‡q hvIÓ (2:278-9)| Avj-†KviAv‡b Avi †Kv‡bv ¸bv‡ni
e¨vcv‡iB Avjøvn I Zvi ivm~‡ji mv. Zid †_‡K hy‡×i †NvlYv †`qv nqwb|
Avjøvn&i ivm~‡ji A‡bK nvw`‡m wievi wb›`v Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q Ges my‡ì †jb‡`b‡K KwVbZg
¸bvn wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q hv Avjøvn&i Awfkvc I †µva D‡`ªK K‡i| ivm~j mv.-Gi
GK nvw`‡m ejv n‡q‡Q : Òwiev MÖnYKvix, cÖ`vbKvix, Gi †jLK Ges Gi `yÕRb mvÿxi cÖwZ
Avjøvn&i AwfkvcÓ|
wiev Ges my‡ì msÁv

ÔwievÕ Aviwe kã, hvi AvwfavwbK A_© e„w× ev cÖe„w×| wKš‘ Avj-†KviAv‡b †h‡Kv‡bv cÖe„w×‡K
ÔwievÕ ejv nqwb| Gi Øviv mywbw`©ó †jb‡`‡bi †ÿ‡Î e„w×‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wiev kãwU ÔAvjÕ
(the) cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M Ggb GK †jb‡`b‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q hv KziAvb bvwR‡ji mgq Avie I
Ab¨vb¨ RvwZi Kv‡Q mycwiwPZ wQj| ZvB Avj-†KviAv‡b wiev kãwU D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔAvjÕ
cÖZ¨q eënvi K‡i| GB †jb‡`b Kiv n‡Zv `yÕfv‡e: 1. F‡Yi A‡_©i cwigvY e„w× cv‡e GB
k‡Z©, we`¨gvb A_ev e‡Kqv c‡o‡Q Ggb FY cwicK¡Zvi bZzb mgq wba©viY ev FY †diZ
wejw¤^ZKiY; Ges, 2. †Kvb FY wba©vwiZ mg‡qi ci GKwU e„w×mn †diZ cÖ`vb| Avj-
†KviAv‡bi AšÍwb©wnZ e³eÏ ZvB : ÒwKš‘ †Zvgiv hw` ZIev K‡iv, Z‡e †Zvgiv wb‡R‡ì
g~jab †diZ †c‡q hv‡e, †Zvgiv (Kv‡iv cÖwZ) Ryjyg †Kv‡iv bv Ges †Zvgv‡ì cÖwZI †KD
Ryjyg Ki‡e bvÓ (2:279)| m~iv evKvivi 279 bs Avqv‡Zi GB As‡k `ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Bw½Z
i‡q‡Q : 1) GLv‡b wiev ej‡Z †Kv‡bv FY ev av‡ii g~j A‡¼i Ici wbwðZ cÖe„w×‡K †evSv‡bv
n‡q‡Q; Ges 2) G ai‡bi cÖe„w×‡K Ryjyg wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| eëmvi gva¨‡g wewµi
d‡j g~ja‡bi †h cÖe„w× N‡U Zv‡K Gi evB‡i ivLv n‡q‡Q| hv D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q m~iv evKvivi
275 bs Avqv‡Z : ÒA_P Avjøvn eëmv‡K K‡i‡Qb nvjvj|Ó
Av‡iv mywbw`©ófv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j wiev Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi m‡½ mswkøó,2 †hLv‡b mgq mswkøóZvi
Kvi‡Y Pzw³i wfwË‡Z FY ev avi-Gi cÖe„w× N‡U|
GUv wVK ZvB, hv AvR‡K Avgiv my` wn‡m‡e wPwb| AvBbMZ Ges Avw_©K Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB my`-†K
cÖe„w× wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Gfv‡e : FY †`qv ev we`¨gvb FY †diZ `v‡bi mgqmxgv
2 Avgiv Ôwiev Avj ey¨qyÕ‡K GB msÁvi evB‡i †i‡LwQ| KviY mgq GLv‡b †Kvb Awbevh© Dc`vb bv nIqvq Zv A_©vq‡bi
†ÿ‡Î cÖvmw½K bq|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 9
evov‡Z FYMÖnxZv FY`vZv‡K †h evowZ cwi‡kva K‡ib Zv-B my`| ¯úóZ kixÔAvn& GB cÖe„w×i
†Kv‡bviKg cÖwZg~j¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i bv| d‡j, GKevi FY †`qv n‡j (†Lqvj Kiæb, avi †`qvi
d‡j F‡Yi m„wó) IB F‡Yi g~j A‡¼i Ici †h‡Kv‡bv cÖe„w×B n‡jv my` Ges Avj-†KviAv‡bi
cwifvlv Abyhvqx Zv-B Òwbwl× wievÓ|
my` †Kb wbwl×, Zv Abyave‡bi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì FY-Gi g~j †PZbv LwZ‡q †`Lv DwPZ| FY
Kx? FY n‡jv GKwU AvšÍte¨w³K m¤úK©, hv GK e¨w³i Rb¨ `vq Ges Ab¨R‡bi Rb¨ weg~Z©
m¤ú`| cÖK…wZMZ Ges ev¯Íe‡ÿ‡ÎI †Kv‡bv FY evo‡Z ev Kg‡Z cv‡i bv; Gi e„w× cvIqvi
ÿgZv †bB| KviY, m¤ú‡ì Dcv`vb nIqv Qvov Gi †Kv‡bv mnRvZ Dc‡hvwMZv †bB| Ab¨
K_vq, aviYv †_‡K e„w× bv NUv‡bv n‡j wewfbœ mgq ev ¯’v‡bi Rb¨ F‡Yi wewfbœ iKg g~j¨
n‡Z cv‡i bv| FY evRvi m„wó Ges mg‡qi m‡½ m‡½ F‡Yi g~j¨gvb wba©vi‡Yi gva¨‡g GUv
Kiv nq| ZvQvov, FY cÖe„w×i †h cwigvYwU aiv nq Zv-I aviYvwfwËK| Avgv‡ì m„ó KvíwbK
FYevRv‡ii Ae¯’v I evwn¨K cwiw¯’wZi Ici GUv wbf©i K‡i| hwÌ hviv Rxebfi FYevRvi
I my‡ì K_v ï‡b G‡m‡Qb Ges †m¸‡jv wb‡qB Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvq Af¨¯Í, Zviv Ic‡ii e³‡e¨
AevK n‡Z cv‡ib| Avm‡jB wK FY evo‡Z ev Kg‡Z ev evowZ wKQz m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i? Kíbv
Qvov GUv Avi wKfv‡e m¤¢e †h Avgv‡ì gwZåg mZ¨ ev ev¯Í‡e cwiYZ n‡e? †Kv‡bv evRvi
m„wó Kiv n‡j Zv hw` evZv‡mI nq, †mLv‡b aviYvi wfwË‡Z GKwU Pvwn`v I mieivn _vK‡e|
gvbyl †kqvi m~P‡K †hfv‡e †jb‡`b K‡i| cy‡ivcywi aviYvi wfwË‡Z m„ó m~PK evRvi| m~PK
ev¯Íe m¤ú` ev cY¨ ev †mev-†Kv‡bvwUB bq! Avgv‡ì‡K Aek¨B g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h kixÔAvn&
†Kej ev¯Íe wRwbm Ges ev¯Íe m¤ú‡ì cÖK…wZ †_‡K m„ó A_ev ev¯Íe m¤ú`, cY¨ ev †mevi
evRvi kw³i cÖfve †_‡K m„ó ev¯Íe cÖe„w×‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i|
Zv Qvov, cÖwZwU ev¯Íe wRwbm/m¤ú` hv evo‡Z cv‡i Zv Kg‡Z ev g~j¨ nviv‡ZI cv‡i Ges IBme
wRwbm/m¤ú‡ì gvwjKiv GKBfv‡e ÿwZi wkKvi n‡Z cv‡ib †h hyw³‡Z Zviv wb‡R‡ì‡K
cÖe„w×i `vwe`vi wn‡m‡e Rvwni K‡ib| wKš‘ me ai‡bi m¤ú‡ì g‡a¨ FY KL‡bv K‡g bv Ges
†Ljvwci welqwU ev` w`‡j FY`vZv‡K KL‡bv n«vmRwbZ ÿwZi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq bv| †Ljvwci
welqwU ev` †`qvi KviY n‡jv, cÖwZwU FY wewfbœ ai‡bi M¨vivw›U ev RvgvbZ Øviv myiwÿZ
_v‡K| †Ljvwc nIqvi SzuwK m¤ú` n«vm ev e„w×i SzuwKi †P‡q Avjv`v| KviY, m¤ú‡ì n«vm/e„w×
n‡q _v‡K cÖvK…wZK KviY ev evRvikw³¸‡jvi AvšÍtwµqvi Kvi‡Y| †Ljvwci SzuwK F‡Yi g‡a¨B
GKwU ÎæwUi g‡Zv| GUv n‡jv †Kv‡bv ÎæwUc~Y© c‡Yï g‡Zv ev Ggb †Kv‡bv cY¨ hvi ¯^vfvweK
¸Y¸‡jv †bB| †Ljvwc nIqv FY n‡jv †Kv‡bv wewµ Pzw³‡Z cPv Av‡cj mieiv‡ni g‡Zv| GUv
Av‡cj gvwjK‡K ÿwZMÖ¯Í K‡i Ggb g~j¨ SzuwK †_‡K cy‡ivcywi wfbœ| ZvB cÖwZwU †Ljvwc SzuwK
mvgvj w`‡Z GKwU SzuwK wcÖwgqvg _v‡K| Avi, my` n‡jv ÒA‡_©i g~j¨Ó|
hyw³ †`Lv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i †h GKRb FY`vZv GK ai‡bi Z¨vM Ki‡Qb Ges Zvi Rb¨ wZwb
GKwU ÿwZc~iY cÖZ¨vkv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z¨v‡Mi aviYvwU hwÌ êa, Z‡e e¨w³gvwjKvbvi
g~jbxwZ FYMÖnxZvi ewa©Z m¤ú‡` Ab¨ Kv‡iv cÖZ¨vkv Aby‡gv`b K‡i bv| FYMÖnxZvi m¤ú‡`
†Kv‡bv cÖe„w× NU‡j Zv †Kej ZviB cÖvc¨| KviY, FY`vZvi m¤úwË n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g Zv
GKwU weg~Z© m¤ú‡` cwiYZ n‡q‡Q hv Zvi (FY) wbR¯^ cÖK…wZi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bviKg cÖe„w×
10| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

NUv‡Z mÿg bq| ZvB FY`vZv hw` FYMÖnxZvi m¤ú‡ì †Kvb Ask `vwe K‡ib Zvn‡j Zv n‡e
e¨w³gvwjKvbv bxwZi ei‡Ljvc|3 ZvQvov †Kv‡bv m¤ú` †hgb evo‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb Kg‡ZI
cv‡i| IB n«vm-e„w×‡Z †Kv‡bv FY-Gi Ae`vb cwigv‡ci †Kv‡bv hš¿ ev wbY©vqK †bB| d‡j
†Kvb e¨w³MZ (personal) FY memgqB e¨w³MZ Ges Gi Rb¨ FYMÖnxZvi KvQ †_‡K abëv`,
K…ZÁZv, cÖksmv Ges Avjøvn&i KvQ †_‡KI cyi¯‹vi cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ Zv g~j¨ m„wó Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv|
1.2 weKí A_©vqb Pzw³ Ges Zvi êwkó¨

kixÔAvn& wewa¸‡jv‡K AvBwb iƒc †`qvi Rb¨ eûevi D‡`¨vM †bqvi ciI Gi wmsnfvM GL‡bv
AvBwb aviv wn‡m‡e wjwce× Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| Z‡e kZvãxi ci kZvãx a‡i wewfbœ kixÔAvn&
we‡kl‡Ái iPbvq kixÔAvn&i GB wb‡`©kbv¸‡jv †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| Bmjvg KvD‡K AvBb
cÖYq‡bi ÿgZv w`‡q †Kv‡bv agx©q µgvwaKviZš¿ (religious hierarchy) cÖwZôv K‡iwb|
kixÔAvn&i weKí A_©vqb Pzw³i Awbevh© êwkó¨¸‡jv Abyave‡b Avgiv †m¸‡jv LwZ‡q †`L‡ev
Ges Bmjvgx A_©vqb bxwZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi cvkvcvwk my` wbwl‡×i †hŠw³KZv
Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡ev| weMZ Pvi `kK a‡i ZvwË¡K iƒcvqb Ges Abykxj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q GUv Rvbv
†M‡Q †h kixÔAvn& A_©vqb Pzw³¸‡jv g~jZ wZb ai‡bi : Askx`vixwfwËK, weµqwfwËK Ges
BRvivwfwËK|
Ab¨ w`‡K, HwZnvwmK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Bmjvgx A_©vqb cY¨¸‡jv‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:
1) K¬vwmK¨vj Pzw³, hv hyM hyM a‡i mgv‡R cÖPwjZ Ges nhiZ gynv¤§` mv.-Gi mg‡q gw`bvi
Rbmgv‡Ri Abykxjb †_‡K G¸‡jv G‡m‡Q; Ges 2) m¼i Pzw³, weMZ Aa©kZvãx‡Z G¸‡jvi
D™¢e N‡U Ges mgmvgwqK Bmjvgx A_©vqb I e¨vswKs‡q G¸‡jv Abykxjb Kiv n‡”Q|
1.2.1 K¬vwmK¨vj A_©vqb Pzw³

kixÔAvn&i Ici K¬vwmK¨vj iPbvi A‡bK¸‡jv cÖvq 12kÕ eQi Av‡M †jLv| Gme †ÿ‡Î cÖavbZ
wZb ai‡bi Askx`vixwfwËK A_©vqb Pzw³i D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡”Q : gvwjKvbvq
Askx`vixZ¡ (gykvivKv), g~jab`vZvi wbw®Œq gvwjKvbvq Askx`vixZ¡ (gy`vivev) Ges km¨
fvMvfvwM (gyRvivn)| GB iPbvw`‡Z wZb ai‡bi wewµwfwËK A_©vqb Pzw³i D‡jøL cvIqv hvq :
wej‡¤^ cwi‡kv‡a wewµ (evB Avj AvwRj), AvMvg wewµ (mvjvg) Ges wk‡ívrcv`‡b wewb‡qvM
(manufacturing financing) (BmwZmbv)| K¬vwmK¨vj iPbv¸‡jv‡Z BRviv (wjwRs)-†KI GK
ai‡bi A_©vqb Pzw³ wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
3 GUv †Kv‡bv wbw®Œq Askx`vi KZ©„K D‡`¨v³v cyuwR wn‡m‡e GKB A‡¼i A_© cÖ`v‡bi g‡Zv bq| GLv‡b A‡_©i gvwjK
wb‡RB m¤ú‡ì gvwjK wn‡m‡e envj _v‡Kb| Zvi m¤ú` †Kej mwµq Askx`v‡ii Kv‡Q †`qv nq| GLv‡b g~j m¤ú`
†Kv‡bv gaëZx© cY¨ Ges/ev P~ovšÍ c‡Y¨ iƒcvšÍi Kiv n‡jI gvwjKvbvi †ni‡di nq bv| ZvB wb‡Ri m¤ú‡` †h cÖe„w×
N‡U Zvi gvwjK nb wZwb|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 11
hwÌ GB wbe‡Ü Gme Pzw³i we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY Ges kZ©vewj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡”Q bv, Z‡e
wej‡¤^ cwi‡kva Kiv n‡e Ggb wewµ Pzw³‡Z hw` bM‡` wewµi †P‡q †ewk g~j¨ ivLv nq Zv
ch©v‡jvPbvi `vwe iv‡L| KviY, bM‡` wewµi Zzjbvq GLv‡b GKwU my‡ì Aven cwijwÿZ nq|
Avj-†KviAv‡bi wb‡`©kbv‡Z wej‡¤^ cwi‡kva A_©vqb wewµi AbygwZ †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| m~iv
evKvivi 275 bs Avqv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q: Ò. . .Zviv [my`‡Lvi] e‡j : Ôeëmv †Zv wievi g‡ZvB,Õ
wKš‘ Avjøvn eëmv‡K nvjvj Ges wiev nvivg K‡i‡Qb|Ó
bM‡` wewµ‡K my‡ì wewbg‡q avi †`qvi g‡Zv `vwe Kiv hyw³i w`K w`‡q mwVK bq| Ggb
e³e¨ nvm¨Ki Ges Gi ga¨ w`‡q `vwe`v‡ii †evKvwg, gvbwmK êKj¨ ev wePvieyw× nvwi‡q
†djvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| bM‡` wewµi m‡½ my‡ì wewbg‡q avi †`qvi `~iZg m¤úK©I †bB|
Z‡e, my‡` avi †`qvi m‡½ hvi wKQzUv wgj cvIqv hvq Zv n‡jv Ggb wej‡¤^ g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡a wewµ
†hLv‡b bM‡` wewµi †P‡q g~j¨ †ewk| GLv‡b wgj ¯úó|4 gRvi welq n‡jv, Avj-†KviAvb
GB `vwe Dwo‡q †`qwb ev G‡K A‡hŠw³K e‡jwb| GiciI Avj-†KviAvb A‡bK Dcgv/NUbvq
†hŠw³K nevi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Q Gfv‡e : ÒZviv wK Abyaveb Ki‡e bv,Ó ÒAZGe †Zvgiv
nq‡Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡e,Ó Ò†Zvgiv wK eyS‡e bv,Ó ÒG Rb¨ †h †Zvgiv †hŠw³K n‡e,Ó--m~iv
evKvivq Gme evK¨ D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov, Ò†Zvgiv wK hyw³MÖvn¨ n‡e bv?Ó Ò†Zvgv‡ì
hw` †Kv‡bv KviY _v‡K,Ó Ò†Zvgv‡ì †Kv‡bv KviY †bB,Ó Òhv‡Z Zv‡ì hyw³c~Y©fv‡e e¨vL¨v
Kivi gb _vK‡Z cv‡i!Ó GiKg AmsL¨ AvqvZ Avj-†KviAv‡bi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b D‡jøL Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Gi AšÍwb©wnZ A_© n‡jv, wKQz wgj ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqv n‡jI Gi ciciB `ªæZZvi m‡½
Avj-†KviAvb †Kbv‡ePvi AbygwZ `v‡bi w`‡K g‡bv‡hvM Nywi‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges my` wbwl‡×i
welqwU g‡b Kwi‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z †hb ejv n‡”Q : wKQz wgj ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqv n‡jI `yÕ‡qi
g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ i‡q †M‡Q, hv wejw¤^Z cwi‡kv‡a wewµwfwËK A_©vq‡bi AbygwZ †`q Ges my‡`
aviwfwËK A_©vqb wbwl× K‡i| ZvB wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiô cwÐ‡Zi gZ n‡jv GB Avqv‡Z wewµi
†h AbygwZ †`qv n‡q‡Q Zv mvaviYfv‡e me ai‡bi wewµi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨| Av‡iv mywbw`©ófv‡e
ej‡Z †M‡j wejw¤^Z cwi‡kv‡a [A_©vr, A_©vqb] wewµ| GB e³‡eï mg_©b cvIqv hvq m~iv
Avj-evKvivi 282 bs Avqv‡Z| †mLv‡b F‡Yi wbwðZ cÖgvY msiÿY Ges Zv wjwce× K‡i
ivLvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| my` wbwl× Ges wejw¤^Z cwi‡kv‡a wewµ A_©vqb Pzw³i (2: 275-281)
AbygwZ cÖ`v‡bi wVK c‡iB IB AvqvZ G‡m‡Q| KviY, wejw¤^Z cwi‡kva GKwU FY m„wó K‡i
hv `wjje× K‡i ivLv cÖ‡qvRb|
m~iv evKvivi 275 bs Avqv‡Zi wbwnZv_© n‡jv, FY-m„wóKvix A_©vq‡bi AbygwZ i‡q‡Q Ges
Zv kixÔAvn&¯^xK…Z| hwÌ GB Avqv‡Z my`wfwËK av‡ii wb›`v Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q Ges G ai‡bi
†h‡Kv‡bv e„w× wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q| FY`vb GKwU AjvfRbK Kg© Ges G‡K eëmv‡ÿÎ †_‡K
mwi‡q e¨w³MZ cwigÐ‡j wb‡q hvIqv n‡q‡Q|
4 †KD †KD hyw³ †`Lv‡Z cv‡ib †h, †h‡nZz jvf my‡ì g‡ZvB GK ai‡bi cÖe„w× ZvB bM‡` wewµI my‡` avi †`qvi g‡ZvB|
`ywU Kvi‡Y G ai‡bi wgj AwZgvÎvq mij : 1) wewµ‡Z †jvKmvbI n‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ avi †`qvq IB ai‡bi †jvKmvb †bB;
Ges 2) jvf n‡jv cY¨/evRviwfwËK, Ab¨ w`‡K my` n‡jv mgqwfwËK| Avwg GLv‡b †hvM Kie †h hviv IB ai‡bi wgj †`Lvb
Zviv wKš‘ †KviAv‡bi Avqv‡Z DwjøwLZ bM‡` Ges wej‡¤^ cwi‡kv‡a wewµi AbygwZ _vKvi †Kv‡bvwU‡KB A¯^xKvi K‡ib bv|
12| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

Z‡e, kixÔAvn& Ggb ai‡bi wewµi AbygwZ †`q †hLv‡b GKB ai‡bi D‡Ïk¨ c~i‡Yi cvkvcvwk
wewµZ c‡Yï (A_© avi †`qvi cwie‡Z©) mgqg~j¨ wn‡m‡e GKwU cyi¯‹viI i‡q‡Q| Ab¨ K_vq,
GB AvqvZ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AvBb cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Q : FY-m„wóKvix A_©vqb MÖnY‡hvM¨ Ges
djcÖm~ eëmvwqK ZrciZv| GB m‡½ GwU wiev (my`) wbwl× K‡i‡Q| Gi mij A_© n‡jv, FY
m„wó †Kv‡bv wbiærmvwnZ Kivi g‡Zv welq bq ev kixÔAvn& G‡K AcQ›` K‡iwb Ges FY m„wó
Gwo‡q PjvI wiev wbwl× Kivi †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨ bq|
bM‡` wewµ g~‡jï †P‡q wej‡¤^ cwi‡kvwaZ g~j¨ †ewk n‡j Gi m‡½ my‡` avi †`qvi wgj¸‡jv
¯úó| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q : 1) †µZv Pzw³ m¤úv`bKv‡jB m¤ú`/cY¨wU †c‡q hvb Ges c‡i
g~j¨ cwi‡kva K‡ib; 2) cwi‡k‡l wZwb †h g~j¨ cwi‡kva K‡ib Zv bM‡` ev evwK‡Z GKB n‡Z
cv‡i; 3) Pzw³ m¤úv`b I g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai mg‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©‡Kï Rb¨ we‡µZv ÿwZc~iY jvf
K‡ib; Ges 4) GKwU FY m„wó nq| Z‡e, Awgj¸‡jv ¯úó bq|
1.2.2 Bmjvgx A_©vqb Pzw³i m¼i Ges Avw_©K ga¨¯’Zv

Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&q Avw_©K ga¨¯’Zv wk‡íi cÖm½wU bZzb|5 weMZ Pvi kZvãx ev Ggb mgq a‡i
cwðgv we‡k¦ GB aviYvi Rb¥ Ges weKvk N‡U‡Q| Avw_©K ga¨¯’Zv‡K GKwU ¯^Zš¿ wkí wn‡m‡e
¯^xKvi K‡i †bqv m¼i Avw_©K Pzw³¸‡jv Abyave‡bi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †hme we‡klÁ I M‡elK
GB wkí‡K ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z Pvb bv Zviv Ab¨vb¨ ai‡bi †P‡q Askx`vixwfwËK eë¯’vi cÿcvZx|
Zviv evRvi cwiw¯’wZ Ges Gi kw³¸‡jvi wfwË‡Z cwiPvjK‡ì wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cÿcvZx bb|
†Kv‡bv eëmvqx wej‡¤^ cwi‡kva Kiv n‡e Ggb g~‡j¨ wKQz wewµ ev †Kv‡bv m¤ú` BRviv
†`qvi gv‡b n‡jv wZwb †µZv ev BRviv`vi‡K A_©vqb Ki‡jb| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv we‡kl cÖwZôvb
hLb evowZ mÂq i‡q‡Q Ggb gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K mÂq msMÖn K‡i Zv eëmvwqK cÖ‡qvR‡b
wewb‡qv‡Mi Kv‡R jvMvq ZLb IB cÖwZôvbwU n‡jv Avw_©K ga¨¯’Zv wkí| Ab¨ K_vq, Avw_©K
ga¨¯’Zv n‡jv AvgvbZ msMÖn I Znwej †RvMv‡bi GKwU we‡kl eë¯’v| GQvov eëmvqx ev
Drcv`Kiv Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì m¤ú` †_‡K evwYwR¨K FY`vb Ges Drcv`bcÖwµqv ev cY¨ I †mev
†Kbv‡ePv wel‡q ˆ`bw›`b wm×všÍ wb‡q KvR K‡ib| GB bZzb wk‡íi m‡½ gvbvbmB nIqvi Pzw³
D™¢ve‡bi cvkvcvwk my‡ì Ici wb‡lavÁv eRvq †i‡L †hb GB wb‡lavÁvi jÿ¨-D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡j
be D™¢vweZ Pzw³¸‡jvi mdjZv I e¨_©Zv g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq †m j‡ÿ¨ Bmjvgx A_©vqb cÖ‡KŠkj
weMZ Pvi `kK a‡i KvR Ki‡Q|
evRv‡i GLb eû Bmjvgx A_©vqb cY¨ i‡q‡Q Ges cÖwZw`bB Gi msL¨v evo‡Q| eZ©gvb Pzw³
Ges eë¯’v¸‡jv wgwj‡qB GKwU cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q bZzb cY¨ D™¢veb Kiv n‡”Q| eZ©gvb
hy‡M Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv cÖavbZ bq ai‡bi m¼i Bmjvgx A_©vqb Pzw³ AbymiY Ki‡Z †`Lv
5 K¬vwmK¨vj kixÔAvn& iPbv¸‡jv‡Z ÒAvj gy`vwie D`vwieÓ aviYv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jI †mLv‡b cy‡iv cÖvwZôvwbK
KvVv‡gv Ges DØ„Ë A‡_©i gvwjK‡ì KvQ †_‡K mÂq msMÖn K‡i Zv eëmvwqK I †fv‡Mi cÖ‡qvR‡b NvUwZ‡Z _vKv
gvby‡li Kv‡Q mieiv‡ni aviYvwU wQj bv| we‡kl K‡i, ga¨¯’ZvKvixiv Ggbme c×wZ‡Z Znwej RvgvbZ MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡ib †h¸‡jv gy`vivevwfwËK bv-I n‡Z cv‡i|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 13
hvq: µqv‡`k`vZvi m‡½ gyivevnv, wKw¯Í‡Z wewµ, gy`vivev wewb‡qvM AvgvbZ, PjwZ wnmve
AvgvbZ, wÎcÿxq BmwZmbv, µqv‡`k`vZv‡K BRviv `vb, †hŠwMK ev wgkª mvjvg, evB-e¨vK
Ges ZvIqvi&iæK| Gme Pzw³ my` wbwl×KiY †PZbvi m‡½ KZUv m½wZc~Y© Zv LwZ‡q †`Lv
GB wbe‡Üi D‡Ïk¨ bv n‡jI G K_v ej‡Z n‡e †h, bZzb m¼i Pzw³i wKQz wKQz cÖ‡qvM
cy‡ivcywi my`wfwËK FY cybtZdwmjxKiY cÖwµqvi g‡Zv Ges Gi d‡j wiev wbwl×Ki‡Yi
†gŠwjK D‡Ïk¨ jw•NZ n‡”Q|
1.3 kixÔAvn& Abyhvqx Avw_©K c‡Yï mvaviY êwkó¨

Bmjvgx A_©vqb cY¨ n‡jv †mme Pzw³ †h¸‡jv me©Rbwew`Z Ges kixÔAvn& bxwZgvjv †g‡b P‡j|
Gme A_©vqb Pzw³ Bmjvgx AvB‡bi cÖavbZ `yÕai‡bi bxwZgvjv AbymiY K‡i P‡j : 1) Pzw³i
mvaviY bxwZgvjv| hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q RbM‡Yi ¯^vfvweK cÖeYZv, m¤§wZ Ges AvBwb êaZv|
mvgvb¨ wKQz †ni‡di _vK‡jI mKj mgvR I AvBwb eë¯’vq G¸‡jv Awfbœ| D`vniY¯îƒc,
Avw_©K Pzw³i Rb¨ Bmjvgx AvB‡b RbM‡Yi ¯^vfvweK cÖeYZvq gvbwmK my¯’Zv QvovI 18 eQi
eqm nIqvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| wKQz wKQz iv‡óª GB eqmmxgv 21 eQi| 2) Z‡e GB wØZxq
ai‡bi bxwZgvjv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G‡Z mywbw`©ófv‡e Bmjvgx `„wófw½i cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| G‡Z i‡q‡Q
: ˆbwZK A½xKvi/ˆbwZKwfwË, kixÔAvn&MZ êaZv, fvimvg¨ Ges ev¯ÍeZv ev b¨vh¨Zv|
kixÔAvn& `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †Kv‡bv A_©vqb Pzw³ MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡j Zv ˆbwZKfv‡e my¯’ n‡Z
n‡e| GUv mvaviY gvbweK gvb`Ð, kixÔAvn& KZ©„K M„nxZ Ges cÖPvwiZ| Gi gv‡b n‡jv gv`K,
A¨vj‡Kvnj, Ryqv, c‡b©v wkí, cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ÿwZKi cY¨, Ges/ev †Kv‡bv gvbeMÖvn¨ ˆbwZK
wfwË †bB Ggb e¯‘ ev †mev Drcv`b ev weZi‡Yi Kv‡R Bmjvgx A_©vqb cÖwZôvb Zvi m¤ú`
eënvi Ki‡e bv| G †ÿ‡Î mvaviYfv‡e cwiwPZ ˆbwZK wewb‡qvM aviYvi m‡½ Bmjvgx A_©vqb
aviYv wg‡j hvq| hwÌ Bmjvgx A_©vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î GB †PZbv ˆbwZK wewb‡qvM aviYvi †P‡q
A‡bK †ewk cÖej|
kixÔAvn& Aby‡gvw`Z bxwZ ej‡Z IBme welq‡K eySvq †h¸‡jv Bmjvgx AvB‡b êa| †hgb,
k~Kigvsm Ges k~KigvsmRvZ Ab¨vb¨ cY¨ Ges IBme cÖvYxi gvsm †h¸‡jv kixÔAvn& weavb
AbymiY K‡i RevB Kiv nqwb| G‡Z my‡ì Ici wb‡lavÁvI i‡q‡Q| cieZ©xKv‡j G wel‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
fvimv‡gï bxwZi `vwe n‡jv cÖwZwU c‡ÿi evaëvaKZv n‡e mgZzj¨, hv‡Z †Kvb GK c‡ÿi
Ici AwZwi³ †evSv bv Pv‡c| GB bxwZ AwZwi³ g~j¨ avh©‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i Ges my` Av‡iv‡ci
weiæ‡×I Ae¯’vb †bq| my` n‡jv GK c‡ÿi `vq Ges Ab¨ c‡ÿi m¤¢ve¨ my‡hvM| my‡ì
evaëvaKZv wbtm‡›`‡n fvimvg¨nxb!
cwi‡k‡l, ev¯ÍeZv ev AvBbm¤§Z nIqvi gv‡b n‡jv cÖwZwU Avw_©K Pzw³, †jb‡`b, wewbgq ev
e¯‘ Ges m¤ú` Aek¨B ev¯Íem¤§Z n‡Z n‡e| Abygvb ev aviYvi wfwË‡Z n‡j Pj‡e bv| GB
AvBwb bxwZ wbQK Abygv‡bi wfwË‡Z cwiPvwjZ †h‡Kv‡bv Pzw³ evwZj K‡i †`q| hvi GKwU
14| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

D`vniY n‡jv my`Ñ Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ges nviÑ Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB| Gi mewKQzB aviYvcÖm~Z| Av‡iKwU
D`vniY n‡jv †kqvievRv‡ii m~PK, †hgb : wW‡RAvBAvB ev bvm`vK| m~PK wbQK KvíwbK
wnmve-wbKvk Qvov Avi wKQzB bq| G¸‡jv †Kv‡bv ev¯Íe gvwjKvbvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i bv| Ab¨
w`‡K, †Kv‡bv m~PK Znwe‡j †KD BDwbU †Kbv ev †jb‡`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| KviY, GB Znwej
†Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi †kqv‡ii gvwjK, hv m~P‡K Gi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i|
1.4 my` wb‡q mgm¨v †Kv_vq?

wiev (my`) wbwl× Kivi D‡Ïk¨ Dcjwäi Rb¨ my`wfwËK FY A_©vqb Ges FY m„wóKvix wewµ
A_©vq‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ eyS‡Z cviv Riæwi| KviY, GB cv_©K¨ AvcvZ`„wó‡Z GKB iKg
†jb‡`‡bi g‡a¨ Awg‡ji m~² welq¸‡jv ¯úó K‡i †`‡e|
my`wfwËK A_©vqb Ges Bmjvgx A_©vq‡bi g‡a¨ †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ n‡”Q : GKwU FYPzw³i gva¨‡g
my`wfwËK A_©vqb Kiv nq| ZvB GwU AbygvbwfwËK| GLv‡b g‡b Kiv nq, †Kv‡bv FY GKwU
evowZ cÖvwßi AwaKvix| hwÌ ev¯Íe †ÿ‡Î FY evowZ wKQz m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Zv Qvov, GwU
m¤úwËi AwaKv‡ii m‡½ Nwbô m¤úK©hy³| m¤úwËi AwaKvi †Kv‡bv m¤ú‡ì gvwjK‡K Zvi
m¤ú‡ì †h‡Kv‡bv cÖe„w×i gvwjKvbv jv‡fi AwaKvi †`q Ges Kv‡iv m¤úwË‡Z †Kv‡bv cÖe„w×
NU‡j †mLv‡b Ab¨ Kv‡iv gvwjKvbvi `vwe bvKP K‡i| Ab¨ K_vq, †Kv‡bv e¨w³i m¤ú` hLb
cÖe„w× NUvq bv ZLb †m †Kv‡bv cÖe„w× `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ges Gi d‡j †m Aek¨B A‡bï
m¤úwË‡Z m„ó cÖe„w×i `vwe`vi n‡Z cv‡i bv| GUvB n‡jv my` wbwl‡×i Av`wk©K wfwË, hv
Avgv‡ì kixÔAvn&i ev¯Íeev‡ì êwk‡óï m‡½ m½wZc~Y©| KviY, ev¯Íe †ÿ‡Î avi`vZvi m¤ú`
GKwU FY Ges FY GKwU weg~Z© m¤ú` Ges cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx GwU †Kv‡bv cÖe„w× NUv‡Z cv‡i bv|
FY e„w× †c‡Z cv‡i Ggb aviYv †g‡b wb‡j hv n‡e :
1. G‡ÿ‡Î Zv n‡e e¨w³gvwjKvbv bxwZi cy‡ivcywi j•Nb| e¨w³gvwjKvbv bxwZ Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv
m¤ú‡` e„w× NU‡j Gi m¤ú~Y© gvwjKvbv cv‡e g~j m¤ú‡ì gvwjK Ges Ab¨ †KD Gi
†Kv‡bv Ask cv‡e bv| Zv Qvov FYe„w×i aviYvwU m¤ú~Y© gbMov, hv GKR‡bi m¤ú‡` e„w×
NU‡j †mLv‡b Ab¨‡KI `vwe`vi K‡i| GUv m¤úwË‡Z AwaKv‡ii cy‡ivcywi j•Nb Ges Zv
Ab¨‡KI GB AwaKvi j•N‡bi my‡hvM K‡i †`q|
2. GB e„w×i g~j¨ (my‡ì nvi) wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K Av‡iKwU Aev¯Íe aviYvi Øvi¯’ n‡Z
n‡e| Avi Ggb GK m¤ú‡ì Rb¨ GB g~j¨ wba©viY Kiv n‡”Q hv †Kv‡bv cÖe„w× m„wó Ki‡Q
bv|6 FY †jb‡`‡bi Rb¨ GKwU K…wÎg evRvi m„wói gva¨‡g G KvRwU Kiv nq| evRvi m„wó
Kiv nq cy‡ivcywi Abygv‡bi wfwË‡Z Ges hvi evRvikw³I cy‡ivcywi KvíwbK| m¤ú`, cY¨
I †mevi evRv‡ii g‡Zv GwU bq| ZvB cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB welqwU‡K evqexq ej‡j AZz¨wa³
nq bv|
6 GUv cÖK…Z cÖe„w×i m¤ú~Y© wecixZ, †hLv‡b m¤ú‡ì gvwjK‡KB m¤ú‡` e„w×i `vwe`vi Kiv nq|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 15
3. GKevi Avcwb FY‡K cÖe„w× cÖvwßi AbygwZ w`‡j Avcbv‡K IB FY e„w×mn
cybtZdwmjxKi‡YiI AbygwZ w`‡Z n‡e| GB `yB †jb‡`b A_©bxwZ‡Z †Kv‡bv g~j¨ m„wó ev
†hvM K‡i bv|
4. Avcbv‡K F‡Yi Ab¨vb¨ †jb‡`bI †g‡b wb‡Z n‡e| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q F‡Yi AvšÍte¨vsK
†jb‡`b Ges cy‡ivcywi Avw_©K I A_© †jb‡`‡bi GKwU eë¯’v hv Awbevh©fv‡e †Kv‡bv g~j¨
ms‡hvM NUvq bv, †Kej m¤ú` GKRb †_‡K Ab¨R‡b ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i| wbweo ch©‡eÿ‡Yi
gva¨‡g kixÔAvn& G ai‡bi †jb‡`b‡K ev¯Íe Drcv`b I wewbgq †_‡K cy‡ivcywi wew”Qbœ
wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i| G ai‡bi †jb‡`b cY¨ gRy` ev MÖvnK‡K †`qv †mevi Ici †Kv‡bv
cÖfve †d‡j bv| G¸‡jv †Kej wKQz e¨w³‡K Av‡iv abx Ges Ab¨‡ì Av‡iv Mwie K‡i|
GUv A‡bKUv ÔwR‡iv-mvg †MgÕ-Gi g‡Zv| Ges,
5. A_©bxwZ‡Z mwZ¨Kvi cÖvYmÂvi NUvq Ggb cY¨ I †mev Drcv`b I wewbg‡q mnvqK
Kg©Kv‡Ð A_©vqb Qvov evwK †ÿÎ¸‡jv‡Z A_©vqb eÜ Kiv| GUv A_©bxwZi Rb¨ †Kej
mywe‡ePbvc~Y©B bq, mvgvwRKfv‡eI b¨vh¨| Ab¨ K_vq, †Kej g~j A_© †diZ cvIqvi k‡Z©
FY †`qv n‡j FYMÖnxZv †mB FY hLb Kv‡R LvUv‡e Zv DbœZZi mvgvwRK b¨vqwePv‡ii
cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡e|
1.5 wiev wbwl‡×i D‡Ïk¨

wiev wbwl‡×i D‡Ïk¨ †_‡K GKBfv‡e Avgiv kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wPwýZ Kivi Kv‡R AMÖmi
n‡Z cvwi|
1. kixÔAvn&i ev¯Íeev`x êwkó¨ Ges Gi AšÍwb©wnZ `„pZv KL‡bv ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi Kg©Kv‡Ði m‡½
hy³ bq Ggb †Kv‡bv †jb‡`b Aby‡gv`b K‡i bv| wewfbœ ai‡bi †bwZevPK †NvlYvi ga¨
w`‡q GB D‡Ï‡kï cÖKvk N‡U‡Q| Gi GKwU aib n‡jv, Ggb A_©vqb cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvi
†Kv‡bv wbR¯^Zv †bB ev cÖK…wZMZfv‡e hv nIqv DwPZ Zv nq bv A_ev Ggb †Kv‡bv Kg©KvÐ
hv †Kej D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji evnb wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡”Q| Av‡iKwU aib n‡jv, Ggb †Kv‡bv
m¤ú` †_‡K Avq cÖvwß †VKv‡bv hv †Kv‡bv Avq m„wó K‡i bv| Av‡iv GKwU aib n‡jv, Ggb
wKQz weZiY cÖwZ‡iva hv †Kv‡bv m¤ú‡` ev¯Íe g~j¨ms‡hvRb ev g~j¨ m„wó K‡i bv|
2. m¤úwËi AwaKvi Aj•NbxqÑ GB bxwZ mgybœZ ivLv Ges mvgÄm¨c~Y© gvwjKvbvi AwaKv‡ii
cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b|
3. F‡Yi evwYR¨ Ges †jb‡`b bvgÄyi Kiv| GKB m‡½ dUKvevwR †jb‡`b‡K bvKP Kiv
hv cy‡ivcywi Aev¯Íe| Gme †jb`‡bi m‡½ ev¯Íe Drcv`b Ges wewbg‡qi †Kv‡bv m¤úK©
†bB, †hgb: †kqvievRv‡ii m~PK ev Bb‡W· BDwbU cÖcvwU©i g‡Zv Aev¯Íe m¤ú` m„wó|
KviY, GB ZrciZv †Kv‡bv g~j¨ m„wó K‡i bv| GwU †Kej GKR‡bi KvQ †_‡K m¤ú`
Av‡iKR‡bi Kv‡Q ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i|
4. FYevwY‡Rï g‡Zv cy‡ivcywi KvíwbK, g~j¨ms‡hvRbnxb Kg©KvÐ †_‡K gvbe I Ab¨vb¨
m¤ú` mwi‡q G‡b cY¨ I †mevi ev¯Íe Drcv`b I wewbg‡qi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Kiv|
16| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

5. m¤ú` evwo‡q †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ FY fvOv‡bv (debt discounting) Ges cybtZdwmjxKiY
cÖwZ‡iva| KviY, GUv †Kv‡bv Drcv`bkxj ZrciZv bq| GLv‡b †Kej m¤ú` GKR‡bi
KvQ †_‡K Ab¨R‡bi Kv‡Q ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| kixÔAvn& cybtZdwmjxKi‡Yi weKí evZ‡j
w`‡q‡Q| ejv cÖ‡qvRb Avj-†KviAv‡bB Gi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| †h Avqv‡Z wiev wbwl‡×i
K_v ejv n‡q‡Q †mLv‡bB i‡q‡Q †h : FY cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ mgq †`qv A_ev F‡Yi `vwe
cwiZ¨vM Kiv| Ab¨ w`‡K, kixÔAvn& AvMvg cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ ÔwWmKvDw›UsÕ-Gi AbygwZ
w`‡jI kZ© n‡jv, GUv eëmvwqK Abykxj‡b cwiYZ n‡Z cvi‡e bv (Pzw³‡Z _vK‡e bv Ges
†Kej `yB c‡ÿi g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z n‡e)|
6. Ggb †Kv‡bv Kv‡R eëmvwqK A_©vqb cÖwZ‡iva hv‡K Aviwe‡Z ÔAvevmÕ ejv n‡q‡Q| Gi
gv‡b n‡jv hvi D‡Ïk¨ cÖKvk Kiv nqwb A_ev hvi D‡Ïk¨ cÖKv‡ki †Kv‡bv B”Qv †bB|
KviY, Ggb †Kv‡bv Kv‡R Zv e¨q Kiv n‡e hv cÖKvk Kiv weeªZKi, GUv Abyrcv`bkxj
A_ev G‡Z †Kvb j¾vi KviY RwoZ A_ev Ggb †Kv‡bv KvR hv êa n‡jI Zv †Kv‡bv
eëmvwqK KvR bq|
7. e¨w³MZ A_©vqb GKwU e¨w³MZ †mev Ges GB †mev A_©`vZv I MÖnxZvi g‡a¨ cÖZ¨ÿ
†hvMv‡hvM I mswkøóZvwfwËK| ZvB Znwej eënviKvix I †RvMvb`v‡ii g‡a¨ e¨w³MZ
m¤úK© I eÜ‡bi wfwË‡Z e¨w³MZ A_©vqb‡K g~j¨vqb, we‡ePbv ev wbwðZ Kiv hvq A_ev
hvq bv| †K Avcbv‡K FY †`‡e? GB cÖ‡kœ Rev‡e ejv hvq, ÒAvcbvi gv ev Ggb †Kv‡bv
e¨w³ †h Avcbvi mycwiwPZ Ges Avcbv‡K fv‡jvev‡mbÓ| Gi gv‡b GB bq †h, e¨w³MZ
F‡Yi †Kv‡bv mydj †bB| Gi gv‡b n‡jv GUv Aek¨B e¨w³MZ wn‡m‡eB _vK‡e Ges Zv
A_© Kvgv‡bvi j‡ÿ¨ †Kv‡bv eëmvwqK Kg©Kv‡Ð cwiYZ n‡e bv| Avi †m Rb¨B kixÔAvn&
e‡j, FY †`qvi cyi¯‹vi cvIqv hv‡e Avjøvni KvQ †_‡K| KviY, GwU GKwU wn‰Zlx Kg©|
8. meai‡bi eëmvwqK A_©vqb hw` Drcv`b, cY¨ I †mev wewbgq Ges g~j¨ m„wói Kv‡R
wb‡qvwRZ Kiv hvq Ges AcÖ‡qvRbxq Kv‡R Gi eënvi eÜ Kiv †M‡j Drcv`b I wewbg‡qi
ev¯Íe evRv‡ii Zzjbvq mgv‡R A_©vq‡bi AvKvi/cwigvY AcÖ‡qvRbxqfv‡e ùxZ n‡q DV‡e
bv| cwi‡k‡l,
9. GUv †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †h wiev (my`) wbwl× Kivi A_© GB bq †h mvaviYZfv‡e e¯‘MZ
jvfRbK Ges we‡klfv‡e FY-m„wóKvix A_©vqbI wbwl× ev bvKP Kiv n‡q‡Q|
2. wiev wbwl× Kivi Zvrch© Ges Gi cÖfve

wiev ev my` wbwl‡×i Zvrch© †_‡K `ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© djvdj cvIqv hvq : 1) FY n‡jv e¨w³MZ
A_©vq‡bi GKwU Dcvq Ges Zv memgq Ôe¨w³MZÕB _vK‡e; Ges 2) bZzb †Kv‡bv Bmjvgx
A_©vqb m¼i m„wói D‡`¨vM †bqv n‡j bZzb Pzw³ D™¢veb cÖwµqvq me©`v kixÔAvn&i gvKvwm` ev
D‡Ï‡kï cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| GB Aa¨v‡q Dc‡iv³ Zvrch© wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi cvkvcvwk
Bmjvgx Avw_©K ga¨¯’Zv (Islamic financial intermediation)-i cÖK…wZ Ges êwkó¨¸‡jvi cÖwZ
bRi †`qv n‡e| Gici SzuwK cÖkg‡bi Rb¨ wKQz kixÔAvn&-evÜe c×wZi D`vniY †`qv n‡e|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 17
2.1 my` wbwl‡×i g~j Zvrch©
avi Ges e¨w³MZ FY
Avgv‡ì cÖPwjZ wdKvn& cy¯ÍKvw`‡Z FY I avi‡K `vZe¨ I wn‰Zlx Kv‡Ri AšÍfz©³ Kiv mwZ¨B
eyw×gv‡bi KvR n‡e| KviY Avcwb hLb Òe¨w³MZÓ wel‡q K_v ej‡eb ZLb Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRb
n‡e e¨w³MZ Z_¨, e¨w³MZ m¤úK© Ges e¨w³MZ ms¯úk©, Av‡eM I Z`viwK| GUv n‡jv
e`vb¨Zv I AbyK¤úv| Avi ZvB †Kv‡bv avi †h‡Kv‡bv mgq cwi‡kva Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| KviY
Òe`vb¨Zvi Rb¨ KvD‡K †Kv‡bv `vg †`qv nq bv|Ó Avj-†KviAvb GiB Bw½Z w`‡q‡Q Gfv‡e:
Ò†bKKvi‡ì Ici Awf‡hv‡Mi †Kv‡bv c_ †bBÓ [m~iv AvZ-ZvIev, AvqvZ : 91]|
Ab¨ K_vq, wiev wbwl× Kivi ZvrÿwYK Zvrch© n‡jv eëmv‡ÿÎ †_‡K avi Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi
KvRwU‡K Avjv`v K‡i †djv Ges G‡K `vZe¨ Kv‡Ri AšÍfz©³ Kiv| `vZe¨ †jb‡`b K‡i †Kej
Ggb e¨w³ hv‡ì g‡a¨ Nwbô m¤úK© Ges eÜb i‡q‡Q Ges AjvfRbK ms¯’v| GB KvR Kiv
nq GKwU e¨w³MZ Z_¨fvÐvi m„wó Ges m¤ú‡K©i gva¨‡g| KviY, GLv‡b ÒmvgwqKÓ cÖ‡qvR‡b
KvD‡K avi †`qv n‡”Q Ges mvgwqK Zvi‡jï gva¨‡g Zv‡K Ò¯^w¯ÍÓ †`qvi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv
n‡”Q| Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&q avi Ges e¨w³MZ A_©vqb‡K wewb‡qvM, evwYR¨ Ges eëmvi Rb¨
m¤ú` mgv‡ek NUv‡bvi Dcvq wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nqwb! Aek¨B Gi gv‡b GB bq †h, eëmvi
Rb¨ FY †`qv wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi gv‡b n‡jv eëmvi Rb¨ FY †`qv GKwU e¨wZµg, GUv
†Kv‡bv wbqg bq Ges hLb GUv Kiv n‡e Zv Ki‡Z n‡e e`vb¨Zv I AbyK¤úvi wbqg †g‡b, G‡K
gybvdv m„wóKvix †Kv‡bv cÖwµqvq iƒcvšÍi Kiv hv‡e bv|
gvKvwm` cwicvjb
gvKvwm` Ges cÖZ¨ÿ ev mywbw`©ó kv¯¿wewa g‡a¨ †Kvb&wU AMÖvwaKvi Zv wb‡q MZvbyMwZK weZ‡K©
Avwg Rov‡Z PvB bv| Z‡e Avw_©K I A_©‰bwZK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Avwg ej‡Z PvB †h, wiev
wbwl×Ki‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ cy‡ivcywi cwicvjb Kiv bv n‡j Zv GKwU m¼i Pzw³‡K wbQK wiev Avovj
Kivi Rb¨ GKwU evwn¨K Av”Qv`‡b cwiYZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| GUv hv Bmjvgx A_©vq‡bi Acwinvh©
êwkó¨¸‡jv cy‡ivcywi AKvh©Ki Ges webó K‡i †`‡e| D`vniY¯îƒc : cY¨ evwY‡R¨ A_©vqb
cy‡ivcywi Aby‡gvw`Z Ges Zv gvKvwm‡ì m‡½ m½wZc~Y© n‡jI †Kej gvwjKvbv ev AR©‡bi
kZ©¸‡jv c~iY Kiv h‡_ó bq| hwÌ Zv cÖ‡qvRbxq| Gi m‡½ evwYR¨ ev cY¨ I †mev wewbgq
Kv‡R mnvqZv/myweav K‡i †`qvi D‡ÏkÏ (gvKvwm`) _vK‡Z n‡e| GB gvKvwm`-Gi gvb`Ð
wbtm‡›`‡n cY¨ ev †mev Lv‡Z A_©vq‡bi †mB wbðqZv †hLv‡b Zv mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©B eënviKvixi
Kv‡Q wM‡q †cuŠQv‡e|7 G welqwU‡K Ab¨ K_vq ejv hvq, Ggb Pzw³‡Z A_©vqb †hLv‡b Pzw³‡Z
ewY©Z Dcv‡qB Zv eëüZ n‡e| Ggb Lv‡Z A_©vqb Kiv hv‡e bv hv Pzw³‡Z Avovj Kiv n‡q‡Q
Ggb Dcv‡q eënv‡ii Avk¼v i‡q‡Q|
7 A_©vqb eënviKvix wba©vi‡Yi gva¨‡g AKvh©Ki †jb‡`b (Avev_) Gov‡bv hvq| †hgb, Ggb †Kv‡bv eëmvwq‡K A_©vqb
Kiv whwb Zvi eëmvwqK DcKiY (Zv n‡Z cv‡i wewµi Rb¨ m¤ú` I cY¨ A_ev wk‡íi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK cY¨)
msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Zv eënvi Ki‡eb A_ev n‡eb †Kv‡bv P~ovšÍ †fv³v|
18| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

gvKvwm‡ì GB D‡Ïk¨ cwicvj‡b wkw_jZv †`Lv w`‡j g~j¨‡evawfwËK GK Abb¨ A_©vqbc×wZ
wn‡m‡e Bmjvgx A_©vqb Zvi Dc‡hvwMZv I Zvrch© nviv‡e| KviY, †h gyn~‡Z© Avcwb Òe¨w³MZ
A_©vq‡biÓ cwigÐ‡j cÖ‡ek Ki‡eb IB A_©vq‡bi c×wZ ˆbwZK I gvbweK gvb`Ð cwic~i‡Yi
†hvM¨Zv nviv‡e Ges cÖK…Z I g~j¨ms‡hvRbg~jK ¸Y cy‡ivcywi nvwi‡q †dj‡e|
2.2 Bmjvgx Avw_©K ga¨¯’Zvi cÖK…wZ Ges êwkó¨

Avw_©K ga¨¯’Zv n‡jv GKwU wkí hv Ggb gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K mÂq msMÖn K‡i hv‡ì DØ„Ë A_©
Zviv mivmwi wewb‡qv‡M mÿg ev B”QyK bb| G‡Z IBme gvbyl‡K A_©vqb Kiv nq hv‡ì g~jab
cÖ‡qvRb| me AvgvbZKvix (we‡kl K‡i hviv wbivcËv I myweavRbK nIqvq e¨vs‡K m¤ú`
Mw”QZ iv‡Lb) ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Zv‡ì mÂq Zz‡j †bb bv| d‡j, PvwnevgvÎ AvgvbZ †diZ w`‡Z
bv cvivi SzuwK QvovB e¨vsKviiv IB mÂ‡qi wKQz Ask Znwej eënviKvix‡ì †RvMvb †`qvi
my‡hvM MÖnY K‡ib| cwðgv RM‡Z Avw_©K ga¨¯’Zvq FY‡K AvgvbZ msMÖn Ges A_©vq‡bi Rb¨
GKwU †gŠwjK Pzw³ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| GUv Kiv nq g~jZ HwZnvwmK Kvi‡Y : 1) GB
Pzw³‡Z e¨vsKviiv AvgvbZKvix‡ì AvgvbZ †diZ cvevi wbðqZv †`q weavq GB AvgvbZ
A_©vq‡bi Kv‡R eënvi Kiv b¨vh¨ Ges 2) we‡`kx‡ì KvQ †_‡K my` †bqv Bûw`‡ì Rb¨
Aby‡gvw`Z wQj Ges cÖ_g hy‡Mi e¨vsKvi‡ì †ewkifvM wQj Bûw`|
weMZ kZvãxi †kl K‡qK `k‡K Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi m~Pbv Ges weKvk Zvi Av‡Mi Pvi
kZvãx a‡i P‡j Avmv e¨vswKs Abykxj‡bi w¯’wZkxjZv bó K‡i w`‡q‡Q| Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv
cÖgvY K‡i‡Q †h A_©vqb avi ev FYPzw³i AvKv‡i nIqvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
eZ©gv‡b A_©vqb‡K bZzbfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i| †hLv‡b cY¨, †mev Ges wejw¤^Z cwi‡kv‡ai
†ÿ‡Î wewb‡qv‡Mi Dcvq cÖ¯Íve K‡i| GKBfv‡e Bmjvgx Avw_©K ga¨¯’Zvi msÁvI bZzbfv‡e
ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b †hme DØ„Ë m¤ú‡ì gvwjK Avqm„wóKvix Kv‡R Zv‡ì m¤ú` wewb‡qvM
Ki‡Z Pvb A_ev hviv Zv‡ì g~j m¤ú‡ì wbðqZv Pvb Zv‡ì‡K myß Askx`vi wn‡m‡e MÖnY
K‡i Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡K m¤ú` FY wn‡m‡e wb‡q gaëZ©x cÖwZôvb (Avieve Avj gvj, ive Avj
gvj) IBme e¨w³‡ì A_©vqb K‡i hv‡ì Znwej cÖ‡qvRb| GB A_©vq‡bi c×wZ¸‡jv n‡jv
gyivevnv, BRviv Ges/ev D‡`¨v³v cyuwR (gy`vivev wewb‡qvM)|
wZbwU Drm †_‡K Bmjvgx A_©vqb ga¨¯’ZvKvixi Kv‡Q Znwej Av‡m Ges eënv‡ii `„wó‡KvY
†_‡K G¸‡jv‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq : 1) †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì Znwej, †hLv‡b eë¯’vcbvi
AvPiY IqvKvjvn-wfwËK; 2) wWgvÛ wW‡cvwRU Znwej, hv eë¯’vcbv‡K †`qv nq wbðqZvcÖvß
FY wn‡m‡e| GUv e‡j e¨vs‡Ki ÔZvgvbœvnÕ Ges eë¯’vcbv †mLv‡bI e¨vs‡Ki n‡q IqvKvjvn-
wfwË‡Z KvR K‡i| GB Znwej e¨vs‡Ki m¤úwË‡Z cwiYZ nq Ges Zv e¨vs‡Ki wnmv‡ei †µwWU
†iK‡W© †`Lv‡bv nq; Ges 3) e¨vs‡Ki m‡½ gy`vivev Pzw³i gva¨‡g ÔAvieve Avj AvgIqvjÕ-
Gi wewb‡qvM Znwej hvi m¤úK© †Kej eë¯’vcbvi m‡½ bq| cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e †Kv‡bv Bmjvgx
Avw_©K ga¨¯’ZvKvix ÔIqvKvjv wbðqZviÕ wfwË‡Z Ges bxwZwba©viK KwgwUi wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx
wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì Znwej wb‡q KvR K‡i| eë¯’vcbv cÖwZôv‡bi ÔwbR¯^ m¤úwËÕi e¨vcv‡iI IB
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 19
cÖwZôv‡bi bxwZwba©viK KwgwUi wm×všÍ Abyhvqx ÔIqvKvjv wbðqZviÕ wfwË‡Z ZrciZv Pvjvq|
GB ÔwbR¯^ m¤ú`Õ-Gi g‡a¨ †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì BKzBwUi m‡½ _v‡K wWgvÛ wW‡cvwRU hvi Rb¨
cÖwZôv‡bi Ôwh¤§vnÕ Pvh© Kiv nq [gybkvwMjvn]|
Ab¨ K_vq, †Kv‡bv Bmjvgx Avw_©K ga¨¯’ZvKvix cÖwZôvb n‡jv GKwU IqvKvjvn-wfwËK mËv|
GK w`‡K, GUv Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi g‡ZvB †kqvi‡nvìv‡ii KvQ †_‡K eë¯’vcbvi Kv‡Q hvIqv
GKwU IqvKvjvn| Z‡e wewb‡qvM wm×všÍ I jvf-†jvKmvb weZi‡Yi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨wZµ‡gi
welq n‡jv †h G‡Z wWgvÛ wW‡cvwRU †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì A_© we‡ewPZ nq| Ab¨ w`‡K, GUv Ggb
GK ai‡bi IqvKvjvn hv wewb‡qvM Znwej hv gvwjK‡ì KvQ †_‡K cÖwZôv‡bi hvq Ges †mLvb
†_‡K cÖwZôv‡bi eë¯’vcbvi nv‡Z Awc©Z nq|
GB IqvKvjvn aviYv AwZwi³ mZK©Zv wn‡m‡e `yÕfv‡e KvR K‡i : Zveviiæn (Ask`vbKvix)
Pzw³i †ÿ‡Î kixÔAvn&q IqvwKj‡K LyeB mxwgZ ÿgZv †`qv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b kZ© n‡jv,
ZveviiæqvZ cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î m¤úwËi gvwj‡Ki KvQ †_‡K mywbw`©ó AbygwZ MÖnY cÖ‡qvRb nq|
cvkvcvwk, wewb‡qvM evQvB I Znwej eënv‡ii †ÿ‡Î IqvwKj‡K AwZwi³ mZK©Zv Aej¤^b
Ki‡Z nq| Gi gv‡b GKRb IqvwKj‡K ¯^í mZK© Ae¯’vb †_‡K AwZgvÎvq mZK© Ae¯’vb
†e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e Ges AwZ SzuwKc~Y© weK‡íi e`‡j ¯^í SzuwKc~Y© D‡`¨v‡M Znwej eënvi Ki‡Z
n‡e| Bmjvgx e¨vsKviiv Zv‡ì Znwej eënv‡ii Rb¨ Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi evnb wn‡m‡e †Kb
gy`vivevi †P‡q gyivevnv I BRviv †ewk cQ›` K‡ib Zvi m¤¢ve¨ e¨vL¨v GLvb †_‡K cvIqv hvq|
ZvwË¡Kfv‡e Av‡iv GK avc AMÖmi n‡q mvn‡mi m‡½ ejv hvq, cy‡ivcywi kixÔAvn&i wfwË‡Z
Bmjvgx e¨vsKvi‡ì Aek¨B wbivcËv I SzuwK we‡ePbvq gy`vivevi †P‡q gyivevnv Ges BRviv
†e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e|
Avgiv Bmjvgx A_©vqb m¤úwK©Z wKQz cÖ_vMZ iPbvi axkw³ wb‡qI cÖkœ Zzj‡Z cvwi| Gme
iPbvq Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K Zv‡ì m¤ú‡ì c‡ÿ gy`vivev Pzw³ eënv‡ii AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv
n‡q‡Q, †hb †ewk SzuwK †bqvB fv‡jv| KL‡bv KL‡bv GB ZvwË¡K cQ›` ÔAvj ¸bgy evB Avj
MviægÕ-Gi A½xKv‡ii m‡½ Ggbfv‡e wg‡k hvq †hb gybvdv w`‡q SzuwK MÖn‡Yi †hŠw³KZv wePvi
Kiv nq| G †hb †h Bmjvgx e¨vsK hZ †ewk SzuwK †b‡e †mB e¨vsK ZZ fv‡jv!
Avm‡j, kixÔAvn& SzuwK MÖn‡Yi e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bv ˆbwZK g~j¨‡eva wbw`©ó K‡i †`qwb| G‡Z ¯^í
SzuwKi RvqMvq AwaK SzuwK †e‡Q †bqv m¤úwK©Z †Kvb D‡jøLI †bB| ZvQvov, kixÔAvn& SzuwK
wb‡q gybvdv AR©‡bi K_vI e‡j bv|8 kixÔAvn&i ev¯ÍeZe cÖwZdjb †`Lv hvq IB cÖev‡ì g‡a¨
†hLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q †h GKRb gvbyl m¤ú‡ì gvwjK nIqv ev cwikªg cÖ`v‡bi d‡j †h gybvdv
8 Avm‡j SzuwK MÖnY hw` Kvdvjv gybvdv‡K †hŠw³K cÖwZcbœ K‡i, hv Pig SzuwK MÖn‡Yi GKwU KviY, gybvdvi we‡ePbvq
Pig SzuwK MÖnY n‡e me‡P‡q †ewk jvfRbK| Z‡e GUv Rvbv K_v †h, IAvBwmi BmjvwgK wdKvn GKv‡Wwgi MÖnY Kiv
cÖ¯Íve Abyhvqx Kvdvjvi Ici jvf cÖ`vb wievi †P‡q †ewk gvÎvq wbwl×| KviY, GUv FY cÖ`v‡bi A½xKv‡ii IciB
GKwU e„w× m„wó K‡i| Ab¨ w`‡K, wiev n‡jv cÖK…Z FY cÖ`v‡bi Ici GKwU e„w×|
20| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

AR©b K‡i †m Zvi nK`vi|9 Gi gv‡b n‡jv A_©vqb †_‡K gybvdv AR©‡bi hyw³ n‡jv m¤ú‡ì
gvwjKvbv _vKv| GUv ïay †Kv‡bv m¤ú‡ì cÖe„w× m„wói m¤¢vebvgq êwkó¨‡KB Zz‡j a‡i bv,
ev¯ÍweKB Zv GKwU cÖe„w×I m„wó K‡i| hvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avgiv Avkcv‡k †`L‡Z cvB|
Avw_©K ga¨¯’Zv c×wZ wn‡m‡e Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡K cÖZ¨ÿ A_©vqb †_‡K Avjv`v Kivi Av‡M
Avgv‡ì‡K Avev‡iv gyivevnvÕi evowZ g~j¨ (mark up) aviYvwU LwZ‡q †`Lv DwPZ Ges Avw_©K
ga¨¯’Zvi Bmjvgx †cÖÿvc‡U GUv wKfv‡e m„wó nq Zv †evSv DwPZ| c‡Yï g~j¨ I †mevi
Ici cwi‡kva I mieiv‡ni GKwU cÖfve _v‡K| GUv kixÔAvn& Ges cÖPwjZ aviYv Dfq
†ÿ‡ÎB GKwU ÁvZ mZ¨| †m Abyhvqx, g~j¨ cwi‡kva Ges mieiv‡ni ZvwiL Abyhvqx †h
†Kvb cY¨/†mevÕi eûiKg g~j¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Av‡iv mvaviYfv‡e †evSvi Rb¨ awi Avgiv †Kvb
cY¨/†mevi Rb¨ wZbwU g~j¨ †bB, G¸‡jvi Rb¨ GKwU K‡i c‡q‡›U mieiv‡ni w`b wba©viY Kwi
Ges †m¸‡jv msÁvwqZ Kwi Gfv‡e: K) mieiv‡ni Av‡M cwi‡kv‡ai †ÿ‡Î GKwU g~j¨; L)
mieiv‡ni mgq cwi‡kv‡ai †ÿ‡Î GKwU g~j¨; Ges M) mieiv‡ni ci cwi‡kv‡ai †ÿ‡Î GKwU
g~j¨- Zvn‡j Avgiv †`L‡ev : ÒAb¨ mKj kZ© Ges e¯‘ GKB _vK‡jÓ g~j¨wU (K) me¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ Kg, (L) gaëZ©x g~j¨, Ges (M) me¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †ewk| Gi wKQzUv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq c‡Yï
mgqg~j¨ Ges cwi‡kva c×wZ w`‡q| Z‡e, me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡jv cY¨ AR©b I eënvi|
Avcwb hLb g~j¨ cwi‡kva bv K‡iB †Kvb cY¨ eënvi K‡ib ZLb Avcwb Gi Dc‡hvwMZv bó
Ki‡Qb Ges Gi Rb¨ Avcwb evowZ cwi‡kv‡a ivwR n‡”Qb| GKBfv‡e Avcwb g~j¨ cwi‡kva
Ki‡jI cÖvwß‡Z wej¤^ NU‡Q Ges cieZx© mg‡q eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ZLb Avcwb cY¨wUi
Rb¨ Kg g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡a B”QzK n‡”Qb| G Rb¨B K¬vwmK¨vj wdKvn& iPbvw`‡Z Avgiv mvjvg
wewµ‡K ÔgvnvIqvRÕ (cÖ‡qvRb Ggb Kv‡iv Rb¨) wewµ ev gykZviwKwmb (¯^íg~j¨ AbymÜvbKvix)
wewµ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB Avgiv hw` g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai mgq I cY¨ mieiv‡ni
w`‡bi g‡a¨ eëav‡bi Kvi‡Y cY¨ g~‡jï GB cv_©K¨ †g‡b †bB Zvn‡j gyivevnv-G evowZ g~j¨
wba©vi‡Yi welqwU e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| d‡j, GUv †hgb my‡ì aviYv †_‡K Av‡mwb †Zgwb GUv
A‡_©i mgq Dc‡hvwMZvi (time preference) RbÏ nqwb (hwÌ A‡_©i mgq Dc‡hvwMZv Gi
m‡½ m½wZc~Y© bq Ges Gi weiæ‡× Avgv‡ì weZK© KiviI †Kv‡bv KviY †bB)|10 Avm‡j,
evowZ g~j¨wU GKvšÍfv‡eB cY¨g~‡jï mgq-KvVv‡gv (time structure) †_‡K D™¢~Z|
9 KwZcq cwÐZ Gi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv we‡kl ai‡bi ÒwbðqZvÓi d‡j m„ó gybvdviI ¯^Z¡evb (entitlement) nIqvi welqwU †hvM
K‡i‡Qb| Avi IB M¨vivw›U n‡jv g~j-Gi M¨vivw›U, †hgb: kvwiKvZ Avj DRvqvn ev kwiKvZ Avj mvbvC-G ZvKveŸy‡ji
†ÿ‡Î gvbe kªgN›Uv; †m Abyhvqx G ai‡bi M¨vivw›U kªg ev g~j A‡¼i w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq|
10 Avgv‡ì hyw³ n‡jv, my` MÖn‡Yi †hŠw³KZv cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ A‡_©i mgqg~j¨ †Kv‡bv weåvwšÍ Qvov ev¯Íe wKQz bq| KviY,
Avgiv hLb UvKv nv‡Z ivwL ZLb G‡Z †Kv‡bv e„w× N‡U bv Ges ÔA‡_©i mgqg~‡jïIÕ Avwef©ve N‡U bv| A‡_©i
mgqg~‡jï welqwU wbQK Av‡iKRb‡K FY †`qvi mgq `vwe Kivi g‡a¨ wbwnZ| A_© hLb A‡bï nv‡Z _v‡K ZLb
Avgiv `vwe Kwi †h ÔA‡_©i mgqg~‡jïÕ Kvi‡Y GKwU cÖe„w× N‡U‡Q| hwÌ bM` A‡_©i cÖwZ gvby‡li Abyiw³ Rxe‡biB
GKwU ev¯ÍeZv| KviY GB Abyiw³ Avgv‡ì‡K mg‡qi cÖwZwU gyn~‡Z© cQ‡›ì GKwU D”PZi gvÎv cÖ`vb K‡i| GB
Abyiw³ Avgv‡ì‡K cÖe„w× G‡b †`‡eB Ggb †Kv‡bv wbðqZv †bB| Avevi GB weKí eënvi cÖe„w×i e`‡j †jvKmv‡bi
KviY n‡Z cv‡i| Avcwb hLb bM` A_© n‡Z ivLvi e`‡j my‡ì wfwË‡Z FY (ev F‡Yi e„w×I Rb¨) †`qvi Rb¨
GKwU evRvi m„wó Ki‡eb ZLb Zv n‡e ÒwbwðZfv‡e BwZevPKÓ| GUv †h Aev¯Íe cÖK…wZi Zv wbe‡Üi ïiæ‡ZB Avgiv
Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 21
Avgiv †`wL eëmvqxiv mvaviYZ mivmwi Zv‡ì MÖvnK‡ì evwYwR¨K FY †`q Ges GB PP©v
g~jZ cvBKvwi I LyPiv eëmvqx‡ì g‡a¨ n‡q _v‡K| Zviv Zv‡ì wbR¯^ gvwjKvbvaxb m¤ú`
eënvi K‡i Ges cÖvqB e¨vs‡Ki FYmyweavi Ici wbf©i K‡i| we‡kl K‡i, Kgvwk©qvj †ccvi
Ges cÖwgmwi †bvU wWmKvDw›Us-Gi gva¨‡g Zviv GUv K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨ w`‡K, Bmjvgx e¨vsK
e¨w³ I eëmvq A_©vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î g~jZ AvgvbZKvix‡ì Znwej eënvi K‡i| ZvB Giv †h
ai‡bi A_©vqb K‡i Zv GKvšÍfv‡eB Avw_©K ga¨¯’ZvwfwËK| G‡ì gybvdv AR©b‡K †hŠw³K
cÖwZcbœ Ki‡Z †÷vi ev †kv-iæg †Lvjvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| KviY, GLv‡b Avw_©K I ˆbwZK `yÕw`K
w`‡qB cY¨g~j¨ †ni‡di nIqvi welqwU cwi‡kva I mieivn mg‡qi cv_©K¨ Øviv †hŠw³K e‡j
cÖgvY Kiv hvq| ZvB †Kvb c‡Yï ZvrÿwYK g~j¨ cwi‡kva Ges wejw¤^Z cwi‡kv‡ai †ÿ‡Î
g~j¨cÖ‡f` (gyivevnvq evowZ g~‡j¨ wewµ) †Kv‡bvfv‡eB my‡ì AbyKiY bq| eis, GUv cy‡ivcywi
ev¯Íe evRviwfwËK g~j¨cÖ‡f`| KviY, ev¯Íe‡ÿ‡Î (Ges kixÔAvn& me©`v ev¯Íe Ae¯’v AbymiY
K‡i P‡j) g~‡jï GB cÖ‡f` gvbyl †g‡b †bq| KviY, cwi‡kva I mieiv‡ni mgq Aek¨B
g~j¨‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|11
cwi‡k‡l, mivmwi evwYwR¨K F‡Yi Zzjbvq Bmjvgx Avw_©K ga¨¯’Zvi me‡P‡q cv_©K¨m~PK
êwkó¨wU n‡jv Bmjvgx A_©vqb ga¨¯’ZvKvixiv †Kv‡bv A_©vqbcÖwµqv m„wó‡Z Aek¨B wbR¯^
D‡`¨v‡M KvR Ki‡e bv| Zviv KvR Ki‡e †Kej MÖvn‡Ki Zid †_‡K D‡`¨vM †bqv n‡j| Gi
gv‡b n‡jv Bmjvgx A_©vqb ga¨¯’Zv †Kv‡bv mivmwi wewb‡qv‡Mi wkí bq; eis GwU n‡jv GKwU
eëmvi Rb¨ mnvqK cÖwZôvb hv †m¸‡jvi wewb‡qvM I †KbvKvUvq A_©vqb K‡i| Gi Av‡iKwU
gv‡b n‡jv, Bmjvgx e¨vsK hLbB wbR¯^ D‡`¨v‡M m¤ú` wKb‡Q ev gvwjK n‡”Q (Zv‡ì wbR¯^
eëmv cwiPvjbvi GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvR‡b †Kbv cY¨ ev †mevi evB‡i) Zviv Bmjvgx A_©vqb ga¨¯’Zvi
†gŠwjK msÁv j•Nb Ki‡Q Ges ewYK‡ì g‡Zv mivmwi evwYwR¨K FY`vZvi KvZv‡i P‡j hv‡”Q|
2.3 SzuwK cÖkg‡b kixÔAvnevÜe c×wZi D`vniY

Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki SzuwK cÖkg‡bi Ici †jLv eB‡q12 Lvb Ges Avng` hyw³ †`Lvb †h Bmjvgx
e¨vsK ïay cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki g‡Zv SzuwK¸‡jvB enb K‡i bv, †m¸‡jv Zv‡ì Ôm¤ú` I `v‡qi
Abb¨ KvVv‡gv †_‡K D™¢~Z bZzb I wfbœ ai‡bi SzuwKiÕI gy‡LvgywL nq| Lvb I Avng‡ì
g‡Z, GB bZzb I Abb¨ ai‡bi SzuwK n‡jv e¨vs¸‡jv kixÔAvn&i wb‡`©kbv †g‡b Pjvi d‡j
m„ó ZvrÿwYK djvdj| Zviv Av‡iv e‡jb †h, GgbwK MZvbyMwZK ev cÖPwjZ SzuwKi †ÿ‡ÎI
Bmjvgx e¨vsK †hme SzuwK †gvKv‡ejv K‡i Zv cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi SzuwKi cÖK…wZ †_‡K wfbœ|
¯úóZ GB hyw³i Zvrch© n‡jv Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi wewfbœ ai‡bi ÔSzuwK wPwýZKiY cÖwµqvÕ
11 Avw_©K ga¨¯’Zv evRv‡ii KvVv‡gv †hfv‡e ùvwo‡q Av‡Q Zv‡Z eZ©gvb Bmjvgx e¨vswKs Abykxj‡b GUv wKQzUv A¯úó|
Avw_©K ga¨¯’Zv wk‡íi Ici my`wfwËK FY`vb Ggbfv‡e cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i Av‡Q, g‡b nq †hb my‡ì †jb‡`bB Kvh©Z
GB wk‡í g~j¨ wba©viK| d‡j, Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki c_ †e‡Q †bqvi my‡hvM LyeB mxwgZ| nq Zv‡K evRv‡i GKv Pj‡Z
n‡e A_ev eëmv †_‡K †ewi‡q †h‡Z n‡e!
12 AvBAviwUAvB cÖKvkbv 2003|
22| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi SzuwK eë¯’vcbv c×wZ I †KŠkj _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| Gi cvkvcvwk, wewfbœ
ai‡bi ZË¡veavbI _vK‡Z n‡e| Gi K‡qK eQi Av‡M jyKv Gwi‡Kv Ges wgÎ dvivneKk-Gi
iPbv‡ZI GKB ai‡bi hyw³ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|13 hwÌ Zviv mgvwß‡Z e‡jb †h, m¤ú` web¨v‡mi
†ÿ‡Î b~¨bZg Avewk¨K cyuwR (minimum capital requirement) we‡ePbvq wb‡Z n‡e,14 Zviv
hyw³ †`Lvb †h SzuwK mvgvj w`‡Z cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi Zzjbvq Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi †ewk
Ôb~¨bZg Avewk¨K cyuwRÕ cÖ‡qvRb| KviY, G¸‡jvi wcGjGm (profit and loss sharing) m¤ú`
eÜKxwfwËK (collaterized) bq|
Bmjvgx e¨vsKeë¯’vi Ici GB `yB †jLvi g~j †dvKvm wQj ZË¡veavqK KZ©„c‡ÿi `„wó‡KvY
†_‡K welq¸‡jv‡K we‡kølY Kiv Ges Ôb~¨bZg Avewk¨K cyuwRÕ| Bmjvgx A_©vq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
we‡ePbvq Avgiv GB iPbv¸‡jvi m‡½ GKgZ n‡jI GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb wKQz SzuwKi
aib wfbœ, †hgb : AvBwb I gvgjv msµvšÍ SzuwK| KviY, Avgv‡ì Av`vjZ¸‡jvi wewaweavb
GL‡bv Bmjvgx A_©vq‡bi m‡½ cy‡ivcywi m½wZc~Y© K‡i cÖYxZ nqwb|15
Z‡e, Bmjvgx A_©vqb cY¨¸‡jv wfbœ ai‡bi SzuwK P¨v‡jÄ m„wó K‡i Ges GB SzuwKi g~j jÿë¯‘
_v‡K wewb‡qvMKvix Ges AvÛvi‡UKvi (†h GB wewb‡qvM MÖnY K‡i)| AvÛvi‡UKvi-Gi SzuwK
g~jZ Bmy¨K…Z cY¨ †cuŠQv‡bv| G wel‡q ga¨cÖvP¨ Ges `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqv Ges cvwK¯Ív‡bi
AwfÁZvq †`Lv hvq, Gme †`‡k Bmjvgx Avw_©K c‡Yï Pvwn`v GZUvB †ewk †h cÖwZwU Bmy¨B
wewµi jÿ¨gvÎv‡K Qvwo‡q hvq Ges †µZv I wewb‡qvMKvix †m¸‡jv a‡i iv‡Lb gva¨wgK
evRv‡i b~¨bZg my‡hvM _vKv ch©šÍ| GB Pvwn`vi KviY g~jZ agx©q Abyf~wZ| GLv‡b A_©‰bwZK
wnmve-wbKvk Kg KvR K‡i| A‡bK M‡elK g‡b K‡ib Bmjvgx A_©vqb evRv‡ii cwiwa
m¤úªmvwiZ n‡j GB Abyf~wZ Avi _vK‡e bv| ZLb AvÛvi‡UKvi‡ì A_©‰bwZKfv‡e SzuwKc~Y©
c‡_ G‡Mv‡Z n‡e| bZzb Bmjvgx A_©vqb c‡Yï myweav‡fvMx Ges Bmjvgx e¨vsKvi‡ì Rb¨
wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì SzuwKi welqwU GKwU D‡Ø‡Mi KviY|
myKzK-Gi g‡Zv Bmjvwg cvewjK Bmyï cÖeZ©Kiv Gme SzuwK cÖkg‡bi Dcvq LyuR‡Qb| Zviv g‡b
Ki‡Qb, agx©q Db¥v`bvi Kvi‡Y m„ó Pvwn`v GK mgq †kl n‡q hv‡e| ZLb wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì
DØy× Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bZzb wKQzi| ZvB G ai‡bi Bmy¨ Ges Ab¨vb¨ ai‡bi bZzb Bmjvgx
A_©vqb c‡Yï SzuwK Kwg‡q Avbvi Dcvq LyuR‡Z bZzb d‡Zvqvi f~wgKvwUI Av‡jvPbvq G‡m
13 jyKv Gwi‡Kv Ges wgÎ dvivneKk, “Islamic Banking: issues in Prudential Regulation and Supervision,” AvBGgGd IqvwK©s
†ccvi bs- WP/98/30, 1998|
14 cÖv¸³, c„. 17|
15 Av‡iKwU wbe‡Ü Avwg hyw³ †`wL‡qwQ †h Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi m¤ú` cwiKvVv‡gvi m‡½ cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi †Zgb
†Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB| ZvB Zv‡ì †hgb cy‡iv Avjv`v ai‡bi SzuwKeë¯’v MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb †bB †Zgwb cÖ‡qvRb †bB
AwaKZi Avewk¨K cyuwRi| AwaKš‘, †h‡nZz Zv‡ì Avgvb‡Zi e„nËi Ask gy`vivevwfwËK wewb‡qvM AvgvbZ, hv g~jZ
BKzBwUi Abycv‡Z SzuwK m„wó K‡i, ZvB cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi Zzjbvq Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv‡Z Avewk¨K cyuwRi cwigvY Kg
n‡Z cv‡i| †`Lyb : Basel II: Implications for Islamic Banking, 2005 mv‡ji 22-24 b‡f¤î RvKvZ©vq lô B›Uvib¨vkbvj
Kbdv‡iÝ Ab BmjvwgK B‡KvbwgKm A¨vÛ e¨vswKs‡q Dc¯’vwcZ wbeÜ|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 23
hvq| jÿŸxq welq n‡jv weMZ K‡qK eQi a‡i d‡Zvqvi MwZ †ek †Rviv‡jv| we‡kl K‡i
weMZ kZvãxi †kl `yB eQi Ges IB me d‡Zvqvi wKQz wKQz LyeB weZwK©Z|
wKQz ÔbZzbÕ d‡Zvqvi djvdj Abyaveb Ges wiev wbwl‡×i mywbw`©ó gvKvwm`-Gi m‡½ Zv m½wZc~Y©
wK bv Zv g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ Avgiv cÖ_‡g Bmjvgx A_©vqb SzuwKi mxgv Ges cÖK…wZ ch©v‡jvPbv
Kie| Gici SzuwK cÖkg‡bi Rb¨ A¯úó ÔbZzbÕ d‡Zvqvi weKí wn‡m‡e gvKvwmèvÜe c×wZi
cÖ¯Íve Kie|
2.4 Bmjvgx A_©vqb Pzw³i SzuwKi aib

Bmjvgx A_©vqb Pzw³¸‡jvi weeiY Ges êwkó¨ bZzb K‡i Zz‡j aiv QvovB ¯^Ztwm× ev¯ÍeZvi
wfwË‡Z G¸‡jvi SzuwKi aib eY©bv Kiv hvq| Avgv‡ì ev¯Íe Rxe‡b NUgvb mewKQzB
kixÔAvn&q MÖnY‡hvM¨ Ges G‡Z †Kv‡bv †hvRbxq ev AbygvbwfwËK wKQz †bB| Ab¨ K_vq, GB
SzuwK¸‡jvi cÖK…wZB Zv‡ì SzuwKi aib wbY©q K‡i †`q| Bmjvgx A_©vqb Pzw³i †gŠwjK A_©vqb
Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡”Q :
1. Av‡qi †hŠw³KZv cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ Aek¨B Zv m¤ú`wfwËK n‡Z n‡e : m¤ú` †Kv‡bv
eë¯’vc‡Ki (D‡`¨v³v) Kv‡Q n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv n‡q‡Q A_ev BRviv †`qvi Rb¨ ivLv n‡q‡Q ev
cybivq wewµi Rb¨ ivLv n‡q‡Q|
2. A_©vq‡bi m¤ú`wfwË Zvi mnRvZ cÖK…wZi Kvi‡Y (†hgb dj ev DRydiv³) A_ev ev¯Íe
evRvi kw³i cÖfv‡e (†hgb, wRwbm I †mev) c‡Yï e„w× NUv‡e|16
3. wewb‡qvMKvix (m¤ú` †RvMvb`vZv) Avq K‡ib †Kv‡bv cÖe„w×ÿg m¤ú‡ì gvwjK nIqvi
Rb¨| wewµ ev BRviv A_©vq‡b G welqwU ¯úó n‡jI Askx`vix‡Z¡i G‡RwÝ Dcv`v‡bi
g‡a¨ GUv Dn¨ _v‡K (†Kbv c‡Yï A_© †RvMvb`vi Ae¨vnZ gvwjKvbv)|
4. kixÔAvn&m¤§Z wewb‡qvM Ges A_©vqb Pzw³i Rb¨ ˆbwZK I kixÔAvnwfwËK hvPvB|
Gme êwk‡óï wbR¯^ ai‡bi SzuwK i‡q‡Q| Z‡e, †gŠwjK welqwU n‡jv (Bmjvgx A_©vqb cY¨
Acwinvh©fv‡e ev¯Íe evRv‡ii †jb‡`b, Z_v : m¤ú`, cY¨ Ges/ev †mevi wfwË‡Z n‡e) cY¨,
16 A‡_©i welqwU Kx n‡e, GUv wK †Kv‡bv Askx`vix A_©vq‡b cyuwR n‡Z cv‡i? mevi ZvrÿwYK Reve n‡e ÔbvÕ KviY, A_©
e„w× †c‡Z cv‡i bv| Bmjvgx A_©vqb Pzw³i Ici K¬vwmK¨vj mvwn‡Z¨ GB evwn¨K hyw³ †g‡b wb‡q ejv n‡q‡Q †h A_©
Ab¨vb¨ wRwbm, m¤ú` I Drcv`‡bi Dcv`v‡bi m‡½ wewbgq Kiv hvq| d‡j, Zv Askx`vix A_©vq‡b cyuwR wn‡m‡eI
eënvi Kiv hvq| Z‡e, kZ© n‡jv †h GwU eënv‡ii cÖ_g avc (cY¨, BZ¨vw` †Kbvi avc) n‡e G‡RwÝ Pzw³i wfwË|
Ab¨ K_vq, G‡RwÝ Pzw³i Kj¨v‡Y, hv me Askx`vix-wfwËK A_©vq‡b Dn¨ _v‡K, A_© †RvMvb`vZvi gvwjKvbv IB
m¤ú‡` cwiYZ n‡e hv †Kv‡bv G‡R›U/Askx`vi wK‡b †b‡e| d‡j A_© e„w× cvIqvi GLwZqvifz³ n‡jv Ges Zv †Kv‡bv
Askx`vix A_©vqb Pzw³‡Z cyuwR ev g~j wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv hv‡e|
FY weg~Z© n‡jI GKwU ev¯Íe m¤ú` hv †Kv‡bv Askx`vix eë¯’vq cyuwR wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv hvq bv| KviY, GwU cÖe„w×i
GLwZqvifz³ m¤ú‡` cwiYZ Kiv hvq bv| kixÔAvn& mvwn‡Z¨ G‡K A‡_©i g‡Zv we‡ePbv Kiv nqwb| KviY, cY¨ Ges
Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb †Kbvi Rb¨ ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Zv cvIqv hvq bv| FY msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ mgq I kÖ‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq| G‡Z
wd Ges/ev Ab¨vb¨ PvR© AšÍfz©³ _v‡K weavq Avjv`v I ¯úó G‡RwÝ Pzw³ cÖ‡qvRb nq| wKš‘ GKevi FY msMÖn n‡q
†M‡j Zv bM` ev Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú‡` cwiYZ nq| Gici Askx`vixwfwËK A_©vqb m¤úwK©Z Pzw³ m¤úv`b Kiv hvq|
24| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

†mev Ges Drcv`bkxj c‡Yï gvwjKvbv jv‡fi Rb¨ Avgiv mwZ¨Kvi SzuwK wb‡q KvR Kwi|
ZvB, Avgv‡ì mvg‡b mw¤§wjZfv‡e g~j¨ SzuwK Ges AciPzwbwU K÷ SzuwK _v‡K| Avgiv †h my`-
cÖfvweZ evRv‡i evm KiwQ †mLv‡b wØZxqwU‡K mvaviYfv‡e my`-nvi SzuwK wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ
Kiv nq|17 hLbB †Kvb Pzw³ F‡Yi m„wó K‡i ZLbB FY SzuwK ev †Ljvwc nIqvi SzuwK m„wó
nq Ges †h‡Kv‡bv AvšÍte¨w³K m¤ú‡K© ˆbwZK öjb SzuwK (moral hazard risk) m„wó n‡Z
cv‡i| †h‡nZz g~j¨ SzuwK Bmjvgx A_©vq‡b AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, gyivevnv Ges Avw_©K BRviveë¯’vi
ÔevaëvaKZvc~Y© A½xKviÕ-Gi Kvi‡Y Zv eûjvs‡k K‡g †M‡jI Ab¨vb¨ ai‡bi A_©vq‡bi
(Askx`vix Ges m¤ú`wfwËK wewb‡qvM) †ÿ‡Î GUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡ePbv wn‡m‡e †_‡K hvq|
ˆbwZK öjb SzuwKi †ÿ‡Î GUv ¯úóZ aviwfwËK A_©vq‡bi †P‡q Askx`vix A_©vq‡bi †ejvq
A‡bK †ewk| Gi gv‡b n‡jv my`wfwËK c×wZ †_‡K m‡i wM‡q gykvivKv ev gyivevnv Aej¤^b
Kiv n‡j †mLv‡b ˆbwZK öjb SzuwK eû ¸Y †e‡o hv‡e| Ab¨ w`‡K, AciPzwbwU K÷- SzuwK I
FYSzuwKi gvÎv Ges cÖK…wZ we‡ePbvq wb‡j Bmjvgx Ges cÖPwjZ A_©vq‡bi g‡a¨ †Zgb eo
†Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †`L‡Z cv‡e bv †KD|
3. SzuwK cÖkg‡b gvKvwm`-evÜe c×wZi D`vniY

wbe‡Üi GB As‡k K¬vwmK¨vj kixÔAvn& mvwn‡Zï mnRvZ wKQz SzuwK cÖkgbeë¯’v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡e| Avgiv †`L‡ev Gme eë¯’vi êwPÎ¨c~Y© cÖ‡qvM m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| hvi gva¨‡g SzuwK Kg
†`Lvq Ggb d‡Zvqvi Øvi¯’ nIqvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv K‡g hv‡e| Gme d‡Zvqv gv‡S g‡a¨ Ggb
a~gªRvj m„wó K‡i hvi d‡j Kw_Z ÔBmjvwgK cyuwR evRviÕ-Gi g‡Zv wKQz cY¨ m„wói mvnm ˆZwi
nq|
we‡kl K‡i myKzK Ges Ki‡cv‡iU wewb‡qv‡Mi g‡Zv bZzb Bmjvgx A_©vqb c‡Yï †ÿ‡Î
wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì SzuwK Kwg‡q Avb‡Z †ek wKQz eë¯’v Aej¤^b Kiv hvq| †hgb : †i‡fby¨
fvMvfvwM, †mev Ges DRydiv³-wfwËK A_©vqb, cyuwRexgv, eÜKx, Z…Zxq c‡ÿi M¨vivw›U,
wecixZ gyivevnv (reverse Murabahah) Ges gyivevnv jvBb-Ae-†µwWU|
3.1 †i‡fby¨ †kqvwis Ges †i‡fby¨ †kqvwis myKzK

gy`vivev eë¯’vq Znwej cÖwfkb ivLvi Rb¨ gyRvivnv c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Ici wfwËK K‡i †i‡fby¨
†kqvwis aviYv cÖwZwôZ| gy`vivevq wbU jv‡fi GKwU Ask Znwej †hvMvb`vi (ive Avj gvj)-
Gi Rb¨ wbw`©ó| Ab¨ w`‡K, Avq †kqvwis A_©vq‡b †gvU †i‡fby¨ Av‡qi GKwU Ask m¤ú`
†RvMvb`vZvi Rb¨ wbw`©ó ivLv nq, hv Drcv`bcÖwµqvq eënvi Kiv nq| ZvB †i‡fby¨ †kqvwis
A_©vqb n‡jv †Kbvi Rb¨ IqvKvjv ev ¯’vei m¤ú` m„wó Ges m¤ú` gvwjK I m¤ú` cwiPvj‡Ki
g‡a¨ gyRvivnv-wfwËK Askx`vixZ¡Ñ G `yeë¯’vi mgš^q|
17 Bmjvgx A_©vqb my`-cÖfvweZ cÖPwjZ A_©vqb evRv‡ii AwZ ÿz`ª Ask wb‡q KvR K‡i| ZvB GB wek¦evRv‡i Bmjvgx
A_©vqb cY¨ I we‡µZviv n‡jv g~j¨ MÖnYKvix, g~j¨ wba©viK bq| hLbB †Kv‡bv Pzw³ F‡Yi m„wó K‡i ZLbB FY SzuwK ev
†Ljvwc nIqvi SzuwK m„wó nq Ges †h‡Kv‡bv AvšÍte¨w³K m¤ú‡K© ˆbwZK öjb SzuwK (moral hazard risk) m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 25
myKzK ai‡bi cÖ‡qv‡M, †Kvb Uªv÷ (mw¤§wjZfv‡e me wewb‡qvMKvixi cÖwZwbwa) IqvKvjvi wfwË‡Z
GKwU Gmwcwf (Special Purpose Vehicle) †RvMvb †`q| GB Gmwcwf (cwiPvjbvKvixi m‡½
m¤úvw`Z †Kv‡bv BmwZmbv Pzw³i gva¨‡g) nq‡Zv †Kv‡bv wegvbe›ì, †Uvj †ivW ev Ki‡cv‡iU
d¨v±wi wbg©vY K‡i Zv †i‡fby¨ †kqvwis‡qi wfwË‡Z cwiPvj‡Ki (eë¯’vcbv) nv‡Z Zz‡j †`q|
Gi d‡j IB wegvbe›ìwUi gvwjK n‡e Uªv÷ Ges wewb‡qvMKvixiv wegvbe›ì †_‡K †gvU
†i‡fby¨ Av‡qi Ask cv‡e| Gfv‡e †i‡fby¨ †kqvwis aviYv AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY Ges †Kv‡bv
Drcv`bkxj Ki‡cv‡iU cÖK‡í A_©vq‡bi Kv‡RI cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
GB eë¯’v wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì GKwU BwZevPK gybvdvi (k~‡bï †P‡q †ewk) wbðqZv †`‡e|
KviY, me©‡gvU †i‡fby¨ memgq BwZevPK nq| cÿvšÍ‡i gy`vivev eë¯’vi Zzjbvq †i‡fby¨
†kqvwis eë¯’v GgbwK cwiPvjK/eë¯’vcbv †jvKmvb ¸b‡jI wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì gybvdv w`‡q
_v‡K| gybvdvi e¨vcv‡i wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì D‡ØM Kgv‡Z gybvdvi wbðqZv w`‡q †h ÔbZzbÕ
d‡Zvqv †`qv n‡”Q Zv kixÔAvn& `„wó‡KvY †_‡K weåvwšÍKi n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb : FYwfwËK
†jb‡`b‡hvM¨ myKzK (debt-based tradable Sukuk) Bmy¨|
Ab¨w`‡K †i‡fby¨ †kqvwis eë¯’v wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì wewfbœ iKg gybvdvi wecix‡Z †Kv‡bv myiÿv
cÖ`vb K‡i bv| ZvB G‡K GL‡bv gy`vivev I gykvivKvi g‡Zv Askx`vix wn‡m‡e †kªwYfz³ Kiv
nq| gybvdvq †Zgb †ni‡di bv nIqvi wbðqZv †`‡e cÖK‡íi w¯’wZkxjZv Ges †m¸‡jvi
m¤¢eciZv hvPvB‡qi kw³gËv|
Z‡e, gy`vivev I gykvivKvi g‡Zv †i‡fby¨ †kqvwis eë¯’vI wb‡gœv³ `ywU c×wZi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU
A_ev GKB m‡½ `ywU Aej¤^‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv hvq :
1. Ggb kZ© hv cwiPvjK/eë¯’vcbvi wbU gybvdv A_ev wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì Av‡qi Ici
GKwU mxgv Av‡ivc Ki‡e| GB mxgvi DØ„Ë Ab¨ †Kvb cÿ cv‡e A_ev wfbœ kZKiv
Abycv‡Z ewÈZ n‡e; Ges
2. weZiY‡hvM¨ mg‡q wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì gybvdvq mgZv m„wó Ges g~j-Gi M¨vivw›Ui Rb¨
wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì gybvdv Ges †Kv‡bv mswkøó Z…Zxq cÿ A_ev mxgvi DØ„Ë †_‡K wb‡q
GKwU Znwej m„wó|
3.2 †mev Ges DRydiv³-wfwËK A_©vqb

Ae¨vnZ gy`ªvùxwZ Ges µgea©gvb kªgg~‡jï (RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb) A_©bxwZ‡Z †mev Ges
DRydiv³-wfwËK A_©vqb Ges myKzK gybvdv Ges/ev cyuwR ÿ‡q hvIqv †iv‡a GKwU PgrKvi
†KŠkj| Gi KviY n‡jv : gybvdv cwi‡kva Kiv nq e¯‘i (kind) wfwË‡Z Z_v, †mev BDwbU
A_ev DRydiv³ BDwb‡Ui wfwË‡Z| GwU g~j¨ùxwZi Av‡iKwU kixÔAvn&m¤§Z cÖwZ‡ivaK, hvi
Rb¨ Ggb †Kv‡bv m‡›`nhy³ d‡Zvqvi Øvi¯’ n‡Z nq bv hv‡Z †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e c‡ivÿ
my` AšÍfz©³ i‡q‡Q|
26| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

3.4 cyuwR exgv Ges RvgvbZ
RvgvbZ MÖn‡Yi e¨vcv‡i kixÔAvn& AvBb mywew`Z| F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Gi cÖ‡qvM nq| Gi gv‡b
n‡jv †h‡Kvb FY-m„wóKvix A_©vqb ev FY-cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK myKzK RvgvbZ mgw_©Z n‡Z cv‡i|
RvgvbZ †Kej F‡Yi g~‡ji wbðqZvB †`q bv Zv fvov-F‡Yi cvkvcvwk †mev I DRydiv³
†_‡K m„ó Ggb F‡Yi e¨cv‡iI wbðqZvi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GKBfv‡e, hwÌ †mev I
DRydiv³ A_©vqb gy`ªvùxwZi weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡ivaK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i, G¸‡jv RvgvbZ-mgw_©ZI
n‡Z cv‡i| hv g~jZ cyuwR I gybvdvi wbðqZv †`q| Gi KviY, g~jZ ÔgvbvwdÕ Pzw³i wfwË‡Z
†mev I DRydiv³ A_©vqb Kiv nq|
3.5 Z…Zxq c‡ÿi M¨vivw›U : Avgvb‡Zi wbðqZv

GKwU cÿ bv n‡qI †Kv‡bv A_©vqb Pzw³‡Z AvMÖn i‡q‡Q Ggb †Kv‡bv mËv/e¨w³ IB Pzw³‡Z
M¨vivw›U cÖ`vb Ki‡j Zv Z…Zxq c‡ÿi M¨vivw›U wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| GB M¨vivw›Ui AvIZvq cyuwRi
cvkvcvwk gybvdvi wbðqZvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, †Kv‡bv miKvi Zvi wbR¯^ m¤ú‡ì wfwË‡Z
gy`vivev A_ev gykvivKvi wfwË‡Z †Kv‡bv †KŠkjMZ ev bexb wk‡í Znwej †RvMvb w`‡”Q Ggb
†Kvb wewb‡qvMKvixi AbyK~‡j Z…Zxq cÿ n‡q M¨vivw›U w`‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j wewb‡qvMKvixi
cyuwRi wbðqZvi cvkvcvwk b~¨bZg gybvdviI wbðqZv _v‡K| Z‡e kZ© _v‡K †h M¨viv›Ui‡K
Aek¨B Avw_©K Ges AvBbMZfv‡e eë¯’vcbv Askx`vi (gy`vwie) †_‡K Avjv`v n‡Z n‡e|
KviY, gy`vivev I gykvivKv n‡jv ÔAvgvbvn nv›`Õ Pzw³| †hLv‡b †Kej Ae‡njv, Aceënvi ev
Pzw³i kZ© j•Nb Ki‡jB Awfhy³ Kiv hvq wKš‘ evwYwR¨K ÿwZi Rb¨ Awfhy³ Kiv hvq bv|
ZvB, Avgv‡ì‡K memgq Pzw³i evB‡i _vKv AvMÖnx KvD‡K Mïv›Uvi wn‡m‡e evQvB Ki‡Z n‡e,
whwb †Kv‡bv Gmwcwfi g‡Zv Z…Zxq cÿ wn‡m‡e wbðqZv †`‡e| †Kv‡bv eë¯’vcbv Askx`vi Gi
gvwjK n‡e bv| miKvi hLb wW‡cvwRUwi e¨vs‡Ki (gy`vwie nIqv) Ici †Kv‡bv PvR© avh© QvovB
G ai‡bi M¨vivw›U †`q ZLb GB ÔZ…Zxq c‡ÿi M¨vivw›UÕi aviYv Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki wewb‡qvM
Znwe‡ji †ÿ‡ÎI cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| my`v‡b GUv Kiv n‡q‡Q| gy`vivev AvgvbZKvix‡ì
AskMÖn‡Y GKwU ÔwW‡cvwRW M¨vivw›U Ki‡cv‡ikbÕ m„wóKv‡j my`vb miKvi Ges †mLvbKvi
†K›`ªxq e¨vsK Z…Zxq cÿ wn‡m‡e M¨vivw›U †`q| wW‡cvwRUwi e¨vsKI Ggb †Kv‡bv we‡kl
Znwe‡j Ask wb‡Z cv‡i hv cwiPvjbvMZ SzuwK mvgvj †`‡e|
G Qvov, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó e¨vs‡Ki m„ó Ges weZi‡Yi Av‡M ÔAvieve Avj gvjÕ-Gi gybvdvi Ask
†_‡K KZ©‡bi gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ Ôwewb‡qvM M¨vivw›U ZnwejÕ-Gi †ÿ‡ÎI GKB bxwZ cÖ‡qvM
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Bmjvgx e¨vsK Ae RW©vb-Gi cÖwfkbvj A¨v± (provisional act) cÖYq‡bi
ga¨ w`‡q GB Abykxjb ïiæ nq| Z‡e, ÔeQi eQi ¯^”Q‡›` wWwf‡WÛ weZiY Ae¨vnZ ivL‡ZÕ
Lye KgmsL¨K Ab¨ Bmjvgx e¨vsKB GB c×wZ Abykxjb K‡i| myKzK-Gi †ÿ‡ÎI cÖwZwU
Bmyï Rb¨ Avjv`vfv‡e myKzK m„wói Rb¨ A_ev †Kv‡bv AvšÍR©vwZK myKzK M¨vivw›U Ki‡cv‡ikb
m„wói Rb¨ GKB ai‡bi Znwej MVb Kiv hvq| cÖ‡`q M¨vivw›Ui gva¨‡g cyuwR I mywbw`©ó gybvdv
Kfvi Kiv hvq|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 27
3.6 wifvm© gyivevnv Ges gyivevnv jvBb Ae †µwWU
wifvm© gyivevnv (reverse Murabahah) cÖ‡qv‡Mi welqwU LyeB mvaviY| Bmjvgx A_©vqb
†RvMvbKvix‡ì A_© †RvMv‡bi Rb¨ wbR¯^ m¤ú` Ges F‡Yi wfwË‡Z ev gy`vivevi wfwË‡Z
msM„nxZ Avgvb‡Zi Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| wifvm© gyivevnvi gva¨‡g AwaK cwigv‡Y Znwej
msMÖn Kiv hvq| GLv‡b Bmjvgx e¨vsK n‡jv µqv‡`k`vZv (purchase orderer)| e¨vs‡Ki
wbR¯^ eënvh© DcKiY †Kbvi Rb¨ wifvm© gyivevnv cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j Zv ¯úóZ GB c×wZi
gva¨‡g Ô¯^ícwigv‡Yi A_©vqbÕ‡K mxwgZ K‡i †`‡e| wKš‘ Avgiv hw` G‡K Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki
†ePv‡Kbvq cÖ‡qvM Kwi, hv e¨vs‡Ki wbR¯^ gyivevnv A_©vqb, Zvn‡j GB c×wZ cÖwZôvbwUi
Kvh©µ‡gi e„nr As‡k A_©vq‡bi Drm n‡Z cv‡i|
wifvm© gyivevnv n‡jv Ggb GK Pzw³ †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv Bmjvgx e¨vsK n‡e A_© eënviKvix,
†RvMvb`vZv bq| A_© †RvMvb`vZv n‡Z cv‡i eo A‡¼i A‡_©i AwaKvix Ggb †KD, †hgb:
†Kv‡bv †K›`ªxq e¨vsK, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Bmjvgx ev cÖPwjZ e¨vsK A_ev wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv K‡c©v‡ikb/
mËv, hvi Ggb †Kv‡bv wbivc` Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †hLv‡b cwiwgZ gybvdv cvIqv
hv‡e| gyivevnv Pzw³I Bmjvgx e¨vsK‡K cÖvq wbivc` Ges cwiwgZ gybvdv G‡b †`q|
wifvm© gyivevnvi kixÔAvn&MZ wfwË gyivevnvi †P‡q wfbœ wKQz bq| gyivevnvi †ÿ‡Î wØZxq wewµi
†ejvq Bmjvgx e¨vsK hw` GKwU jvf (mark up gain) Kivi AbygwZ cvq, Zvn‡j Bmjvgx
e¨vsK wb‡RI G iKg gyivevnv Pzw³‡Z GKRb †µZv n‡Z cv‡i| GKgvÎ †h kZ©wU G ai‡bi
†jb‡`b‡K ZvIqviiæK †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i Zv n‡jv ev¯ÍweKZv ev mwZ¨Kvi †jb‡`‡bi êwkó¨|
gyivevnvi †ÿ‡Î †hfv‡e ev¯Íe †jb‡`b Kiv nq wVK GKBfv‡e wifvm© gyivevnvi †ÿ‡ÎI Aek¨B
ev¯ÍweK êwkó¨ iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|
GLv‡b e¯‘i gvwjKvbv mieivnKvixi nvZ †_‡K eënviKvixi (wifvm© gyivevnvi †ÿ‡Î Bmjvgx
e¨vsK) nv‡Z ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii B”Qv _vK‡Z n‡e| ev¯ÍweKZvi kZ© c~iY n‡Z cv‡i hw` †mLv‡b cÖK…Z
†jb‡`‡bi NUbv N‡U| †hgb : MÖvnK‡ì cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Y mwZ¨Kvi †KbvKvUvi Rb¨B e¨vsK‡K
GB Znwej †RvMvb †`qv n‡jv| †mLv‡b †Kbv e¯‘ Ges †mev mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©B nvZ e`j nq|
cwi‡k‡l Gi gvwjKvbv jvf K‡i e¨vsK Ges Gici cÖK…Z A‡_© gyivevnv ev BRviv Pzw³‡Z
Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki MÖvnK‡ì Kv‡Q Zv wewµ Kiv nq|
Ab¨ w`‡K, ZvIqviiæK-Gi †ÿ‡Î cY¨ ev e¯‘ †Kbv Ges wewµ Kiv nqÑ GLv‡b c×wZwU
A_©vq‡bi evnb (vehicle for financing) wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GUv P~ovšÍ eënviKvixi Kv‡Q
wM‡q †kl nq bv, †h wKbv Zvi wkí ev †fv‡Mi Rb¨ Zv eënvi Ki‡Q| GUv wecixZ gyivevnvi
g‡Zv bq|
wb‡f©Rvj wifvm© gyivevnv m„wói mvaviY Dcvq n‡jv GKwU wWgvÛ wW‡cvwRU wnmve Ges GKwU
wifvm© gyivevnv wW‡cvwRU wnmv‡ei m‡½ GKwU jvBb-Ae-†µwWU Ges GKwU IqvKvjv Pzw³
mshy³KiY| †hLv‡b Bmjvgx e¨vsK Zvi MÖvnK‡K †RvMvb w`‡Z Pvq Ggb wbw`©ó gyivevnv
A_©vq‡bi Rb¨ IqvKvjvi Kj¨v‡Y wifvm© gyivevnvi wfwË‡Z †jb‡`b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
28| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

MÖvn‡Ki Rb¨ cY¨ Ges †mev µq Ges A_©vqbKvixi PjwZ wnmve †_‡K Zvi wb‡Ri wifvm© gyivevnv
wnmv‡e Znwej ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ GB IqvKvjv AbymiY Kiv n‡e| GB Pzw³‡Z Aek¨B wewµZe¨ e¯‘
ev †mevq KZUv jvf (mark up) Kiv n‡”Q Zv D‡jøL _vK‡Z n‡e|
Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki P~ovšÍ Znwej †RvMvb`vZv wn‡m‡e †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki m‡½ wifvm© gyivevnv
c×wZ‡Z †jb‡`b Kiv hvq| eo AvKv‡ii Ki‡cv‡ikb wW‡cvwR‡Ui m‡½ Ges AvšÍte¨vsK
Uªvb‡RKkb-Kvg-wdb¨vwÝs‡qi weKí wn‡m‡eI Zv Kiv hvq| GL‡bv bvgKiY nqwb Ggb
wifvm© gyivevnv ai‡bi wKQz c×wZ wewfbœ gymwjg †`‡ki RvZxq Dbœqb A_©vqb cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K
A_©vq‡bi Rb¨ K‡qK `kK a‡i AbymiY K‡i Avm‡Q Bmjvgx Dbœqb e¨vsK-AvBwWwe| G‡K
ejv n‡”Q ÔG·‡UwÛs jvBb Ae †µwWUÕ|
cwi‡k‡l †h welqwU jÿ Kiv DwPZ ZvÑn‡jv gyivevnvi g‡Zv wifvm© gyivevnvI FY m„wó K‡i
Ges Gi d‡j my‡ì Ici wb‡lavÁvi AvIZvq Zv †Kbv‡ePv ev wWmKvD›U Kiv hvq bv| Ab¨
K_vq wifvm© gyivevnvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv gva¨wgK evRvi m„wó Kiv hv‡e bv| GUv n‡jv †Kv‡bv e¨vsK
MÖvnK‡K gyivevnv Aby‡gv`‡bi Av‡MB wifvm© gyivevnv eë¯’vwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq|
3.7 evwÛj/c¨v‡KR A_©vqb : msL¨vMwiôZv bxwZ cÖ‡qvM

evwÛj-Gi AwZ mnR GKwU aib n‡jv Kgb ÷K (common stock)| G¸‡jv ev¯Íe ev A¯ú„k¨
GK cyÄ m¤ú‡ì cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i bM` Ges cvIbv (receivable)|
hw` Gi MwiômsL¨K m¤ú‡ì g~j¨ AwfwnZ g~‡jï †P‡q wfbœ nq Zvn‡j †m¸‡jv AwfwnZ
g~‡jï †P‡q wfbœ †Kv‡bv evRvi g~‡j¨ †Kbv‡ePv n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ cy‡Äi m¤ú` (group consists
of assets) hw` nq nvIqvn ev mvd© m¤úwK©Z Zvn‡j †h bxwZ GLv‡b cÖhy³ n‡e Zv n‡jv
msL¨vMwiôZvi bxwZ| GKBfv‡e, kixÔAvn&i wb‡`©k n‡jv †h †Kv¤úvwbi msL¨vMwiô m¤ú` hw`
cvIbv I bM` nq Zvn‡j Kgb ÷K evRvig~‡j¨ †Kbv‡ePv Kiv hv‡e bv|18
cY¨, †mev, cvIbv Ges bM` A‡_©i evwÛj m„wó K‡i Zv Kgb ÷K wn‡m‡e †kqvi As‡k cwiYZ
Kiv (securitizing) wbwl× bq| Bmjvgx e¨vsK Ges Ab¨vb¨ A_©vqb I cybtA_©vqbKvix cÖwZôvb
Zv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Bmjvgx BDwbU Bb‡f÷‡g›U dvÛ (AvBBDAvBGd)-G Pzw³ ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii
Rb¨ AvBwWwe MZ `yB `kK a‡i GB c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Q Ges AvBBDAvBGd-G wewb‡qvM
wWmKvDw›Us‡qi Dcvq wn‡m‡e GB c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv n‡”Q|
GB evwÛj ˆZwi welqwU A‡bK ai‡bi Avw_©K cY¨ m„wói c_ myMg K‡i‡Q| Gme Avw_©K cY¨
me ai‡bi Avw_©K cÖ‡qvR‡b mvov w`‡Z cv‡i| Ges Gi ga¨ w`‡q ZvIqviiæK-Gi ÔAvewk¨K
cÖ‡qvRbxqZviÕ hyw³ wfwËnxb n‡q c‡o| †Kvb we‡kl ai‡bi Ôe¨w³K A_©vq‡biÕ (personal
financing) cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zv Ggb †Kv‡bv Dcv‡q c~iY Kiv hvq †h¸‡jvi Aceënvi n‡e bv|
my` wbwl‡×i weavb cwicvjb Ki‡Z wM‡q ZvIqviiæ‡Ki †ÿ‡Î cÖvqB GgbwU N‡U|
18 hwÌ GUv GKwU ZvwË¡K NUbv A_ev AšÍZ A¯ú„k¨ m¤ú` AšÍfz©³ bv nIqv ch©šÍ ev¯Íe Rxe‡b hv LyeB weij| KviY,
AwfwnZ g~j¨ Ges gv‡K©U K¨vwcUvjvB‡Rkb Gme weg~Z© m¤ú‡ì Ici Av‡ivc‡hvM¨|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 29
3.8 weKí¸‡jvi gva¨‡g †nwRs
cwi‡k‡l, we`¨gvb Ae¯’vq †nwRs‡K †UªwWs weKí †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
†Kv‡bv ev¯Íe m¤ú` hvi mnRvZ Dc‡hvwMZv/Drcv`bkxjZvi Rb¨ ¯^Zš¿ Pvwn`v I mieivn
_vK‡Z cv‡i, Zvi gvwjKvbv jvf bv K‡iB g~j¨ dUKvevwRi D‡Ï‡k¨ µq weKí‡K KvíwbK
Ges AvcrKv‡ji my‡hvM MÖnY wn‡m‡e hyw³ †`Lv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ g~j¨gv‡b m¤¢ve¨ †ni‡di
Kwg‡q Avbv Ges Gici g~j¨ wb‡q m‡›`n `~ixf~Z Ki‡Z †Kbv ev †ePvi gva¨‡g we`¨gvb Ae¯’v
Kfvi Kiv hv‡e Ggb †Kv‡bv weKí †LvuRv hvq|
ZvB, weK‡íi gva¨‡g ÔIqvb-I‡q †nwRsÕ DcKvix Ges Aby‡gv`b‡hvM¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Bmjvgx
A_©vqb D™¢ve‡bi RbÏ G cš’v Aej¤^b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Dcmsnvi
gybvdv/†i‡fby¨ Drcv`‡bi Bmjvgx aviYvi mgmvgwqK e¨vL¨v¸‡jv we‡ePbvq wb‡q Avj-
†KviAv‡bi g~j eY©bv Ges mgmvgwqK †cÖÿvc‡U wiev wbwl‡×i †ÿ‡Î gvKvwm` wba©viY I
msÁvwqZ Kiv wQj GB wbe‡Üi D‡Ïk¨| Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h m¤ú`wfwËK nIqvi kZ©wU Bmjvgx
A_©vq‡bi Avewk¨K kZ© n‡jI Zv ch©vß bq| Bmjvgm¤§Z nIqvi Rb¨ †jb‡`b‡K Av‡iv
`ywU kZ© c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e : AšÍwb©wnZ m¤ú` Aek¨B Ggb n‡Z n‡e hv gybvdv, cÖe„w× ev e„w×
Drcv`‡b mÿg Ges †jb‡`b n‡Z n‡e hvi Rb¨ Kiv n‡”Q ev hvi D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q wVK
†mfv‡e| GK‡Î GB wZbwU kZ© c~iY K‡i A_©vqb Pzw³¸‡jv‡K Kvw•ÿZ/Awf‡cÖZ j‡ÿ¨ Pvjbv
Kivi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wiev †_‡K weiZ _vKv| DwjøwLZ cÖwµqvi cÖK…wZi Kvi‡Y Zv kixÔAvn&i
AvnŸvb Ges D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx ˆbwZK gvb`Ð Øviv hvPvB n‡q hv‡e|
Abyev` : gvmyg wejøvn
30| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Av‡jv‡K
e¨vswKs I Avgv‡ì KiYxq
†gvnv¤§` Ave`yj gvbœvb1
Bmjvgx e¨vsK Bmjvgx A_©bxwZi GKwU cÖv‡qvwMK †ÿÎ| Avi Bmjvgx A_©bxwZi jÿ¨ n‡jv
Avw_©K †ÿ‡Î gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn& ev¯Íevqb| e¨vswKs‡q kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevqb Bmjvgx
e¨vswKs‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨|
Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Bmjvgx e¨vswKs PP©vq my‡ì weKí wn‡m‡e Bmjvgx c×wZi AbymiY I
Abykxjb ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q| `ywbqvi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki Ae¯’vI e¨wZµg bq| G cÖm‡½ 2010 mv‡j
AvRvievBRv‡bi evKz‡Z Bmjvgx Dbœqb e¨vsK-Gi cuqwÎkZg evwl©K m‡¤§j‡b Bmjvgx e¨vsK
I Avw_©K cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni AvšÍR©vwZK KvDwÝ‡ji (CIBAFI) †Pqvig¨vb †kL mv‡jn Kvwgj
e‡j‡Qb : MZ `kK¸‡jv‡Z e¨vsKvi, M‡elK I kixÔAvn& we‡klÁMY Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi
c×wZMZ w`‡K †ewk †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb| †jb‡`‡b nvjvj c×wZ Abymi‡Y wKQzUv mdjZvI
G‡m‡Q| wKš‘ Bmjvgx e¨vsKeë¯’vi ÔgvKvwm`Õ ev D‡Ïk¨MZ w`KwU h_v_© AMÖvwaKvi cvqwb|
`wÿY I `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqvi cÖ_g Bmjvgx e¨vsK Kv‡qg nq evsjv‡`‡k; 1983 mv‡j| GB
e¨vs‡Ki cÖ_g kvLvi D‡Øvab Dcj‡ÿ msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ †µvoc‡Î cÖL¨vZ A_©bxwZwe`
W. Gg. Gb. û`v e‡jwQ‡jb : Bmjvgx e¨vswKs ÔZvwË¡K †ÿ‡ÎÕ Rqx n‡q‡Q| GLb G‡K
ÔcwiPvjbMZfv‡eÕ mdj n‡Z n‡e|
MZ wZb `k‡K evsjv‡`‡k Bmjvgx e¨vswKs Ôc×wZMZÕ mdjZv cÖgvY K‡i‡Q| GB
mvd‡jï c_ a‡i †`‡ki mvwe©K e¨vswKs Kviev‡ii GK-PZz_©vsk Ges †emiKvwi e¨vswKs‡qi
GK-Z…Zxqvsk Bmjvgx c×wZ‡Z cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| †`‡k Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi cÖe„w× mv‡ewK
avivi e¨vswKs‡qi †P‡q †ewk|
GB cUf~wg‡Z GLb †`Lv ìKvi, gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Av‡jv‡K Gi ÔD‡Ïk¨MZ mvdj¨Õ
AR©‡b evsjv‡`‡ki Bmjvgx e¨vswKs KZUv mdj n‡q‡Q|
eÿ¨gvb Av‡jvPbv gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Av‡jv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki Bmjvgx e¨vswKs Kvh©µg
g~j¨vq‡bi GKwU cÖv_wgK I mxwgZ D‡`¨vM| GB g~j¨vq‡bi ïiæ‡Z gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn& wel‡q
ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvKcvZ cÖvmw½K g‡b Kwi|
1 †gvnv¤§` Ave`yj gvbœvb, eë¯’vcbv cwiPvjK I cÖavb wbe©vnx, Bmjvgx e¨vsK evsjv‡`k wjwg‡UW
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 31
gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn& Kx
ÔgvKmv`Õ kãwU evsjvfvlvq mycwiwPZ| Gi eûePb ÔgvKvwm`Õ| kvwãKfv‡e ÔgvKvwm`Õ gv‡b
†Kv‡bv wKQzi D‡Ïk¨, jÿ¨, B”Qv, †nZz ev Zvrch©| Avi kixÔAvn& n‡jv mywbw`©ó wKQz wek¦vm, KvR
I Abyôv‡bi mvgwóK iƒc| kixÔAvn&i j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨B gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&|
ev‡iv kZ‡Ki Bgvg Mvhvjxi g‡Z, g~jMZfv‡e gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i m¤úK© Kj¨v‡Yi mv‡_|
hv wKQzi Øviv gvby‡li wek¦vm, Rxeb, eyw×e„wË, eskaviv I m¤ú‡ì myiÿv nq Zv-B Kj¨vY| G
wbwi‡L Kj¨vYKi mewKQzi mnvqZv Kiv Ges hveZxq AKj¨vY `~i KivB gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&|2
†PŠÏ kZ‡Ki Bgvg kvwZwe e‡jb, eû †ÿ‡Î gvbyl eva¨ n‡q Avjøvni cÖvK…wZK wbqg I weav‡bi
AbymiY I AvbyMZ¨ K‡i _v‡K| Rxe‡bi Ab¨ me †ÿ‡ÎI Zv‡K Avjøvni Av‡`k-wb‡l‡ai
AbyMvgx Kiv kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨|3
wek kZ‡Ki Beby Avï‡ii g‡Z, Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv gvbeRvwZi Kj¨vY| Avi
Kj¨vY mvwaZ nq gvby‡li we‡eK-eyw×i my¯’Zv, K‡g©i h_v_©Zv I Rxe‡bvcKi‡Yi DrKl© Øviv|4
eZ©gvb kZ‡Ki wPšÍvbvqK BDmyd Avj Kvihvwf gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&‡K Av‡iv mijfv‡e Dc¯’vcb
K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb : kixÔAvn&i jÿ¨ n‡jv Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kiv Ges AKj¨vY `~i Kiv|5
GB g‡Zi mg_©‡b cÖ‡dmi W. gynv¤§` mv` Avj AvBqyex e‡jb : gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ †hme
D‡Ïk¨, j¶¨, Zvrch© I †KŠk‡ji Ici ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e Zv-B gvKvwm`|6
gvKvwm` I gvmvwjn
gvKvwm` Av‡jvPbvq ÔgvmvwjnÕ cwifvlvwUI ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q| Aviwe Ôgvm&jvnvÕ k‡ãi
A_© RbKj¨vY| eûePb ÔgvmvwjnÕ| hv wKQz RbKj¨v‡Yi cwicš’x †mme ÿwZKi Dcv`vb
Ôgvdvmv`vÕ| me Kv‡R RbKj¨vY ev ÔgvmjvnvÕ A‡š^lY Kiv I Ôgvdvmv`vÕ ev AKj¨vY `~i Kiv
gvby‡li `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨|
Bgvg Mvhvjxi wkÿK Bgvg RyqvBbxi g‡Z, gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn& I gvmvwjn ci¯úi m¤^Ühy³
I cwic~iK| Mvhvjx ÔgvmvwjnÕ k‡ãi mv‡_ ÔgyimvjvnÕ we‡klY hy³ K‡ib| wZwb Ôgvmvwjn
Avj gyimvjvnÕ ev ÔAevwiZ RbKj¨vYÕ-Gi aviYv †ck K‡ib| Mvh&hvjx e‡jb, wek¦vm, Rxeb,
eyw×e„wË, eskaviv I m¤ú` myiÿvi me KvRB gvmvwjn ev RbKj¨vY|
2 Avey nvwg` Avj-Mvh&hvjx, Avj-gykZvkdv wgb Bjg Avj-Dm~j, Kvq‡iv : Avj-gvKZvevn Avj-wZhvwiq¨vn, 1973,
L. 1, c„. 139-140|
3 Beªvnxg Be‡b gymv Avk-kvwZwe, Avj-gyIÔAvdvKvZ, Kvq‡iv, `viæj nvw`m, 2006, c„. 379|
4 gynv¤§` AvZ-Zvwni Be‡b Avïi, wUªwUR Ab gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&, IqvwksUb, w` B›Uvib¨vkbvj BÝwUwUDU Ae
BmjvwgK _U, 2006, c„. 91|
5 BDmyd Avj Kvivhvfx, wdKûh-hvKvZ, êiæZ : gyqvmmvmvZzi wimvjvn, 2000, L. 1, c„. 31|
6 W. Avng` ivBm~bx, bvhwiqvZzj gvKvwm` Bb`vj Bgvg Avk-kvwZwe, wiqv` : `viæj Avjøvwgq¨vn&, 1990, c„. 19|
32| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

†Z‡iv kZ‡Ki Bgvg Avj Kvivwd gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn& I gvmvwjn‡K ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ g‡b
K‡ib| Zvi g‡Z, GB `yÕwU welq wKQz †ÿ‡Î Awfbœ ev mgv_©K| wZwb e‡jb, gvby‡li mKj
D‡Ïk¨ n‡Z n‡e Kj¨vY cÖwZôv I AKj¨vY `~i Kivi Rb¨| G `y‡qi †Kv‡bv GKwU kZ© c~iY bv
n‡j D‡Ïk¨wU kixÔAvn&m¤§Z n‡e bv| Kj¨vY Kiv I AKj¨vY `~i Kivi Dfq D‡Ïk¨ hw` GK
mv‡_ m¤úbœ bv nq, †m‡ÿ‡Î AšÍZ †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU AR©‡bi D‡Ïk¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq Zv
kixÔAvn&m¤§Z n‡e bv|
gvKvwm` Z‡Ë¡i D™¢e I weKvk

Avj-KziAv‡bi bvbv ¯’v‡b bvbvfv‡e gvKvwm‡` D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| Bgvg kvwZwe Zvi Avj-
gyIÔAvdvKvZ wd Dm~wjk kvixqvn bvgK MÖ‡š’i m~Pbv‡Z gvKvwm` Aa¨v‡q G wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ
K‡i‡Qb|
Avjøvn Zvqvjv `ywbqvq ivm~j cvwV‡q‡Qb| Zvi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔAvwg
Kj¨v‡Yi mymsev` †NvlYvKvix Ges mZK©Kvixiƒ‡c ivm~j cvwV‡qwQ, †hb Zv‡ì AvMg‡bi ci
Avjøvni mvg‡b gvby‡li †Kv‡bv ARynvZ †Zvjvi my‡hvM bv _v‡K|Õ7 GKBfv‡e †kl bex m¤ú‡K©
ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔAvwg Avcbv‡K cvwV‡qwQ wek¦evmxi Rb¨ KiæYvi Avaviiƒ‡c|Õ8
gvbyl I wRb m„wói D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔAvwg wRb I gvbyl m„wó K‡iwQ GB D‡Ï‡k¨
†h, Zviv AvgviB Bev`vZ Ki‡e|Õ9 Rxeb I g„Zzï D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© KziAv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔwZwb
(Avjøvn) g„Zz¨ I Rxeb m„wó K‡i‡Qb †Zvgv‡ì g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b †K DËg Zv cixÿv Kivi
Rb¨|Õ10
kixqvi weavbmg~‡ni D‡Ïk¨ Kx? G m¤ú‡K© KziAvb ej‡Q, ÔAvjøvn †Zvgv‡ì‡K K‡ó †dj‡Z
Pvb bv| wZwb †Zvgv‡ì cweÎ Ki‡Z Pvb Avi †Zvgv‡ì Ici Zvi †bqvgZ c~Y© Ki‡Z Pvb,
hv‡Z †Zvgiv K…ZÁ nI|Õ11 bvgv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨ ejv n‡q‡Q, Ôwbðq bvgvR AkøxjZv I g›` KvR
†_‡K weiZ iv‡L|Õ12 †ivhvi D‡Ïk¨ ejv n‡q‡Q, Ô†Zvgv‡ì Ici †ivhv diR Kiv n‡q‡Q,
†hgb diR Kiv n‡qwQj †Zvgv‡ì c~e©eZ©x‡ì Ici, hv‡Z †Zvgiv ZvKIqvi ¸Y AR©b Ki‡Z
cv‡iv|Õ13 †Zgwb wKmv‡mi kvw¯Í weavb m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q, Ô†Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ wKmv‡m i‡q‡Q
Rxeb|Õ14
7 Avj KziAvb, 4 : 165

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 33
ivm~j mv. Ges Zvi mvnvwe I Zv‡ewqM‡Yi Kvh©µ‡g gvKvwm‡` kixqvi welqwU ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q|
cÖv_wgK hy‡Mi AvwjgMY gvKvwm‡` kixqvi wewfbœ welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| wnKgZ ev
cÖÁv, BjøZ ev Kvh©KviY, gvmvwjn ev Kj¨vY, gvdvwm` ev AKj¨vY wel‡q ZLbKvi wewfbœ
MÖ‡š’ wKqvm, BmwZnmvb, gvmjvnv BZ¨vw` cwifvlvq eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Bmjvgx kixqvi wewaweav‡bi D‡Ïk¨ eySv‡Z ÔgvKvwm`Õ kãwU cÖ_g eënvi K‡ib Zv‡ewq
hy‡Mi wPšÍvwe` Avj-nvwKg AvZ-wZiwgwh (IdvZ 296 wn./908 wLª.)| `kg kZ‡Ki Avey
Rv‡q` Avj-evjwL (IdvZ-933 wLª.) gyqvgvjvn& ev AvPiY wel‡q kixqv‌i D‡Ïk¨ (Maqasid
of Dealings) Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Zvi mgmvgwqK Be‡b evevDq¨vn&‌ Avj-Kzw¤§ (IdvZ-991 wLª.)
kiwq weav‡bi †nZyev` ev gvKvwm` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| GKB mg‡q Avj-Avwgwi Avj-
dvBjvmyd (IdvZ-991 wLª.) kiwq weav‡bi D‡Ï‡kï ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi D‡`¨vM †bb|
gvKvwm`welqK Av‡jvPbv KvVv‡gvMZfv‡e `kg kZK ch©šÍ wQj cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q| cieZ©x
wZb‡kv eQ‡i welqwU KvVv‡gvMZ iƒc cvq| †PŠÏ kZK bvMv` G wel‡q c~Y©v½ Dmyj ev bxwZkv¯¿
ˆZwi nq| GB gyÏ‡Z †ek K-Rb gbxlx gvKvwm‡ì ZvwË¡K wfwË I KvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Y Ae`vb
iv‡Lb :
GKv`k kZ‡Ki gbxlx RynvBbxi (IdvZ-1085 wLª., 478 wn.) gvKvwm‡ì Av‡jv‡K gvby‡li
Pvwn`v cuvP ¯Í‡i fvM K‡ib| †m¸‡jv n‡jv : 1. Acwinvh© cÖ‡qvRb, 2. mvaviY cÖ‡qvRb, 3.
ˆbwZK AvPiY, 4. mvaviY Aby‡gv`b Ges 5. Ggb cÖ‡qvRb hv wbw`©ófv‡e web¨vm Kiv hvq
bv| Zvi g‡Z, gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn& n‡jv Cgvb, Rxeb, eyw×e„wË, eskaviv I m¤ú‡ì wbivcËv
wbwðZ Kiv|
RynvBbxi GB ÔcÖ‡qvRbxqZv ¯Íi ZË¡Õ (Theory of levels of necessities)-Gi Av‡jv‡K Zvi
QvÎ Bgvg Mvh&hvjx (IdvZ-1111 wLª., 505 wn.) kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨‡K cuvP ¯Í‡i web¨¯Í K‡ib|
Mvh&hvjx Zvi ¯Íi web¨v‡m wek¦vm, Rxeb, we‡eK, eskaviv I m¤ú` myiÿvi K_v e‡jb|
†Z‡iv kZ‡Ki wPšÍvwe` Be‡b Ave`ym mvjvg (IdvZ-1209 wLª., 660 wn.) gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i
ZvwË¡K we‡køl‡Y bZzb gvÎv †hvM K‡ib| Zvi mgmvgwqK gbxlx wknve DÏxb Avj-Kvivwd
(IdvZ-1285 wLª., 684 wn.) ivm~jyjøvn mv.-Gi mybœvn‡K D‡Ïk¨ I j‡¶ï Av‡jv‡K †kÖwYe×
Kivi K_v e‡jb|
†PŠÏ kZ‡K kvgmyÏxb Bebyj KvBqyg (IdvZ 1337 wLª, 748 wn.) Avw_©K Kviev‡i b¨vqm½Z
g~j¨, hyw³m¤§Z ÿwZc~iY, Dchy³ gRywi I m½Z gybvdv wel‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| wZwb
GK‡PwUqv Kvievi ev `ye©j evRvi eë¯’vcbvi †gvKvwejvq cÖ‡qvRbxq †KŠkj Aej¤^b Ges
evRviì wbqš¿‡Y Z`viKKvix cÖwZôvb ÔwnmevnÕ cÖPj‡bi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| Zvi g‡Z, kixÔAvn&i
D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv gvby‡li ÁvbMZ DrKl©mvab| mvwe©K b¨vqwePvi, `qv, mg„w× I Áv‡bi g‡a¨B
Kj¨vY wbwnZ| †Kv‡bv mgv‡R b¨vqwePv‡ii cwie‡Z© Ryjyg, `qvi cwie‡Z© K‡VviZv, Kj¨v‡Yi
cwie‡Z© Kvc©Y¨ Avi Áv‡bi ¯’‡j g~L©Zv cÖej n‡j kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ nq| †mB Av‡jv‡K
Avw_©K †ÿ‡Î mywePvi (Av`j) Ges Rb¯^v_© (gvmjvnv Avj Av¤§vn) myiÿv Ki‡Z n‡e| mywePvi
I Rb¯^v_©we‡ivax me wKQz †_‡K gvbyl‡K gy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
34| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

†PŠÏ kZ‡Ki Aci wPšÍvbvqK Avey BmnvK Avj-kvwZwe (IdvZ-1388 wLª, 790 wn.)
gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i e¨vL¨vq RynvBwb I Mvh&hvjxi ¯Íi web¨vm mg_©b K‡ib| Z‡e wZwb
gvKvwm` nvwm‡ji c×wZ I Kg©‡KŠkj wb‡q Av‡iv we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| kvwZwe
c~‡e©v³ cuvPwU cÖ‡qvRb‡K wZb ¯Í‡i cybwe©b¨vm K‡ib| †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑ 1. RiæwiqvZ,
2. nvwRqvZ I 3. ZvnmvwbqvZ|
cieZ©x hy‡M BR‡Znv‡ì aviv `ye©j n‡q c‡o| AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki †kl bvMv` G †ÿ‡Î Kvh©Z
eÜ¨vZ¡ †b‡g Av‡m| Gici wek kZ‡K KÕRb gbxlx G wel‡q KvR K‡ib| Zv‡ì g‡a¨
†gvnv¤§` Avj Zvwni Be‡b Avïi (IdvZ 1907 wLª.), iwk` wi`v (IdvZ 1935 wLª.), gynv¤§`
Avj Mvh&hvwj (IdvZ 1996 wLª.), W. BDmyd Avj Kvihvwf (Rb¥ 1926 wLª.), Z¡vnv Avj
AvIqvwb (Rb¥ 1926 wLª.), Zvnv Avj-AvjIqvwb (Rb¥ 1935 wLª.) we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
kvwZwei Ôgvmjvnv wcivwgWÕ

gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Av‡jv‡K gvby‡li Pvwn`v ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv g~j¨vq‡b kvwZwei ¯Íiweb¨vm
Ôgvmjvnv wcivwgWÕ bv‡g AwaK cwiwPZ n‡q‡Q| AvaywbK wPšÍvwe`MY GB KvVv‡gvwU‡K we‡kl
¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Qb| Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki bxwZ cÖYqb I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y Pvwn`vi GB AMÖvwaKvi ¯ÍiwfwËK
we‡ePbv we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ jvf K‡i‡Q|
K) RiæwiqvZ : kvwZwei g‡Zv RiæwiqvZ n‡jv †mme AwZ Avek¨Kxq welq hv Qvov gvbeKj¨v‡Yi
MwZaviv e¨vnZ nq| RiæwiqvZ c~iY bv n‡j Rxe‡b wech©q †`Lv †`q| A_©vr RiæwiqvZ Ggb
welq hv gvby‡li wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ Acwinvh©|
Riæwiqv‡Zi cuvP fvM
Bgvg kvwZwe RiæwiqvZ ev Acwinvh© Pvwn`v‡K cuvP fvM K‡i Zvi cÖwZwUi †ndvRZ Kiv
AZ¨vek¨Kxq KZ©e¨ we‡ePbv K‡ib| †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑ 1. wndRy` Øxb ev wek¦v‡mi msiÿY; 2.
wndRyb bdm ev Rxe‡bi msiÿY; 3. wndRyb bmj ev eskavivi msiÿY; 4. wndRyj gvj ev
m¤ú‡ì msiÿY Ges 5. wndRyj AvKj ev eyw×e„wËi msiÿY|
wZwb e‡jb, me bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq GB cuvPwU Pvwn`v wbwðZ Kiv iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P
AMÖvwaKvig~jK `vwqZ¡| ivóª GB `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡e| G‡ZB kvwšÍ, mdjZv I Kj¨vY Ges
AvwLiv‡Zi gyw³ wbwnZ|
1. wndRyb bdm& ev Rxeb msiÿY : Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z bdm& ev Rxeb Avjøvni cÿ †_‡K
AZxe g~jëvb AvgvbZ| Gi msiÿY, my¯’Zv weavb Ges Rxe‡bi AwaKvi h_vh_fv‡e
Av`vq Kiv me gvby‡li KZ©e¨| Rxe‡bi myiÿv I weKvk mvab Ki‡Z n‡e Ges me ai‡bi
ÿwZ I wech©q †_‡K Rxe‡bi wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| G Rb¨ Ab¨vq n¯Í‡ÿc, A‰ea
nZ¨vKvÐ, AvZ¥nZ¨v, Mf©cvZ BZ¨vw` wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q|
2. wndRy` Øxb ev Øxb msiÿY : Øx‡bi AbymiY Qvov gvbweK cÖkvwšÍ, mvgvwRK k„•Ljv
I mg„w× m¤¢e bq| ØxbweewR©Z mgvR gvbweKZv I ˆbwZKZv nvwi‡q fvimvg¨nxb n‡q
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 35
c‡o| Øxb msiÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g gvby‡li Rxeb‡K mnR Kiv Ges mij c‡_ cwiPvwjZ Kivi
gva¨‡g BnKvjxb kvwšÍ I ciKvjxb gyw³ wbwðZ Kiv kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨ ev gvKvwm`| Øxb
cwicvjb Ges G †ÿ‡Î hveZxq mxgvj•Nb, Ab¨vq I Ryjyg †_‡K `xwb Rxe‡bi myiÿv
kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨|
3. wndRyj AvKj ev eyw×-we‡eK msiÿY : Avjøvn gvbyl‡K eyw×-we‡eK I B”Qvkw³ w`‡q
Ab¨ me cÖvYxi Ici †kÖôZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb| gvbyl‡K we‡eK eyw× Abyhvqx dqmvjv Kivi mvg_©¨
†`qv n‡q‡Q| †mB mv‡_ Zv‡K Kj¨vY e„w× I AKj¨vY `~i K‡i gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i jÿ¨
AR©‡bi `vwqZ¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q| AvKj ev we‡eK-eyw×i gva¨‡g gvbyl Kj¨vY jvf I AKj¨vY
`~i Kivi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡e| hyw³c~Y© wPšÍv Ges mZ¨ Dcjwä Qvov mvdj¨ jvf m¤¢e bq|
4. wndRyb bmj ev eskaviv msi¶Y : gvbyl Avjøvni Lwjdv wn‡m‡e G `ywbqv Avev` Ki‡e|
gvby‡li eskaviv iÿvi Rb¨ Avjøvn& Zvqvjv bvix I cyiæl m„wó K‡i‡Qb Ges my¯’ I cweÎ
Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ êevwnK m¤úK©wfwËK cvwievwiK eë¯’v w`‡q‡Qb Ges mvgvwRK
wek„•Ljvgy³ mymf¨ D¤§vn MV‡bi my‡hvM w`‡q‡Qb| gvbyl‡K GB eskaviv msiÿ‡Y me
eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. wndRyj gvj ev m¤ú‡ì msi¶Y : wndRyj gvj ev m¤ú` msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ b¨vqbxwZ,
wbivcËv I mš‘wói wfwË‡Z m¤ú` AR©b I †jb‡`‡bi wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
Pzwi, WvKvwZ, mš¿vm I ivnvRvwbmn mxgvj•Nbg~jK KvR †_‡K m¤ú` iÿvi wbðqZv weavb
Ki‡Z n‡e| Bmjv‡g m¤ú`‡K Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq we‡ePbv K‡i Gi
msiÿ‡Yi Ici ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q| Bgvg kvwZwe m¤ú` msiÿY‡K iv‡óªi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KZ©e¨
e‡j‡Qb| `vwi`ª `~i Kiv Ges abxi m¤ú‡` ewÂZ I Afvexi AwaKvi wbwðZ KivI m¤ú`
msiÿ‡Yi ch©vqfz³|
L) nvwRqvZ : nvwRqvZ n‡jv cwic~iK Kj¨vY| gvbeRxe‡b K‡VviZv ev mgm¨v I Amyweav
`~i K‡i ¯^”Q›` Avbvi DcKiY¸‡jv nvwRqv‡Zi ch©vqfz³| d‡j ˆ`bw›`b RxebhvÎvi
cÖ‡qvRb¸‡jvi eo AskB nvwRqvZg~jK| iv¯ÍvNvU, hvbevnb, †Ljvi gvV, cvK© cÖf…wZ
gvby‡li RxebhvÎv‡K mnR I Avivg`vqK K‡i| G¸‡jv gvbyl‡K Kó I ¶wZ †_‡K i¶v
K‡i| Gm‡ei Afv‡e RbRxeb APj nq bv| Z‡e Gi Afv‡e ¯^”Q›` e¨vnZ nq| Rxeb‡K
mnR my›ì Avivg`vqK Ki‡Z nvwRqv‡Zi †RvMvb I msiÿY gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i wØZxq
AMÖvwaKvi|
M) ZvnwmwbqvZ : ZvnwmwbqvZ gv‡b my›ì I DËg| Acwinvh© I cwic~iK Kj¨vY AR©‡bi ci
Rxeb‡K Av‡iv my›ì, cwicvwU I AwaKZi †mŠ›`h©gwÐZ Ki‡Z hv wKQz ìKvi, †m¸‡jv
Zvnmvwbqv‡Zi ch©vqfz³| ZvnmvwbqvZ gvby‡li ixwZbxwZ I AvPvi-AvPi‡Y cwiï×Zv
I cwic~Y©Zv Avb‡Z mnvqK| ZvnmvwbqvZ e¨vwßkxj| Zvnmvwbqv‡Zi m¤úK© µgea©gvb
Kj¨v‡Yi mv‡_|
36| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

kvwZwe I gvm‡jvi Pvwn`v †mvcv‡bi Zzjbv
kvwZwei Pvwn`v ZË¡ Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ gvm‡jvi we‡ePbvwU g~j¨vqb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wek kZ‡Ki
weL¨vZ gvbeZvev`x gb¯ÍË¡we` Aveªvnvg n¨viì gvm‡jvi (1908-1970 wLª.) ÔPvwn`v †mvcvb
ZË¡Õ (Need Hierarchy) AvaywbK eë¯’vcbvq L¨vwZ †c‡q‡Q|
gvm‡jvi g‡Z, gvby‡li cuvPwU Pvwn`v mywbw`©ó Ges AvbyµwgK| h_vÑ 1. ˆRweK Pvwn`v
(Physiological Needs); 2. wbivcËvg~jK Pvwn`v (Safety & Security Needs); 3. mvgvwRK
Pvwn`v (Social Needs); 4. gh©v`vMZ Pvwn`v (Self esteem needs) Ges e¨w³ cwic~Y©Zv Pvwn`v
(Self Actualization Needs)| Gme Pvwn`v wbP †_‡K µgk wcivwg‡Wi g‡Zv cieZ©x av‡c
Ic‡ii w`‡K hvq| gvm‡jvi Pvwn`vZË¡ welqwfwËK (Subjective)| Zvi GB g‡W‡j †`Lv‡bv
Pvwn`vmg~‡ni c~iY GKvšÍfv‡e e¨w³i wbR mvg‡_©ï Ici wbf©ikxj|
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JYPgMYL3YZQCYfPYFYE=¥{ NYZ=ZHLJYPMYQYZFLYZJ:
gvm‡jvi Pvwn`v †mvcvb Z‡Ë¡i wecix‡Z Bgvg kvwZwei Pvwn`v ¯Íi web¨vm ev Ôgvmjvnv wcivwgWÕ
Kj¨vY‡Kw›`ªK I D‡Ïk¨wfwËK (Objective Oriented)| d‡j kvwZwei Pvwn`v †mvcvb e¨w³i
Ômvg_©¨Õ bq, eis mve©Rbxb ÔcÖ‡qvRbÕ-Gi µg AMÖvwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z web¨¯Í| kvwZwei g‡Z,
gvby‡li me Riæwi cÖ‡qvRb ev Pvwn`v AMÖvwaKvi wfwË‡Z c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e| G †ÿ‡Î mvg_©¨ hvi
hZ Kg, Zvi cÖwZ ivóª, mgvR I Kj¨vYeªZx cÖwZôvb ZZ †ewk ìw` n‡q `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡e|
GB `„wófw½ Ôgvm‡jv g‡W‡jÕ Abycw¯’Z|
gvm‡jvi Pvwn`v †mvcvb Z‡Ë¡ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, gvby‡li Pvwn`vi GK ¯Íi c~iY nIqvgvÎB †m Ab¨
¯Í‡ii Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi ZvwM` Abyfe K‡i| GB gb¯ÍË¡ Kv‡R jvwM‡q Zvi †mB Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi
†cÖiYv w`‡q eë¯’vcKMY Kg©x‡ì‡K w`‡q KvR Kwi‡q †b‡eb, hv eë¯’vcbvi GKUv gb¯ÍvwË¡K
†KŠkj| gvm‡jv e¨w³i Kj¨vY wb‡q K_v e‡jbwb| gvm‡jv Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi w`‡K bRi w`‡q
Zvi Pvwn`vi †mvcvb Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| wKfv‡e GB Pvwn`v c~iY n‡e Zv GLv‡b ¸iæZ¡ cvqwb|
Ab¨ w`‡K, kvwZwei gvmjvnv wcivwgW Pvwn`v ev cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Yi we¯Í…Z †ÿÎ m„wó K‡i‡Q| GwU
cÖv‡qvwMK I gvbweK|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 37
gvKvwm‡` kixqvi Av‡jv‡K Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs GKwU AvaywbK Kvh©µg| cÖv_wgK hy‡M G ai‡bi e¨vswKs‡qi cÖPjb wQj bv,
Z‡e ZLbKvi hy‡Mi Dc‡hvMx †jb‡`b I A_©vqb wQj| e¨vswKs I A_©vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î gvKvwm‡`
kixqv g~jZ wndR Avj-gvj-Gi AšÍf©y³ welq| cvwifvwlK A‡_© wndR Avj-gvj ev m¤ú`
msiÿY ej‡Z eySvq Pzwi, WvKvwZ I Ab¨vb¨ mxgvj•Nbg~jK KvR †_‡K m¤ú‡ì myiÿv I
ZË¡veavb wbwðZ Kiv Ges b¨vqbxwZ I mš‘wói wfwË‡Z m¤ú` AR©b I †jb‡`b cwiPvjbv
wbwðZ Kiv| m¤ú` AR©‡bi nvjvj c_ I c×wZMZ mxgvbvi myiÿvI kixqvi D‡Ïk¨|
Bmjvgx kixqvi D‡Ïk¨ gvbeZvi Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kiv| Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ †mB D‡Ïk¨ c~iY
Ki‡e| Bmjvgx A_©bxwZi Askiƒ‡c Bmjvgx e¨vsK Zvi jÿ¨, D‡Ïk¨ I Kg©c×wZi me ¯Í‡i
Bmjvgx kixqvi bxwZgvjv I Av`k©wfwËK †mB A_©bxwZi D‡Ïk¨mva‡b KvR Ki‡e| †mB
wbwi‡L Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv e¨vswKs †ÿ‡Î gvby‡li Kj¨vYmvab Ges AKj¨vY `~i
Kiv|
Bmjvgx e¨vsK Zvi Kg©Kv‡Ði me cÖwµqvq my`mn me ai‡bi wbwl× Dcv`vb cwinvi K‡i I
kixqvm¤§Z cš’vq m¤ú‡ì êaZv I cweÎZv wbwðZ Ki‡e Ges RbM‡Yi m¤ú‡ì wbivcËv
weavb I mve©Rbxb e„nËi Kj¨v‡Y KvR Ki‡e|
W. Gg Dgi Pvcov Avw_©K †ÿ‡Î kixqvi GB D‡Ïk¨‡K ms‡ÿ‡c I mnRfv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i
e‡j‡Qb, Bmjvgx A_©bxwZi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Kj¨vYg~jK mgvR| †m mgv‡R me cÖwZôvb
b¨vq, mgZv I ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡e| Bmjvgx e¨vsK Bmjvgx A_©bxwZi gvKvwm` ev
D‡Ïk¨ c~i‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ Kv‡Ri me †ÿ‡Î A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vY, mve©Rbxb åvZ…Z¡ I Avw_©K mywePvi
wbwðZ Ki‡e|
Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki jÿ¨-D‡Ïk¨‡K gvKvwm‡` kixqvi Av‡jv‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq : mvaviY
D‡Ïk¨ I cÖv‡qvwMK D‡Ïk¨|
mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ : mvaviY D‡Ï‡kï g‡a¨ i‡q‡QÑ
1. m¤ú‡ì BbmvdwfwËK eÈb wbwðZ K‡i A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î AwePvi, †kvlY, Ryjg I êlg¨
`~i Kiv|
2. eëmv-evwYR¨ I A_©‰bwZK †jb‡`bmn me e¨vswKs Kvh©µ‡g b¨vqbxwZ I mywePvi cÖwZôv
Kiv|
3. e¨vswKs †ÿ‡Î e¨w³¯^v_©‡Kw›`ªKZvi cwie‡Z© e¨wóK I mvgwóK ¯^v_©‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qv|
4. gvbem¤ú` I e¯‘MZ m¤ú‡ì mwVK I Kvh©Ki eënvi wbwðZ K‡i mevi †gŠwjK cÖ‡qvRb
c~iY I RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ Kiv|
5. my‡ì Kzdj †_‡K A_©bxwZ‡K gy³ K‡i cÖK…Z cY¨wfwËK †jb‡`b wbwðZ K‡i GKwU
¯^fvem¤§Z Kj¨vYag©x A_©eë¯’vi wfwË iPbv Kiv|
6. mvgwóK mvgvwRK `vq`vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri fvimvg¨c~Y© Dbœq‡b mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|
38| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

7. RbM‡Yi †QvU-eo me ai‡bi cyuwR mgv‡ek K‡i Zv Drcv`b I Ab¨wea Avw_©K Kg©Kv‡Ð
wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g A_©bxwZ‡Z MwZkxjZv m„wó Kiv|
cÖv‡qvwMK D‡Ïk¨ : gvKvwm‡` kixqvi Av‡jv‡K Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi cÖv‡qvwMK D‡Ï‡kï cÖavb
`ywU w`K n‡jvÑ 1. mÂq ev Rgv msMÖn Ges 2. †m m¤ú` kixqvi D‡Ï‡kï Av‡jv‡K wewb‡qvM|
mÂq msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î kixqvi gvKvwm` n‡”QÑ
1. Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki `vwqZ¡ n‡jv gy`vivevmn me RgvMÖvn‡Ki A_©m¤ú` wbivc‡` msiÿY
Kiv|
2. mÂ‡q abx I Mwie mevB‡K my‡hvM cÖ`vb Kiv|
3. RbM‡Yi DØ„Ë I Ajm A_©m¤ú` msMÖn K‡i Zvi Øviv g~jab MVb Ges Zv kixqv Aby‡gvw`Z
cš’vq wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vYmvab|
4. ÿz`ª ÿz`ª mÂq‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i wb¤œ Av‡qi gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I AvcrKvjxb
A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡b mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|
wewb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î gvKvwm‡` kixqvi Av‡jv‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡eP¨ welq n‡jv :
1. m¤ú‡ì m‡e©vËg eënvi : m¤ú` Ajmfv‡e †d‡j ivLv Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z AMÖnY‡hvM¨|
m¤ú‡ì m‡e©vËg eënv‡ii gva¨‡g gvby‡li Kj¨vY mvab Kiv Bmjv‡g AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
GgbwK BqvwZ‡gi m¤ú‡ì h_vh_ eënv‡i ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q ivm~j mv. e‡jb Ôm¤ú`kvjx
BqvwZ‡gi AwffveK †hb †mB m¤ú` †d‡j bv †i‡L Zv eëmvq wb‡qvwRZ K‡i; Ab¨_vq
hvKvZ w`‡Z w`‡Z Zvi m¤ú` wbt‡kl n‡q hv‡e|15
2. e¨w³ I mgwói Kj¨vY we‡ePbv : m¤ú` wewb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Bmjvgx e¨vsK e¨w³ I mgwói
Kj¨v‡Yi cÖwZ †Lqvj ivL‡e| e¨w³i Rb¨ Avw_©Kfv‡e jvfRbK wKš‘ mgv‡Ri Rb¨ Zv
ÿwZKi n‡j †m ai‡bi †Kv‡bv Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM Kiv gvKvwm‡` kixqvi cwicš’x|
3. wewb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î AMÖvwaKvi LvZ we‡ePbv : ïay gybvdv bq, eis mgv‡Ri mvwe©K Kj¨vY I
cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Yi w`K †_‡K AMÖvwaKvi Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM Kiv kixqvi GKwU D‡Ïk¨|
4. wewb‡qvM eûgyLxKiY : K…wl, wkí I evwYR¨mn mve©Rbxb Pvwn`v‡K AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q me
LvZ‡K Ges A‡cÿvK…Z Kg DbœZ I ewÂZ GjvKv‡K AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q wewb‡qvM m¤cÖmviY
Kiv Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi GKwU D‡Ïk¨|
5. A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv AR©b : A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv I g›`v `~i Kiv Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki
Kg©bxwZ I Kg©-†KŠk‡ji mv‡_ hy³| G †ÿ‡Î Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki cÖK…Z m¤ú`wfwËK A_©vqb
c×wZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Bmjv‡gi A_©vqb c×wZmg~n (Askx`vix, µqweµq I
fvov c×wZ) cÖK…Z m¤ú`wfwËK (Asset Backed) nIqvi d‡j Zv my`wfwËK UvKv †ePv‡Kbvi
Kzdj †_‡K gy³ Ges Gi d‡j A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv I ¯^vfvweKZv eRvq _v‡K|
15 Bgvg wZiwgwh, Avj Rvwg, Aa¨vq : Avh-hvKvZ Avb ivm~wjjøvn& mv., Aby‡”Q` : gv Rvqv wd hvKvwZ gvwjj BqvwZg,
XvKv : gvKZvevZzj dvZvn, L. 1, c„. 139, nvw`m bs 641|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 39
GLv‡b Av‡iv GKwU welq we‡eP¨| cuywRev`x A_©‰bwZK `k©b gvby‡li Amxg Afve I mmxg
m¤ú‡ì K_v e‡j| Amxg Pvwn`vi mv‡_ mmxg m¤ú‡ì fvimvg¨ iÿv cuywRev`x A_©bxwZi
cÖavb P¨v‡jÄ| Ab¨w`‡K Bmjvgx `k©‡b m¤ú‡ì gvwjK Avjøvn Afvenxb I AgyLv‡cÿx|
Afvenxb I AgyLv‡cÿx Avjøvni Lwjdv ev Uªvw÷iƒ‡c gvbyl Zvi gvwjK I cvjbKZ©vi Av‡`k
I wb‡l‡ai AbyeZx© n‡q m¤ú` AR©b I eënv‡i ÔAv`jÕ ev b¨vqwePvi Ges ÔBnmvbÕ ev `qvi
bxwZ AbymiY Ki‡e| Zviv Kj¨vYg~jK A_©‰bwZK cÖwZôvb ev ÔgvÕiƒdÕ Kv‡qg Ki‡e| gvby‡li
Rxeb‡K †evSv-eÜb I Kó-hvZbv ev ÔgybKviÕ †_‡K gy³ Ki‡e| ìw` gvbyliƒ‡c Zviv c„w_exi
m¤ú‡` mKj gvby‡li cÖK…Z Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡e| Gi d‡j
m¤ú‡ì †RvMvb I Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ iÿv Kiv mnR n‡e|
gvby‡li `vwqZ¡ n‡jv Kj¨vY AR©‡bi Rb¨ KvR Kiv| me gvby‡li Avw_©K cÖ‡qvRb c~iY †mB
Kj¨v‡YiB Ask| †h Dcv`vb gvby‡li Rb¨ hZ †ewk cÖ‡qvRb, c„w_ex‡Z †m¸‡jv ZZ †ewk
gIRy` i‡q‡Q| Aw·‡Rb, m~‡h©i Av‡jv wKsev cvwbi g‡Zv me Acwinvh© cÖ‡qvR‡bi †ÿ‡ÎB G
K_v cÖ‡hvR¨| gvbylI Zvi Drcv`b I eÈ‡b Avjøvni m„wó RM‡Zi GB ˆbwZK k„•Ljv AbymiY
I gvb¨ Ki‡e| d‡j Rxeb mnR I my›ì n‡e| †jvf ev Greed-Gi cwie‡Z© cÖK…Z Pvwn`v ev
Need-‡K AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q ì` I `vwqZ¡‡ev‡ai mv‡_ m¤ú` Drcv`b, †fvM I eënvi Ki‡j
m¤ú` I Pvwn`vi Uvbv‡cvob K‡g hv‡e| GKRb †jvfx gvby‡li †jvf ev Greed c~iY c„w_exi
me m¤ú` w`‡qI m¤¢e bq| wKš‘ me gvby‡li cÖK…Z Pvwn`v c~i‡Y c„w_exi m¤ú` ch©vß|
Bmjvgx e¨vsK m¤ú‡ì êaZv, cweÎZv, wbivcËv I RbKj¨vY wbwðZ Ki‡e| gvby‡li Avw_©K
cÖ‡qvRb wgwU‡q Rxeb‡K mnR I my›ì Kivi Rb¨ bvbv cÖKvi Kj¨vYKi †mev I cY¨ cÖPjb
Ki‡e| †mB mv‡_ Avw_©K Kg©Kv‡Ð hveZxq AKj¨vY `~i Ki‡e|
1978 mv‡j IAvBwm cÖYxZ Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki msÁvq gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i `„wó‡KvY cÖwZdwjZ
n‡q‡Q| G‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q : ÒBmjvgx e¨vsK GKwU Avw_©K cÖwZôvb, hv Zvi †gŠwjK weavb I
Kg©c×wZi me ¯Í‡i Bmjvgx kixÔAvn& bxwZgvjv †g‡b Pj‡e Ges Kg©Kv‡Ði mech©v‡q my`
eR©b Ki‡e|Ó GB msÁvi `yÕwU w`K : GK. gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Av‡jv‡K Kj¨vY AvniY|
`yB. my`mn hveZxq AKj¨vY `~ixKiY|
gvKvwm‡ì Av‡jv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi g~j¨vqb

GB `yÕwU D‡Ï‡kï Av‡jv‡K Bmjvgx e¨vswKs Kvh©µ‡gi wKQz w`K GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡”Q|
GB Av‡jvPbvq evsjv‡`‡k Bmjvgx e¨vswKs KvVv‡gvi Ici Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡”Q|
e¨vs‡Ki gyL¨ `yÕwU KvR n‡jv RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K Rgv msMÖn Ges Zv‡ì †mB A_© wewb‡qvM Kivi
gva¨‡g m½Z jvf Kiv| G Kvh©µ‡g RgvKvix I wewb‡qvM MÖvnK Ges e¨vs‡Ki †kqvi‡nvìviMY
bvbvfv‡e m¤ú„³ nb| e¨vsK G‡ÿ‡Î Avw_©K ga¨¯’ZvKvixi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
40| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

gvKvwm‡ì Av‡jv‡K Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki Rgv Kvh©µg
Bmjvgx e¨vsK me¯Í‡ii RbMY‡K mÂ‡qi Af¨vm M‡o Zzj‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| ïay eo mÂ‡qi
cÖwZ AvMÖnx bv n‡q †QvU-eo me RgvKvixi m¤ú` RvZxq Avw_©K cÖev‡n wb‡qvwRZ K‡i|
Bmjvgx e¨vsK Zvi RgvbxwZi Av‡jv‡K RbKj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ bZzb bZzb †mev ˆZwii gva¨‡g
mgv‡R fv‡jv Kv‡R †ewk gvby‡li AskMÖnY DrmvwnZ K‡i|
Bmjvgx e¨vsK RbM‡Yi mÂq kixÔAvn&m¤§Z Lv‡Z kixÔAvn&m¤§Z c×wZ‡Z wewb‡qvM K‡i MÖvnK‡K
nvjvj gybvdv AR‡©b mvnvh¨ K‡i| Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi me †¶‡Î AKj¨vYKi my` m¤ú~Y© cwinvi
K‡i Kj¨vYKi ev nvjvj c×wZ Abymi‡Yi d‡j gvKvwm‡ì Av‡jv‡K Cgvb msi¶‡Yi (wndRy`&
Øxb) cvkvcvwk Rxeb-RxweKvi êa I b¨vqvbyM c_ cÖmvwiZ nq|
mÂqx Rgvi †ÿ‡Î e¨vsK jvf-†jvKmvb Askx`vix ev wkiKvZ-Gi Ôgy`vivevÕ c×wZ AbymiY
K‡i| GB c×wZi AvIZvq e¨vsK I MÖvnK eëmv‡q Askx`vi nq| MÖvnK ÔieŸyj gvjÕ
(m¤ú‡ì gvwjK) iƒ‡c g~jab †RvMvq| e¨vsK Ôgy`vwieÕ (D‡`¨v³v, kwiK I eë¯’vcK) wn‡m‡e
Kviev‡ii eë¯’vcbv K‡i| g~jab mieivnKvixMY e¨vs‡Ki eëmvq SuzwK †bb| jv‡f Ask
cvb| †jvKmv‡bi fvMx nb|
Bmjvgx kixÔAvn& Abyhvqx Rgv MÖn‡Yi Av‡iKwU c×wZ ÔAvj Iqvw`qvÕ| GB c×wZi AvgvbZ
wn‡m‡e MÖvnK Zvi A_© wbivc‡` †ndvR‡Zi Rb¨ Rgv iv‡Lb| †jb‡`‡bi wbw`©ó mg‡q wZwb A_©
Rgv Ki‡Z Ges Zv †diZ †c‡Z cv‡ib| GB c×wZ‡Z A_© RgvKvix MÖvnK ÔgyqvwÏÕ Ges e¨vsK
ÔgyqvÏv BjvB‡nÕ iƒ‡c Pzw³e× nb| e¨vsK gaëZ©x mg‡q †mB A_© êa eënv‡ii Rb¨ MÖvn‡Ki KvQ
†_‡K AbygwZ †bq| GwU mv‡ewK PjwZ wnmv‡ei Bmjvgx weKí|
m¤ú‡ì wbivcËvweavb kixÔAvn&i Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© D‡Ïk¨| gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i `„wó‡Z GwU
wndRyj gvÕj| kixÔAvn&i bxwZ I c×wZ †g‡b Kj¨vYKi c×wZ‡Z AvgvbZ MÖnY K‡i Bmjvgx
e¨vsK MÖvn‡Ki A‡_©i b¨vqvbyM I êa wbivcËv Ges gvbwmK cÖkvwšÍ wbwðZ K‡i|
Avw_©K AšÍf©yw³i Rb¨ Bmjvgx e¨vsK Rb¯^v‡_© wewfbœ wnmve cwiPvjbv K‡i| Bmjvgx e¨vsK ¯^í
cÖv_wgK Rgvi wfwË‡Z wnmve †Lvjvi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i mgv‡Ri wb¤œweË gvbyl‡K Zv‡ì †mevi
mv‡_ hy³ K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Bmjvgx e¨vsK ïiæ †_‡KB gvÎ GKk UvKv cÖv_wgK Rgvq
wnmve †Lvjvi my‡hvM Pvjy K‡i| cjøx Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi Aax‡b AvBweweGj K…lK‡ì Rb¨ 1995
mvj †_‡K Pvjy K‡i‡Q `k UvKv cÖv_wgK RgvwfwËK wnmve| b~¨bZg cÖv_wgK Rgvq Mv‡g©›Um
kÖwgK, cwi”QbœZv Kg©x, ¯‹z‡ji QvÎ-QvÎx, Kg©Rxex wkï I c_wkï‡ì wnmve †Lvjvi gva¨‡gI
Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv RbKj¨vY Z_v Ôgvmvwjûj gyimvjvnÕ ev¯Íevq‡b Ask wb‡”Q|
wewfbœ Bmjvgx e¨vsK n¾ AvgvbZ, †gvni AvgvbZ, K¨vk IqvK&d AvgvbZ, weevn AvgvbZ
cÖf…wZ we‡kl Kj¨vYKi wnmve cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q|
m¤ú‡ì eÈb I gvby‡li ciKvjxb Kj¨v‡Y IqvK&d GKwU Kj¨vYKi eë¯’v| Jcwb‡ewkK
kvm‡bi Av‡M gymwjg kvmb Avg‡j †`‡ki cÖvq GK-PZz_©vsk m¤ú` wQj IqvK&dK…Z I
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 41
jv‡LivR| GB m¤ú‡ì Av‡q wkÿv I mvgvwRK Kj¨vYg~jK KvR cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| Bs‡iR B÷
BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb jv‡LivR m¤úwË ev‡Rqvß AvB‡bi gva¨‡g GB Kj¨v‡Yi A_© I m¤ú` AvZ¥mvr
Kivi d‡j RbM‡Yi mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Rxe‡b wech©q †`Lv †`q| Rb¯^v_© I RbKj¨vY
wewNœZ nq| Gi ci †_‡K IqvK&‡di g‡Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZôvbwUi f~wgKv cybiæ×vi nqwb|
†`‡ki †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Bmjvgx e¨vsK †mB Kj¨vYaviv cybiæ¾xweZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ ÔK¨vk IqvK&d
AvgvbZÕ †mevi Aax‡b weËevb‡ì IqvK&dK…Z A‡_©i Avq IqvwK‡di wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx
mgv‡Ri wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii Afvex gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y e¨q K‡i| GB Kvh©µg gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i
AevwiZ RbKj¨vY ev Ôgvmvwjûj gyimvjvnÕ ev¯Íevq‡bi GKwU D‡`¨vM|
we‡k¦i cÖvq cuvP‡kv Bmjvgx e¨vs‡K eZ©gv‡b †gvU 38 wgwjqb wnmveMÖvnK i‡q‡Qb| Gme
wnmv‡ei g‡a¨ 11.70 wgwjqb ev 35 kZvsk i‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi| Zvi
g‡a¨ †`‡ki GKwU Bmjvgx e¨vsK GKKfv‡e we‡k¦i cÖvq 25 kZvsk Bmjvgx e¨vswKs wnmve
cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Av‡jv‡K Avw_©K AšÍfz©w³i Kvh©µ‡g evsjv‡`‡ki
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs LvZ `ywbqvi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki Zzjbvq AMÖMvgx|
gvKvwm‡ì Av‡jv‡K wewb‡qvMKvh©µg

Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki wewb‡qvMKvh©µ‡gi g~j we‡eP¨ n‡jv Kj¨vY e„w× Kiv Ges AKj¨vY `~i Kiv|
Bmjvgx e¨vsK me gvby‡li RiæwiqvZ ev Acwinvh© cÖ‡qvRb c~iY‡K AMÖvwaKvi †`q| ab-m¤ú`
†Kej abx‡ì g‡a¨B cyÄxf~Z bv n‡q Zv †hb mve©Rbxb Kj¨v‡Y wb‡qvwRZ nq| Gw`‡K †Lqvj
†i‡L RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K m¤ú` AvniY Ges Zv mgv‡Ri Drcv`bÿg e¨vcK D‡`¨vMx gvby‡li
g‡a¨ Qwo‡q †`qv Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki bxwZ I †KŠkj|
RbKj¨vYag©x D‡Ïk¨ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ gywó‡gq nv‡Z wewb‡qvM cyÄxf~Z Kivi cwie‡Z© AvK…wZ,
cÖK…wZ I LvZ Ges †fŠ‡MvwjK GjvKv Abyhvqx me©Î wewb‡qvM Qwo‡q w`‡q eÈbg~jK mywePvi
wbwðZ Kiv gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i wndRyj gvÕj ev¯Íevq‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© jÿ¨| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
Kvh©µ‡g Drcv`b I gybvdv †kl K_v bq| 1. Kvi Rb¨ Drcv`b, 2. Kx Drcv`b, 3. wKfv‡e
Drcv`b G wZbwU welq mvg‡b †i‡L mve©Rbxb Kj¨v‡Yi bxwZi wfwË‡Z Drcvw`Z c‡Yï eÈb
wbwðZ Kiv AZ¨vek¨K|
†`‡ki mvgwMÖK e¨vswKs Kviev‡i mviv †`‡ki cÖvq Qq †KvwU MÖvn‡Ki Rgv A‡_©i cÖvq Avwk
fvMB XvKv I PÆMÖv‡gi KwZcq GjvKvi eo wewb‡qvM MÖvn‡Ki gv‡S cyÄxf~Z n‡q‡Q| †`‡ki
gvÎ K‡qK †kv wewb‡qvM MÖvn‡Ki fv‡jv-g‡›ì mv‡_ †`‡ki e¨vswKs Kvh©µ‡gi fv‡jv-g‡›ì
fvM¨ Rwo‡q †M‡Q| G ai‡bi Kvh©µg gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i `„wó‡Z mwVK bq|
Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki wewb‡qvMc×wZ I wewb‡qv‡Mi LvZ kixÔAvn&i `„wó‡Z êa nIqv Avek¨K|
Avw_©K we‡ePbvq †Kvb eëmv h‡_ó jvfRbK n‡jI Rb¯^v‡_©i Rb¨ ÿwZKi †Kv‡bv c‡Y¨
Bmjvgx e¨vsK wewb‡qvM K‡i bv| jv‡fi †jv‡f wmMv‡iU ev g‡ì d¨v±wi‡Z wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| my‡ì Kvievi, Ryqv, dUKvevRvwi, AkøxjZv, †fRvj eëmvq Bmjvgx e¨vsK RwoZ
42| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

nq bv| Bmjvgx e¨vsKeë¯’vq mvgvwRK Kj¨vYg~jK Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM DrmvwnZ nq| Bmjvgx
e¨vsK Avw_©K Kviev‡i AKj¨vY `~i Ki‡Z KvR K‡i|
Rgv MÖvnK‡ì g~ja‡bi wbivcËv I gybvdvi m¤¢ve¨Zv we‡ePbvq †i‡L Kj¨v‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ g~jab
I `¶Zvi mgš^q NwU‡q cÖhyw³MZ I †ckvMZ `ÿZvi mgš^‡q cvwicvwk¦©KZv I cwi‡ek Ges
†`‡ki mvgwMÖK Pvwn`v mvg‡b †i‡L ivóªxq Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi ev¯Íevqb I mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gv
Dbœq‡b Drcv`bkxj I kÖgNb Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM Kiv Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki bxwZ I Kg©‡KŠkj| G Kvi‡Y
evsjv‡`‡ki Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv Drcv`bgyLx wkí M‡o †Zvjv‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`q| bZzb bZzb D‡`¨v³v
m„wó DrmvwnZ K‡i| Gi d‡j Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× cvq|
A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi `yB avivi gv‡S fvimvg¨ †i‡L mvgvwRK mvg¨ I b¨vqwePvi
cÖwZôvq gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Riæwiqv‡Zi cuvPwU kZ© c~i‡Y KvR Kiv Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki eywbqvw`
jÿ¨| Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv GRb¨ ÿz`ª I gvSvwi wewb‡qvM Ges mvaviY gvby‡li Pvwn`v‡K
AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q †`‡ki mKj GjvKvq mg‡eZ AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi g~jbxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi
†Póv Ki‡Q|
Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki mv‡_ MÖvnK‡ì m¤úK© `vZv-MÖnxZv ev LvZK-gnvR‡bi bq| GK. wkiKvZ
ev jvf-†jvKmv‡b Askx`vix c×wZ‡Z Bmjvgx e¨vsK I MÖvn‡Ki m¤úK© Askx`vix‡Z¡i|
`yB. cÖK…Z c‡Yï †ePv‡Kbvi gva¨‡g MÖvnK I e¨vs‡Ki g‡a¨ †µZv I we‡µZvi m¤úK© M‡o I‡V
Ges wZb. BRviv c×wZ‡Z KviLvbvi g~jabx hš¿cvwZ, hvbevnb, evwo BZ¨vwì fvov `vZv I
fvov MÖnxZviƒ‡c e¨vsK I MÖvn‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© m„wó nq| GB wZbwU c×wZ gvby‡li `xN© cÖPwjZ
¯^vfvweK †jb‡`b Kvh©µ‡giB cÖwZ”Qwe|
wkiKv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î MÖvnKMY gy`vivev ev gykvivKv c×wZ‡Z eëmvq Askx`vi nb| ÔevBÕ ev
†ePv‡Kbvi †ÿ‡Î cÖK…Z c‡Yï †µZv-we‡µZviƒ‡c evB-gyivevnv, evB-gyqv¾vj, evB-mvjvg
cÖf…wZ c×wZ‡Z MÖvnK I e¨vsK Pzw³ K‡ib| BRviv c×wZ‡Z fvovwUqv I fvov cÖ`vbKvixiƒ‡c
`yB cÿ Kviev‡i kwiK nb|
Bmjvgx e¨vsK Zvi †ePv-†Kbv c×wZ‡Z cÖK…Z c‡Yï µq-weµq wbwðZ Ki‡e| GB †jb‡`b
my`wfwËK UvKv †ePv‡Kbv †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| Gi djvdjI my`wfwËK †jb‡`b †_‡K wfbœ|
UvKv wb‡R †Kvb cY¨ bq, Gi wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv Drcv`b ¶gZv †bB| avZz wKsev KvMR ev
cøvw÷‡Ki ˆZwi gy`ªv n‡jv cÖK…Z cY¨ †ePv‡Kbvi gva¨g, cwigvc, gvb`Ð ev fvÐvi gvÎ|
Gi e¨Z¨q NwU‡q †mB gva¨g‡K c‡Yï g‡Zv †ePv-†Kbvi d‡j Avw_©K wek„•Ljv m„wó nq,
†hwU‡K A¨vwi÷Uj ÔK…wÎg RvwjqvwZ KvieviÕ wn‡m‡e †`‡L‡Qb| GB AKj¨vY `~i Kiv Bmjvgx
e¨vs‡Ki Ab¨Zg gvKvwm`|
A_©vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖPwjZ c×wZi Zzjbvq Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki wkiKvZ ev gykvivKv I gy`vivev c×wZ
Ges c‡Yï †ePv-†KbvwfwËK gyivevnv, gyqv¾vj cÖf…wZ c×wZi †kªôZ¡ ¯^xK…Z| cyuwRev‡ì my`
I FYwfwËK †jb‡`b Avi Bmjv‡gi µq-weµq c×wZi †jb‡`b †gŠwjKfv‡e `ywU Avjv`v
welq| G `y‡qi g‡a¨ weivU cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 43
evB gyivevnv I evB gyqv¾vj BZ¨vw` †ePv‡Kbv c×wZ Ges my`wfwËK cÖPwjZ A_©vqbc×wZ GK
bq| Df‡qi A_©‰bwZK cÖfveI wfbœ| cÖPwjZ A_©vqbc×wZ‡Z FYMªnxZv F‡Yi A_© †Kv_vq
eënvi Ki‡eb Zv Rvbv my`wfwËK e¨vs‡Ki Rb¨ Riæwi bq| Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki µq-weµq
c×wZ‡Z h_v_©fv‡e µq-weµq m¤úvw`Z nq e‡j GUv A_©bxwZ‡Z BwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j|
gyivevnv c×wZ‡Z Bmjvgx e¨vsK evRvi †_‡K cÖK…Z cY¨ msMÖn K‡i| d‡j evRv‡i e¨vs‡Ki
cÖZ¨ÿ cÖfve cÖwZdwjZ nq| wKš‘ cÖPwjZ A_©vqbc×wZ‡Z c‡Yï mv‡_ e¨vs‡Ki †Kv‡bv m¤úK©
_v‡K bv| d‡j G †ÿ‡Î evRv‡ii Ici e¨vs‡Ki †Kv‡bv cÖfve †bB|
gyivevnvc×wZ‡Z MÖvn‡Ki wb‡`©k Abyhvqx e¨vsK cÖK…Z mieivnKvixi KvQ †_‡K cY¨ msMÖn
K‡i c‡Yï Ici gvwjKvbv I `Ljjv‡fi ci Zv D³ MÖvn‡Ki Kv‡Q wewµ K‡i| my`wfwËK
A_©vqbc×wZ‡Z e¨vs‡Ki mv‡_ c‡Yï †Kv‡bv m¤úK© _v‡K bv Ges F‡Yi †Kv‡bv ch©v‡qB
e¨vs‡Ki Ici †Kv‡bv cÖKvi SyuwK eZ©vq bv|
my`wfwËK A_©vqbc×wZ‡Z FYMÖnxZv mgqg‡Zv FY cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j mgq e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_
my` evo‡Z _v‡K| Ab¨ w`‡K Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki µq-weµq c×wZ‡Z e¨vsK I MÖvn‡Ki g‡a¨
c‡Yï `vg GKeviB mve¨¯Í nq| wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ MÖvnK †m `vg cwi‡kva Kivi A½xKvi
K‡ib| G Pzw³i Aax‡b †Kv‡bv MÖvnK †hŠw³K Amyweavi Kvi‡Y mgqg‡Zv wewb‡qvM cwi‡kv‡a
e¨_© n‡j Zv‡K AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv A_© cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq bv| Z‡e h_v_© KviY Qvov wewb‡qvM
MÖvnK mgqg‡Zv wewb‡qvM cwi‡kva bv Ki‡j Pzw³i kZ© Abyhvqx e¨vsK wej¤^RwbZ ÔÿwZc~iYÕ
Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i| ÿwZc~i‡Yi GB A_© e¨vs‡Ki Avq iƒ‡c we‡ewPZ nq bv| A_©vr GB
A_© e¨vs‡Ki MÖvnK, Kg©Pvix ev †kqvi‡nvìviMY cvb bv| Rwigvbvi A_© kixqv Aby‡gvw`Z
`vZe¨ Kv‡R e¨q Kivi d‡j Gi myweav hvq mgv‡Ri ewÂZ I nZ`wi`ª gvby‡li Kv‡Q| G‡ZI
mgvRKj¨vY ev‡o|
Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki wewb‡qvMKvh©µ‡g e¨vsK I MÖvn‡Ki m¤úK© cwic~iK| e¨vsK I MÖvnK mngg©x
n‡q eëmv‡qi DbœwZi Rb¨ †Póv Pvjv‡e| MÖvn‡Ki e¨_©Zvi Kvi‡Y hv‡Z e¨vs‡Ki gybvdv K‡g bv
hvq Ges Ab¨ w`‡K e¨vs‡Ki eë¯’vcbvi A`ÿZvi Kvi‡Y MÖvnK hv‡Z ÿwZMÖ¯Í bv nb †mRb¨
MÖvnK I e¨vs‡Ki g‡a¨ mgš^q I mngwg©Zv Bmjvgx e¨vswKs Kviev‡ii êwkó¨|
evsjv‡`‡ki Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv Zv‡ì wewb‡qvMKvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨ c~i‡Y
we¯Í…Z †ÿ‡Î KvR Ki‡Q| Zvi wKQz wel‡q ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvKcvZ KiwQ :
1. wkí-evwYR¨ m¤úªmviY : evsjv‡`‡ki Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv †`‡ki wkívq‡b mwµq I AMÖYx
f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| MZ wZb `k‡K Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki A_©vq‡b †`‡k e¨vcK wkívqb
n‡q‡Q| ˆZix †cvkvK wk‡íi Dbœq‡b c„w_K…‡Zi f~wgKv cvj‡bi gva¨‡g †`‡ki Bmjvgx
e¨vsK¸‡jv wkíwfwË ˆZwi, D‡`¨v³v Dbœqb Ges e¨vcK Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó K‡i‡Q| GB
D‡`¨v‡Mi d‡j e¨vKIqvW© wjs‡KR I d‡ivqvW© wjs‡KRag©x bvbvgyLx wkíKviLvbv M‡o
D‡V‡Q| †mB wkíwfwË I D‡`¨v³v wfwËi Ici †`‡k B¯úvZ, Jla, we`y¨r Drcv`b,
imvqb BZ¨vw` wk‡íi weKvk Z¡ivwš^Z n‡q‡Q| (GKKfv‡e AvBweweGj-Gi A_©vq‡b
†`‡k eZ©gv‡b Pvi nvRv‡ii †ewk wkíKviLvbv cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q) e„nr wk‡íi cvkvcvwk
44| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv ¶z`ª I gvSvwi wk‡í AMÖvwaKvi wfwË‡Z wewb‡qvM Ki‡Q| †`‡ki cÖ_g
Bmjvgx e¨vsKwU GmGgB Lv‡Z †`‡ki †gvU wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖvq m‡Z‡iv fvM GKKfv‡e
cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q|
2. `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb : gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i RiæwiqvZ ev¯Íevq‡b `vwi`ª¨ eo evav| mvgvwRK I
gvbweK wech©q m„wóKvix `vwi`ª¨ gvbyl‡K Kzdwii w`‡K †V‡j †`q| `vwi`ª¨ `~i Ki‡Z Avw_©K
Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Riæwiqv‡Zi ch©vqfz³| †`‡ki cÖ_g Bmjvgx
e¨vsKwU 1995 mvj †_‡K Ôcjøx Dbœqb cÖKíÕ (AviwWGm) Pvjy K‡i‡Q| G cÖK‡íi AvIZvq
eZ©gv‡b mv‡o AvVv‡iv nvRvi MÖv‡g bq jvL cwiev‡ii Avw_©K Dbœq‡b KvR Ki‡Q| G hver
e¨vsKwU GB cÖK‡í 10 nvRvi †KvwU UvKvi †ewk wewb‡qvM K‡i‡Q| kn‡ii fvmgvb `vwi`ª¨
`~ixKi‡Y 2012 mv‡j Urban Poor Development Scheme ev Ôkni `wi`ª Dbœqb cÖKíÕ
Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q| we‡k¦i †gvU Bmjvgx ÿz`ª wewb‡qv‡Mi cÂvk fvMB GKKfv‡e evsjv‡`‡k
Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki GB cÖK‡íi Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| GB cÖK‡íi Aax‡b ÿz`ª wewb‡qvM
MÖvnKMY ch©vqµ‡g wb‡R‡ì Ae¯’v Dbœq‡bi my‡hvM cvb| G ch©šÍ †mvqv jv‡Li †ewk ÿz`ª
D‡`¨v³v cwievi wb‡R‡ì‡K gvB‡µv G›UvicÖvBR I GmGgB‡Z DËiY (Graduation)
Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| †`‡ki cÖvq me Bmjvgx e¨vsK G †ÿ‡Î µgea©gvb Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
3. Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó : Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i wndRyb& bd&m, wndRyb&-bmj
I wndRyj AvKj ev¯Íevq‡bi mv‡_ hy³| evsjv‡`‡ki me Bmjvgx e¨vsK cÖZ¨ÿ I
c‡ivÿfv‡e Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó‡Z Ae`vb ivL‡Q| ÿz`ª wewb‡qvM, KvwiMwi cÖwkÿY, µxov I
mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœqb, wkÿve„wË cÖ`vb, wkÿv_©x‡ì B›Uvb©wkc, D‡`¨v³v Dbœqb cÖwkÿY cÖf…wZ
Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡b GB e¨vsK¸‡jv KvR Ki‡Q| (bZzb D‡`¨v³v m„wói j‡ÿ¨ AvBweweGj
m¤úªwZ Zv‡ì wewfbœ kvLvq AvU kZvwaK cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g mvZvk nvRv‡ii †ewk
bZzb D‡`¨v³v‡K cÖwkÿY w`‡q‡Q) Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi A_©vq‡b wkíKviLvbv, GmGgB I
MÖvgxY cÖKímg~‡n cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e wÎk jv‡Li †ewk †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb n‡q‡Q|
wewb‡qvMKvh©µg QvovI Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv‡Z eZ©gv‡b mvZvk nvRv‡ii †ewk Kg©KZ©v-
Kg©Pvix KvR Ki‡Qb| `ªæZ cÖmvigvb Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv Rbkw³ wb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡gI
Kg©ms¯’v‡b f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
4. Avevm‡b wewb‡qvM : mxwgZ Av‡qi gvby‡li M„nvq‡b Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki Avevmb cÖKí
gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i AZ¨vek¨Kxq cÖ‡qvR‡bi me KÕwU w`K msiÿ‡Yi mv‡_ hy³| ivm~j
mv. cÖk¯Í evm¯’vb, mr cÖwZ‡ekx I Avivg`vqK evnb‡K †mŠfvM¨ e‡j‡Qb (Avj& Av`veyj
gydiv`)| †`‡ki µgea©gvb Rb‡Mvôxi Avevmb mgm¨vi mgvav‡b Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv
M„nvq‡b A_©vqb Ki‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k Bmjvgx e¨vsK Pvjyi m~Pbv †_‡KB G welqwU AMÖvwaKvi
†c‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b AvBweweGj GB Lv‡Z GKKfv‡e †`‡ki m‡e©v”P wewb‡qvMKvix cÖwZôvb|
5. bvix Dbœqb I ÿgZvqb : mgv‡Ri mvgwMÖK Dbœqb †eMevb Ki‡Z bvix‡K wkwÿZ, Kg©ÿg,
¯^vej¤^x I †hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjv gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Riæwiqv‡Zi me KÕwU ¯Íi I fvM‡K
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 45
kvwgj K‡i| Ôcyiæl hv AR©b K‡i Zv Zvi Ask, Avi bvix hv AR©b K‡i Zv Zvi AskÕ16|
†mev, wkí I eëmv-evwY‡R¨ bvix‡ì AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z wewfbœ Bmjvgx e¨vsK
bvix‡ì Rb¨ wewfbœ Lv‡Z we‡kl wewb‡qvM myweav w`‡”Q| wbw`©ó mxgv ch©šÍ RvgvbZwenxb
wewb‡qv‡Mi eë¯’v K‡i‡Q| cjøx Dbœqb cÖK‡íi cÖvq bq jvL MÖvn‡Ki Avwk kZvskB
bvix D‡`¨v³v| Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi GmGgB Ges Ab¨vb¨ wewb‡qv‡MI bvix‡ì e¨vcK
AskÖMÖnY i‡q‡Q|
6. RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb : evsjv‡`‡ki Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv M„nmvgMÖx wewb‡qvM cÖKí, Avevmb
wewb‡qvM cÖKí, Wv³vi wewb‡qvM cÖKí, cwienb wewb‡qvM cÖKí, Mvwo wewb‡qvM cÖKí,
cjøx M„nwbg©vY wewb‡qvM cÖKí, weevn wewb‡qvM cÖKí BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g gvby‡li Rxebgv‡bi
Dbœq‡b kwiK n‡”Q| G Kvh©µg kixÔAvn&i nvwRqvZ I Zvnmvwbqv‡Zi ch©vqfy³|
7. ¯^v¯’¨ Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM : ¯^v¯’¨ myiÿv ÔwndRyb& bdm&Õ ev Rxe‡bi myiÿvi AšÍfz©³| wndRy`&-
Øxb ev Øx‡bi myiÿvi mv‡_I Gi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv ¯^v¯’¨‡mev Dbœq‡b KvR
Ki‡Q| wewfbœ Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki G †ÿ‡Î D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kg©m~wP i‡q‡Q| (AvBweweGj G hver
42wU Ilya wkí, 62wU nvmcvZvj I wK¬wbK Ges eû c¨v_jwRK¨vj †m›Uvi I WvqvMbw÷K
†m›Uv‡i wewb‡qvM K‡i‡Q| Wv³vi wewb‡qvM cÖK‡íi Aax‡b †`‡ki bexb Wv³vi‡ì
AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v K‡i‡Q| DbœZ wPwKrmv miÄvg w`‡q cÖwZwôZ Wv³vi‡ì AvaywbK
wPwKrmv‡mev RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q w`‡”Q)|
8. gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb : †ckvMZ `ÿZv e„w× I mZZv m„wó K‡i gvbyl‡K Kj¨vYKvwiZvi
mvg_©¨m¤úbœ `ÿ I †hvM¨ Kiv kixÔAvn&i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© D‡Ïk¨| Bmjv‡g e¨w³i me êa
KvRB Kj¨vYmvab I AKj¨vY `~i Kivi mv‡_ hy³ Ges Zv Bev`Z wn‡m‡e MY¨| Avi †mme
KvR fv‡jvfv‡e Kivi †hvM¨Zv AR©b mswkøó‡ì Rb¨ diR| W. Dgi Pvcovi g‡Z, gvbe
Dbœqb gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i †gŠwjK welq hv Riæwiqv‡Zi cuvPwU wel‡qi mv‡_B hy³|
Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv Zv‡ì wewb‡qvM I mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvg~jK me Kv‡Ri Øviv
gvbem¤ú` I gvbe Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Q| `ªæZ weKvkgvb Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi cÖ‡qvRb
†gUv‡Z RbKj¨vYeªZx `ÿ Bmjvgx e¨vsKvi ˆZwi Ki‡Z Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv wbR¯^ †Uªwbs
BÝwUwUDU cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q| GB KvR DrKl©gwÐZ Kivi Rb¨ Bmjvgx e¨vsK †Uªwbs A¨vÛ
wimvP© GKv‡Wwg †`‡ki e¨vsKvi‡ì Rb¨ ÔBmjvgx e¨vswKs wW‡cøvgvÕ (DIB) Pvjy K‡i‡Q|
9. cwi‡ek msiÿY I meyR e¨vswKs : cwi‡ek msiÿY I meyRvqb kixÔAvn&i ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
gvKvwm`| Kv‡iv nv‡Z Mv‡Qi GKwU Pviv _vK‡j wKqvgZ AZ¨vmbœ n‡jI Zv‡K PvivwU
gvwU‡Z †ivcY Ki‡Z Drmvn †`qv n‡q‡Q (wZiwgwR)| meyRvq‡bi GB bxwZ I `k©b †g‡b
me wewb‡qvMKvh©µ‡g cwi‡ek myi¶v Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi ˆbwZK evaëvaKZv| wewfbœ
Bmjvgx e¨vsK wMÖb e¨vswKs Kvh©µ‡gi AvIZvq R¡vjvwbmvkªqx ê`y¨wZK miÄvg, †mvjvi
c¨v‡bj eënvi, Af¨šÍixY AbjvBbwfwËK †hvMv‡hvM wbwðZ K‡i‡Q| KvMRwenxb e¨vswKs
Pvjyi w`‡K av‡c av‡c AMÖmi n‡”Q|
16 Avj KziAvb, 4 : 32|
46| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

10. mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv (wmGmAvi) : gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i bxwZ Abyhvqx gvbyl‡K ìw` I
ci¯úi Kj¨vYKvgx n‡Z n‡e| ìw` gvbyl MVb Ges ìw` gvbyl‡ì mgš^‡q ìw` cÖwZôvb
I ìw` mgvR cÖwZôv kixÔAvn&i jÿ¨| cvi¯úwiK `vq‡eva I ìw` g‡bvfve weKwkZ
K‡i Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv mgv‡Ri cÖwZ Zv‡ì `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb
Ki‡Q| †mB we‡ePbvq Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki me Kvh©µgB mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi AvIZvfz³|
Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki Rgv I wewb‡qv‡Mi me †mev mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi A½xKv‡ii mv‡_ hy³|
Z`ycwi ¯^vfvweK e¨vswKs †mevKvh©µ‡gi evB‡i †_‡K hvIqv wecyj Afvex I ewÂZ gvby‡li
Rxebgv‡bi Dbœq‡b KvR Kiv Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki ˆbwZK evaëvaKZv| gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i
cuvPwU †gŠwjK Pvwn`vc~i‡Y ewÂZ I Afvex Ges K‡ó cov gvby‡li cv‡k ùvov‡bv Bmjvgx
e¨vsK¸‡jvi AZ¨vek¨Kxq `vwqZ¡|
GB j‡ÿ¨ Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv ¯^vfvweK †jb‡`‡bi evB‡i RbKj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ wk¶v,
¯^v¯’¨, `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv, µxov, mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœqb, †mŠ›`h©e„w×, Av‡m©wbKgy³ cvwb cÖKí,
dg©vwjbgy³ Lv`¨ wbwðZKiY mnvqZv cÖf…wZ Kvh©µ‡g Ask wb‡”Q| eb¨v`yM©Z, wmWi
AvµvšÍ, g½vcxwoZ, kxZvZ© Ges wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©‡M ÿwZMÖ¯Í Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ Bmjvgx
e¨vsK¸‡jv me mgq ÎvYmnvqZv wb‡q cv‡k ùvovq| evsjv‡`‡ki e¨vswKs †m±‡i RbKj¨v‡Yi
aviYv m„wó I †eMevb Ki‡Z Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv cw_K…‡Zi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|
wkÿvi AwaKvi msiÿY ev wndRyj AvK&j wbwðZ Ki‡Z bvix-cyiæ‡li Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq
ÁvbvR©‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Ges G †ÿ‡Î Avw_©K evav `~i Ki‡Z Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv KvR
Ki‡Q| †gavex AwZ `wi`ª wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨ wewfbœ †gqvw` wkÿve„wËi eë¯’v Kiv QvovI
wewfbœ Bmjvgx e¨vsqK wcÖ-¯‹zj, g³e, gvìvmv, K‡jR, wek¦we`¨vjq, †gwWK¨vj K‡jR,
bvwm©s cÖwkÿY Bwbw÷wUDU, †UKwbK¨vj Bwbw÷wUDU, †fv‡Kkbvj †Uªwbs †m›Uvi, cvVvMvi
BZ¨vw` cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q|
¯^v¯’¨‡mev Lv‡Z wecyj wewb‡qvM Kiv QvovI AvBweweGj 1,021 kh¨vwewkó 6wU wbR¯^
nvmcvZvj I 7wU KwgDwbwU nvmcvZvj Ges 5wU †nvwgIc¨vw_K wK¬wbK cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q|
GB Kvh©µ‡gi Aax‡b cÖwZ eQi cÖvq `k jvL †ivMx mvkÖqx g~‡j¨ mivmwi wPwKrmv‡mev
cvb| G Qvov MÖvgxY `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ åvg¨gvY Pÿzwkwei, mybœ‡Z LvZbv cÖf…wZ Kg©m~wP
i‡q‡Q wewfbœ Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki|
gvKvwm` AR©‡b wKQz KiYxq

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡q †`‡ki Avw_©K Lv‡Z †h Kj¨vYgyLx aviv m„wó K‡i‡Q gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i
Av‡jv‡K †m aviv †eMevb Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb AvBwb myweav, KvVv‡gvMZ ms¯‹vi, mswkøó bxwZ
wba©viK, cwiPvjK I †ckv`vi e¨vsKvi‡ì ÁvbMZ mvg_©¨ Ges RbM‡Yi m‡PZbZv e„w×| GRb¨
bxwZwba©viYx D‡`¨vM Ges bvbvwea cÖwkÿY, M‡elYv I cÖPviYvg~jK Kvh©µg MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
Avw_©K AšÍfz©w³, gvbweK e¨vswKs, mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv, bvixi ÿgZvqb, ÿz`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Kj¨vY,
cjøx AÂ‡j A_©vqb BZ¨vw` wel‡q †`‡ki †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †h bxwZgvjv I Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i‡Q
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 47
†m¸‡jvI Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©| Bmjvgx e¨vsKeë¯’vi Kj¨vYag©x I
AKj¨vY‡ivax ˆbwZK g~j¨‡eva mgwš^Z, m¼zjvbg~jK I w¯’wZ¯’vcK êwkó¨ g~j¨vqb K‡i †`‡ki
Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b GB eë¯’vi e¨vcK Ae`v‡bi my‡hvM I m¤¢vebvi D‡jøL K‡i evsjv‡`k
e¨vs‡Ki Mfb©i W. AvwZDi ingvb e‡j‡Qb : ‘...With its ethical, inclusivity promoting and
stability enhancing attributes, Islamic finance undoubtedly bears promise of playing
major beneficial role in our socio-economic development.’
†`‡ki Av_©mvgvwRK †ÿ‡Î Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi Kj¨vYeªZx jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Ges ¯^Zš¿ Kg©aviv
weKv‡ki Rb¨ ¯^Zš¿ AvBb cÖYqb Kiv A‡bK cyi‡bv `vwe| Bmjvgx c×wZ‡Z iƒcvšÍ‡i
AvMÖnx mv‡ewK avivi e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K Bmjvgx e¨vswKs Kvh©µg Pvjy Ges Bmjvgx e¨vswKs kvLv
I DB‡Ûvavix e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K Av‡iv bZzb kvLv ev DB‡Ûv †Lvjvi my‡hvM w`‡j Zv †`‡ki
Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mnvqK n‡e|
gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Av‡jv‡K e¨vswKs Kvh©µg m¤úv`‡bi Dc‡hvMx Rbkw³ ˆZwii Rb¨ wkÿv
KvwiKzjv‡g Bmjvgx e¨vswKs welq AšÍfz©KiY, Bmjvgx e¨vsKvi‡ì D”PZi cÖwkÿ‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó
Ges evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki MvBW jvBb wbqwgZ AvaywbKxKiY cÖ‡qvRb| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs cwicvjb,
bZzb bZzb †cÖvWv± D™¢veb I wewfbœ wel‡q M‡elYvKvh©µg †Rvi`vi Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡K
¯^Zš¿ e¨vswKs wefvM ¯’vcb Kivi welq we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK cwim‡i
†`‡ki e¨vswKs‡qi h_vh_ eª¨vwÛs‡qi D‡`¨vM †bqv cÖ‡qvRb| Gme †ÿ‡Î †`‡ki †K›`ªxq e¨vsK
Ges AvBwewmGdmn mswkøó me gnj D‡`¨vMx I mgwš^Z cÖ‡Póv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Z_¨m~Î
1. Avey Avj-gvjvB Avj-RyqvBbx : Avj-eyinvb dx Dm~j Avj-wdK‌n, Ave&` Avj-Avwhg Avj w`Õe, Kvq‡iv, 1992
2. Bgvg Avey nvgx` Avj-Mvh&hvjx: Avj gymZvkdv wgb Bjg& Avj Dmyj, Avngv` hvwK gvbmyi nv¤§v`, wkKv‡Mv, gvP© 1987
3. Bgvg Avj-Mvh&hvjx : GnBqvD DjywgwÏb, gw`bv cvewj‡KkÝ, 2010
4. Avj-B¾ Be‡b Ave`ym mvjvg : KvIqvB` Avj-AvnKvg dx gvmvwjn&‌ Avj-Avbvg, Zvnv Ave`& Avj-ivDd mvÕ` (Øvi
Avj-whj)
5. wknve Avj-Øxb Avj-Kvivwd : bvdvBm Avj-Dmyj, Avw`j Avngv` I Ave` Avj- gvIhy`, wiqv`, 1995
6. Beb& Avj °vBBg : AvÕjvg Avj-gyqvv°b Avb Avb iveŸvj Avjvwgb, hvÕ` Avj gvÕAv`, 2q ms¯‹iY, 1972
7. †gvnv¤§` Avj Zvwni Be‡b Avïi : wUªwUR Ab gvKvwm` Avj kvixÔAvn&, AvBAvBAvBwU, jÛb, 2006
8. W. Avngv` Avj-ivBmywb: Bgvg Avj kvwZweÕm w_Iwi Ae `¨ nvqvi Ae‡RKwUfm A¨vÛ Bb‡Ub‡Û›Um Ae BmjvwgK
jÕ AvBAvBAvBwU, jÛb, 2005
9. hv‡mi AvI`v : gvKvwe` Avj kvixÔAvn& A¨vR wd‡jvmwd Ae BmjvwgK j-A¨v wm‡÷gm A¨‡cÖvPÕ AvBAvBAvBwU, jÛb,
2008
10. W. gynv¤§` Ave`yj AvwZ gynv¤§` Avjx : Avj gvKvwm`yk& kvixÔAvn&, Iqv Avmviænv wdj wdKwnj Bmjvgx, `viæj nvw`m,
Kvq‡iv, 2007
11. W. BDmyd Avj Kvihvwf : Bmjv‡g `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb, †m›Uªvj kixÔAvn& †evW© di BmjvwgK e¨vsKm Ae evsjv‡`k, 2008
12. gynv¤§v` Avey Avj-Avhdvb : dvZIqv Avj-Bgvg Avj-kvwZwe, 2q ms¯‹iY, gvZevÕAvZ Avj-KvIqvwKe, wZDwbm, 1985
13. Gg GBP Kvgvwj : wcÖwÝcj&m Ae BmjvwgK RywimcÖæ‡WÝ, wLjvdvneyK.Kg †_‡K WvDb‡jvWK…Z, b‡f¤î 2014
48| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

Bmjvgx A_©vq‡b gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&
I gymwjg gbxlx‡ì fvev`k©
b~iAvmwj›`v Ave`yj Avwim, †ivnvbv Imgvb I
ivwd`vn †gvnv¤§` AvRwj1
mvims‡ÿc
A¨vKv‡WwgK M‡elYvq cÖvmw½K Ab¨ †¶‡Îi Zzjbvq gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Dbœqb A‡bK †ewk
Zvrch©c~Y©| G‡Z i‡q‡Q Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’v, hv‡Z AšÍfz©³ Bmjvgx e¨vswKs, ZvKvdzj ev
exgv Ges Bmjvgx cyuwRevRvi| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs D¤§vn& Ges mvaviY mgv‡Ri Rb¨ mvgvwRK
b¨vqwePvi AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠQ‡Z cvi‡Q wK bv Zv wb‡q gbxlx‡ì g‡a¨ we‡klfv‡e D‡ØM
i‡q‡Q| mgmvgwqK †cÖ¶vc‡U gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i e¨vcv‡i wdK&n& mvwnZ¨ Qvov g~j Drm †_‡K
wb‡`©kbv MÖnY K‡g †M‡Q| GB wbe‡Ü mgvRKj¨v‡Yi we‡kl †cÖÿvcU‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Bmjvgx
A_©vqbeë¯’vq gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& msµvšÍ aviYv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GLv‡b Z_¨m~Î Ges g~j¨vqb ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖL¨vZ gymwjg `vk©wbK I A_©bxwZwe` Bgvg Avj-
Mvh&hvwj, Be‡b KvBwqg, Bgvg Avj-kvwZwe Ges Be‡b Avïi Gi gZv`‡k©i Ici wfwË K‡i|
GB M‡elYvi gva¨‡g wbwðZ Kiv n‡q‡Q D¤§vn& Ges Zv‡ì fwel¨r cÖR‡b¥i mydj AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨
Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’vi cwiPvjb Ges Kg©¶gZvi cÖavb †dvKvm wn‡m‡e gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i
evaëvaKZv ˆZwi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| `vk©wbK‡ì me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖ¯Íve n‡jv Bmjvgx
A_©vqbeë¯’vi g‡W‡ji Ici wfwË K‡i gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i GKwU KvVv‡gv wbg©vY|
1. f~wgKv
kixÔAvn& AvB‡bi g~jbxwZi Ici cÖwZwôZ †jb‡`bB Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’v wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
kixÔAvn& ïay GKwU AvBb bqÑ GUv Ggb aviYvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i hv‡Z me gvbyl Ges miKvi
AvB‡bi Aaxb| Gi e¨vwß eëmvwqK Pzw³ I êevwnK m¤úK© †_‡K ïiæ K‡i kvw¯Í I Gev`Z
mewKQy ch©šÍ cÖmvwiZ| Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’vi my¯úó D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv mgv‡Ri msnwZ Ges GKwU
b¨vqm½Z m¤ú` eÈbeë¯’v wbwðZ Kivi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri Avw_©K Pvwn`v c~iY; hv‡Z b¨vh¨Zv,
mywe‡ePbv, wek¦¯ÍZv Ges mZZv Abym„Z nq|
1 b~iAvmwj›`v Ave`yj Avwim, †ivnvbv Imgvb, M‡elK-A¨vKvDw›Us wimvP© BÝwUwUDU A¨vÛ d¨vKvwë Ae A¨vKvD‡›UwÝ,
BDwbfvwm©wU †UK‡bvjwR-GgGAviG, gvj‡qwkqv
ivwd`vn †gvnv¤§` AvRwj, M‡elKÑ A¨vKv‡Wwg di Kb‡Ug‡cvivwi BmjvwgK ÷vwWR, BDwbfvwm©wU †UK‡bvjwR-
GgGAviG, gvj‡qwkqv
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 49
Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’v cÖPwjZ A_©vqbeë¯’vi g‡Zv AvgvbZMÖnY, FY cÖ`vb, eëmv-evwY‡R¨
A_©vqb, Avw_©K m¤ú` wewb‡qvM Ges exgv weZiY BZ¨vw` †mev w`‡q _v‡K| Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’v
evwYwR¨K †jb‡`b‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i hvi gva¨‡g myôy I êa gybvdv ˆZwi nq| G‡Z †hLv‡b
eëmv I evwYR¨msµvšÍ Kvh©µg cÖK…Z eëmv evwYR¨ (MIFC, ND) msµvšÍ ZrciZvi mv‡_
mswkøó _v‡K| Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’vq SzuwK I jvf Askx`vix‡Z¡i gva¨‡g mZZv‡K DrmvwnZ
Kivi welqwU `„k¨gvb nq|
†gvÏv K_v n‡jv, Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’v e¯‘MZ welqvw` Ges †jb‡`‡bi êaZv Ges SzuwK
fvMvfvwM êwkó¨‡K mgš^q K‡i AvewZ©Z| Bmjvgx A_©vqb bxwZgvjvi cÖ‡qvM Ges kixÔAvn&i
cÖwZ Gi AvbyMZ¨ `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb Ges A_©bxwZi w¯’wZkxjZvq mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
kixÔAvn& n‡jv wKQz wbqg, g~j¨‡eva Ges AvB‡bi mgš^q; hv Bmjvgx mgv‡R A_©‰bwZK,
mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`v‡bi g‡Zv Rxe‡bi me w`K Bmjv‡gi Av‡jv‡K
cwiPvwjZ K‡i (Isra, 2011)| Bmjvgx A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi fvlvq ej‡Z †M‡j Zv ZvIwn`,
ieyyweqvZ, wimvjvZ, AvwLivZ, BmwZLjvd, ZvRwKqv, Kvdvjv, Av`vjvn I dvjvn BZ¨vw`
`vk©wbK wfwË Øviv MwVZ n‡q †mev cÖ`vb K‡i|
gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&‡K `ywU cÖavb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| G `ywU n‡jv mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ (gvKvwm`
ÔAv¤§vn) Ges wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ (gvKvwm` Lvmvn)| Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’v‡K mvaviYfv‡e gvKvwm`
Lvmvn ev wbw`©ó D‡Ï‡k¨ g‡a¨ †kÖYxKiY Kiv hvq| Z‡e, gvKvwm` ÔAv¤§vn ev mvaviY D‡ÏkÏ
Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’vq mgv‡Ri m¤ú` msi¶Ymn Ab¨vb¨ D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ cÖvmw½K Ges
mivmwi m¤úwK©Z| AZGe, GUv Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’vi mvaviY D‡Ï‡kï m‡½ m¤ú‡ì
welqwU cix¶vi Rb¨ Riæwi|
GB wbe‡Ü gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& ev Bmjvgx AvB‡bi D‡Ïk¨msµvšÍ mvwn‡Zï Ici Av‡jvKcvZ
Kiv n‡q‡Q| Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’vi eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZi m‡½ gvmjvnvi êwkó¨, †kÖwYwefvM Ges
g~jbxwZ mgwš^^Z K‡i Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvj‡qwkqvb mgv‡R Kj¨v‡Yi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM
†i‡L gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i cÖfv‡ei welqwU GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
A‡bK cwÐZ GKgZ †h gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i P~ovšÍ D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv me gvby‡li ¯^v_©iÿv Ges
Zv‡ì wbwl× wRwb‡mi ¶wZ †_‡K i¶v Kiv| Ab¨‡ì g‡Z, gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& gvby‡li
Kj¨v‡Yi msi¶Y I Dbœqb‡K wN‡i AvewZ©Z| gymwjg gbxlxMY mvaviYfv‡e we‡ePbv K‡ib †h
kixÔAvn&i †gŠwjK gvb Ges D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv gvmjvnv ev Rb¯^v‡_©i welqwU Kvh©Ki Kiv| GwUI
¸iæZ¡¡c~Y© †h gv‡S gv‡S gvmjvnv ej‡Z gvKvwm`‡KI †evSv‡bv nq| Avi GKmgq we‡klÁiv
GKB welq †evSv‡Z GB `ywU c` A`je`j K‡i eënvi K‡i‡Qb| myZivs, GUv †hŠw³Kfv‡e
Acwinvh© †h †KD hLb gvKvwm` m¤ú‡K© K_v ej‡eb Zv‡K GKB mv‡_ gvmjvnvi g~jbxwZi
Mfx‡iI †h‡Z n‡e|
AZGe, Avgiv fwel¨r M‡elYvi Rb¨ wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ges Avw_©K wkí m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi aviYvi
Rb¨ PviRb cÖavb gymwjg gbxlx Bgvg Avj-Mvh&hvwj, Be‡b KvBwqg, Bgvg Avj-kvwZwe Ges
Be‡b Avïi-Gi aviYvi g‡a¨ Zzjbv I g~j¨vqb Kie| GB aviYvMZ M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h,
50| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

gymwjg gbxlxiv Avgv‡ì Bmjvgx Avw_©K †jb‡`b, Pzw³ Ges Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g gvKvwm`
kixÔAvn& cÖ‡qv‡Mi gvb I wb‡`©kbv w`‡q‡Qb|
hv‡K Avgiv Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’vi kixÔAvn& wfwË ej‡Z cvwi Zvi gv‡bi welqwU eyS‡Z GB
†ÿ‡Î mswkøó me c‡ÿi KvQ †_‡K cÖ‡Póv I mg_©b †bqv cÖ‡qvRb| GB cwi‡”Q`wU wbgœiƒc :
2. Bmjvgx A_©vq‡b gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& msµvšÍ iPbvw`

2.1 msÁv
kixÔAvn&‡K GKgvÎ c_ A_ev AbymiY‡hvM¨ ¯úó c_ wn‡m‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv nq (†KviAvb,
45:18)| Avj KziZzwei †`qv msÁv Abymv‡i gvbeRvwZi Rb¨ Avjøvn ZvAvjv †hme Av‡`k
w`‡q‡Qb kixÔAvn& n‡jv †m iKgB Bmjv‡gi Hkx AvBb (Avj-KziZzwe, GbwW)| kixÔAvn&i
†gŠwjK gvb Ges D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv gvmjvnv ev Rb¯^v_© iÿv Kiv| GwUI ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y© †h gv‡S gv‡S
gvmjvnv ej‡Z gvKvwm`‡KI †evSv‡bv nq| Avi GKmgq we‡klÁiv GKB welq †evSv‡Z
GB `ywU c` A`je`j K‡i eënvi K‡i‡Qb| gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i P~ovšÍ D‡Ïk¨ me gvby‡li
¯^v_© c~iY Ges Zv‡ì nvivg ev ÿwZKi wRwbm †_‡K i¶v KivÑ G wel‡qI A‡bK cwÐZ
GKgZ|
Aviwe fvlvq gvKvwm` k‡ãi A_© n‡jv j¶¨ ev D‡Ï‡k¨| Bmjvgx AvB‡bi gvKvwm`-msµvšÍ
Bmjvgx iæwjs ev Av‡`‡ki †ÿ‡Î hyw³, D‡Ïk¨ I mvaviY Kj¨v‡Yi Ici ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q|
cvkvcvwk G‡Z Bmjv‡gi Hkx evYx Ges Bmjvgx wek¦v‡mi cÖwZdj‡bi IciI †Rvi †`qv
n‡q‡Q (Avj-†kL Avjx I AvD`v, 2006)| A‡bK cwÐ‡Zi g‡Z, gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i P~ovšÍ
jÿ¨ n‡jv me gvby‡li Kj¨vYmvab Ges ÿwZ †_‡K Zv‡ì iÿv Kiv| Z‡e Abïv gvKvwm`
kixÔAvn&‡K wfbœfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg Avj-Mvh&hvwj, Bgvg Avj-kvwZwe, Be‡b Avïi
Ges Avng` Avj-ivqmywb gZ w`‡q‡Qb †h gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& AvewZ©Z n‡q‡Q gvbeKj¨vY
msi¶Y I cÖmvi‡K wN‡i|
gvby‡li ag©wek¦vm (`xb), Zv‡ì cÖvY (bdm), eyw×e„wË (AvKj), mšÍvb-mšÍwZ (bmj) Ges
abm¤ú‡ì (gvj) gva¨‡g wbivcËv msi¶‡Yi Ici †Rvi w`‡q gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv
K‡i‡Qb Avj-Mvh&hvwj| GKB mg‡q wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ch©vßiƒ‡c GB cvuPwU welq hLb c~iY n‡e
ZLb Rb¯^v_© iÿvi cÖkœ Avm‡e Ges Gici GwU n‡e evÃbxq welq| Z‡e GB cvuPwU wel‡qi
cwicš’x hv wKQz Kiv †nvK bv †Kb Zv Rb¯^v‡_©i weiæ‡× hv‡e Ges Zv n‡e cwiZ¨vR¨ (Avj-
Mvh&hvwj, 1973)|
Bgvg Avj-kvwZwe Av‡iv ÁvbZvwË¡K `„wó‡KvY †_‡K gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i
e‡j‡Qb kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv ¯^v_©ciZv †_‡K gvbyl‡K gy³ Kiv hv‡Z Zviv †¯^”Qvq Ges
gbcÖvY w`‡q me wKQz‡Z Avjøvni ¯’vb Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges wbweófv‡e Avjøvni Gev`Z
Ki‡Z cv‡ib (Avj-kvwZwe, 1975)|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 51
Be‡b Avïi e¨vL¨v K‡i e‡j‡Qb †h gvKvwm` gvby‡li g½j Ges cy‡Yï Dbœq‡b KvR K‡i, Zv
msiÿY K‡i, mycwiYv‡gi w`‡K wb‡q hvq Ges mvgvwRK k„•Ljv I mgv‡Ri my¯’ AMÖMwZ wbwðZ
K‡i| wZwb cÖv_©bv ev mvjv‡Zi K_v D‡jøL K‡i e‡j‡Qb, GwU eyw×e„wËK wPšÍv I fv‡jv KvR
Ges Zv‡K Avjøvn hv `vb K‡i‡Qb Zvi mvgwMÖKfv‡e mgvR jvfevb n‡Z cv‡i Ggbfv‡e DËg
eënv‡ii gva¨‡g GwU c~Y©Zv †c‡Z cv‡i (Be‡b Avïi 2001)|
Avng` Avj-ivqmywb gvKvwm‡ì mvwe©K D‡Ïk¨‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i e‡j‡Qb, c„w_exi †hLv‡b Avjøvn
Zvi cÖwZwbwa cvwV‡q‡Qb, †hLv‡b gvbyl i‡q‡Q, †mLv‡b k„•Ljv I kvwšÍc~Y© mgvR msi¶‡Yi
eë¯’v Kiv Ges `vwqZ¡evb ZË¡veavqK wn‡m‡e KvR Kiv gvKvwm‡ì D‡Ïk¨| G Kv‡R gvbyl‡K †h
m¤ú` †`qv n‡q‡Q Zv h_vh_iƒ‡c eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wPšÍv I K‡g©i gva¨‡g mevi Kj¨v‡Yi
Rb¨ wb‡R‡K wb‡qvwRZ ivL‡Z n‡e (Avj-ivqmywb, 2005)|
gymwjg gbxlxiv Gfv‡e m¤úª`vq, mgvR I e¨w³i Dbœq‡b bvbvw`K †_‡K Ava¨vwZ¥K ev e¯‘MZ
†ÿ‡Î gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Avgv‡ì ch©‡e¶Y Abymv‡i mvgvwRK Kj¨vY
I Rb¯^v_© GKÎ Ges mgwóMZfv‡e gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i msÁv wba©vi‡Y Zv‡ì g‡a¨ h‡_vchy³
c×wZ wn‡m‡e G‡m‡Q|
gymwjg gbxlx‡ì wewfbœ †jLvq Av‡iv wKQy aviYv, we‡klZ c×wZMZ I Rxe‡bi wewfbœ
AwfÁZvjä msÁv cvIqv hvq| GB c×wZ Ges Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv As‡k ¸iæZ¡ †ewk †`qv
n‡jv Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU cv_©K¨ jÿ Kiv hvq| Avj-Mvh&hvwj gvby‡li Rxe‡b cvuP AMÖvwaKvi‡K
†ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb| Ab¨ w`‡K, Avj-kvwZwe gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i msÁv w`‡q‡Qb ÁvbZvwË¡K
DcKiY eënvi K‡i|
AZGe, Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq †h, Rxe‡bi me †ÿ‡Î Z_v mgvR I m¤úª`v‡q b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôv,
mgv‡Ri Kj¨vY, mvaviY Ges Rb¯^v_© msiÿY n‡e gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i cÖavb jÿ¨| Avj-
Mvh&hvwj †h cvuPwU cÖavb welq msiÿ‡Yi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Zv Rxeb †_‡K ¯^v_©ciZv Ges
e¨w³‡Kw›`ªKZvi g‡Zv Lvivc PwiÎMZ êwkó¨ `~i K‡i †`q| Be‡b Avïi Ges Avj-ivqmywb
ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Bmjvg Rxe‡bi me †ÿ‡Î †hŠ_ ms¯‹…wZi K_v e‡j| m¤úª`v‡qi mvwe©K AMÖMwZ
Ges mvgvwRK k„•Ljvi Rb¨ gvby‡li ¸Yvewj‡K eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| ˆbwZK m¤ú` Ges msnwZ
kvwšÍc~Y© mgv‡Ri Avewk¨K kZ©|
2.2 gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i êwkó¨

gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i cÖavb êwkó¨ PviwU| cÖ_gZ, GUv n‡jv AvB‡bi Ggb GK wfwË hv me
gvby‡li ¯^v_© iÿv K‡i Ges ¶wZ †_‡K mevB‡K i¶v K‡i| wØZxqZ, gvbeRvwZi ¯^v_© iÿv
Kiv †hgb Bmjvgx AvB‡bi jÿ¨ Ges G Rb¨ me gvby‡li AvbyMZ¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq; †Zgwbfv‡e
Gi j¶Ï mve©Rbxb| Z…ZxqZ, GwU m¤ú~Y© AšÍfz©w³g~jK| Avjøvni e‡›`wM ev Gev`Z (Avjøvni
cÖwZ KZ©e¨) A_ev gyqv‡gjvn ev †jb‡`b (Ab¨vb¨ gvby‡li cÖwZ KZ©e¨) wbwe©‡k‡l me gvby‡li
Kv‡Ri mswkøóZv i‡q‡Q G‡Z| me‡k‡l, GwU msÁvg~jK| GwU ïay GKK †jLv A_ev cÖgvY
†_‡K †bqv nqwb, wewfbœ Drm †_‡K Zv †bIqv n‡q‡Q (`ymywK I evD‡nivDqv, 2011)|
52| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

2.3 †kÖwYwefvM
gymwjg gbxlxMY gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&‡K mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ (gvKvwm` Avgvbvn) Ges wbw`©ó
D‡Ïk¨ (gvKvwm` Lvmvn) GB `ywU cÖavb fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| Avj-kvwZwe (1975) mvaviY
D‡Ïk¨‡K Av‡iv wZbwU eo Dcwefv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv n‡jv : Acwinvh© (RiæwiÔqvn),
cwic~iK (nvwRwqqvn) Ges Aj¼iY (Zvnwmwbqvn)| Riæwiqvn A_© Rxe‡bi mv_©KZv hvi
Ici gvbyl‡K Avewk¨Kfv‡e wbf©i Ki‡Z nq, hv ag©, Rxeb, eyw×, eskaviv Ges m¤ú`Ñ
kixÔAvn&i G cvuPwU we‡eP¨ welq wb‡q MwVZ| Z‡e wKQy cwÐZ cvuPwU g~j RiæwiÔqvni evB‡i
gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ mgZv, ¯^vaxbZv Ges cwi‡ek i¶vi g‡Zv AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y© RiæwiÔqvni
K_v e‡j‡Qb| Zvuiv hyw³ †`b †h, cuvP g~j Riæwiqvn gvbeKj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Aek¨B †gŠwjK|
wKš‘ cÖ‡qvRb‡K GB 5wUi g‡a¨ mxwgZ ivLv hvq bv| nvwRwqqvn n‡jv Acwinvh© ¯^v‡_©i
m¤ú~iK Avi Gm‡ei cÖwZ Ae‡njv Rxe‡b Kó I `y‡f©vM wb‡q Av‡m| Z‡e Zv Rxeb‡K
GKev‡i APj K‡i †`q bv| ejv nq, Kó jvN‡ei Rb¨ G m‡ei cÖ‡qvRb| Zvnwmwbqvi
cÖ‡qvRb nq cwi‡kvab I cwic~Y©Zvi Rb¨|
gvKvwm` Lvmvn-Gi mv‡_ Bmjvgx AvBbkv‡¯¿i D‡Ïk¨ RwoZ, hv w`‡q Avw_©K †jb‡`b ev
cvwievwiK AvB‡bi g‡Zv wbw`©ó wel‡qi myivnv Kiv nq| Be‡b Avïi e‡j‡Qb, Gi D‡Ï‡kï
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Rb¯^v‡_©i ¸iæZ¡ Zz‡j aiv, mvavi‡Yi ¯^v_©nvwb K‡i Ggb †ÿ‡Î wb‡Ri e¨w³MZ
¯^v_© AR©‡bi †Póv wbiærmvwnZ Kiv, AmZK©Zv Ges cÖe„wËi `vm‡Z¡i g‡Zv ÎæwU¸‡jv m¤ú‡K©
mveavb Kiv (Be‡b Avïi, 2001)|
2.4 gvmjvnvi g~jbxwZ

mvavi‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y Ges mvgvwRK Aïf kw³ Ges `yb©xwZ cÖwZ‡iv‡a AvBbkv‡¯¿i nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e
gvmjvnv memgq eënvi n‡q _v‡K| Avj-Mvh&hvwj, Zvi gvmjvnv aviYvq Gi msi¶Y‡K
ÒkixÔAvn&i cÖvšÍ mxgvi msi¶YÓ wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡ib| Avewk¨Kfv‡e gvmjvnvÕi †gŠwjK
A_© ag©wek¦vm, cÖvY, eskaviv, eyw×e„wË Ges m¤ú` msiÿ‡Yi g‡Zv mve©Rbxb D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_
m¤úwK©Z| Avi A‡b‡KB †hfv‡e e‡j‡Qb †Zgbfv‡e G‡K wZwb †Kej gvbe jÿ¨ wn‡m‡e
D‡jøL K‡ibwb (Avj Mvh&hvwj 1973)|
Avj-kvwZwe gvmjvnv‡K kixÔAvn&i GKgvÎ jÿ¨ wn‡m‡e AMÖvn¨ K‡i e‡j‡Qb RbMY‡K kvmb
Kiv Ges Gev`Zmn mvavi‡Yi Kj¨vYKi wPšÍvi me eë¯’v G‡Z AšÍfz©³ Kiv h‡_ó| wZwb
gvmjvnv‡K g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb hv gvbe RxweKvi Rb¨ DcKvix, gvby‡li Rxeb
avi‡Y c~Y©Zv `vbKvix Ges Zvi gvbwmK I eyw×e„wËK ¸Yvewj wn‡m‡e Gi cÖ‡qvRb (Avj-
kvwZwe, 1975)|
Be‡b Avïi gvmjvnvi `ywU cÖavb ai‡bi eY©bv K‡i‡Qb; GKwU n‡jv hvi wbwðZ myweav
gvbyl cv‡e (†hgbÑ Lv`¨MÖnY, RvgvKvco civ, ¯¿x ev ¯^vgxi mv‡_ m¤úK© BZ¨vw`)| Gi Rb¨
kixÔAvn&i mv‡_ m¤úK© K‡i wewaweavb †`qv AcÖ‡qvRbxq MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i KviY GUv gvby‡li Rb¨
my¯úó myweav, gvby‡li cÖvK…wZK B”Qvi mv‡_ mswkøó gvmjvnv| AwaKš‘ G my¯úó myweav AR©‡bi
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 53
c‡_ evav AcmviY Ki‡Z kixÔAvn&i Ici `vwqZ¡ w`‡Z PvIqv Gi Ici Av‡iv Pvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi
bvgvšÍi| gvby‡li Rb¨ Kg my¯úó myweav (†hgbÑ iv¯Ívi Av‡iv cÖmvi, iv‡Z wbivcËvi¶x‡ì
weavb BZ¨vw`), Av‡Mi gvmjvnvi g‡Zv bq, G †ÿ‡Î kixÔAvn&i civgk© †`qvi g‡Zv n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci
cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| GKB mv‡_ GwU bv gvbv ev j•N‡bi Rb¨ Rwigvbvi weavb _vK‡Z cv‡i|
gvmjvnv GLv‡b wKQzUv e¨w³we‡k‡li Rb¨, Avi wKQzUv mvwe©K mgv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡Z cv‡i|
Be‡b KvBwq¨g Zvi BmwZmjv‡ni aviYv w`‡q‡Qb A_©‰bwZK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K| BmwZmjvn ev
Rb¯^v‡_©i we‡ePbv‡Z (Avj gvmjvnv Avj Avgvbvn) †hLv‡b Rb¯^v‡_© wb‡`©kbv m¤^wjZ †Kv‡bv
kwiÔAvn& wb‡`©kbv †bB †mLv‡b AvBb cÖYq‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| GwU n‡Z n‡e kixÔAvn&i †PZbv
Ges D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ mvhyR¨c~Y©; GwU n‡Z n‡e †hŠw³K I b¨vqm½Z| Avi GwU mvaviYfv‡e
RbM‡Yi Kó jvN‡ei Rb¨ n‡Z n‡e| wZwb GRb¨ AvBwb KvVv‡gv‡K mswÿß K‡ib hvi wfwË
n‡”Q cÖÁv I gvbweK Kj¨vY (AvD`v, 2008)|
gvmjvnvi aviYv we‡klfv‡e ˆbwZK A_©bxwZi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| KviY GwU b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôv,
Kzms¯‹vi wbg©~j, Kó jvNe, mn‡hvwMZv, Rb¯^v_© msiÿY, mvavi‡Yi myweav, mgv‡Ri g‡a¨
cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv Ges mvgvwRK Aïf kw³ ev `yb©xwZ cÖwZ‡iva Avi Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kiv I
AKj¨vY `~i Kivi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z (`ymywK, 2010)|
gvmjvnv Kvh©µ‡gi wcivwgW GKwU ˆbwZK QuvKwb cÖwµqvi g‡Zv KvR K‡i| D`vniY¯îƒc wZb
¯Í‡ii wePvwiK ivq Zv‡ì `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi †ÿ‡Î wfbœ wfbœ gvÎvi ¸iæZ¡ cÖKvk K‡i| GwU ˆbwZK
m•NvZ wbim‡b Kvh©Ki cÖgvwYZ nq| †Lqvj Kivi welq n‡jv wcivwgW KvR Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡ì
Av‡`‡ki ¸iæZ¡ we‡ePbvq wZb †kÖwYi msi¶Y AZ¨vek¨K| G Qvov GB wZbwU ¯Íi cvi¯úwiK
m¤úK©hy³ Ges ci¯ú‡ii Ici wbf©ikxj| Acwinvh© Dcv`vb (Riæwiqvn) n‡jv Gi wb¤œ ch©vq|
GwU Acwinvh© Pvwn`vi msi¶Y I cÖwZiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ KvR K‡i| Avi †mRb¨ me©mvavi‡Yi ¯^v‡_©
GwU KvR K‡i Ges Gi mv‡_ mevB m¤ú„³ _v‡K|
myZivs, mgv‡Ri Rb¨ ¶wZKi n‡Z cv‡i Ggb †h †Kv‡bv eëmvKvh©µg Gov‡bvi Rb¨ Bmjvgx
Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi ag©xq, ˆbwZK I mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ Av‡Q| wØZxq ¯Í‡i, hvi Afv‡e Rxeb
¯^vfvweK bv nIqvi SzuwK i‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv cwic~iK (nvwRwqqvn), hv Kó `~i Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb
nq, wKš‘ Gi Afve ¯^vfvweK Rxeb‡K GKev‡i wecbœ K‡i †Zv‡j bv| Bmjvgx Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi
cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi ci Zv‡ì `vwqZ¡ cÖmvwiZ Kiv DwPZ| Ae‡k‡l m‡e©v”P ch©v‡q
wcivwgW Rxeb‡K wb®‹›UK Kivi Rb¨ cwikxjb ev Aj¼i‡Yi cÖwZ jÿ iv‡L (Zvnwmwbqvn)|
GB †kÖwY‡Z AšÍfz©³ Bmjvgx ms¯’v¸‡jvi `vwqZ¡ n‡jv RbRxe‡b Ae¯’vi DbœwZ mva‡b Kvh©Ki
c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv|
2.5 Bmjvwg A_©vq‡bi mgvRKj¨vY Kv‡R gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i cÖfve

Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’v‡K gvKvwm` Lvmvn ev wbw`©ó D‡Ïkï Aax‡b †kÖYxKiY Kiv hvq| Bmjvgx
A_©vqbeë¯’vi g‡a¨ cvuPwU RiæwiÕqvni g‡a¨ GKwU m¤ú‡ì msiÿY AšÍfz©³ _vKvq Gi mv‡_
gvKvwm` AvgvbvnI mswkøó n‡q c‡o| GwU Avevi Ab¨ Pvi Riæwiqvni mv‡_ AvšÍtm¤úwK©Z,
54| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

we‡klZ ag© msiÿ‡Yi welqwUi mv‡_ hy³| myZivs Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’vi mvaviY D‡Ï‡kï
m‡½ m¤ú` AR©‡bi D‡ÏkÏ cix¶v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i Pvwn`v n‡jv Bmjvgx Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv kixÔAvn& †h cyY¨ I ˆbwZK gvb
wba©viY K‡i‡Q Zv AbymiY Ki‡e (`ymywK I evD‡nivDqv, 2011)| cÖwZôvb¸‡jv GwU AbymiY
Ki‡e Avi e¨w³ Ges cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi `vwqZ¡ I AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ eRvq ivL‡e (Pvcov,
1992)| †hgb, kixÔAvn&i A‡bK wb‡lavÁv mevi ¯^v_© i¶v I mgmyweav wbwðZKiY Ges
mgv‡Ri kvwšÍ msnwZ msiÿ‡Yi ¯^v‡_© Kiv n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e, hv gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i
jÿ¨| †KD hyw³ †`Lv‡Z cv‡ib †h, gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& we‡klZ Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨, wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi GKwU my¯úó KvVv‡gv Ges cwieZ©b‡K gvwb‡q †bevi GKwU Dcvq ˆZwi K‡i| AwaKš‘
Zviv ˆbwZK iv‡qi wb‡`©wkKv wn‡m‡eI KvR K‡i (`ymywK I evD‡nivDqv, 2011)|
gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& Bmjv‡gi me©v½xY `„wófw½i cÖKvk| Bmjvg‡K LwÛZ bq eis GKwU
c~Y©v½ Rxebweavb Ges mgwš^Z w`Kwb‡`©kbv wn‡m‡e †`Lv Avek¨K| Gi jÿ¨ n‡jv `ywbqv
I Av‡Liv‡Z e¨w³ I mgvR mevi Kj¨vY nq Ggb GK eë¯’v wbwðZ Kiv (`ymywK, 2010)|
mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi, m¤ú` I Av‡qi mylg eÈb Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Kivmn
Bmjvgx A_©bxwZi jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ mgv‡Ri Kj¨vYmva‡bi `vqe×Zv I agx©q KZ©e¨ cvjb‡K
†hb me©`v AMÖvwaKvi †`qv nq Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e (`ymywK, 2008 L)| mw¤§wjZfv‡e GwU
Bmjvgx A_©vq‡bi wb‡`©kbv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GB g~j¨‡eva kixÔAvn&i †PŠnwÏi g‡a¨ eRvq
_v‡K hvi cÖKvk ïay †jb‡`‡bi gyn~‡Z©B mxwgZ _v‡K bv GKB mv‡_ mgv‡R Zv k¦¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi
g‡Zv f~wgKv cvjb K‡i (`ymywK, 2008 L)|
G Qvov gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& cÖvwZôvwbK ¯Í‡i cÖwZwôZ KivI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Ab¨ K_vq, ag©, Rxeb,
eyw×e„wË, mšÍvb-mšÍwZ I m¤ú`Ñ GB cvuPwU †gŠwjK Pvwn`v msi¶‡Yi Øviv Rb¯^v_© I Kj¨v‡Yi
eë¯’v Kivi Rb¨ cÖvwZôvwbK eë¯’v msMwVZ Kivi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| Bmjvgx A_©vq‡b we‡klZ
e¨vswKs Lv‡Z gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i mgvšÍivj ai‡bi Rb¯^v_© I mgvRKj¨v‡Y KvR Kivi g‡Zv
eë¯’v i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv : Ki‡cv‡iU mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ (wmGmAvi), †mevi gvb, MÖvnK
mš‘wó, RbmvaviY ev †÷K‡nvìvi‡ì m‡PZbZv, †÷K‡nvìvi‡ì Dcjwä, `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb,
¶y`ªFY Ges `vZe¨ KvR| Z‡e eZ©gvb cÖPwjZ eë¯’v‡K Bmjvgx eë¯’vq iƒcvšÍ‡i kixÔAvn&i
jÿ¨ cy‡ivcywi AR©b nq bv| Gme cÖwZôvb KZUv gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i aviYv I Kg©c×wZ‡K
aviY Ki‡Z cvi‡e †m cÖkœI Zz‡j‡Qb A‡b‡K|
Rv‡mi AvD`v-i (2008) GK cyi‡bv mgxÿvq gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i g~jbxwZ¸‡jv cwiPvjb
I c×wZMZ cÖvwZôvwbK eë¯’vi g‡a¨ wb‡q Avmvi civgk© †`qv n‡q‡Q| †mB mgxÿvi KviY
n‡jv me©vZ¥K `„wófw½i †P‡q m‡¼vP‡bi `„wófw½, ˆbwZKZvi †P‡q AvÿwiK, eûgywLbZvi †P‡q
GKgywLZv, cig D‡Ï‡kï †P‡q ˆbwgwËK we‡ePbv Avi mvwe©K D‡Ïk¨ I Bmjvgx AvB‡bi g~jbxwZi
Kvh©KvwiZvi Afve `„k¨gvb n‡q IVv| Zvi mgxÿvq gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i ZË¡‡K aªæc`x I eZ©gvb
RywiwWK¨vj ZË¡‡K g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ `k©bMZ I †gŠj Kg©c×wZMZ DcKiY wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv
n‡q‡Q| G‡Z we‡køl‡Yi bZzb c×wZi msÁvq‡bi Rb¨ wm‡÷g ZË¡ ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 55
Bmjvgx A_©vq‡b gvKvwm` kixÔAvn m¤úwK©Z Ab¨vb¨ M‡elYvq g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, Ki‡cv‡iU
mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvq gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i cÖ‡qvM (`ygywK I BiIqvwb, 2007), †÷K‡nvìvi
cwi‡cÖwÿZ (2008 K), Bmjvgx cuywRevRvi (`ymywK, 2010) I Bmjvgx e¨vswKs cY¨ (nvwee
Avng`, 2011)| Gme M‡elYvq cvIqv hvq †h, hw` Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡q Bmjvgx ÿz`ª A_©vqb‡K
AšÍfz©³ Kiv nq †Zv gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& cÖvavb¨ cv‡e (Avng`, 2004; G WeøyD `ymywK 2008
L; G IqvRw` `ymywK I Ab¨vb¨ 2008)|
3. gymwjg gbxlx‡ì gZv`k© g~j¨vqb

Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’v welqK mvwn‡Z¨ memgq eëmvwqK †jb‡`‡b A_©‰bwZK b¨vqwePvi,
my‡hvM Ges m¤ú‡ì mylg eÈb, ˆbwZKZv, mgZv I mZZvi Ici ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q| hwÌ
mgv‡jvP‡Kiv e‡jb, Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’vi eZ©gvb Abykxjb ch©vßfv‡e Av`‡k©i m‡½ hy³
bq| G Rb¨ Avgiv Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’vq gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& wPšÍvavivi ev¯Íevq‡bi Ici
GKwU g~j¨vq‡bi wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ| GB g~j¨vqbwU Pvi Rb gymwjg gbxlxi gZv`‡k©i Ici wfwË
K‡i ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zviv n‡jb Bgvg Avj-Mvh&hvwj, Be‡b KvBwqg, Bgvg Avj-kvwZwe Ges
Be‡b Avïi| GB gbxlx‡ì wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡ì D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨| Zv‡ì
gZvgZ eyS‡Z n‡j Zv‡ì Awfg‡Zi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv‡ì cUf~wg we‡kølY mgvbfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
3.1 Bgvg Avj-Mvh&hvwj

Bgvg Avj-Mvh&hvwj bv‡g cwiwPZ gynv¤§` web gynv¤§` web Avng` Avj-Bgvg Avj-Kwei Avey
nvwg` Avj-Mvh&hvwj û¾vZ Avj-Bmjvg ga¨hy‡Mi GKRb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges AmvaviY gymwjg
cwÐZ wQ‡jb| wZwb †Lvivmv‡b 1058 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges 1111 mv‡j gviv hvb| Avj-
Mvh&hvwj wnRwi cÂg kZvãx‡Z ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZvi mgq gymwjg m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ we‡kl
ag©xq ms¯‹viK wQ‡jb| AvBbkv¯¿, ag©ZË¡, `k©b I mywdev`mn wZwb Bmjvgx wk¶vi me †¶‡Î
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡Lb| wZwb `vk©wbKZv Ges gZev‡ì `„wó‡KvY †_‡K gb¯ÍË¡, ag©ZË¡ I
ivRbxwZ wb‡q M‡elYv I Aa¨qb K‡ib Ges Hkx Áv‡bi †hŠw³K e¨vL¨v Dc¯’vcb K‡ib|
Avj-Mvh&hvwj 100wUi g‡Zv eB wj‡L‡Qb hvi mvs¯‹…wZK gvb Acwi‡gq| Avi wZwb cieZ©x
eskai‡ì Rb¨ wek` ÁvbfvÐvi †i‡L hvb| Zvui eB¸‡jv `ywbqvRy‡o cwVZ nq Ges Gme
eB Bs‡iwR, ¯ú¨vwbk, divwm, Rvg©vb, D`©y I gvjqmn bvbv fvlvq Abyev` Kiv n‡q‡Q| G
†¶‡Î Zvui me‡P‡q eo KvR wQj GnBqvÕ Djyg Av`&-`xb (ag© weÁvb †i‡bmuv), gvKvwm` Avj-
dvjvwmdvn (`vk©wbK‡ì D‡Ïk¨) Ges ZvnvdzZ Avj-dvjvwmdvn (`vk©wbK‡ì Am½wZ)| wZwb
GKRb gbxlx I wPšÍvwe` wn‡m‡e gymwjg we‡k¦ me©Rb¯^xK…Z Ges Zvi KvR Bmjvgx wPšÍvi
†ÿ‡Î DbœZch©v‡qi †idv‡iÝ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq (g¨vU AvwLi, 2010)|
3.2 Be‡b Avj KvBwq¨g Avj-RvIwRqv

Be‡b Avj KvBwq¨g wn‡m‡e †ewk cwiwPZ kvg gynv¤§` Be‡b Avwe eKi Av`-`xb Rb¥MÖnY
K‡iwQ‡jb (1292 mvj/691 wn.) wmwiqvi `v‡g‡¯‹i KvQvKvwQ GKwU †QvU K…wlwbf©i MÖv‡g|
56| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

1350 mv‡j (751 wn.) wZwb B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| Be‡b Avj KvBwqg wQ‡jb GKRb cÖL¨vZ
mywbœ AvBbkv¯¿we`, KziAv‡bi ZdwmiKvi, †R¨vwZwe©Ávbx, imvqbwe`, `vk©wbK, g‡bvweÁvbx,
weÁvbx I ag©ZË¡we`| wZwb Ggb GKmg‡q evm Ki‡Zb hLb Bmjvgx iv‡óªi Ici evB‡ii
ûgwK Ges GKB mv‡_ Af¨šÍixY weåvwšÍ, kÎæZv I wek„•Ljv PjwQj| Be‡b Avj KvBwqg Ávb
AR©‡bi Rb¨ †KviAvb, mybœvn, BRgv, d‡Zvqv Ges wKqv‡mi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Zb| ag©ZË¡ I
Aviwe fvlvq Zvi myMfxi cvwÐZ¨ wQj| Zvi we‡kl `¶Zv wQj ag©kv‡¯¿| wZwb Aviwe fvlv,
ivm~j mv.-Gi mybœvn, Bmjvgx AvBb I nvw`m kv‡¯¿i cvkvcvwk AwZgvbweK wPwKrmvi gva¨‡g
Amy¯’‡ì Av‡ivM¨ Kivq cvi½g wQ‡jb| Be‡b Avj KvBwqg Zvi wcZvmn A‡bK wk¶‡Ki
Kv‡Q cov‡kvbv K‡i‡Qb, hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb Avey eKi Be‡b AvBqye, Be‡b ZvBwgqv, Avey eKi
Ave`yj `v‡qg, Avey Ave`yjøvn Be‡b Avwe Avj dvZvn Ges gynv¤§` mvwd Av`-`xb Avj-wnw›`
cÖgyL| Bmjvgx mvwn‡Z¨ Be‡b Avj KvBwqg Avj-RvIwRqvi we¯Í…Z Ae`vb i‡q‡Q hv †KviAvb
Ges bexi mv. mybœvni e¨vL¨v we‡køl‡Yi mv‡_ RwoZ| wZwb Zvi wb‡Ri eB QvovI A‡bK¸‡jv
M‡elYvi mv‡_ hy³ wQ‡jb| Zvi eB‡qi g‡a¨ Av‡Q ZvnwZe mybvb Avey `vD` (mybvb Avey
`vD` ms‡kvab), Avj-Kvjvg Avj-ˆZqe Iqv-Avj-Avgvj Avj-mv‡jn (fv‡jv K_v I Kv‡Ri
g~jK_v)| Zvi †kL Ave`yjøvn Avj Avbmvixi gvwÄj D mvwqwib (A‡š^lx‡ì MšÍe¨) MÖ‡š’i
e¨vL¨v‡K mywdev‡ì eB¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ÁvbMZ g~j¨ we‡ePbvq m‡e©v”P gv‡bi e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|
Avi hv`-Avj gvÔAv` (ciKv‡ji weavbvewj) Ggb GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© eB, hv †_‡K ivm~j mv.-Gi
wPwKrmvmsµvšÍ Z_¨ AvniY Kiv nq| G Qvov Ab¨vb¨ cvÐywjwc hv wZwb wb‡Ri nv‡Zi wj‡L
Kwc K‡iwQ‡jb Zv wmwiqvi †K›`ªxq MÖš’vMv‡i msiw¶Z Av‡Q (ibnqayyim.com)|
3.3 Bgvg Avj-kvwZwe

Bgvg Avj-kvwZwe ev Beªvwng web gymv web gynv¤§` Avj-kvwZwe Avj-NvibvwZ wQ‡jb GKRb
eogv‡ci Av›`vjymxq AvBbkv¯¿we`| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb, GKRb gydwZi `vwqZ¡ n‡jv gvbyl‡K
ga¨cš’v Ges wePvi-we‡ePbvc~Y© †ev‡a Av¯’vkxj Kiv| wZwb wQ‡jb Dm~‡j Avj-wdKn
kv‡¯¿i ¯’cwZ gbxlx‡ì GKRb Ges gvwjwK gvRnv‡ei Abymvix| Bgvg Avj-kvwZwe weÁ
AvBbkv¯¿we` wQ‡jb †mB mv‡_ ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK cwieZ©b wel‡qI Zuvi
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ m¤ú„³Zv wQj| wZwb wQ‡jb evby jvLg es‡kv™¢~Z| Zuvi WvK bvg wQj ÔAvey BmnvKÕ
Ges Zvi c`we ÔAvj-NvibvwZÕ, ÔAvj-jvLwgÕ ÔAvm-kvwZweÕ I ÔAvj-gvwjwKÕ| Zvi Rb¥ZvwiL
Ges Rb¥¯’vb m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvqwb| Z‡e wZwb MÖvbvWvq 1388 (8 kvevb 790 wn.) mv‡j
B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i Rb¨ Zuvi wfwË wQj Avj †KviAv‡bi wewfbœ AvqvZ I
nvw`m †hLv‡b wek¦v‡mi Awfe¨w³‡Z mshg cÖKvk Ges mveavbZvi Ici †Rvi †`qv n‡q‡Q|
wZwb Be‡b Avj-dLi Avj Av‡ewi, Avey Avj-Kvwmg Avj-mvwË, Bgvg Avey Ave`yjøvn Avj-
wZjgvmvwb, Bgvg Avey Ave`yjøvn Avj-gvKwi, †kL Avey mvC` Be‡b jve-Gi g‡Zv L¨vZbvgv
gbxlx‡ì KvQ †_‡K cÖf‚Z cwigv‡Y †k‡Lb Ges Aviwe fvlv I BRwZnv‡` c~Y©`¶Zv AR©b
K‡ib| Zuvi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR n‡jv gyDqvdvDqvZ wd Dmyj Avj-kixÔAvn& bv‡g GKwU MÖš’
hv Bmjvgx AvBb I ZË¡MZ aviYv we‡klZ gvmjvnv (Rb¯^v_©) wel‡q we‡kl Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q|
Bgvg Avj-kvwZwei Ab¨vb¨ weL¨vZ MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Avj-AvB‡Zkvg, kvivÕAv, Avj LyZvmv,
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 57
Avj-BwZdvK wd Gjg Avj-BwkZ&KvK, wKZve Avj gvRwjm I wKZve Avj-Bwd`vZ Iqv
Avj-Bbkv`vZ| Bgvg Avj kvwZwei hyM I cwi‡e‡k Bmjvgx AvBb cÖ‡qvM Ges avi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î
A‡bK evav wQj| Avi Zvi KvR 19 kZ‡Ki g‡a¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKvq wd‡i Av‡m iwk` wi`v
(1865-1935) Ges gynv¤§` Ave`yn (1849-1905)-Gi DÌv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q| Zviv kvwZwei
g~j aviYv Dc¯’vcb K‡ib|
3.4 Be‡b Avïi

gynv¤§` Avj-Zvwni Be‡b Avï‡i Rb¥ 1879 mv‡j (1296 wn.) Ges wZwb gviv hvb 1973 mv‡j
(1379 wn.)| Be‡b Avïi-Gi Kg©c×wZ `yB mgmvgwqK KÆi gZev‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU ga¨cš’x
Ae¯’vb †bq| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ÒwbIwjUv‡iwjRgÓ †hLv‡b hyw³‡K D‡cÿv Kiv nq Ges
BmjvwgK iæwjs ev Av‡`k¸‡jvi MZvbyMwZK I AvÿwiK aviYvi e¨vcv‡i cybte¨vL¨vi c‡ÿ gZ
e¨³ Kiv nq| Avi wbIi¨vkbvwjRg ev be¨hyw³ev` aviYvq ÔAvaywbKxKiYÕ Ges Ô†hŠw³KZviÕ
¯^v‡_© gymwjg‡ì ag©xq I mvs¯‹…wZK cwiPq D‡c¶v K‡i‡Qb (Be‡b Avïi, 2001)| wZwb
Bmjvgx mf¨Zv cybiæ¾xweZ Kivi Rb¨ aªæc`x Ávb‡K HwZn¨MZ aviYvi mv‡_ †gjv‡bvi †Póv
K‡ib| K¬vwmK¨vj ev aªæcw` AvBb DËivwaKv‡ii mv‡_ AvaywbK we‡k¦i cÖ‡qvR‡bi g‡a¨ wZwb
wb‡R‡K †mZzeÜb wn‡m‡e †`‡L‡Qb|
%JYJ$YM0YK KYZM %JYJ$YMNYZ=ZH

%HgE$YM.Y%ZTJ %HgE$YÉL

Ic‡ii wP‡Î Pvi L¨vZbvgv gbxlxi hyM Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| 950 eQ‡ii AwaK mgq a‡i †h
gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn& Av‡jvPbvi g‡a¨ wQj ZvB GLv‡b †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| hviv Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’vq
gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i ¸iæZ¡ cÖgvY I cÖvmw½KZv Zz‡j ai‡Z Pvb GB Av‡jvPbv Zv‡ì Kv‡R
jvM‡e|
4. M‡elYvi djvdj
DwjøwLZ Pvi gbxlxi `„óvšÍ †_‡K Abywm×v‡šÍ Avmv hvq, gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Ici cÖ_g wZb
kZ‡K D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AvMÖn cÖKvk Kiv nqwb| gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i ZË¡ cÖYq‡b g~j D‡jøL‡hvM¨
AMÖMwZ wQj Avj-Mvh&hvwj Ges Avj-kvwZwei mgq| Zvici Be‡b Avïi Bmjvgx AvBbZ‡Ë¡i
cybb©evq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU c×wZ wn‡m‡e gvKvwm` cÖ¯Íve K‡ib|
wb‡Pi Q‡K Pvi gymwjg gbxlxi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gZv`‡k©i GKwU mvivsk Zz‡j aiv n‡jv| GwU BmjvwgK
wdb¨vÝ ev A_©vqb wb‡q Av‡iv M‡elYvq mnvqZv Ki‡e:
58| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

Avj-Mvh&hvwj Be‡b KvBwqg Avj kvwZwe Be‡b Avmyi
gvKvwm` 1| mg¯Í gvbeRvwZi Kj¨vY 1| Gi j¶¨ BnKv‡j I ciKv‡j gvby‡li ¯^v_© 1| Avjøvn kixÔAvn& wn‡m‡e hv bvwRj K‡i‡Qb 1| gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&
kixÔAvn&i msi¶‡Yi ¸iæZ¡, hv Zv‡ì i¶v Kiv| †mme myweav, Kj¨vY, mydj Øviv GwU gvby‡li Kj¨vY I
msÁv Ges wek¦vm ev `xb, bdm, eyw×, 2| kixÔAvn&i jÿ¨ BnKvj I ciKv‡j gvby‡li mgwš^Z| PwiÎ¸‡Yi Dbœqb
D‡Ïk¨ eskai, m¤ú`Ñ Gm‡ei g‡a¨ ¯^v_© i¶vi j‡¶¨ KvR Kiv 2| Gi jÿ¨ n‡jv fv‡jv, Kj¨vY, mydj, myweav, Ges Rxe‡bi
we`¨gvb| BZ¨vw` AR©b Avi kqZvwb K_vevZ©v, g›`, me© ‡ ¶‡Î gvwR©Z
2| GB cvuPwU welq Abyhvqx hw` AcKvi, ¶wZ wbeviY Kiv| AvPvi AvPiY‡K
†Kv‡bv wKQy m¤úbœ Kiv bv nq DrmvwnZ K‡i|
3| ¯^v_©ciZv †_‡K gvbyl‡K gy³ K‡i †¯^”Qvq
Zvn‡j Zv Rb¯^v‡_©i weiæ‡× Ges gbcÖvY w`‡q Avjøvni Gev`Z Kivi 2| kixÔAvn&i jÿ¨ n‡jv
hv‡e Ges G Kvi‡Y Zv ev` Rb¨ †h c„w_ex‡Z Zvi Avmv Zv Dcjwä Rb¯^v_© msi¶‡Yi
w`‡Z n‡e| Kiv‡bv| Ici ¸iæZ¡ †`qv
3| †h aviYv/KvR GB cvuPwU Ges mvgwMÖK ¯^v‡_©i
wel‡qi AbymiY wbwðZ K‡i Rb¨ ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i
Zv Rb¯^v‡_© KvR K‡i Ges Zv Ggb e¨w³MZ ¯^v‡_©i
Kvw•ÿZ e‡j a‡i wb‡Z n‡e| KvR wbiærmvwnZ
Kiv|
hyw³i 1| †KviAvb 1| †KviAvb 1| †KviAvb 1| †KviAvb
Drm 2| mybœvn 2| mybœvn 2| mybœvn 2| mybœvn
3| hyw³e³v : ¯’vb, Kvj, Ae¯’v Ges HwZn¨ 3| Áv‡bi mgš^q
cwieZ©b‡K we‡ePbvq wb‡q AvB‡bi e¨vL¨v
cwieZ©b Kiv DwPZ| Gi cÖwZ Ae‡njv Kiv
n‡j kixÔAvn&i cÖwZB AwePvi Kiv n‡e Ges
G‡Z AviI †ewk ¶wZ I †fvMvwšÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
kixÔAvn& hvi cwiwPwZ gvby‡li ¯^v_© i¶vi
Rb¨ wb‡ew`Z Zv †Kv‡bvfv‡e GB cwiYvg
Aby‡gv`b Ki‡e bv|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 59
Avj-Mvh&hvwj Be‡b KvBwqg Avj kvwZwe Be‡b Avmyi
wefvM 1| ag© wek¦vm (`xb) ag© : ¯^”Q wb‡`©kbv I ˆbwZK w`K w`‡q Kj¨vY I cÖK…Z aviYv (gvÕAvwb
2| cÖvY (bdm) wek¦`„wófw½i †KŠkjMZ exÿY nvw°wKqvn): my¯’ gb
AvZ¥v : mvwe©K Av_©mvgvwRK j¶¨ I wb‡Ri Rb¨ †Kv‡bv fv‡jv wKQzi m‡½
3| eyw×e„wË (AvKj)
60| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

me weavb Aek¨B kixÔAvn&m¤§Z n‡Z n‡e Avi mv`„k¨ ev Am½wZ Abyfe
4| eskaviv (bmj) Ges Ki‡Z cv‡i (gvmjvnv)|
†m iKg gvby‡li Rxeb m¤§vb I gh©v`vi e‡j MY¨
5| m¤ú` (gvj) n‡e| mve©Rbxb cÖPwjZ aviYv
gb : mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡ì ïay Drcv`bkxj Kv‡Ri (gvÕAvwb Diwdqvn) :
†hvM¨Zv AR©b KivB bq GKB mv‡_ mgv‡Ri Kv‡jvËx©Y aviYv wb‡q
cÖwZ `vqe× cÖRb¥ A_©vr Drcv`bkxj gvbem¤ú` MwVZ hv Rbmvavi‡Yi
ˆZwi Kiv| Kv‡Q cwiwPZ Ges
RbKj¨vYKi wn‡m‡e
mšÍvb-mšÍwZ : eskcic¤úivi avivevwnKZvi
¯^xK…Z nq|
g‡Zv kw³kvjx cvwievwiK g~j¨‡eva msiÿY Ges
weevn cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨|
m¤ú` : e¯‘MZ A_©‰bwZK m¤ú`Ñ G‡K †fv‡Mi Dfq aviYv PviwU Dcv`vb
gva¨‡g wbt‡kl Kivi cwie‡Z© j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠQv‡Z Øviv MwVZ;
Kv‡R jvMv‡bv| wbðqZv (_yeyZ), cÖgvY
(hyûi), mvhyR¨Zv
(Bw›èvZ) Ges
wbqgvbyewZ©Zv (BwËiv`).
gvmjvnvi Riæwiqvn: Acwinvh© (Riæwiqvn) - gvbeRxe‡bi †gŠwjK gvby‡li Rb¨ my¯úó myweav
†kÖwYwefvM Ic‡i DwjøwLZ cvuPwU bxwZ msi¶Y ¯^v_© hv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cvuPwU wefvM wb‡q MwVZ| gvby‡li Rb¨ Kg my¯úó
Ges GwU n‡e gvmjvnvi kw³gvb G¸‡jv Acwinvh© hv bv n‡j cÖvK…wZK w¯’wZ eRvq myweav
aib; _vK‡e bv Ges wek„•Ljv †`Lv †`‡e|
nvwRwqqvn: cwic~iK (nvwRwqqvn)- Acwinvh© gvmjvnvi
m¤ú~iK Ges Kó jvNe Kivi Rb¨ Gi cÖ‡qvRb
wb‡RB Acwinvh© bq, wKš‘
nq| GB gvmjvnvi cÖwZ Ae‡njv Rxeb‡K KwVb
mvaviYfv‡e gvmjvnv Dcjwä
Ki‡jI Rxe‡bi ¯^vfvweK ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©µg G‡Z
Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb
e¨vnZ n‡e bv|
ZvnwmwbÕqvn: ïay Ggb wRwbm hv
my‡kvfb (Zvnwmwbqvn)- hvi D‡Ïk¨ RxebhvÎvi
cwi‡kva‡bi Rb¨ we`¨gvb
DrKl© Ges Rxe‡bi me w`‡K cwic~Y©Zv Avbqb|
5. Av‡jvPbv Ges Dcmsnvi
gymwjg gbxlxiv Avgv‡ì Rxe‡bi me© ch©v‡q gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& cÖ‡qv‡Mi e¨vcv‡i †h wb‡`©kbv
w`‡q‡Qb Ic‡ii Q‡K Zvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| GLv‡b we‡eP¨ n‡jv Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’vq we‡klZ
A_©vqb I e¨vsKeë¯’vq gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& cÖ‡qv‡Mi welqwU †Kvb ch©v‡q Av‡Q|
gbxlx Be‡b Lvj`yb e‡j‡Qb, A_©bxwZ ev mgv‡Ri Dbœqb ev cZb wbf©i K‡i GKwU `xN© mgq a‡i
ˆbwZK, A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK I HwZnvwmK Kvi‡Yi wg_w¯Œqvi Ici| mve©‡fŠg ev ivR‰bwZK
KZ©…Z¡, wek¦vm I AvPi‡Yi weavb ev kixÔAvn&, RbMY, abm¤ú` I m¤ú‡ì gRyZ, Dbœqb I
b¨vqwePvi, cÖÁvcb Ges ci¯úi wbf©ikxj c×wZ G‡K Ab¨‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q Avi D‡ëv cÖfvweZ
n‡”Q| mvgvwRK msnwZ wn‡m‡e ewY©Z Zvi Avmvweqv aviYv Abymv‡i mvgvwRK cyuwR Ges mvgvwRK
AeKvVv‡gv, †MvôxMZ Abyf‚wZ I mvgvwRK ms‡hvM GK ai‡bi myi¶v cÖ`vb K‡i| GUv m¤§Z
me Kvh©µ‡gi I `vwe wb®úwËi cvkvcvwk cvi¯úwiK cÖwZi¶v wn‡m‡eI KvR K‡i| b¨vqwePv‡ii
Rb¨ cÖvwZôvwbK A_©bxwZ Ges ag©welqK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ˆbwZK gvb wba©vi‡Y wbw`©ó wewaweavb I
wbqg cÖ‡qvRb| mykvmb n‡jv ˆbwZK wewawb‡lamv‡c‡ÿ e¨w³MZ m¤úwË Ges e¨w³¯^vaxbZvi cÖwZ
m¤§vb cÖ`k©b hv Bmjvgx wk¶vi GKwU Ask Ges hv memgq gymjgvb‡ì wPšÍvi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb
wQj (Pvcov, 2008)|
Bmjvgx A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi Ask wn‡m‡e GB A_©vqbeë¯’vi GKwU mnRvZ Awf‡hvRb i‡q‡Q|
GB eë¯’vi mvgwMÖK j¶¨ n‡jv gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&‡K Dcjwä Kiv †hwU P~ovšÍfv‡e cÖe„w× I
b¨vqwePvi wbwðZ K‡i (wmwÏKx, 2004)| Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’vq AvBbMZ I mvgvwRK GB
Dfq Pvwn`v c~iY Kivi welqwU AšÍfz©³ i‡q‡Q|
†jb‡`‡bi AvBwb `„wófw½ †_‡K gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i A_© n‡jv wewbg‡qi D‡Ïk¨ AR©b nIqv|
Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q gvwjKvbvi AwaKvi msiÿY, gvwjKvbvi AwaKv‡ii mv‡_ cvIbvi mvgÄ‡mï
cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b, m¤úwËi AwaKv‡ii mv‡_ ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Kvh©Kjv‡ci mv‡_ †jb‡`‡bi †hvMm~Î
¯’vcb, wewµi gva¨‡g m¤úwË n¯ÍvšÍi Kivi AwaKvi, FY wewµ‡Z wewawb‡la BZ¨vw` (Kvn&d,
2006)| †m Abyhvqx Bmjvgx Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K kixÔAvn&i iƒc‡iLv I wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx
†jb‡`b Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi welqwU wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv mvgvwRK †cÖwÿZ †_‡K mvgvwRK `vqe× Kvh©µ‡gi m¤ú„³Zv cix¶v K‡i
g~j¨vqb Ges gv‡K©U †mM‡g›U Øviv c‡Yï mvgvwRK Pvwn`v I cÖ‡qvRb Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡i
(Avn‡g`, 2011)| Riæwiqvn, nvwRwqqvn I Zvnwmwbqvn- GB wZbch©v‡qi gvmjvnvi Dbœq‡bi
gva¨‡g Kj¨vY evov‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡qvRb‡K wZb ai‡bi Avw_©K cY¨ I †mev w`‡q fvM Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| G¸‡jv n‡jv : †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ ìKvwi ev †gŠwjK cY¨ (mÂq, †PK), wbivcËv
ev cwic~iK cY¨ (exgv, †cbkb, IqvK&d) Ges me©‡k‡l cÖe„w× cY¨ (wewb‡qvM, wgDPzqvj dvÛ)
(wRqvI Ges A¨vÛvimb, 1997)|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 61
Bmjvgx A_©vq‡b gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i cÖ‡qv‡Mi mvims‡¶c cv‡ki wP‡Î †`qv n‡jv :
GUv ¯úó †h, Bmjvgx
Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv cY¨,
†mev A_ev cwiPvjbvi
=YPZETYQ
w`K w`‡q eëmv Pvjv‡bvi P\gNYIE
e¨vcv‡i †h wm×všÍB fPHYLJYEf=YPvmZ8
f8.P%ÙJ=YZP*P$YL_
wbK bv †Kb Zv‡Z
gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& cÖ‡qvM
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| me QYZ5ZTTYQFZLFaL.
wm×všÍMZ cÖwµqv Ges fLTY=ZMHLYQY%ZH :3]Z.ZJNE,ZG
'FQYLZQHYQF<ZH.YN'u|YHE
cÖkvm‡bi cÖavb †dvKvm
nIqv DwPZ AMÖvwaKv‡ii
aviYv| cÖwZwU gvmjvnv
(Riæwiqvn, nvwRwqqvn KLÀZLZTTYQ$FZLQYK
Ap4=YKY.Y=NYPENZLTYQ6]XZ.F<'ExTE
I Zvnwmwbqvn) GKwU 'u|YHENZLTYDYL<YZIZ¥.$Y%Z8ZPgÑJ$Y%ZE
AciwU‡K mg_©b K‡i| EZBF¨QYLYJFZLQYLZLHYFZLQYL1YLYLJY%ZPLH5E_
GB g‡Wj Bmjvgx
e¨vswKs I A_©vqb wk‡íi
eë¯’vcbv Ges Gi wewfbœ As‡k cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ch©‡e¶Y‡hvM¨ ev¯ÍeZv GB cÖgvY
†`‡e †h Bmjvg eyw×e„wËK (AvKj) KZ…©Z¡‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q hw` Zv cweÎ †KviAvb I mybœvni
weavb Abymv‡i nq| kixÔAvn& mgmvgwqK A_©bxwZi Rb¨ Dchy³ bq Ggb †Kv‡bv Kzms¯‹v‡ii
AeKvk †bB|
gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’v, we‡kl K‡i e¨vswKs LvZ m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbvi GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| wewkó gymwjg gbxlx‡ì aviYv MÖnY K‡i Zv cvVK‡ì Av‡iv †evSvi g‡Zv
DbœZfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges GLvbKvi M‡elK‡ì Zv mnvqZv Ki‡e| GUv Avkv
Kiv hvq †h Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’v cÖe„w× Ges DbœwZweav‡b eZ©gvb PP©vi wfwË ax‡i ax‡i
cybtwPwýZ n‡e, hv‡Z mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ m¤ú‡ì b¨vh¨ I mylg eÈ‡bi j¶¨ AwR©Z n‡e|
Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’vi mydj mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi ch©vq AwZµg K‡i m¤ú` gvwjKvbvq abx-
`wi`ª eëavb Kgv‡bv Ges `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b f~wgKv ivL‡e| A_©‰bwZK myweav AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk
GwU mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi I Kj¨vY AR©b‡K mnR Ki‡Z cv‡i| AvšÍR©vwZK D‡`¨vM I N‡ivqv
AeKvVv‡gvÑ G `yÕ‡qi cvkvcvwk wk‡íi wbqš¿K I ZË¡veavbKvix‡ì mg_©b I mn‡hvwMZvq
GKwU w¯’wZkxj A_©bxwZi w`‡K AMÖhvÎv m¤¢e n‡e|
Abyev` : gvmygyi ingvb Lwjjx
62| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

Z_¨m~Î
Avn‡g`, GBP (2002), wdb¨vwÝs gvB‡µv G›UvicÖvBR : Bmjvgx gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi GKwU we‡kølY, BmjvwgK
B‡KvbwgK ÷vwWR, 9 (2), †bqv: http://www.ses.ac.ir/files/takmili/islamic_econ./micro/vol_9_2..habib_ahmed..
financing_microenterprises.dp.pdf
Avn‡g`, GBP (2004), d«w›Uqvi Ae BmjvwgK e¨vswKs : G wmb‡_wmm Ae †mvm¨vj †ivj A¨vÛ gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ, BD‡ivwcqvb
Rvb©vj Ae g¨v‡bR‡g›U A¨vÛ cvewjK cwjwm, †bqv : http://afghanlivelihoods.com/virtual-library/MicroFinance/books-
and-presentations-on-islamic-banking-and/islamic-microfinance-litrature/books/frontiers-of-islamic-banking.pdf
Avn‡g`, GBP (2007), IqvK&d-†eRW gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ : wi‡qjvBwRs w` †mvm¨vj †ivj Ae BmjvwgK wdb¨vÝ, †mwgbvi :
Bmjvgx Avw_©K Lv‡Z IqvK&d GKxf~ZKiY, gvP© 6-7, wm½vcyi|
Avn‡g`, GBP (2011), gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn& A¨vÛ BmjvwgK wdb¨vwÝqvj cÖWv± : G †d«gIqvK© di A¨v‡mm‡g›U, Bmiv
B›Uvib¨vkbvj Rvb©vj Ae BmjvwgK wdb¨vÝ, (1) 149-160
Avj-Mvh&hvwj, G GBP (1973), Avj-gy¯Ívdv wgb ÔBj‡g Avj-Dmyj, Kvq‡iv : Avj-gv³vevn Avj-wZRwiqvn|
Avj-ivBmywb, G (2005), D”P D‡Ïk¨ I Bmjvgx AvBbÑ
Bgvg Avj-kvwZwem w_Iwi Ae nvqvi Ae‡RKwUfm A¨vÛ B‡›U›Um Ae BmjvwgK jÕ, jÛb Ges IqvwksUb : B›Uvib¨vkbvj
BÝwUwUDU Ae BmjvwgK _U
Avj-†kL Avjx, G Gm, I AvD`v, wR (2006), AeZiwYKv, Gb Gg G-wU. Be‡b Avïi, wUªwUR Ab gvKvwm` Avj kixÔAvn&
(c„: 9-11) jÛb Ges IqvwksUb : B›Uvib¨vkbvj BÝwUwUDU Ae BmjvwgK _U
Avj-kvwZwe, G AvB (1975), Avj-gyIqvdvKvZ, m¤úv`bvq mv‡jn Avj-KvBwR Ges Ab¨vb¨, wZDwbm : gvZevAv
`vIjvwZqv|
Avj-KziZzwe, Zvdwmi Avj-KziZzwe. êiæZ : `vi Avj-ZziZvn Avj-Avivwe Bnvqv|
AvD`v, †R (2008), gvKvwm` kvixÔAvn&i AvBwb `k©b : GKwU wbqgvbyM c×wZ (c„: 1-348), mv‡i, jÛb : B›Uvib¨vkbvj
BÝwUwUDU Ae BmjvwgK _U, †bqv: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5sKQF16gdWgC&pg=PA299&dq=al-+ghazal
i,+gvKvwm`+shariah&sa=X&ei=fODHUKXLL6WX0QXv4oGQBg&hl=en#v=onepage&q=al-%20ghazali%2C%20
gvKvwm`%20shariah&f=false
Pvcov, Gg BD (1992), Bmjvg I A_©‰bwZK P¨v‡jÄ, †jB‡Póvi : BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb
Pvcov, Gg BD (2008), Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi Dbœqb ZË¡ : gymwjg we‡k¦i AatcZ‡bi e¨vL¨v wK GLvb †_‡K cvIqv hvq? Rvb©vj
Ae †mvwmI-B‡KvbwgKm, 37 (2) 836- 863
†PŠayix, GmAvi, dvnwg, Gg, I Beªvwng, Gg (2011), gvj‡qwkqvq A_©bxwZ‡Z K¨vk IqvK&d eë¯’vcbv : AbykxjbKvix
Ges fwel¨r M‡elK‡ì Rb¨ cÖ¯ÍvweZ K¨vk IqvK&d g‡Wj, Avwd«Kvb Rvb©vj Ae weR‡bm g¨v‡bR‡g›U
`ymywK, G WweøD (Gb.wW.), Ki‡cv‡iU mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv g‡Wj wcivwgW : gvj‡qwkqvb †÷K‡nvìvi‡ì KvQ †_‡K
M‡elYvg~jK cÖgvY, c„: 29-55
`ymywK, G WweøD (2008), Bmjvgx e¨vswKs Gi D‡Ïk¨ Abyaveb : †÷K‡nvìv‡ii `„wófw½i GKwU Rwic, B›Uvib¨vkbvj
Rvb©vj Ae BmjvwgK A¨vÛ wgwWj B÷vb© wdb¨vÝ A¨vÛ g¨v‡bR‡g›U
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 63
`ymywK, G WweøD (2008), `wi`ª‡ì Rb¨ e¨vswKs : gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ D‡`¨v‡M Bmjvgx e¨vswKsi f~wgKv
`ymywK, G WweøD (2010), Bmjvgx cyuwRevRv‡ii BKzBwUwfwËK myKzK KvVv‡gv‡Z wK kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨ ¯úó bq? Rvb©vj Ae
wdb¨vwÝqvj mvwf©‡mm gv‡K©wUs
`ymywK, G WweøD, I eD‡niDqv, Gm (2011), w` †d«gIqvK© Ae gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn& A¨vÛ BUm& Bgwcø‡Kkb Ab
BmjvwgK wdb¨vÝ, Kzqvjvjvgcyi : B›Uvib¨vkbvj BÝwUwUDU Ae A¨vWfvÝW BmjvwgK ÷vwWR
`ymywK, G WweøD, I BiIqvwb, Gb (2007), gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&, gvmjvnv A¨vÛ Ki‡cv‡iU †mvm¨vj †imcbwmwewjwU,
Av‡gwiKvb Rvb©vj Ae BmjvwgK †mvm¨vj mv‡qÝ, 24 (1) 1-25
`ymywK, GU G IqvU, dviæK, Gm, mvw`K, Gg G, Avn‡g`, wR G gynv¤§`, Gg G G Kvwjg, G, mì, (2008), BmjvwgK
wdb¨vÝ di gvB‡µv Ges wgwWqvg, (Gg Ievq`yjøvn Ges GBP Gm GBP G jvwZd m¤úvw`Z), BmjvwgK wimvP© A¨vÛ †U«wbs
BÝwUwUDU, Bmjvgx Dbœqb e¨vsK
nvmvb, Gg †K (2010), AvIKvd A¨vÛ gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ : Gb Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW cfvwX© Gwjwf‡qkb g‡Wj KgevBwbs hvKvZ,
AvIKvd A¨vÛ gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ, mßg AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§jbÑRvKvZ A¨vÛ IqvKd B‡Kvbwg, evw½, 2010 (wcwc 261-281)
Be‡b Avïi, Gg wU (2001), wUªwUR Ab gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn, jÛb Ges IqvwksUb : B›Uvib¨vkbvj BÝwUwUDU Bmjvgx _U
AvBGmAviG (2011), BmjvwgK wdb¨vwÝqvj wm‡÷g : wcÖwÝcvjm A¨vÛ Acv‡ikbm, Kzqvjvjvgcyi, B›Uvib¨vkbvj
kixÔAvn& wimvP© A¨vKv‡Wwg di BmjvwgK wdb¨vÝ
Kvn&d, gb‡Ri (2006), gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn Bb `¨ cÖwnwekb Ae wiev A¨vÛ †`qvi Bgwcø‡Kkb Ab gWvb© BmjvwgK
wdb¨vÝ, AvBAvBDGg AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§j‡b Dc¯’vwcZ M‡elYv wbeÜ, gvj‡qwkqv
Kzivb, wU (2004), †nvqvB wgwWj B÷ BR BKbwgK¨vwj AvÛvi‡WfjcW, wn‡÷vwiK¨vj g¨vKvwbRg Ae BÝwUwUDkbvj

÷¨vM‡bkb, w` Rvb©vj Ae B‡KvbwgK cvm©‡cKwUf, 18 (3),71-90, †bqv: Http://www.jstor.org/stable/3216807
wmwÏKx, Gg wbqvZzjøvn (2004), wiev, e¨vsK B›Uv‡i÷ A¨vÛ i¨vkbvj Ae BUm cÖwnwekb, M‡elYv wmwiR bs-2, BmjvwgK
wimvP© A¨vÛ †Uªwbs BÝwUwUDU, Bmjvgx Dbœqb e¨vsK, †RÏv
Zwnwib, G (2010), `¨ K¨vk IqvK&d di GgcvIqvwis `¨ ¯§j weR‡bm, RvKvZ Ges IqvK&d A_©bxwZ wel‡q evw½‡Z
AbywôZ mßg AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§jb (c„: 485-499)
DBjmb, Avi (2007), †gwKs †W‡fjc‡g›U A¨vwmm‡UÝ mvm‡UBb¨vej _ªæ BmjvwgK gvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ, AvBAvBBDGg
Rvb©vj Ae B‡KvbwgKm A¨vÛ g¨v‡bR‡g›U, 2 (2), 197-217, †bqv: http://cwcd.technopsis.com.pk/Knowledge-Center/
MAKING-DEVELOPMENT-ASSISTANCE-SUSTAINABLE.pdf
wRqvI, wRs Ges †R A¨vÛvimb, †Rvqvb wR (1997), wn‡qivwK©q wdb¨vwÝqvj wbWm wi‡d¬K‡UW evB nvDR‡nvì wdb¨vwÝqvj
G‡mU †kqvim, Rvb©vj Ae d¨vwgwj A¨vÛ BKbwgK Bmy¨R 18(4), c„: 333-355
64| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn& ev kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨
BKevj Kexi †gvnb1
kixÔAvn&i A_©
ÔkixÔAvn&Õ cwifvlv `yÕwU A_© enb K‡i| h_v:
1. cÖ_gwU m„wóKZ©v Avjøvn& ZvÔAvjvi mv‡_ m¤cK©hy³ hv‡Z gvbeRxe‡bi hveZxq welq
AšÍf©z³|
2. AciwU we‡klZ wdKn ev Bmjvgx AvB‡bi AvIZvfz³|2
cvVK‡ì myweav‡_© e‡j ivLv fv‡jv †h, cÖ_gwU ÔkixÔAvn& KzeivÕ Ges wØZxqwU ÔkixÔAvn& myMivÕ
wb‡`©k K‡i| Z‡e mn‡R ÔkixÔAvn& KzeivÕ †evSv‡Z ÔkixÔAvn&Õ kãwU eënvi Kiv nq Ges
ÔwdKnÕ wb‡`©k K‡i kixÔAvn& myMiv‡K|3 e¨vcK A‡_© ÔkixÔAvn&Õ n‡jv Bmjvgx Rxebeë¯’vi
Rb¨ AvBbKvbyb Ges gvby‡li Abymi‡Yi Rb¨ Avjøvn& ZvAvjvi c¶ †_‡K bvwRjK…Z m‡e©vËg
eë¯’v| kixÔAvn&i AbymiY gvbeRxeb‡K Ggb GK my®úó I mnR-mij c_ †`Lvq hv
gvbyl‡K DbœwZ, AMÖMwZ I cwic~Y©Zvi w`‡K wb‡q hvq Ges cwi‡k‡l gvbyl Avjøvn cv‡Ki mš‘wó
jv‡fi c_ †`L‡Z cvq| ÔkixÔAvn&Õ kãwUi mv‡_ ÔØxbÕ kãwUi Mfxi m¤cK© i‡q‡Q| ÔØxbÕ
ej‡Z AvZ¥mgc©Y ev AbymiY †evSvq| Avi kixÔAvn& n‡jv gnvbex nRiZ gynv¤§` mv.-Gi
†`Lv‡bv c‡_ Avjøvni Øxb‡K AbymiY Kiv| Øxb n‡”Q †mB c_ hv gvbyl †g‡b Pj‡e| kixÔAvn&
aviYvMZfv‡e GK¸”Q AvBb, wb‡`©kbv, wk¶v Ges g~j¨‡eva hv gymwjg Rxeb‡K wbqš¿Y I
cwiPvjbv K‡i|
kixÔAvn&i aviYv
kixÔAvn& kãwU ÔkviÕ kã †_‡K D™¢‚Z| kixÔAvn& k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© Pjvi c_| Bmjvgx
cwifvlvq cweÎ KziAvb I mybœvni Av‡jv‡K gymjgvbiv wKfv‡e Rxeb cwiPvjbv Ki‡e, wKfv‡e
bvbv mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡e ZviB wb‡`©kK n‡jv Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&| Bmjvgx kixÔAvn& gymwjg
Rxebmvabvi Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| GwU Qvov Kv‡iv c‡¶ Bmjvgx Rxebhvcb Kiv m¤¢e bq|
wdKn kv¯¿we`‡ì g‡Z, ÔkixÔAvn&Õ ej‡Z †mme Av‡`k-wb‡la I c_wb‡`©k †evSvq, hv gnvb
Avjøvn cvK Zuvi ev›`vi cÖwZ Rvwi K‡i‡Qb| Avjøvn cvK Zuvi Gme wb‡`©k Rvwi K‡i‡Qb GB
1 BKevj Kexi †gvnb, e¨vsKvi I wkkymvwnwZ¨K

2 Understanding of Shariah and its Application in Islamic Finance, Mohd Herwan Sukri Bin Mohammad Hussin & Mohd Hawari

Bin Mohammad Hussin, P-3, Published by Islamic Banking and Finance Institute Malaysia.
3 Understanding of Shariah and its Application in Islamic Finance, Mohd Herwan Sukri Bin Mohammad Hussin & Mohd Hawari
Bin Mohammad Hussin, P-3.
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 65
D‡Ï‡k¨ †h, gvbyl Zuvi cÖwZ Cgvb Avb‡e Ges Gme Av‡`k †g‡b Rxebhvcb Ki‡e| Gme
Av‡`k-wb‡la, AvBb-Kvbyb, wk¶v I g~jbxwZ †MvUv gvbeRxe‡bi me w`K I wefv‡M cwie¨vß|
†hgbÑ Bev`Z-ew›`wM, ˆbwZKZv, iæwP, AvPiY, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK welqvw` Ges e¨w³
I mgwóMZ ¯^v_©welqK| AZGe, Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&‡K gymjgvb‡ì eënvikv¯¿ ev AvPiYwewa
e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv hvq| Bmjvgx kixÔAvn& ev Rxebhvc‡bi wbqg I c×wZ gnvb Avjøvn Zuvi
bex-ivm~j ev cqM¤^‡ii gva¨‡g gvbyl‡K Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Qb| gnvMÖš’ Avj-KziAv‡b Avjøvn cvK
e‡j‡Qb, ÔAvwg Avcbv‡K (ivm~j) kixÔAvn&i we‡kl weav‡bi Ici cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQ| myZivs
Avcwb Gi AbymiY Kiæb Ges AÁ †jvK‡ì †LqvjLywki AbymiY Ki‡eb bvÕ (m~iv Avj-
RvwQqv, AvqvZ : 18)| KziAv‡bi Ab¨Î Avjøvn cvK e‡jb, ÔAvwg †Zvgv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki AvBb
I ¯có c_ wb‡`©k K‡iwQÕ (m~iv Avj-gvwq`v, AvqvZ : 48)|
kixÔAvn&i †kÖwYwefvM
Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&‡K g~jZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|4 h_v:
1. AvwK`v, 2. wdKn I 3. AvLjvK
1. AvwK`v : cwifvlvMZfv‡e AvwK`v welqwU ÔAvK`Õ kã †_‡K G‡m‡Q, hvi A_© n‡jv eÜb ev
wek¦vm| Bmjvgx `„wó‡KvY †_‡K AvwK`v ej‡Z Avjøvn, Zuvi bex gynv¤§` mv. Ges AvwLiv‡Zi
cÖwZ Kv‡iv g‡b gReyZ wek¦vm †cvlY Kiv †evSvq| AvwK`v Bmjv‡gi g~j wfwË Ges fv‡jv
gymjgvb nIqvi cÖv_wgK kZ©| gymjgv‡bi KvRK‡g©i g‡a¨ GB wek¦v‡mi cÖwZdjb N‡U|
gnvbex mv. e‡j‡Qb, ÔBmjvg GKwU Bgvi‡Zi g‡Zv hvi wfwË n‡jv AvwK`v|Õ Cgvb ev
AvwK`vi QqwU LyuwU ev iæKzb i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑ 1. Avjøvni cÖwZ wek¦vm; 2. †d‡ikZv‡ì
cÖwZ wek¦vm; 3. Avjøvni wKZvemg~‡n wek¦vm; 4. bex-ivm~jM‡Yi cÖwZ wek¦vm; 5. AvwLiv‡Z
wek¦vm, Ges 6. ZvKw`‡i wek¦vm|
2. wdKn : wdKn ev kixÔAvn& myMiv ej‡Z Bmjvgx AvBbKvbyb †evSvq| wdKn k‡ãi
AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jvÑ m~²`wk©Zv I Mfxi Ávb, †Kv‡bv wKQz Rvbv, Dcjwä I ¯§„wZc‡U
Avbv, Ávb iv‡R¨ ZvwË¡K AbymÜvb Kiv, †Q`b Kiv I ev¯ÍeZv AR©‡bi wbwg‡Ë ch©v‡jvPbv
Kiv| Avi cvwifvwlK A‡_© wdKn ev Bmjvgx AvBbkv¯¿ IB Ávb ev we`¨vi bvg hv we¯ÍvwiZ
cÖgvY I ev¯ÍeZvmn ZvwË¡K AbymÜvb Pvwj‡q kixÔAvn&i weavbmg~n Dcjwä Kiv‡K †evSvq|
Ab¨ K_vq, gvby‡li Rxebhvc‡bi wbqgbxwZ, eë¯’vcÎ, AvBbKvbyb I wewaweavbB n‡jv
Bmjvgx wdKn| GK K_vq GUv n‡jv Bmjv‡gi AvBbkv¯¿|
3. AvLjvK : AvLjvK kãwU ÔLyjyKzbÕ-Gi eûePb| Gi A_© ¯^fvemgwó ev PwiÎ| AvLjvK
ej‡Z m”PwiÎ I `yðwiÎ `y‡Uv‡KB †evSvq| AvLjvK GKRb gymwj‡gi eënvi, iæwP ev
Zvi Kv‡Ri ˆbwZK wfwË‡K †evSvq, hv Zvi Kg©‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| gvby‡li m”PwiÎ‡K
4. Underastanding of Shariah and its Application in Islamic Finance, Mohd Herwan Sukri Bin Mohammad Hussin & Mohd Hawari
Bin Mohammad Hussin, P-4.
66| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

ÔAvLjv‡K nvwg`vÕ Ges `yðwiÎ‡K ÔAvLjv‡K hvwggvÕ e‡j| ZvKIqv, mZZv, Av`j,
AvgvbZ`vwi, kvjxbZv BZ¨vw` AvLjv‡K nvwg`vi êwkó¨| Avi wg_¨v, AmZZv,
†LqvbZ, †envqvcbv BZ¨vw` AvLjv‡K hvwggvi AšÍM©Z| AvLjv‡Ki ¸iæZ¡ m¤c‡K©
ej‡Z wM‡q gnvbex mv. e‡j‡Qb, Ô†Zvgv‡ì g‡a¨ ZvivB DËg hv‡ì eënvi fv‡jv I
PwiÎ my›ìÕ (eyLvix)|
kixÔAvn&i j¶¨ ev gvKvwm`

Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&i cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q mgv‡R Kj¨vY ev dvjvn cÖwZôv Ges AKj¨vY cÖwZ‡iva
Kiv| gvbeZvi Kj¨vY mvab Kiv n‡”Q kixÔAvn&i cÖavb j¶¨| kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨ m¤c‡K©
Bgvg Mvh&hvwj in. e‡jb, ÔkixÔAvn&i M~p D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q RbM‡Yi Kj¨vYmva‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì
AvwK`v-wek¦vm, Rxeb, eyw×e„wË, mšÍvb-mšÍwZ I m¤c‡ì msi¶Y Kiv| hv wKQz GB cvuPwU
welq msi¶‡Yi wbðqZv †`q Zv-B Rb¯^v_© e‡j MY¨ Ges †m welqwUB Kvg¨|Õ we‡klfv‡e
kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨‡K (gvKvwm`) wb‡Pi cvuPwU mvaviY g~jbxwZi Av‡jv‡K eY©bv Kiv hvq|5
• `x‡bi msi¶Y : (wndRy` `xb): kixÔAvn&i Ab¨Zg cÖavb j¶¨ n‡jv †h‡Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z
`xb‡K msi¶Y I i¶v Kiv| `xb cwicvjb Ges hveZxq wePz¨wZ †_‡K `x‡bi myiÿv
Kiv kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨| †Kbbv, `x‡bi cwicvjb I AbymiY Qvov gvbeRxeb Am¤¢e|
gvbweK cÖkvwšÍ, mvgvwRK w¯’wZ I myw¯’iZvi Rb¨ `xb Acwinvh©| `x‡bi mwVK msiÿY
gvby‡li Rxeb‡K †hgb mnR K‡i, †Zgwb mvgvwRK w¯’wZ wbwðZ Kivi gva¨‡g BnKvjxb
I ciKvjxb gyw³i c_‡K m¤úªvwiZ K‡i| †Kbbv, `xb n‡”Q Rxe‡bi wbh©vm|
• Rxe‡bi msi¶Y : (wndRyb bdm) : kixÔAvn&i Ab¨ GKwU D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Rxe‡bi wbivcËv
weavb Kiv| Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z Rxe‡bi g~j¨ A‡bK| GwU Avjøvni cÿ †_‡K GKwU eo
wbqvgZ| GB `ywbqvi Kj¨vY I w¯’wZi Rb¨ Rxe‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Acwinvh©| Rxe‡bi wbivcËv
I myiÿv weavb Kiv bv †M‡j gvbemf¨ZvB wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| AZGe †Kv‡bv gvbyl
Ab¨ gvbyl‡K †hgb nZ¨v Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, †Zgwb Zvi ¶wZmvab Ki‡ZI cv‡i bv| eis
gvbeRxeb‡K mvgwMÖKfv‡e i¶v KivB n‡jv kixÔAvn&i j¶¨| G Rb¨ Avj-KziAv‡b Avjøvn
cvK e‡jb, ÔAvjøvn hvi nZ¨v wbwl× K‡i‡Qb h_v_© KviY Qvov Zv‡K nZ¨v K‡iv bvÕ (m~iv
ewb BmivBj, AvqvZ : 33)| gvbyl nZ¨v I iÿvi wel‡q m~iv gvwq`vi 32 b¤î Avqv‡Z
Avjøvn cvK e‡j‡Qb, Ôgvbyl nZ¨v A_ev c„w_ex‡Z AivRKZv m„wói KviY QvovB †KD
KvD‡K nZ¨v Ki‡j †m †hb c„w_exi me gvbyl‡KB nZ¨v Kij, Avi †KD Kv‡iv cÖvY iÿv
Ki‡j †m †hb me gvby‡li cÖvY iÿv Kij|Õ
• eskaviv msi¶Y : (wndRyb bmj) : Avjøvn gvbyl‡K Zuvi Lwjdv wn‡m‡e `ywbqvq †cÖiY
K‡i‡Qb| gvbyl `ywbqv‡K Avev` Ki‡e Ges gvby‡li eskaviv hv‡Z Ae¨vnZ _v‡K Zvi
5. Fundamentals and Practices in Islamic Finance, Dr. Mohammad Akram Laldin, P-74. Published by International Shariah Research
Acamemy for Islamic Finance, Malaysia.
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 67
wbðqZv weavb Ki‡e| G Rb¨ Avjøvn cvK bvix I cyiæl m„wó K‡i‡Qb Ges GKwU cweÎ
êevwnK Rxe‡bi eë¯’v K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| gvbyl GB eskaviv iÿv Ki‡e| d‡j mšÍvbmšÍwZ
jvf Kivi AwaKvi gvby‡li i‡q‡Q| Z‡e GB eskaviv iÿvi KvRwU n‡e Avjøvn cv‡Ki
†NvwlZ weav‡bi Av‡jv‡K| eskaviv iÿvi gva¨‡g `ywbqv n‡q I‡V kvwšÍgq| Avjøvn cvK
e‡jb, ÔGes wZwbB gvbyl‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb cvwb †_‡K, AZtci wZwb Zvi eskMZ I êevwnK
m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kwi‡q‡QbÕ (m~iv dziKvb, AvqvZ : 54)|
• we‡eKeyw× msi¶Y : (wndRyj AvKj) : Avjøvni †kÖô m„wó gvbyl| Zvi KviY n‡”Q, gvbyl‡K
Avjøvn cvK eyw×-we‡eK I Ávb w`‡q m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡K w`‡q‡Qb we‡ePbvkw³| gvbyl‡K
we‡eKeyw× w`‡q fv‡jv-g›`, Kj¨vY-AKj¨vY hvPvB-evQvB Kivi ÿgZv †`qv n‡q‡Q|
†h †Kv‡bv cwi‡e‡k GB we‡eKeyw× I gvbwmKZvi msi¶Y Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&i j¶¨|
we‡eKeyw× I gvbwmK Ae¯’v msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ ZvB Bmjv‡g gvbyl‡K †bkv MÖnY †_‡K `~‡i
_vK‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q|
• m¤c` msi¶Y : (wndRyj gvj) : kixÔAvn&i Ab¨Zg j¶¨ n‡jv gvby‡li m¤c‡ì msi¶Y
Kiv| m¤ú` msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ b¨vqbxwZi wfwË‡Z m¤ú` AR©b‡K Bmjv‡g AbygwZ †`qv
n‡q‡Q Ges Pzwi, WvKvwZ I ivnvRvwb ev A‰eafv‡e m¤ú` AR©b‡K wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q| G
cÖm‡½ Avj-KziAv‡b Avjøvn e‡jb, Ô†Zvgiv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ G‡K Ac‡ii A_©m¤ú` MÖvm
†Kv‡iv bv Ges gvby‡li abm¤úwËi wKq`sk †R‡bï‡b Ab¨vqfv‡e MÖvm Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Zv
wePviK‡ì Kv‡Q †ck Ki‡e bv Õ (Avj-evKviv, AvqvZ : 188)| Avjøvn cvK Ab¨Î e‡jb,
Ô†Zvgiv G‡K Ac‡ii m¤úwË Ab¨vqfv‡e †L‡qv bvÕ (m~iv Avb-wbmv, AvqvZ : 29)|
kixÔAvn&i Drm6
Bmjvgx wdKnkv¯¿we`‡ì g‡Z, kixÔAvn&i Drmmg~n‡K wZbwU cÖavb †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq|
1. gyL¨ Drm : Avj KziAvb I mybœvn|
2. gva¨wgK Drm : Avj BRgv I wKqvm|
3. m¤c~iK Drm : Avj BnwZmvb, Avj BmwZmjvn, Avj-Did Ges BRwZnv`|
gyL¨ Drmmg~n
cÖv_wgK ev gyL¨ kixÔAvn& Drm n‡jv Avj KziAvb I nvw`m| G cÖm‡½ Avj-KziAv‡b Avjøvn
cvK e‡jb, Ô†n gywgbMY! hw` †Zvgiv Avjøvn I AvwLiv‡Z wek¦vm K‡iv, Z‡e †Zvgiv AvbyMZ¨
Ki Avjøvni Ges AvbyMZ¨ K‡iv ivm~‡ji Ges Zv‡ì hviv †Zvgv‡ì g‡a¨ ¶gZvi AwaKvix|
6. Islamic Banking Practices, Mohammad Khairi Saat, Razli Ramili and Haryani Aminuddin, P-5, Published by Islamic Banking
and Finance Institute Malaysia Ges
Bmjvgx kixqv‡Zi Drm, gIjvbv gynv¤§` Ave`yi inxg, c„ôv-102, cÖKvkK Lvqiæb
cÖKvkbx, evsjvevRvi, XvKv-1100|
68| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

†Kvb wel‡q †Zvgv‡ì g‡a¨ gZ‡f` NU‡j Zv Dc¯’vwcZ K‡iv Avjøvn I ivm~‡ji Kv‡QÕ (m~iv
Avb-wbmv, AvqvZ : 59)| Avjøvn cvK KziAv‡b cv‡K Av‡iv e‡jb, Ôivm~j †Zvgv‡ì‡K hv †`b
Zv †Zvgiv MÖnY K‡iv Ges hv‡Z †Zvgv‡ì wb‡la K‡ib Zv †_‡K weiZ _v‡KvÕ (m~iv nvki,
AvqvZ : 7)|
K. Avj KziAvb : Bmjvgx `k©b I Rxebeë¯’vq Avjøvni Hkx evYxmg~‡ni m¼jb n‡”Q gnvMÖš’
Avj-KziAvb| GwU me©‡kl bex gynv¤§` mv.-Gi GK A‡jŠwKK gywRRv| Avjøvn cvK Aviwe
fvlvq gnvbex mv.-Gi Ici KziAvb bvwRj K‡i‡Qb| gnvbex mv. g°v I gw`bvq †ZBk
eQie¨vcx Kg©gq Rxe‡bi wewfbœ mgq, †cÖ¶vcU I NUbvi cÖ‡qvR‡b Avjøvni KvQ †_‡K
Hkx evYx cÖvß nb| gymwjg Rxe‡bi hveZxq wn`vqvZ i‡q‡Q Avj-KziAv‡b| G m¤ú‡K©
gnvb Avjøvn& e‡j‡Qb, ÔGB KziAvb †Zvgv‡ì cÖwZcvj‡Ki wb`k©b, wek¦vmx m¤cÖ`v‡qi
R‡b¨ GUv wn`vqvZ I ingZÕ (m~iv Avj-Avivd, AvqvZ : 203)| gvbeRxe‡b Bmjvgx
weav‡bi Ab¨Zg n‡jv my` eR©b| G m¤ú‡K© Avjøvn e‡jb, ÔAvjøvn eëmv‡K nvjvj K‡i‡Qb
Ges my`‡K nvivg K‡i‡QbÕ (m~iv Avj-evKviv, AvqvZ : 275)| Avjøvn cvK Av‡iv e‡jb,
Ô†n Cgvb`viMY! †Zvgiv my` †L‡qv bv Pµe„w× nv‡i| †Zvgiv Avjøvn‡K fq Ki, hv‡Z
†Zvgiv mdjZv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ivÕ (m~iv Avj-Bgivb, AvqvZ : 130)|
L. mybœvn ev nvw`m : mybœvn ej‡Z †kl bex nhiZ gynv¤§` mv.-Gi K_v, KvR Ges †Kv‡bv K_v
I Kv‡R Zvui m¤§wZ‡K †evSvq| mybœvn k‡ãi A_© c_| bex Kvixg mv. cÖ`wk©Z c_ mybœvn
Bmjvgx AvB‡bi gyL¨ Drm hv KziAv‡bi m¤c~iK| nvw`m ev mybœvn cweÎ KziAv‡bi e¨vL¨v
we‡kølY K‡i| mybœvn wZb fv‡M wef³| GK. mybœvn Avj-KvIwjqvn ev Avj-nvw`m| ivm~j
mv.-Gi K_v, e³e¨ Ges KviYmg~n Gi AšÍf©z³| `yB. mybœvn Avj wdwjqvn| ivm~j mv.-Gi
Kg© I AvPiY m¤cwK©Z welqvewj Gi AvIZvq c‡o| wZb. mybœvn Avj ZvKwiwiqvn| ivm~j
mv.-Gi m¤§wZg~jK AvPi‡Y hv Zvui bxieZvi Kvi‡Y Aby‡gvw`Z e‡j aiv nq| KziAvb
QvovI ivm~j mv. Zuvi nvw`‡m my` wbwl× nIqvi K_v e‡j‡Qb| gnvbex mv. e‡jb, ÔRv‡njx
hy‡Mi my` iwnZ Kiv n‡jv| me©cÖ_g Avwg Avgvi Kwejvi my‡ì `vwe A_©vr Avgvi PvPv
AveŸv‡mi my` gvd K‡i w`jvg| myZivs me my`B AvR iwnZ Kiv n‡jvÕ (gymwjg)|
gva¨wgK Drmmg~n
ev¯Í‡e kixÔAvn&i A‡bK gva¨wgK Drm i‡q‡Q| GB Drm¸‡jv g~jZ KziAv‡bi AvqvZ ev Hkx
cÖ‡Yv`bv bq, eis G¸‡jv BRwZnv` hv gymwjg gbxlx I M‡elK‡ì e¨vL¨v I M‡elYvi dj|
BRwZnv` êa nIqvi welqwU gnvbex mv.-Gi wb‡¤œv³ e³e¨ Øviv mg_©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| gnvbex
mv. mvnvwe gyqvR‡K B‡q‡g‡b KvwR wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM †`qvi mgq wb‡Pi K_v¸‡jv e‡jb| gnvbex
mv. wR‡Ám K‡ib, Ô†n gyqvR! Zzwg hLb wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡e, ZLb †Kvb Drm‡K eënvi
Ki‡e?Õ ZLb gyqvR iv. Rev‡e ej‡jb, ÔAvwg KziAv‡bi wb‡`©kbvi Av‡jv‡K wm×všÍ †be|Õ
Zvici gnvbex mv. wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, Ômswkøó welqwU KziAv‡b cvIqv bv †M‡j Zzwg Kx Ki‡e?Õ
nRiZ gyqvR iv. ej‡jb, Ôgnvbex mv. †hfv‡e e‡j‡Qb, ÔZvui Av‡jv‡K wm×všÍ MÖnY Kie|Õ
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 69
Avjøvni bex Avev‡iv wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, ÔAvgvi gva¨‡g wm×všÍ Av‡mwb, Ggb n‡j Zzwg Kx
Ki‡e?Õ nRiZ gyqvR iv. ej‡jb, ÔAvwg Avgvi wbR¯^ wPšÍvfvebv I gymwjg gbxlx‡ì e¨vL¨v I
we‡kølY‡K AbymiY Kie|Õ Avjøvni bex mv. Zvici ej‡jb, ÔAvjøvni cÖksmv whwb Zuvi bex‡K
c_ †`wL‡q‡Qb Ges Zuvi ev›`v gyqvR‡KI c_ cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb| Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&i GB wØZxq
ev gva¨wgK Drm¸‡jv n‡jv BRgv I wKqvm|
K. BRgv : BRgv ej‡Z gyRZvwnw`b ev gymwjg gbxlx‡ì mw¤§wjZ me©Rb¯^xK…Z wm×všÍ
†evSvq| BRgvi gva¨‡g †h AvBb †NvwlZ nq, Zv ZK©vZxZfv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨| Z‡e cwi‡ek
I cwiw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y cieZ©x gyRZvwn`MY c~e©eZ©x gyRZvwn`M‡Yi wm×všÍ cwieZ©b Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| BRgvi mg_©‡b KziAvb I nvw`‡m †ek wKQz Dw³ cvIqv hvq| †hgbÑ ÔAvjøvn I
ivm~‡ji AbyMZ nI Ges AbyMZ nI Zv‡ì cÖwZ, hv‡ì KZ©…Z¡ Av‡QÕ (m~iv Avb-wbmv,
AvqvZ : 59)| ÔgymwjgMY hv fv‡jv g‡b K‡i, Avjøvn Zv‡K fv‡jv g‡b K‡ibÕ (Avj
nvw`m)| ÔAvgvi D¤§ZMY KL‡bv fzj wm×v‡šÍ GKgZ n‡e bvÕ (Avj nvw`m)| nv¤^jx
g‡Zi GKRb gbxlx Kz`vgvn e‡jb, Ô†h evB Avj gyRv‡q`vn BRgv Abyhvqx Aby‡gvw`Z,
hv gnvbex mv. PP©v K‡i‡Qb| evB Avj gyRv‡q`vn n‡jv, †µZvi Pvwn`vg‡Zv evRv‡i wewµi
R‡b¨ we‡µZvi cY¨ †µZvi Kv‡Q Dc¯’vcb Kiv| Avi we‡µZv G †¶‡Î m‡e©v”P g~j¨
wba©viY Ki‡eb| we‡µZv cY¨wU †µZvi Kv‡Q m‡e©v”P g~‡j¨ wewµ Ki‡eb|Õ
L. wKqvm : wKqvm n‡jv †hŠw³K I ¯^we‡ePbvcÖm~Z wm×všÍ| GUv n‡jv gvby‡li †hŠw³K
we‡ePbv, hvi gva¨‡g eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZ Ggb GK cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv nq †h
e¨vcv‡i AvBb wba©vwiZ i‡q‡Q| mnR K_vq ejv hvq, g~j AvBb †h hyw³i Ici cÖwZwôZ
†m hyw³i Av‡jv‡K bZzb cÖkœ m¤c‡K© wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv‡K wKqvm e‡j| D`vniY¯îƒc,
gvZvj nIqvi Aciv‡a Avwkevi †eÎvNv‡Zi AvB‡bi wfwË n‡”Q wKqvm| BRgvi g‡Zv
wKqvm‡KI Bmjvgx AvB‡bi RxešÍ Drm wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq,
g` cvb Kiv wb‡la| Avi wKqv‡mi gva¨‡g wb`ªv Drcv`b K‡i Ggb Ilya †meb‡KI wbwl×
Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB Bmy¨wU we‡kølY Kiv nq Gfv‡e : g~j welq g` cvb| mgxf‚Z : wb`ªv
Drcv`bKvix Ilya| mvgÄm¨ : gËZv, Db¥vËZv| weavb : wbwl×|
m¤c~iK Drm
K. BmwZnmvb : RbKj¨vY I mywePv‡ii ¯^v‡_© AvBbweìv wKqvmwfwËK AvBb‡K D‡c¶v K‡i
wb‡RB hLb †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib, Zv‡K BnwZnmvb e‡j| Bmjvgx AvB‡bi D‡Ïk¨
n‡”Q Amyweav, ¶wZ wKsev `yie¯’v cwinvi Ges gvby‡li Rb¨ Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kiv| GKwU
D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g wKqvm I BnwZmvb‡K ey‡S †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Bmjvgx weavbg‡Z wewµ
Pzw³ wm× n‡Z n‡j Pzw³i mgq, Zvi welqe¯‘ we`¨gvb _vKv Avek¨K| †h e¯‘i Aw¯ÍZ¡
†bB †mB e¯‘i µq-weµq Awm×| myZivs ¯^Y©Kvi KZ©…K Aj¼vi cÖ¯‘Z K‡i †`qvi bv‡g
AwMÖg g~j¨ MÖnY Aj¼v‡ii Awe`¨vgvbZvi Kvi‡Y Awm×| Z‡e Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (in)
BmwZnmv‡bi bxwZ‡Z G RvZxq Pzw³‡K wm× †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| Abyiƒcfv‡e Avgv‡ì †`‡k
evBÕ mvjvg ev AwMÖg fvov MÖnYc~e©K †`vKvb eivÏ †`qvI êa|
70| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

L. BmwZmnve : Gi gv‡b n‡jv c~e©eZ©x weavb ev ûKzg ZZ¶Y Kvh©Ki ivLv hZ¶Y bv Ab¨
`wjj ev cÖgvY cvIqv hv‡e, hv IB wbw`©ó weavb‡KI cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| BmwZmnve
BwZevPK I †bwZevPK `y‡Uv AbygvbB aviY K‡i hZ¶Y bv wecixZwU `wjj ev cÖgvY Øviv
cÖwZwôZ nq| D`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvq, GKwU mgvß fvovPzw³ Pj‡Z _vK‡Z cv‡i, hZ¶Y
bv GwU evwZ‡ji †bvwUk †`qv n‡e| Avi GB †bvwUkB Pzw³ evwZ‡ji cÖgvY enb Ki‡e|
M. gvmjvnvn : gvby‡li ¯^v_©mswkøó wel‡q mvaviY bxwZi wfwË‡Z wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv, hv m¤c‡K©
KziAvb I mybœvn ev nvw`‡m ¯có weavb †bB| kixÔAvn&i weavb g‡Z, GwU Ggb GK we‡ePbv
hv kixÔAvn&i D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© Ges ag©, Rxeb, eyw×-gvbwmKZv, eskaviv I
m¤cwËi wbivcËv weav‡b m¤c~Y©| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, evwo µq Ges cÖ¯‘ZKvixi
c‡Yï wbðqZv weav‡bi Rb¨ †h wjwLZ I ÷¨v¤úhy³ µq-weµq Pzw³ Kiv nq Zv n‡jv
gvmjvnvn| GwU Bmjvgx AvB‡bi mvaviY j‡¶ï mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© n‡jI KziAvb I mybœvn
Øviv mgw_©Z bq|
N. Avj Did : ÔDidÕ A_© †`kvPvi ev cÖPwjZ cÖ_v| ¯’vbxq cÖ_v ev ixwZbxwZ‡K AvB‡bi
cwifvlvq Did e‡j| Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&i weKv‡k AvB‡bi A‡bK wm×všÍ cÖ_v I ixwZ
bxwZi Ici fxwË K‡i †`qv nq| IBme cÖPwjZ cÖ_v Ges ixwZbxwZi GKwU eo Ask
KziAvb I nvw`‡mi ¯có Av‡`k Øviv i` Kiv nqwb| Did cÖPwjZ mvaviY AvBb I
mw¤§wjZfv‡e Aby‡gvw`Z Ges cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ hZ¶Y bv Zv kixÔAvn& weav‡bi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K
nq| 1988 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i BmjvwgK kixÔAvn& wdKn A¨vKv‡Wwg wm×všÍ †bq †h :
cÖ_gZ : cÖ_v kãwU ej‡Z eySvq †h‡Kv‡bv K_v, Af¨vm, ev welq hv gvbyl K‡i Ges Kivi
cÖqvm cvq| GwU kixÔAvn& Øviv M„nxZ nq ev n‡Z cv‡i|
wØZxqZ : hw` GwU wbw`©ó cÖ_v nq, Zv n‡j GwU, Zv‡ì Øviv mg_©b‡hvM¨ nq, hviv G‡Z m¤c„³
_v‡K| Ab¨ w`‡K, hw` GwU mevi Øviv mgw_©Z n‡e|
Z…ZxqZ : kixÔAvn& KZ©…K Aby‡gvw`Z n‡Z n‡j †Kv‡bv cÖ_v wb‡P ewY©Z kZ©¸‡jv c~iY Ki‡Z
n‡e :
1. cÖ_vwU kixÔAvn&i mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© n‡Z n‡e| hw` GwU kixÔAvn& AvB‡bi mv‡_ we‡ivac~Y© nq,
Zvn‡j GwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv| 2. cÖ_vwU n‡Z n‡e ¯’vqx ev wbqwgZ|
Did-Gi Ici wfwË K‡i ÔevB Avj IhvKvÕ cÖPjb nq| evB Avj IhvKv n‡jv Ggb GKwU
wewµ hvi kZ© n‡jv hLb we‡µZv c‡Yï g~j¨ †diZ †`‡e ZLb †µZv cY¨wU we‡µZv‡K †diZ
†`‡e| G ai‡bi cÖ_v wKQzmsL¨K Bmjvgx AvBbwe‡ì `„wó‡Z êa| KviY, mgv‡Ri Pvwn`vi
cwi‡cÖw¶‡ZB Zv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zv Qvov GB cÖ_v A‡bK mgv‡R mvaviY cÖ_vq cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 71
Z_¨m~Î
1. †jLK cwiwPwZ
2. Understanding of Shariah and its Application in Islamic Finance, Mohd Herwan Sukri Bin Mohammad Hussin
& Mohd Hawari Bin Mohammad Hussin, P-3, Published by Islamic Banking and Finance Institute Malaysia.
3. Understanding of Shariah and its Application in Islamic Finance, Mohd Herwan Sukri Bin Mohammad Hussin
& Mohd Hawari Bin Mohammad Hussin, P-3.
4. Underastanding of Shariah and its Application in Islamic Finance, Mohd Herwan Sukri Bin Mohammad
Hussin & Mohd Hawari Bin Mohammad Hussin, P-4.
5. Fundamentals and Practices in Islamic Finance, Dr. Mohammad Akram Laldin, P-74. Published by
International Shariah Research Acamemy for Islamic Finance, Malaysia.
6. Islamic Banking Practices, Mohammad Khairi Saat, Razli Ramili and Haryani Aminuddin, P-5, Published by
Islamic Banking and Finance Institute Malaysia Ges Bmjvgx kixqv‡Zi Drm, gIjvbv gynv¤§` Ave`yi inxg,
c„ôv-102, cÖKvkK Lvqiæb cÖKvkbx, evsjvevRvi, XvKv-1100|
72| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡q gvKvwm‡`
kixÔAvn&& I gvmjvnv cÖ‡qvM
ZvIwdK Avj-gyeviK I W. b~i †gvnv¤§` Imgvbx1
mvims‡ÿc
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs eë¯’v cÖewZ©Z n‡q‡Q AvR †_‡K 30 eQ‡iiI †ewk mgq Av‡M| G hveZ GB
c×wZi mdjZv †hgb Av‡Q, †Zgwb MÖvnK‡ì gb Rq Ki‡Z wM‡q Ggb wKQy eë¯’v wb‡Z n‡q‡Q,
hv weZK© I mgv‡jvPbviI Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q| my`wenxb e¨vswKs †mev cÖ`v‡bi jÿ¨ wb‡q cÖwZwôZ
n‡jI Gi weiæ‡× mgv‡jvPbv D‡V‡Q †cQ‡bi ìRv w`‡q †ek wKQy my`wfwËK †jb‡`‡bi| ejv
n‡”Q, Gi cÖ‡qvRb wQj bv| †Kbbv Ggwb‡ZB cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs eë¯’vi wecix‡Z Gi mvdj¨
wQj e¨vcK| eZ©gvb wbe‡Ü gvmjvnv I gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&&i Av‡jv‡K mgmvgwqK Bmjvgx
e¨vswKs‡qi wKQy cY¨ I †mev ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e, hv‡Z gymwjg‡ì Rb¨ Av‡iv fv‡jv GKwU
e¨vsKeë¯’vi cÖ¯Íve Kiv hvq| G‡Z Av‡iv †`Lv‡bv n‡e †h, AwaKvsk Bmjvgx e¨vsKeë¯’vq
ÔgvB‡µv-gvKvwm`Õ-Gi Ici Ôg¨v‡µv-gvKvwm`Õ‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qvi †h ixwZ cÖPwjZ Av‡Q, Zv
Avm‡j h_v_© bq| G wbe‡Ü Bmjvgx e¨vsKeë¯’vq cÖPwjZ evB we_vgvb AvwRj (weweG) I
BRvivn myKzK cÖf„wZ eë¯’vi cvkvcvwk evB Avj-Bbvn eë¯’vi Avg~j cwieZ©b PvIqv n‡q‡Q|
†Kbbv GwU Bmjvgx A_©‰bwZK I e¨vswKs bxwZgvjv, †hgb : A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb, mgvRKj¨vY,
e¨w³¯^vaxbZv, mgZv cÖwZôv Ges Ab¨vq-AwePvi I `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKiY BZ¨vwì m‡½ hvq bv|
f‚wgKv
weMZ kZvãxi lv‡Ui `k‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K wgU Nvgvi bv‡g GKwU cÖKí Pvjy K‡ib Avn‡g`
Avj-bv¾vi| e¯‘Z Gi ga¨ w`‡qB Bmjvgx e¨vsK eë¯’vi m~Pbv nq| IB cÖKíwU wQj Bmjvgx
A_©bxwZi Ôjvf-ÿwZ fvMvfvwMÕ (wcGjGm) c×wZ‡Z cÖwZwôZ I cwiPvwjZ| Z‡e cÖ_g
evwYwR¨K Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki hvÎv ïiæ nq Av‡iv c‡i; 1975 mv‡j `yevB‡qÑ `yevB Bmjvgx
e¨vsK cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g| Gici Bmjvgx e¨vswKs eë¯’v µgvMZ weKwkZ n‡Z _v‡K|
cÖwZôvi wZb `kK ci AvR Bmjvgx e¨vsK I Bmjvgx Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K †ek wKQy cÖ‡kœi
gy‡LvgywL n‡Z n‡”Q| wiev, Nvivi I ˆbwZK wewb‡qvMmsµvšÍ cÖkœ¸‡jv D‡V‡Q †fZi †_‡KB|
ejv n‡”Q, evB Avj-Bbvn, evB Avj-`vBb, evB we_vgvb AvwRj (weweG), ivnb Ges G iKg
1 ZvIwdK Avj-gyeviK, M‡elK, KvZvi d¨vKvwë Ae BmjvwgK ÷vwWR, KvZvi dvD‡Ûkb, †`vnv
W. b~i †gvnv¤§` Imgvbx, Aa¨vcK, wWcvU©‡g›U Ae KziAvb I mybœvn ÷vwWR, B›Uvib¨vkbvj BmjvwgK BDwbfvwm©wU,
gvj‡qwkqv
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 73
A‡bK c×wZ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †cQb ìRv w`‡q my` †bqv Qvov Avi wKQy bq| G¸‡jv Avm‡j
my`wfwËK cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs †jb‡`‡biB wfbœ †Pnviv gvÎ|
GB wbe‡Ü Gme welq wb‡q wKQy Av‡jvPbv Ges gvmjvnv I gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&&i `„wó‡KvY
†_‡K we‡kølY Kiv n‡e, hv‡Z Bmjvgx e¨vsKeë¯’v‡K Av‡iv wek¦vm‡hvM¨ Kiv hvq|
gvmjvnv : mg‡qi `vwe

mgq cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ e`‡j hvq gvbemf¨Zv I gvby‡li PvIqv-cvIqv| Bmjvg G wel‡q
m‡PZb| ZvB Gme cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ gvwb‡q †bqvi ¯’vqx eë¯’v Bmjv‡g i‡q‡Q| gvby‡li
Pvwn`v wba©viY I c~iY KivB gvmjvnvi jÿ¨| G‡Z mvgvwRK bxwZgvjvi Av‡jv‡K m„RbkxjZv,
MwZkxjZv I cwieZ©bkxjZv Z_v bgbxqZv‡K MÖnY Kiv nq|
gvmjvnvi AvÿwiK A_© ÔjvfÕ A_ev ÔevowZ cvIbvÕ2, ÔKj¨vYÕ, ÔmyweavÕ BZ¨vw`| Dmyj Avj-
wdK&ni AvIZvq gvmvwjn‡K (gvmjvnvi eûePb) wZbwU eo K¨vUvMwi‡Z fvM Kiv hvq : cÖ_
gZ, hv‡K wjwLZfv‡e ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqv n‡q‡Q| G‡K ejv nq Avj gvmvwjn Avj-gyÕZvivevn|
wØZxqZ, †h gvmvwjn‡K my¯úófv‡e cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡K ejv nq Avj-gvmvwjn Avj-
gyjNvZ Ges Z…ZxqZ, †mB gvmvwjn, hv‡K ¯^xKvi ev A¯^xKvi †Kv‡bvUvB Kiv nqwb| G‡K ejv
nq Avj-gvmvwjn Avj-gyimvjvn|
Avj-gvmvwjn Avj-gyÔZvivevn ev kixÔAvn&&¯^xK…Z ÔjvfÕ n‡”Q †m¸‡jv, hv kixÔAvn&&i wjwLZ
fv‡l¨ my¯úófv‡e ewY©Z Av‡Q Ges Gme MÖnY Kiv‡K Aby‡gv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q| D`vniY wn‡m‡e
ejv hvq, `xb3 iÿvq wRnv‡` AskMÖn‡Yi Hkx Av‡`k| wKmvm ev i³g~j¨ cwi‡kva, hvi jÿ¨
gvby‡li Rxeb iÿv4| e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯Í, hvi jÿ¨ gvby‡li gh©v`v iÿv Kiv Ges mvjvZ ev
bvgvR, hv gvbyl‡K K`h©Zv I cvcvPvi5 †_‡K `~‡i iv‡L| Gm‡ei jv‡fi K_v wjwLZ fv‡l¨
we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e bv _vK‡jI mnR hyw³eyw× Øviv Aby‡gq|6
Ab¨ w`‡K Avj-gvmvwjn Avj-gyjMvZ n‡”Q †mB me jvf, †h¸‡jv‡K kixÔAvn&& cÖZ¨vL¨vb
K‡i‡Q Ges wjwLZ fv‡l¨ †m K_v my¯úófv‡e ejvI n‡q‡Q| cweÎ KziAvb7 †_‡K `„óvšÍ †bqv
†h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, m¤úwË‡Z fvB‡qi Ask †ev‡bi As‡ki wØ¸Y| hwÌ g‡b n‡Z
cv‡i †h, Dfq c‡ÿi fvM mgvb n‡jB fv‡jv n‡Zv, wKš‘ me©kw³gvb Avjøvn e„nËi ¯^v‡_©8 GB
2 kãwU eënvi K‡i‡Qb Gg. nvwkg Kvgvjx| †`Lyb : Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence (Cambridge : Islamic text society,
2003), 351.
3 mvaviYfv‡e `xb ej‡Z Avgiv Ôag©Õ eywS| Avm‡j wKš‘ `yÕ‡Uv GK bq| ev¯Í‡e a‡g©i †P‡q Øx‡bi A_© A‡bK e¨vcK|
4 wKmvm-Gi myweav we¯ÍvwiZ ewY©Z Av‡Q m~iv Avj-evKvivq|
5 †`Lyb, m~iv Avj-AvbKveyZ|
6 †`Lyb, Ave&`& Avb-Kwig Rvq`vb, Avj-IqvwRR wd Dmyj Avj-wdKn (êiæZ : gyÔAvmmvmvZ KziZzevn, 1987), 236-7|
7 †`Lyb, m~iv Avb-wbmv|
8 Aek¨B Avjøvn cvK Gi hyw³¸‡jv fv‡jv Rv‡bb|
74| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

jvf cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i‡Qb| GKBfv‡e my`wfwËK †jb‡`bI wbwl×9 Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_P ev¯ÍeZv
n‡jv, G ai‡bi †jb‡`‡b GKRb jvfevb nq|
Gevi Avmv hvK Avj-gvmvwjn Avj-gyimvjvn cÖm‡½| G¸‡jv Ggb ai‡bi jvf, hv‡K
my¯úófv‡e Aby‡gv`b Kiv nqwb, Avevi GKB mv‡_ wbwl×I Kiv nqwb| G welqwU ¯úóZi
Ki‡Z wM‡q Lvjvd D‡jøL K‡ib, ÔAvjøvn Gme jvf‡K cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ e‡j Rvwi K‡ibwb Avevi
cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i‡QbÑ Ggb †Kv‡bv wjwLZ cÖgvYI †bB|10
GKBfv‡e Iqvn&nve RynvBwj G¸‡jv‡K ÔjvfÕ e‡jB we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb, hv‡K n‡Z n‡e kixÔAvn&&i
jÿ¨-D‡Ï‡kï m‡½ m½wZc~Y©|11 Avjøvgv BDmyd Avj-Kvihvwf Gi †hŠw³KZv eY©bv Ki‡Z
wM‡q e‡jb, Ôhw` Bev`‡Z gvmvwjn _vK‡Z cv‡i, Zvn‡j Rxebaviv Ges e¨w³, cwievi, mgvR
I RvwZ‡Z RvwZ‡Z m¤ú‡K©i g‡Zv `ywbqvwe e¨vcv‡i †Kb _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv?12 †h‡nZz kixÔAvn&&
gvbeRvwZi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨B G‡m‡Q, ZvB welqwU wb‡q gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&i Av‡jv‡K c‡i
we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv n‡e|
gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn& : GKwU mswÿß wPÎ

gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn& A_©vr kixÔAvn&i jÿ¨¸‡jv cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q Ôjvf e„w× Ki‡Z I ÿwZ
Gov‡ZÕ|13 G m¤^‡Ü Bgvg kvwZwei `„wófw½ Zz‡j a‡i wbqvRx e‡jb, Gi jÿ¨ Ôgvbyl‡K Zvi
wbR †LqvjLywk I Kvgbv-evmbvgy³ Kiv, hv‡Z †m Avjøvni cÖK…Z ev›`v n‡Z cv‡i, hv †m Av‡M
wQj bvÕ|14 Gme jÿ¨ hwÌ my¯úófv‡e ewY©Z bq, wKš‘ kixÔAvn&i cÖ‡Z¨K weav‡b Gi Bw½Z
i‡q‡Q| mvjvZ, wRnv`, wKmvm I Ab¨v‡bï jvf cÖm‡½ Avgiv BZtc~‡e© Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ|
†hme gbxlx G welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ K‡ib, Bgvg Mvh&hvwj Zuv‡ì GKRb| wZwb
Gme jÿ¨‡K `yÕwU cÖv_wgK K¨vUvMwi‡Z fvM K‡i‡Qb : `xwb (`x‡bi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z) I `ywbqvwe
(cvw_©e RM‡Zi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z)| `ywbqvwe jÿ¨¸‡jv‡K Avevi Pvi fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv‡ì
cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Avevi GKwU `xwb D‡Ïk¨ i‡q‡Q| GB PviwU `ywbqvwe jÿ¨ n‡”Q : bd&m& (cÖvY),
bm&j& (eskaviv), ÔAvKj (eyw×e„wË) I gvj (m¤ú`) iÿv Kiv|15
9 †`Lyb, m~iv Avj-evKviv|

10 Ave` Avj-Iqvnnve Lvjvd, Bjg Dmyj Avj-wdKn (Kvq‡iv, gvKZvevn Avj-`vIAvn Avj-Bmjvwgqvn), 84|
11 Av‡iv fv‡jv K‡i eyS‡Z n‡j †`Lyb Iqvnnve RynvBwj : Avj-IqvwhR wd Dmyj Avj-wdKn (êiæZ : `vi Avj-wdKi
Avj-gymvBi), 92|
12 BDmyd Avj Kvihvwf : gv`Lvj wj-wìvmvwZb-kixÕAvn&& Avj Bmjvwgqvn (êiæZ : gyÕAvmmvmvZ Avj-wimvjvn, 1993), 54|
13 Iqvnnve RynvBwj, Avi-IqvwhR|
14 Bgivb Avnmvb Lvb wbqvRx, w_IwiR Ae BmjvwgK jÕ (Bmjvgvev` : AvBAvBAvBwU A¨vÛ BmjvwgK wimvP© Bbw÷wUDU,
2005), 235|
15 Mvh&hvwj, wkdv Avj-Mvh&hvwj| Bgivb Avnmvb Lvb wbqvRxi ÔAvDUjvBb&m& Ae BmjvwgK RywimcÖæ‡WÝÕ-G D×„Z
(B-eyK : A¨vWfvÝW wjM¨vj ÷vwWR Bbw÷wUDU), 165|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 75
G Qvov Gme gvKvwm`‡K wZbwU eo K¨vUvMwi‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q : RiæwiqvZ (AZ¨vek¨K),
nvwRqvZ (mnvqK) I ZvnmvwbqvZ (†mŠ›`h©vqb)16| RiæwiqvZ n‡”Q †m¸‡jv, `xb I `ywbqvi ¯^v‡_©
†h¸‡jv m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq| Gi †Kv‡bv e¨Z¨q †bB| Gi Ab¨_v n‡j m„wó n‡e wek„•Ljvi|
Avjøvgv Kvihvwf Gme RiæwiqvZ‡K `yÕwU cÖavb fv‡M wef³ K‡i Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb, hvi wKQy
Ask‡K iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e, Avi wKQy Ask eR©bxq| Bgvg kvwZwe Ic‡i ewY©Z cuvPwU cÖ‡qvRb‡K
RiæwiqvZ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡ib| Avjøvgv Kvivwd I Ab¨ A‡bK Av‡jg lô GKwU welq‡K hy³
K‡i‡Qb, hv‡K ejv n‡”Q ÔBi` (gh©v`v)|17 AwaKš‘ GKwU bd&m& (cÖvY)-Gi AvIZvq we‡ewPZ n‡Z
cv‡i| Kvgvwj G cÖm‡½ wKQy D`vniY †U‡b‡Qb| †hgb, ¯^”Q›` RxebhvÎv I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi
¯^v‡_© KvR I eëmvwqK Kg©KvÐ‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv Ges GKB m‡½ wkÿv‡K eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv, hv‡Z
eyw×e„wËK DrKl© Ges weÁvb, Kjv I ms¯‹…wZ‡Z AMÖMwZ AR©b Kiv hvq|18
nvwRqvZ n‡”Q †Zgb jvf, mgv‡Ri DbœwZi Rb¨ hvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| Z‡e GUv bv _vK‡j hwÌ
†Zgb wek„•Ljv nq bv, wKš‘ cwiYv‡g KwVb Ae¯’v I RwUjZvi w`‡K Mov‡Z cv‡i| †hgb,19
nvbvwd gvRnv‡ei Abymvix‡ì A‡b‡K bvgvRiZ Ae¯’vq AcÖ‡qvRbxq bovPov‡K AbywPZ g‡b
K‡ib| ZvB bvgv‡R _vKvKv‡j Zv‡ì †gvevBj †dv‡bi wgDwRK¨vj wis‡Uvb †e‡R DV‡jI Zviv
†dv‡bi myBP Ad K‡ib bv|20 Gfv‡e Zviv wb‡Ri I A‡bï weiw³ Drcv`b Ki‡Qb| G iKg
†ÿ‡Î bvgvRiZ Kv‡iv n¨vÛ‡dv‡bi wis‡Uvb eÜ K‡i †`qvUv nvwRqvZ e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
ZvnmvwbqvZ n‡”Q †mB jvf, hv †mŠ›`h©ea©‡bi gva¨‡g Kvw•¶Z gh©v`v jv‡fi w`‡K AMÖmi nq|
†hgbÑ †KD GKRb wb‡R‡K gnËg PwiÎ I AvPi‡Y f‚wlZ Ki‡jb Ges me©‡ÿ‡Î Bnmvb eRvq
ivL‡jb|
gvmvwjni kZ©vewj
G K_v mwZ¨ †h, kixÔAvn&& gybvdv AR©b‡K Aby‡gv`b K‡i| wKš‘ Zvi gv‡b GB bq †h, hv wKQy
gybvdv Ki‡e Zv‡KB Bmjvg †g‡b †b‡e| ZvB kixÔAvn&& gybvdv AR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î wKQy wewagvjv
wba©viY K‡i w`‡q‡Q| ms‡ÿ‡c †m¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc :21
1. cÖwZwôZ ûKz‡gi wecixZ wKQy Kiv hv‡e bv : kixÔAvn&& hLb †Kv‡bv iæwjs †`‡e, Zvi weiæ‡×
Avi †Kv‡bv gvmjvnv MÖvn¨ n‡e bv| bZzb ûKzgB ZLb gvmjvnv gyjNvZ n‡e|
16 kvwZwe, gyqvdvKvZ, cÖ_g LÐ, c„: 243| Kvihvwfi gv`Lvj-G D×„Z, c„: 55|
17 c~‡e©v³|
18 nvwkg Kvgvwj, ÔAvj-gvKvwm` Avj ÔkixAvn& : `¨ Ae‡RKwUf Ae BmjvwgK jÕ, `¨ gymwjg jBqvi Rvb©vj (GwcÖj-Ryb,
1998)|
19 G iKg NUbv fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k Anin †`Lv hvq| †jLK ¯^qs Gi cÖZ¨ÿ`k©x|
20 G †ÿ‡Î †h ÿwZUv Zviv K‡ib Zv LyeB ¸iæZi| cÖ_gZ, Mvb evRv‡bv nvivg ev wbwl×, gmwR‡` evRv‡bvUv Av‡iv
wbwl×| wØZxqZ, bvgvRiZ Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv nvivg KvR KivUv ¸iæZi Ab¨vq| Z…ZxqZ, Gi d‡j A‡bï bvgv‡R
g‡bv‡hv‡Mi weNœ N‡U| †jvKRb Lyï I LyRy †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡o|
21 †`Lyb, myjvBgvb Avj-AvkKvi, Avj-Iqvwan wd Dmyj Avj-wdKn (R`©vb : `vi Avj-bvdvBm, 2004), 150-1|
76| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

2. †Kv‡bv gvmjvnv bZzb †Kv‡bv Bev`vn m„wó Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv wKsev cÖPwjZ Bev`vn-G †Kv‡bv
iæKzb ev kZ© †hvM Ki‡Z A_ev †Kv‡bv Bev`vni Askwe‡kl wejyß Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
3. gvmjvnv‡K n‡Z n‡e KvZC (mywbw`©ó) †idv‡iÝwfwËK; Rvwbœ (Kíbvg~jK) bq|
4. hLb †Kv‡bv ûKzg Rvwi nq, IB ûKz‡gi gvmjvnv n‡e Zvi gvdmv`vi †P‡q eo; mgvb ev
†QvU bq|
5. gvmjvnv‡K n‡Z n‡e mvaviY I e¨vcK; mxwgZ bq Ges †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev †Mvôxi Rb¨ wbw`©ó
bq|
6. gvmjvnv‡K kixÔAvn&& gvb`‡Ði m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© I †evaMg¨ n‡Z n‡e|
gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&&i Av‡jv‡K eZ©gvb Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi gvZ…weÁvb n‡”Q Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ| Bmjvgx A_©bxwZi aviYv †hme wel‡qi
Ici cÖwZwôZ †m¸‡jv n‡”Q : A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vY, wek¦Rbxb åvZ…Z¡ I b¨vqwePvi, DcvR©‡bi mylg
eÈb, mgvRKj¨v‡Yi AvIZvq †_‡K e¨w³¯^vaxbZv22| Gme jÿ¨ †bqv n‡q‡Q GKwU Kj¨vYg~jK
mgvR MV‡bi Rb¨, †hLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ I ms¯’v A½xKvie× _vK‡e b¨vqwePvi, mgZv I
¯^vaxbZvi cÖwZ| Gme j‡ÿï †Kv‡bvwUB †Kej gybvdv ev e¯‘MZ AR©‡bi Rb¨ bq, †hLv‡b _vK‡e
bv ciKv‡ji †Kv‡bv wPšÍv| GKBfv‡e Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi wfwË¸‡jvI BnKvj I ciKv‡ji g‡a¨
fvimvg¨g~jK GKwU RxebMV‡bi Awfmvix| GwU AR©b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&&i
m‡½ m½wZc~Y© Kg©Kv‡Ði gva¨‡g|23
G †_‡KB †evSv hvq †h, Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K Zv‡ì cY¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e gvKvwm` Avj-
kixÔAvn&&i KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ †_‡K mvgwMÖK Kj¨vY I e„nËi `„wófw½i wfwË‡Z; †KejB e¯‘mg~‡ni
AvBbMZ w`‡Ki Ici Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i bq| G cÖm‡½ `ymywK I Avey Rv‡q` e‡jb, gvKvwm`
Avj-kixÔAvn&& ev¯Íevq‡b †h welqwUi weivU e¨Äbv i‡q‡Q, Zv‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e, we‡klZ
GKwU Avw_©K KvVv‡gv MV‡bi †ejvq| Gi Ab¨_v n‡j Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv n‡q co‡e evKme©¯^|
cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi m‡½ Gi ev¯ÍweK †Kv‡bv ZdvZ _vK‡e bv|24
mZK© ch©‡eÿ‡Y GUv `„k¨gvb nq †h, Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi eZ©gvb Kvh©µg, A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB
kixÔAvn&&-wba©vwiZ gv‡bi m‡½ m½wZ iÿv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| D`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvq, gymwjg
A_©bxwZwe`‡ì A‡b‡KB BKzBwUwfwËK Dcv`v‡bi cÿcvZx| Zviv e„nËi mgvRKj¨vYg~jK
`vwqZ¡ I ag©xq A½xKv‡iiI c‡ÿ e‡jb, hv‡Z gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&& ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g
22 †`Lyb, Gg. Dgi Pvcov, ÔAe‡RKwUfm Ae `¨ BmjvwgK B‡KvbwgK AW©viÕ (wj‡P÷vi : BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb, BD‡K,
1974)|
23 †`Lyb, Gg. Dgi Pvcov, Ô`¨ wdDPvi Ae BK‡bvwgKm : A¨vb BmjvwgK cvim‡cKwUfÕ (wj‡P÷vi : BmjvwgK
dvD‡Ûkb, BD‡K, 2000)|
24 Avwkivd IqvwRw` `ymywK I Ave`yj AvwRg Avey Rv‡q`, ÔA¨v wµwUKvj A¨v‡cÖBRvj Ab `¨ P¨v‡j‡Äm Ae wiqvjvBwRs
gvKvwm` Avj-kixÕAvn&& Bb BmjvwgK e¨vswK A¨vÛ wdb¨vÝÕ, AvBAvBBDGm Rvb©vj Ae B‡KvbwgKm A¨vÛ g¨v‡bR‡g›U,
15, bs-4 (2007) : 143-165
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 77
m¤ú‡ì mylg eÈb Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I cÖe„w× AR©b Kiv hvq|25 A_P Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
c‡Yï †ewki fvMB n‡”Q evBÕ we_vgvb ÔAvwRj (weweG), evBÕ Avj-`vqvb, evBÕ Avj-
ÕBbvn msewjZ BmjvwgK †µwWU KvW©, ZvIqviiæL Ges G RvZxq Av‡iv wKQy| Gme cY¨ bv
Bmjvgm¤§Z bv kixÔAvn&&m¤§Z| Kv‡RB eZ©gvb mg‡qi me‡P‡q eo P¨v‡jÄ n‡q ùvwo‡q‡Q
G¸‡jv‡K Ggbfv‡e gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&&i AvIZvq wb‡q Avmv, hv‡Z eëmvi cÖK…wZ
(cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK, jvfRbK I `xN©‡gqv‡` †UKmB) jw•NZ bv nq|
DwjøwLZ cY¨¸‡jv KZUv gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&& mswkøó †evSvi Rb¨ wb‡P Avgiv Gme Pzw³i
K‡qKwUi e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY Kie|
evBÕ we_vgvb ÔAvwRj Pzw³

evBÕ we_vgvb ÔAvwRj (weweG) Pzw³wU gyivevnv ev evBÕ gyqv¾v‡ji m‡½ Lye Nwbôfv‡e m¤ú„³|
weweG c×wZwU †µZv‡K wKw¯Í‡Z g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai my‡hvM †`q| Gi d‡j wewµwU nq K÷ cøvm
wfwË‡Z| GB c×wZ `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqv AÂ‡j wecyjfv‡e RbwcÖq Ges Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi
GKwU g~j Pzw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| Z‡e Ievq`yjøvn weweG Pzw³ I evBÕ gyivevnvi g‡a¨ GKwU
†gŠwjK cv_©‡Kï K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb, weweG Pzw³‡Z Dfq cÿ cY¨wUi e¨q I
gybvdv g~j¨ Rvb‡ZI cv‡i, Avevi bvI Rvb‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨ w`‡K gyivevnv Pzw³i †ejvq cY¨wUi
e¨q I gybvdvg~j¨ Dfq c‡ÿi Rvbv _vKv Avewk¨K kZ©|26 djZ, weweG Pzw³wU wek¦e¨vcx GKwU
weZ‡K©i wel‡q cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| G cÖm‡½ cvwK¯Ív‡bi KvDwÝj Ae BmjvwgK AvBwWAjwR
Zv‡ì ÔA_©bxwZ †_‡K my` we‡jvcÕ kxl©K wi‡cv‡U© evBÕ gyqv¾vj m¤^‡Ü e‡j‡Q : G ai‡bi
A_©vqb‡K hwÌ kixÔAvn& Aby‡gvw`Z e‡j g‡b Kiv nq, Zey e¨vcK I jvMvgnxbfv‡e GwU
eënvi n‡Z †`qvi K_v ejv wVK n‡e bv| †Kbbv Gi gva¨‡g my`wfwËK †jb‡`‡bi GKUv
†Mvcb ìRv (e¨vK‡Wvi) Ly‡j hvIqvi Avk¼v i‡q‡Q| †Kej Ab¨ Dcvq bv _vKvmv‡c‡ÿ GwU
eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|27
weweG Pzw³‡Z, we‡kl K‡i M„nwbg©vY ev µq I Mvwo †Kbvi †ÿ‡Î, gybvdvi GKUv wba©vwiZ nvi
_v‡K, hv `yf©vM¨RbKfv‡e my‡ì Abyiƒc| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î GB nvi cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki my‡ì nv‡ii
†P‡q Pov Ges `xN©‡gqvw` Pzw³i †ÿ‡Î aŸsmvZ¥K| weweG Pzw³ Abymv‡i hwÌ weµxZ m¤úwËi
SzuwKi wKQy `vq e¨vs‡Ki IciI eZ©vq, wKš‘ A‡bK e¨vsKB GB SzuwK Av‡`Š †bq bv| †Kbbv IB
m¤ú‡ì gvwjKvbv Zv‡ì _v‡K m¤¢ve¨ ¯^íZg mgq; mvaviYZ K‡qK wgwbU| GwU wKš‘ ÔAvj-
LvivRy wej-avgvbÕ bxwZgvjvi cÖZ¨ÿ j•Nb| GKBfv‡e †µZv FY‡Ljvwc n‡j e¨vsK ZviI
`vq †bq bv| KviY Zviv †Zv IB m¤ú‡ì gvwjK bq! Ab¨ w`‡K weµxZ m¤ú‡ì ÎæwUwePz¨wZ
25 †`Lyb, G. Avng`; †K. Avng`, ÔB‡KvbwgK †W‡fjc‡g›U Bb BmjvwgK cvim‡cKwUf wiwfwR‡UWÕ, wiwfD Ae
BmjvwgK B‡KvbwgKm, 9 (2000) : 83-102 ÔBmjvwgK wdb¨vÝ A¨vÛ e¨vswKs : `¨ P¨v‡jÄ A¨vÛ cÖm‡c±Õ, wiwfD
Ae BmjvwgK B‡KvbwgKm, 9 (2000) : 57-82; Gg. Dgi Pvcov, Ô`¨ wdDPvi Ae B‡KvbwgKmÕ; Gg. Gb. wmwÏKx,
ÔBmy¨R Bb BmjvwgK e¨vswKsÕ (wj‡P÷vi : `¨ BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb BD‡K, 1983)|
26 Gg. Ievq`yjøvn, BmjvwgK wdb¨vwÝqvj mvwf©‡mm (†RÏv : wKs Ave`yj AvwRR BDwbfvwm©wU-2005),68|
27 H
78| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

†`Lvi †Kv‡bv AwaKvi wKš‘ e¨vsK Zvi †µZv‡K †`q bv| Gfv‡e ÔAvj-LvivRy wej-avgvbÕ
jw•NZ nq, hv wKbv my‡ì mgZzj¨|
Ab¨ w`‡K weweG A_©vq‡b gybvdvi wnmve Kiv nq evRv‡i cÖPwjZ my`-nv‡ii wfwË (†eÂ
gvK©) a‡i|28 hwÌ gybvdvi nvi my`nv‡ii mgch©v‡q n‡Z cvi‡e bv g‡g© kixÔAvn&&i †Kv‡bv
wb‡lavÁv †bB, Zvi ciI GwU Ab¨ GKwU Ôgvdvwm`Õ-Gi w`‡K Movq, hv wKbv Ab¨vq, Amvg¨
I `vwi`ª¨ wbg~©‡ji ÔgvKmv`Õ (jÿ¨)-Gi m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© bq| A_P G¸‡jv wQj wiev ev
my` iwnZKi‡Yi cÖv_wgK jÿ¨| G ai‡bi gvdvwm` cÖavbZ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q _v‡K my‡ì fvmgvb
nviwfwËK gybvdvevwR‡K, hv kixÔAvn& K‡Vvifv‡e wb‡la K‡i _v‡K| gyivevnv ev weweG †hme
c‡Y¨ A_©vqb K‡i, †m¸‡jv wba©vwiZ g~‡jï cY¨ Ges †ivj-Ifvi MÖvn¨ bq| D‡Ø‡Mi welq
n‡”Q, †m›Uªvj e¨vsK Ae gvj‡qwkqv weweG-i †ÿ‡Î †d¬vwUs †iU Aby‡gv`b K‡i‡Q| d‡j †mLv‡b
GKRb †µZv Pov nv‡i gvwmK wKw¯Í w`‡Z cvi‡Q, Avevi evRv‡i my‡ì nv‡ii IVvbvgvi Ici
wfwË K‡i wi‡eUI (Qvo) cv‡”Q|29
weweG A_©vq‡bi weiæ‡× Av‡iKwU KwVb mgv‡jvPbv n‡”Q, GwU Ô†Mvc‡bÕ evBÕ Avj-Bbvn Pzw³i
m‡½ mswkøó, †hLv‡b A_© †RvMvb`vZv cY¨ wK‡b †mUvB Avevi MÖvn‡Ki Kv‡Q wewµ K‡i|
†ewki fvM Av‡jg evBÕ Avj-Bbvn c×wZi Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡Kb; GgbwK gvj‡qwkqvi
Av‡jgivI, †h‡`‡k G c×wZwU e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPwjZ| G wel‡q c‡i Av‡iv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
GKBfv‡e Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv d«¨vKkbvj wiRvf© wm‡÷gwfwËK cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K wbQK
AbyKiY30 K‡i hv‡”Q Ges Gfv‡e D”PZi wWdë †iU, †WU †jvb I Abyiƒc Ab¨vb¨ e„nËi
gvdvwm`31 m„wói gva¨‡g ÔnvIqvi IciÕ A_© DcvR©b K‡i hv‡”Q| G‡Z jw•NZ n‡”Q mylg eÈb,
mgvRKj¨vY I b¨vqwePv‡ii bxwZgvjv|
in&b ev K‡R©i wecix‡Z eÜKx eë¯’v

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs eë¯’vq cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki AbyKi‡Yi Av‡iKwU `„óvšÍ n‡”Q in&b| Gi g~j A_©
n‡”Q FY cÖ`v‡bi GKai‡bi `wjj ivLv| wKš‘ AvaywbK Bmjvgx e¨vswKs PP©vq GwU ÔeÜKx
eë¯’vÕ GB WvKbv‡g Ges eëmvq gybvdv AR©‡bi GKwU Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e e¨vcKfv‡e cwiwPZ|
GB c×wZ‡Z Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv Zv‡ì MÖvnK‡K GB k‡Z© KR© (wn‰Zlx FY) †`q †h, MÖvnK
28 we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z †`Lyb, 2008 mv‡ji 24-26 Ryb gvj‡qwkqvi g¨vwiqU cyÎvRvqv †nv‡U‡j AbywôZ AvBAvBBDGg
B›Uvib¨vkbvj A¨vKvDw›Us Kbdv‡i‡Ý RyjRvmwÎ Ave`yj ivRvK, gy¯Ídv Igi †gvnv¤§` I dvIwRqv †gvnv¤§` Zvwq‡ei
iwPZ I Dc¯’vwcZ ÔKv÷gvim A¨vK‡mc‡UÝ Ab BmjvwgK †nvg dvBb¨vwÝs : GgwcwiK¨vj Gwf‡WÝ Ab evB we_vgvb
ÔAvwRj (weweG) Bb gvj‡qwkqvÕ kxl©K wbeÜ|
29 Avnv‡g` Kvwgj gvqw`b wgiv I RyjRvmwÎ Ave`yj ivRvK, ÔBmjvwgK †nvg dvBb¨vwÝs †_ªv gykvivKvn gyZvbvwKmvn
A¨vÛ evBÕ we_vgvb ÔAvwRj KbUªv±m : A¨v Kgcv‡iwUf A¨vbvjvBwmmÕ (†KGj : AvBGmAviG, 2009),3|
30 AbyKi‡Yi K_v ejv n‡”Q, †Kbbv †Kej bvg, kZ© I cwigv‡ci mvgvb¨ †ni‡di Qvov †ewkifvM cY¨B GK| `ymywK I
Avey RvBÌ GKB gZ †cvlY K‡ib| †`Lyb, `ymywK I Avey RvB`, ÔA¨v wµwUK¨vj A¨v‡cÖBRvjÕ, 147|
31 †`Lyb, Avn‡g` Kvwgj I RyjRvmwÎ, BmjvwgK †nvg dvBb¨vwÝs, 5; Av‡iv †`Lyb Avn‡g` Kvwgj mvBw`b wgiv, `¨
†_dU Ae b¨vkbm (myevs Rvqv : †cjvb`yK cvewj‡KkÝ, 2004)|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 79
M¨vivw›U wn‡m‡e wKQy GKUv eÜK (in&b) ivL‡e| †hgb: mPivPi g~jëvb Aj¼vivw` eÜK ivLv
nq| G‡Z †Kv‡bv Amyweav wQj bv, hw` bv e¨vsK GB eÜKx mvgMÖxi iÿYv‡eÿY wd `vwe KiZ|
`ymywK I Avey RvB`32 wj‡L‡Qb, ÔGB wd g~j F‡Yi A‡_©i m‡½ hy³ nq Ges ev¯Í‡e hv gybvdvi
e¨vsK wba©vwiZ nv‡ii mgvb|Õ wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e gybvdvi k‡Z© KR© nq bv| Z‡e FYMÖnxZv PvB‡j
†¯^”Qvq FY`vZv‡K Zv w`‡Z cv‡ib| kixÔAvn&&i cwifvlvq G‡K ejv nq ûmbyj-K¡vhv| KR©
w`‡q Zvi wewbg‡q †Kv‡bviKg gybvdv ev myweav †bqv my` mgZzj¨|33 G‡Z cÖv_wgKfv‡e wndR
Avj-`x‡bi †gŠwjK gvKvwm`¸‡jv (jÿ¨mg~n) Ges wØZxqZ Bmjvgx e¨vsK cÖwZôvi jÿ¨mg~n
(gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ my`wenxb Avw_©K bxwZ Pvjy, A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vY, mvgvwRK mvg¨ I bvMwiK‡ì
g‡a¨ A‡_©i Aeva cÖevn) jw•NZ nq|
evBÕ Avj-ÔBbvn
evBÕ Avj-ÔBbvn n‡”Q w¯’iK…Z g~jë„w×i gva¨‡g GKwU weµq I evB-e¨vK eë¯’v| gyivevnv
†jb‡`bI evBÕ Avj-ÔBbvn‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡Z cv‡i, hw` bv we‡µZvi cwiPq †µZv †_‡K Avjv`v
nq| GwU n‡Z cv‡i hLb e¨vsK Zvi MÖvn‡Ki KvQ †_‡K ZvrÿwYKfv‡e †Kv‡bv cY¨ wKbj Ges
ZLbB ewa©Z g~‡j¨ I wKw¯Í‡Z g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai k‡Z© MÖvn‡Ki Kv‡QB Avevi wewµ K‡i w`j|34
Av‡jg‡ì mivmwi cÖZ¨vL¨vb m‡Ë¡I GB c×wZwU `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqv AÂ‡j GKiKg RbwcÖqZv
†c‡q‡Q| we‡klÁ‡ì GB c×wZi we‡ivwaZv Kivi cÖavb KviY n‡jv, cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki my‡ì
nv‡ii m‡½ Gi gybvdvi nv‡ii g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv ZdvZ †bB| Ges P~ovšÍ wePv‡i GUvB cÖwZwôZ nq,
evBÕ bv‡gi Avov‡j GB †jb‡`b Avm‡j my`wfwËK †jb‡`bB|
Aek¨ Bgvg Avj-kvwdCi Awfg‡Zi wfwË‡Z `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqvi †ewki fvM Av‡jg G‡K
Aby‡gv`b‡hvM¨ g‡b Ki‡jI Ab¨ A‡bK Av‡jg-Ijvgv Av‡`Š Zv g‡b K‡ibwb| e¯‘Z G‡K
wiev ev my‡ì GKwU weKíB g‡b Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zv Qvov Bgvg Avj-kvwdCi AwfgZ wQj †KejB
Zvi e¨w³MZ `„wófw½, †Kv‡bv cÖvgvY¨ kiC DrmwfwËK bq| wZwb g‡b K‡i‡Qb, GKwU Pzw³i
êaZv wbf©i Ki‡e Zvi kZ©vewji Ici; Gi †cQ‡b Kx D‡Ïk¨ wbwnZ Av‡Q, †mUv aZ©e¨ bq|35
G Qvov kvwdC gvRnv‡ei Abymvix †ek wKQy Av‡jgI, huv‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡Qb Avj-kviwewb Avj
LwZe I Avj-ivgwj, GB c×wZi cÖwZ Zxeª weivM e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| †Kbbv G‡Z Afvex gvbylwU
(MÖvnK) ewÂZ nb|36 wb‡Pi nvw`m D×„Z K‡i Be‡b KvBwq¨gI evBÕ Avj-Õ Bbvn wbwl× e‡j
32 Avwmivd IqvRw` `ymywK I Ave`yj AvwRg Avey RvB`, ÔA¨v wµwUK¨vj A¨v‡cÖBRvjÕ, 148|
33 KR© I Zvi kZ©vewj wel‡q Av‡iv Rvb‡Z †`Lyb Iqvn&nve RynvBwj, ÔAvj-wdKûj Bmjvgx Iqv Avw`jøvZzûÕ, (8g LÐ)
(êiæZ : `vi Avj-wdK&i, 1997, 3974-9|
34 Gg. Ievq`yjøvn, BmjvwgK wdb¨vwÝqvj mvwf©‡mm, 103|
35 mvBdzj AvRnvi †ivRwj I gvngy` Gg. mvbywm, Ô`¨ A¨vwcø‡Kkb Ae evBÕ Avj-ÔBbvn A¨vÛ evBÕ Avj `vwqb Bb
gvj‡qwkqvb BmjvwgK eÛm : A¨vb BmjvwgK A¨vbvwjwmmÕ, B›Uvib¨vkbvj Rvb©vj Ae BmjvwgK wdb¨vwÝqvj mvwf©‡mm,
1, bs-2 (1999), 8-9|
36 Avj-bvIqvwf, ivI`vZzj-Zvwjweb, Z¡wK Dmgvbxi ÔfviwW±m Ab Avj-ZvIqviiæL A¨vÛ BUm e¨vswKs A¨vwcø‡KkbÕ-G
D×„Z| †c‡Z n‡j †`Lyb : www.isra.my/articles/islamic-banking/tawarruq.html.p-6.|
80| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

g‡b K‡ib| nvw`mwU G iKg : ÔwkMwMiB Ggb w`b Avm‡e, hLb gvbyl eëmv/µq-weµ‡qi
bv‡g my` LvIqv‡K wbqg evwb‡q †dj‡e|Õ37
nvw`‡mi wfwË‡Z eû gbxlx evB Avj-Bbvn‡K wbwl× e‡j gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| IB nvw`‡m
gymjgvb‡ì cÖwZ mZK©evYx D”PviY K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q, hviv evB Avj-Bbvni wfwË‡Z †jb‡`b
K‡i Zv‡ì Ici jvbZ|38
e¯‘Z evBÕ Avj-ÕBbvnwfwËK †jb‡`‡b Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi eû †gŠwjK jÿ¨ jw•NZ nq|
evBÕ Avj-Õ Bbvni d‡j m„ó gvdvwm` Qvwc‡q hvq gvmvwjn‡K| Gi K‡qKwU wb¤œiƒc : cÖ_gZ,
FY`vZv ev e¨vsK GKwU ÔFYÕ m„wó K‡i, hv A_©bxwZ‡Z e¨vcK Ríbv-Kíbv m„wó K‡i| G‡Z
†MvUv A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vq GKwU Ab¨vq SzuwKc~Y© I AwbwðZ Ae¯’vi m„wó nq| wØZxqZ, G‡ÿ‡Î
mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© wewµ ev eëmv ej‡Z wKQy nq bv| hv nq Zv n‡jv `yÕc‡ÿi g‡a¨ †Kej wKQy
KvMwR `wjj wewbgq, hv Avm‡j eëmv bq| G‡Z Av‡qi mylg eÈ‡bi gvKvwm` wewNœZ nq|
Z…ZxqZ, Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q †h, GUv n‡”Q GKUv AvBwb DcKiY (wnjvn) eënvi K‡i wiev
ev my`‡K ÔRv‡qRÕ KiviB wfbœ GKUv iƒc gvÎ| PZz_©Z, G iKg †ÿ‡Î e¨vsK wKQy w`‡bi Rb¨
mswkøó m¤ú‡ì gvwjK _v‡K bv| hw` _vKZ Zvn‡j Gi wKQy `vqfviI e¨vsK‡K wb‡Z n‡Zv|
wKš‘ e¨vsK GB m¤ú‡ì gvwjK _v‡K gvÎ K‡qK wgwbU| Gfv‡e gvwjKvbv I SzuwKi `vq bv
wb‡qB e¨vsK †h gybvdv K‡i, Zv ÔAvj-LvivRy wej-avgvbÕ bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx, gybvdv AR©‡bi
AwaKv‡ii cwicš’x| e¯‘Z GB gybvdvi A_© Ggb GK cÖe„w×, hv‡Z gvwjKvbvi SzuwK †bB| Avevi
†Ljvwci †ÿ‡ÎI GKB Kb‡m‡Þi wfwË‡Z, e¨vsK IB m¤ú` †diZ PvB‡Z wKsev ÿwZc~iY `vwe
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY Zviv †Zv IB m¤ú‡ì gvwjKB bq| wKš‘ `yf©vM¨RbKfv‡e ev¯Í‡e NU‡Q
Gi D‡ëv| cÂgZ, †h‡nZz wKQy bM` A‡_©i cÖ‡qvR‡b IB m¤ú` wewµ Kiv n‡”Q, ZvB e¨vsK
Gi evRvig~‡jï m‡½ m½wZc~Y© `vg wba©viY K‡i bv| e¯‘Z GwU MÖvn‡Ki cÖwZ ÔRyjygÕ Qvov Avi
wKQy bq| †ewki fvM wdK&n& gvhnv‡ei g‡Z evBÕ Avj-ÕBbvn Pzw³ A‰ea Ges my`m`„k|
evBÕ Avj-Õ Bbvn Pzw³i m¤cÖmvwiZ iƒc ZvIqviiæK‡K cwiKwíZ ZvIqviiæK (ZvIqviiæK
gybv¾vg)39 bv- nIqv ch©šÍ hwÌ Aby‡gv`b‡hvM¨ e‡j g‡b nq, Avm‡j GUv FYwfwËK GKUv
A_©vqb w¯‹g, hvi gvdvwm` Gi gvmvwjn‡K Qvwo‡q hvq| wmwÏKxi g‡Z, G ai‡bi FYwfwËK
A_©vqb w¯‹‡gi gvdvwm‡` AšÍZ wb‡¤œv³ welq¸‡jv AšÍfy©³ _v‡K :
• F‡Yi AvKvi µgk evo‡Z _v‡K|
• eZ©gv‡bi A_© fwel¨‡Z Av‡iv †ewk A‡_© cwiYZ nq, SzuwK I AwbðqZvi `„wó‡KvY
†_‡K hv MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|
37 †`Lyb, Avey Dgvi dviæK Avngv`, Ôw_Iwi A¨vÛ cÖ¨vKwUm Ae gWvb© BmjvwgK wdb¨vÝ : `¨ †Km A¨vbvwjwmm d«g
A‡÷ªwjqvÕ (†d¬vwiWv : eªvDb IqvKvi †cÖm, 2010), 243-4|
38 GwU GKwU mwnn nvw`m, Ave`yjøvn Be‡b Igi †_‡K ewY©Z| †kL Avj-Avjevwb Zvi Avj-wmjwmjvn MÖ‡š’ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|
B›Uvi‡b‡U †`Lyb:<http://www.dorar.net/enc/hadith/%D8%A5%D8%B0%D8%A7%20%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7% D9%8A%
D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%20%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9/pt&page=1>, no. 18.
39 IAvBwmÕi wdKn KwgwU ZvIqviiæK gybv¾vg‡K Aby‡gv`b‡hvM¨ bq e‡j e‡j ivq w`‡q‡Qb| †`Lyb : <www.isra.my/
fatwas/commercial-banking/financing/tawarruq/ 429-oic-fiqh-academy-ruled-organized-tawarruq impermissible.html>
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 81
• F‡Yi `ªæZ we¯Í…wZi gva¨‡g GwU Ryqvi g‡Zv RíbvKíbvi w`‡K †gvo †bq|
• FY A_©vq‡bi gva¨‡g GUv A_©bxwZ‡K e„nËi AwbðqZvi w`‡K †V‡j †`q|
• GwU gy`ªvùxwZi cÖeYZv‡K Dm‡K †`q|
• GwUi d‡j Avq I m¤ú` eÈ‡b êlg¨ m„wó nq|
• F‡Yi †RvMvb w`‡Z wM‡q m¤ú‡ì NvUwZ ˆZwi nq|
• FY A_©vqb msnZ Ki‡Z wM‡q GwU Rbg‡b D‡ØM m„wó Ges cwi‡ek‡K aŸsm K‡i|
mvgwMÖK gvmvwjn‡K Drmvn `vb Ges gvdvwm`‡K cÖwZ‡iv‡ai kixÔAvn&& bxwZgvjvi Av‡jv‡K
Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq †h, evBÕ Avj-ÕBbvn I ZvIqviiæ‡Ki g‡Zv FYwfwËK A_©vqb¸‡jv mgv‡R
Pvjy Kivi Av‡M Av‡iv †ewk K‡i †f‡e †`Lv DwPZ|
myKzK I eZ©gvb PP©v

Bmjvgx A_©vqb aviYvewji (Kb‡mÞm) wfwË‡Z gy`vivev, gykvivKv, gyivevnv, BRviv Ges
GiKg Ab¨vb¨ wbq‡g myKzK Bmy¨ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e eZ©gvb mswÿß cwim‡i Avgiv gy`vivev
myKzK I Gi eZ©gvb cÖ‡qvMwewa we‡kølY K‡i †`Le|
gy`vivev myKz‡Ki wfwË n‡”Q gy`vivev Pzw³mg~n, †hLv‡b cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z M„nxZ †Kv‡bv
cÖK‡í myKzK Bmy¨ K‡ib gy`vwie Ges wewb‡qvMKvixiv (ieŸ Avj-gvÕj) myKz‡Ki †gqv`v‡šÍ
jf¨vsk fvMvfvwMi wel‡q GKgZ nb| eë¯’vcK wn‡m‡e eë¯’vcbvi `vq _v‡K gy`vwi‡ei
Ici| Ae‡njv wKsev Aeë¯’vcbvi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv ÿwZ n‡j Zvi `vqI Zv‡KB enb Ki‡Z
nq| GB Pzw³‡Z jvf ev ÿwZ †Kv‡bvUvB c~e©wba©vwiZ bq, Z‡e GKUv AbywgZ A‡¼ jvf ev
ÿwZ n‡Z cv‡i e‡j c~e©aviYv Kiv nq| Gi d‡j wewb‡qvMK…Z g~jab wbwðZ (M¨viv‡›UW) bq
Ges mvgwqKfv‡e wKQy A_© †diZ cvIqvi (wiUvb©) welqwUI gybvdvi Ici wbf©ikxj, hv wKbv
Kg-†ewk n‡Z cv‡i| Gme welq SzuwK MÖn‡Y Awb”QyK wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì AvKl©Y K‡i bv| d‡j
myKzK Pzw³wU RbwcÖq n‡q‡Q A‡cÿvK…Z Kg|
G Ae¯’vq myKzK †RvMvb`vZviv wewb‡qvMKvix AvK…ó Ki‡Z Ô†µwWU Gbn¨vÝ‡g›UÕ myweav wb‡q
GwM‡q G‡m‡Q| Gme myweavi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wR¤§v`vi KZ©„K wjKzBwWwU d¨vwmwjwU A¨v‡iÄ‡g›U,
wd·W cÖwdU dgy©jvq cvi‡PR AvÛvi‡UwKs Ges Bb‡mbwUf †c‡g‡›Ui mvnv‡h¨ gybvdv e„w×,
BZ¨vw`| Gme myweav myKzK wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì wbivc` Av‡qi M¨vivw›U Ges g~ja‡bi myiÿv
†`q|40 Z‡e kixÔAvn&&i `„wó‡KvY †_‡K evRv‡i Pvjy Ô†µwWU Gbn¨vÝ‡g›UÕ myweav cÖ`vb
KivUv gy`vivev bxwZgvjvi j•Nb| A¨vKvDw›Us A¨vÛ AwWwUs AM©vbvB‡Rkb di BmjvwgK
wdb¨vwÝqvj BÝwUwUDk‡bi (GGIAvBGdAvB) kixÕAvn& mycvifvBRwi †evW© ivq w`‡q‡Q,
myKzK †RvMvb`vZv‡ì wjKzBwWwU d¨vwmwjwU I cvi‡PR AvÛvi‡UwKs cÖ`vb kixÔAvn&& Aby‡gv`b
40 `ymywK, ÔP¨v‡j‡Äm Ae wiq¨vjvBwRs gvKvwm` Avj-kixÕAvn&& Bb `¨ BmjvwgK K¨vwcUvj gv‡K©U: †¯úkvj †dvKvm Ab
BKzBwU †eBRW myKzKÕ (†KGj : AvBGmAviG, A‡±vei 2009), 15-8|
82| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

K‡i bv| kixÔAvn&& †evW© Bmjvgx Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K jvf-ÿwZ fvMvfvwMi wfwË‡Z †ewk
K‡i wewb‡qvM Kivi civgk© w`‡q‡Q, hv‡Z gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&& AwR©Z nq|41
gvB‡µv gvKvwm‡ì Ici g¨v‡µv gvKvwm‡ì cÖvavb¨

hyw³ †`Lv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, weweG, in&b, evBÕ Avj-ÔBbvn, ZvIqviiæK I Ab¨vb¨ c×wZi
d‡j m„ó myweav¸‡jv mvgwMÖK A_©bxwZ‡Z GKUv MwZ Av‡b| GB hyw³‡Z gvB‡µv gvKvwm`‡K, hv
wKbv e¨w³ I e¨w³MZ Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi m‡½ hy³ gvKvwm`, e„nËi ¯^v‡_© D‡cÿv (IfvijyK)
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| AwaKš‘ wb‡¤œv³ Kvi‡Y Gme welq‡K gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&&i Ask e‡j
we‡ePbv Kiv hvq bv :
• cÖ_gZ, G‡Z wiev wbwl× Kiv msµvšÍ my¯úó weavb jw•NZ Ges Ryjyg DrmvwnZ nq|
• wØZxqZ, gvmjvnvi kZ©vewj m¤^‡Ü c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q †h, gvmjvnv‡K n‡Z n‡e
gvdmv`vni †P‡q eo; †QvU bq, GgbwK mgvbI bq| A_P Gme Pzw³‡Z gvdmv`vn
gvmjvnvi †P‡q m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e e¨vcK, hv Av‡MB Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q|
• Z…ZxqZ, gvdmv`vn bv _vK‡jB gvmjvnv Kv‡qg n‡q †Mj, Zv wKš‘ bq| eis eû
†ÿ‡ÎB ¶z`ªZi iƒ‡c n‡jI gvdmv`vn _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi m‡½
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi ¯^v‡_© Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv †h weKí cY¨ nvwRi K‡i, Zv‡K gvmjvnv
e‡j MY¨ Kiv hv‡e bv| e¯‘Z GB wbe‡Ü welqwU Av‡jvPbv I cÖgvY Kiv n‡q‡Q †h,
gvmjvnvi QÙvei‡Y I¸‡jv Avm‡j Av‡iv eo gvdmv`vn|
• PZz_©Z, gvB‡µv gvKvwm‡ì Ici g¨v‡µv gvKvwm‡ì cÖvav‡bï wel‡q m‡›`‡ni †Kv‡bv
AeKvk †bB| eis †MvUv mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix LuvwU g¨v‡µv gvKvwm‡ì ¯^v‡_©
Z_vKw_Z g¨v‡µv gvKvwm‡ì ms‡kvab cÖ‡qvRb n‡q ùvwo‡q‡Q|
Dcmsnvi I mycvwik
Bmjvgx e¨vsKeë¯’v eZ©gv‡b Zvi cÖwZcÿ cÖPwjZ e¨vsKeë¯’vi w`K †_‡K P¨v‡j‡Äi m¤§yLxb
n‡”Q| d‡j MÖvnK‡ì m‡šÍvlRbK †mev I cY¨ cÖ`v‡bi MwZ eRvq ivL‡Z wM‡q Bmjvgx
e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K Ggbme cY¨ mieivn Ki‡Z n‡”Q, hv cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi cÖvq mgiƒc wKsev
ÔGKBÕ| Avi G KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q kixÔAvn&&i `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Zv‡ì‡K ¸iæZi mgv‡jvPbv ïb‡Z
n‡”Q|
mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK, gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&&i cwigv‡c Gme cY¨ A‡bK A_ev †Kv‡bv gvKvwm`B
c~iY K‡i bv, eis gvdmv`vn ˆZwi K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq gvKvwm` eRvq ivLvi †ÿ‡Î weNœ
NUvq| †hgb, QÙ‡e‡k my`wfwËK †jb‡`b AbycÖ‡ek Kivq `xb I gvj iÿvi jÿ¨ AR©‡bi
†ÿ‡Î my¯úó cÖwZeÜKZv ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| GKBfv‡e wewfbœ †Kv¤úvwb I j¨vÛgvK© cÖcvwU©
41 we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z wfwRU Kiæb : www.aaoifi.com/aaoifi-sb-sukuk_Feb2008_eng.pdf>,Access Date:30th september, 2010.
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 83
cÖwZôvq Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki Bmy¨ Kiv wewb‡qvMmg~n gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&&i Ae¯’vb †_‡K
h_v_© bq| KviY, †÷K‡nvìvi‡ì ÿwZ K‡iB Zvi Aby‡gv`b †`qv n‡q‡Q| Bmjvgx e¨vsK
I Avw_©K cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni A_©vq‡b wekvj ¯’vcbv M‡o †ZvjvI gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&&i m‡½
m½wZc~Y© bq| eis G ai‡bi A_©vq‡bi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi mgq cwi‡ek iÿv, †÷K‡nvìvi‡ì
¯^v_© myiÿv Ges Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœqb cÖf„wZ welq Aek¨B we‡ePbvq †bqv cÖ‡qvRb| †Kbbv,
kixÔAvn&& KL‡bvB gvby‡li Rxeb I myL-¯^v”Q‡›`ï g~‡j¨ Dbœqb wKb‡Z Pvq bv| Kv‡RB
Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi DwPZ, Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ iÿvg~jK wewfbœ cÖKí, cÖvK…wZK R¡vjvwb cø¨v›U Ges
cwi‡ekevÜe wewb‡qvM‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv|
weweG Ges Abyiƒc Ab¨vb¨ Pzw³i ¯^we‡iva¸‡jv (c¨vivW·) m¤^‡Ü Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î
kixÔAvn&&i i‡q‡Q mgvavb Ges weKí| †hgb, M„nwbg©vY I µ‡q A_©vqb, Mvwo †Kbvi Rb¨
FY Ges Ab¨vb¨ FYPzw³ n‡Z cv‡i weZwK©Z weweG Pzw³i cwie‡Z© gykvivKv gyZvbvwKmvni
(diminishing partnership) wfwË‡Z| GKBfv‡e †µwWU KvW© Bmy¨ n‡Z cv‡i K‡R© nvmvbv
A_ev in&b Pzw³ (iÿYv‡eÿY PvR© mshy³) QvovB|
Aek¨ GUvI mZ¨ †h, Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv Avw_©K cÖwZôvb, hv‡ì cÖv_wgK jÿ¨ n‡”Q gybvdv
AR©b| Kv‡RB Zviv cÖvß †h‡Kv‡bv my‡hvM‡KB G Kv‡R jvMv‡Z PvB‡e| d‡j cÖvq-Aj‡ÿ¨
D‡cwÿZ n‡”Q jvf-ÿwZ fvMvfvwM, gy`vivev I gykvivKvwfwËK Pzw³¸‡jv| ZvB Bmjvgx
A_©bxwZ I e¨vsKeë¯’v wb‡q bZzb K‡i we‡ePbvi mgq G‡m‡Q|
Abyev` : ûgvqyb mv‡`K †PŠayix
84| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

MÖš’cwÄ
1. Avj †KviAvb Avj-Kvwig
2. Ave`yj ivRvK, RywjRvmwÎ, Igi †gvnv¤§`, †gv¯Ídv Ges †gv. ZvBe, dvDwRqvn, Customer’s Acceptance on Islamic
Home Financing: Empirical Evidence on Bai Bithaman Ajil (BBA) in Malaysia, gvj‡qwkqvi g¨vwiqU cyÎvRvqv
†nv‡U‡j 24-26 Ryb 2008-G AbywôZ AvBAvBBDGg B›Uvib¨vkbvj A¨vKvDw›Us Kbdv‡iÝ-G Dc¯’vwcZ wbeÜ|
3. Avngv`, Avey Igi dviæK, Theory and Practice of Modern Islamic Finance: The Case Analysis from Australia,
†d¬vwiWv : eªvDb IqvKvi †cÖm, 2010|
4. Avj-AvkKvi, myjvBgvb, Al-Waadhih fi usul al-Fiqh. Jordan: Dar al-Nafais, 2004|
5. Avj-KviRvwf, BDmyd, Madkhal li-dirasatil-Shari’ah al-Islamiyyah, êiæZ : gyqvmmvmvZ Avj-wimvjvn, 1993|
6. e¨vsK Bmjvg gvj‡qwkqv †einv`, e¨vsK Bmjvg KvW©-AvB, e¨vsK Bmjvg gvj‡qwkqv †einv`, 2009; cvIqv hv‡e :
available from http://www.bankislam.com.my/About_Bank_Islam_Card.aspx
7. Pvcov, Gg Dgi, Objectives of the Islamic Economic order, BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb, wj‡P÷vi, BD‡K, 1979|
8. `ymywK, Avwmivd IqvwRw` Ges AveyRvB`, Ave`yjvwRg, A Critical Appraisal on the Challenges of Realizing
Maqasid al-Shariàh in Islamic Banking and Finance, AvBAvBBDGg Rvb©vj Ae B‡KvbwgKm A¨vÛ g¨v‡bR‡g›U,
15 bs 4 (2007): 143-165|
9. `ymywK, Avwmivd IqvwRw`, Challenges of realizing Maqasid al-Shari’ah (Objectives of Shari’ah) in the Islamic
Capital Market: Special focus on Equity-Based Sukuk, †KGj : AvBGmAviG, A‡±vei 2009|
10. Kvgvwj, Gg nvwkg, Al-Maqasid al-Shariah: The Objectives of Islamic Law, w` gymwjg jBqvi Rvb©vj, cvIqv hv‡e :
http://www.aml.org.uk/journal/3.1/Kamali%20-%20Maqasid.pdf.
11. Kvgvwj, Gg nvwkg, Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, K¨vgweªR : BmjvwgK †U·U †mvmvBwU, 2003|
12. Lvjvd, Avã Avj-Iqvnve, Ilm Usul al-Fiqh, Kvq‡iv : gvKZzevn Avj-`vIqvn Avj Bmjvwgqvn|
13. Kzivb, wZgyi, Islamic Economics and the Islamic Subeconomy, Rvb©vj Ae B‡KvbwgK cvim‡cKwUf 9, 4 (dj
1995): 155-173|
14. wgiv, Avn‡g` Kvwgj gvBw`b Ges Ave`yj ivRvK, RyjRvmwÎ, Islamic Home Financing through Musharakah
Mutanaqisah and Bai’ Bithaman ‘Ajil contracts: A comparative analysis, †KGj : AvBGmAviG, 2009|
15. wbqvRx, Bgivb Avnmvb Lvb, Outlines of Islamic Jurisprudence (e-book), Bmjvgvev` : A¨vWfvÝW wjM¨vj ÷vwWR
BÝwUwUDU, 2000|
16. Theories of Islamic law, Bmjvgvev` : AvBAvBAvBwU Ges BmjvwgK wimvP© BÝwUwUDU, 2005|
17. IevB`yjøvn, Gg, Islamic Financial Services, †RÏv : wKs Ave`yj AvwRR BDwbfvwm©wU, 2005|
18. †ivmwj, mvBdzj AvRnvi Ges mvbywm, gvngy` Gg, The Application of Bay’ al-‘Inah and Bay’ al-Dayn in Malaysian
Islamic Bonds: An Islamic Analysis, B›Uvib¨vkbvj Rvb©vj Ae BmjvwgK dvBb¨vwÝqvj mvwf©m, 1, bs 2, (1999):
1-16|
19. Rvq`vb, Avã Avj-Kvwig, Al-Wajeez fi Usul al-Fiqh, êiæZ : gyqvmmvmvZ KziZzevn, 1987|
20. RynvBwj, Iqvnve, Al-Fiqhul Islami wa Adillatuhu, (8 LÐ), êiæZ : `vi Avj-wdKi, 1997|
21. RynvBwj, Iqvnve, Al-Wajeez fi Usul al-Fiqh, êiæZ : `vi Avj-wdKi Avj gyqvwmi|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 85
gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn&
gvbeKj¨vY, Dbœqb I AwaKvi
gynv¤§` ingvZzjøvn L›`Kvi
1. f~wgKv
gnvb Avjøvn&i c¶ †_‡K gvbeRvwZ‡K †`qv Abb¨ Rxebweavb Bmjvgx kixÔAvni i‡q‡Q KZ¸‡jv
wPišÍb I †gŠwjK D‡Ïk¨| †m D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q me hy‡Mi I gvby‡li Ava¨vwZ¥K I
e¯‘MZ mgm¨vi †hŠw³K I ev¯Íe mgvavb †ck Kivi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì me©v½xY Kj¨vY mvab Kivi
cÖqv‡m| Kj¨vYmva‡bi GB gnvb j¶¨-D‡Ïk¨‡K cwifvlvq ejv nq ÔgvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvnÕ|
Bmjvgx AvBb-`k©‡bi m‡½ RwoZ cwifvlv wn‡m‡eI gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni cwiwPwZ AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| bZzbfv‡e D™¢vweZ mgm¨vwì mgvav‡b KziAvb, mybœvn&, BRgv I wKqv‡mi cvkvcvwk
Bmjvgx AvB‡bi Drm wn‡m‡e gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn‡K gyRZvwn`M‡Yi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© nvwZqvi
wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
Bmjvgx kixÔAvn RoZv I eÜ¨Z¡gy³| G‡Z me©Kv‡ji I me©¯’v‡bi me gvby‡li me mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi Dcvq i‡q‡Q| cwiewZ©Z me cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Bmjvgx kixÔAvn Lvc LvB‡q Pj‡Z
m¶g| cwieZ©bkxj mgvReë¯’vi cÖ‡qvR‡b D™¢vweZ bZzb bZzb welq I mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨
KziAvb-mybœvn&i Av‡jv‡K BRwZnv`wfwËK bZzb AvBb cÖYq‡bi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| Avi G‡¶‡Î
gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni f~wgKv AMÖMY¨|
Bmjvgx kixÔAvn G‡m‡Q mgv‡Ri DbœwZ I AMÖMwZi Rb¨| GwU gvby‡li wek¦v‡mi i¶vKeP,
cvi¯úwiK AwaKvi I KZ©‡eï wba©viK, myôz I m•Ne× mgvR MV‡bi gva¨g, †kvlY-Ryjyg
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai nvwZqvi Ges mve©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi I Kj¨v‡Yi Drm wn‡m‡e gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni
cwiwPwZ eûgvwÎK|
G cÖe‡Ü gvbeRvwZi mve©Rbxb Kj¨vYmva‡bi cÖqv‡m Zv‡ì êlwqK I Ava¨vwZ¥K Dbœqb Ges
†gŠwjK AwaKvi cÖwZôvq Bmjvgx kixÔAvni HwZnvwmK Ae`vb I gnvb j¶¨-D‡Ïk¨ gvKvwm`
Avk&kixÔAvni Av‡jv‡K Zz‡j aivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwU GKRb we`» cvVK I M‡el‡Ki
wPšÍvi `yqv‡i Bmjvgx kixÔAvni wPišÍb †mŠ›`h© m¤ú‡K© bZzb gvÎv †hvM Kivi †¶‡Î wKQzUv
n‡jI mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i e‡j Avgvi wek¦vm|
gynv¤§` ingvZzjøvn& L›`Kvi, Bmjvgx e¨vsKvi I kixÔAvn& M‡elK
86| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

2. Bmjvgx kixÔAvni aviYv
kixÔAvn k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© Øxb, ag©, Rxebc×wZ, wbqgbxwZ, my¯úó I mnR-mij c_
BZ¨vw`| mwVK c_, Kvh©Ki Abykvmb I wewa A‡_©I kixÔAvn& kãwUi eënvi i‡q‡Q| †hgb
Avj KziAv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔAZtci Avwg †Zvgv‡K Øx‡bi GK we‡kl weav‡bi (kixÔAvni)
Ici cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQ|Õ1
kixÔAvni ey¨rcwËMZ A_© n‡jv cvwbi Drm¯’j, Sibv, Pjvi c_ BZ¨vw`| Avevi cvwbi
†Kv‡bv Drm‡K ZZ¶Y ch©šÍ kixÔAvn ejv hvq bv hZ¶Y bv Zv AweiZ avivq cÖevwnZ n‡q
cÖKvk¨ I wbw`©ó _v‡K; iwk w`‡q Zv †_‡K cvwb cvb Ki‡Z nq bv|2 Aviwe fvlvq hLb ejv
nq, ÔkvivÔAvwZj BwejÕ ZLb Gi A_© nq, D‡Ui cvj cvwb cvb Kivi Rb¨ Rjvk‡qi w`‡K
iIbv n‡q‡Q| Rjvk‡qi mv‡_ kixÔAvni mv`„k¨ G w`K w`‡q †h, G `y‡UvB Rxebi¶vi Dcvq
I c_| cvwb †hgb †`n‡K mRxe K‡i, †Zgwb kixÔAvn gvby‡li AvZ¥v I we‡e‡Ki Rxebxkw³
†RvMvq| Avjøvgv ivwMe Avj B¯úvnvwb i. e‡jb, kixÔAvn‡K G bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ Kivi KviY
n‡jv, †h e¨w³ h_v_©fv‡e kixÔAvn&‡K MÖnY K‡i †m weï× cvwb eënviKvixi b¨vq cwiZ…ß I
cweÎ n‡q hvq|3
cwifvlvq Bmjvgx kixÔAvn n‡jv †mB wewaweavb I bxwZgvjv, hv gnvb Avjøvn& gvbeRvwZi
Rb¨ cÖYqb, cÖeZ©b I wewae× K‡i‡Qb| Avi Gme wewaweavb, AvwK`v-wek¦vm I ms¯‹…wZ,
AvLjvK ev PwiÎ, ˆbwZKZv, Bev`Z, cvi¯úwiK †jb‡`b I AvPvi-AvPiY (gyÔAvgvjvn)-mn
Rxe‡bi me w`K I wefvM‡K AšÍfy©³ K‡i| e¯‘Z wek¦vmx gvby‡li Rb¥ †_‡K g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ Rxeb
wbqš¿YKvix wewaweav‡bi mvgwMÖK iƒc‡KB Bmjvgx kixÔAvn ejv nq|
3. gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni aviYv

gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn& Aviwe `ywU kã ÔgvKvwm`Õ I ÔkixÔAvnÕ-Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ| ÔgvKvwm`Õ
kãwU ÔgvKmv`Õ ev ÔgvKwm`Õ k‡ãi eûePb| Gi A_© n‡jv, B”Qv, D‡Ïk¨, j¶¨, MšÍe¨, Zvrch©,
gg©, e³e¨ BZ¨vw`| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ cÖavbZg A_© n‡”Q D‡Ïk¨ I B”Qv| Avi kixÔAvn k‡ãi
AvwfavwbK A_© Øxb, c_, Rxebeë¯’v, wbqgbxwZ BZ¨vw`| myZivs gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvnÕi
A_© Kiv hvqÑkixÔAvni j¶¨-D‡Ïk¨| Aviwe‡Z j¶¨-D‡Ïk¨ eySv‡bvi Rb¨ Ônv`vdÕ kãwUI
eënvi Kiv nq, hvi eûePb Avn`vd| Gi A_© D‡Ïk¨ ev myD”P wfwËf~wg ev evwjqvwoi
kxl©‡`k ev ce©‡Zi P~ov| gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn n‡jv †mB Kj¨vYgyLx j¶¨-D‡Ï‡kï mgwó,
kiÔC ûKzg †g‡b Pjvi gva¨‡g ev›`vn‡ì Rb¨ hv AwR©Z nIqvi B”Qv Avjøvn& ZvÔAvjv K‡ib|
gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni KÕwU cÖvgvY¨ msÁv n‡jv :

2 W. BDmyd nvwg` Avj Avwjg, Avj-gvKvwm`yj Av¤§vn wjk&kvixÔAvwZj Bmjvwgq¨vn, wiqv` : B›Uvib¨vkbvj BmjvwgK
cvewjwks nvDR, 1994, c„. 19|
3 ivwMe Avj-B¯úvnvwb, Avj-gydiv`vZz wd Mvwiwej KziAvb, gvKZvevn gy¯Ívdv bvhvi evh, c„. 341|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 87
3.1. Bgvg Avey nvwg` Avj Mvh&hvwj i.
ÔkixÔAvni cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q RbM‡Yi AvwK`v-wek¦vm, Rxeb, eyw×e„wË, mšÍvb-mšÍwZ I m¤ú`
msi¶‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì Kj¨vY mvab Kiv| hv wKQy GB cuvPwU wRwb‡mi msi¶Y wbwðZ K‡i
Zv-B RbKj¨vYKi I cÖZ¨vwkZ| Aci w`‡K hv G¸‡jvi ¶wZ K‡i Zv AKj¨vYKi Ges Gi
`~ixKiYB Kvg¨|Õ4
3.2. Bgvg Avey BmnvK kvwZwe i.

ÔkixÔAvni cÖv_wgK j¶¨ n‡”Q gvbyl‡K Zvi †LqvjLywki eÜb †_‡K gy³ Kiv, hv‡Z †m †¯^”Qvq
Avjøvn&i ev›`vnq cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i, †hfv‡e †m eva¨MZfv‡e Zuvi ev›`vn n‡q Av‡Q|Õ5
3.3. gynv¤§` AvZ-Zvwni Beby Avkyi

ÔBmjvgx kixÔAvni mvwe©K D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv gvbemgv‡Ri k„•Ljv msi¶Y Kiv Ges gvbeRvwZi
Kj¨vY I ˆbwZK DrKl©mva‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì mve©Rbxb I mve©¶wYK Dbœqb wbwðZ Kiv|
gvby‡li Kj¨vY MwVZ nq Zv‡ì we‡eK-eyw×i my¯’Zv, K‡g©i h_v_©Zv Ges †hLv‡b †m emevm
K‡i †mLvbKvi cvw_©e e¯‘wbP‡qi DËgZvi Øviv|Õ6
3.4. W. BDmyd Avj Kvihvwf

ÔgvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn n‡jv gvby‡li Kj¨vY mvab Kiv Ges ¶wZ I wek„•Ljv `~i Kiv|Õ7
3.5. cÖ‡dmi W. Avngv` ivBmywb

Ôme gvby‡li Kj¨vYv‡_© †hme j¶¨-D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ kixÔAvn cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q
†m¸‡jvB n‡jv gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn|Õ8
Ic‡i cÖ`Ë msÁv¸‡jv we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn n‡jv, gvby‡li
Rb¨ hv DcKvix ev Kj¨vYKi Zv AR©b I hv ¶wZKi Zv `~i Kiv| Av‡jvP¨ cuvPwU Riæwi
welq msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î Bgvg Mvh&hvwj, BDmyd Avj Kvihvwf cÖgy‡Li msÁv we‡kølY Ki‡j `ywU
w`K cvIqv hvq| cÖ_gwU n‡jvÑ D³ cuvPwU Riæwi wel‡qi msi¶Y, Dbœqb I mg„× Kiv Ges
4 Avey nvwg` Avj-Mvh&hvwj, Avj-gykZvkdv wgb Bjg Avj-Dmyj, Kvq‡iv : Avj-gvKZvevn Avj-wZhvwiq¨vn, 1973, L.
1, c„. 139-140|
5 Bgivb Avnmvb Lvb wbqvRx, w_‡qvwiR Ae w` BmjvwgK jÕ: w` †g‡_v‡Wv‡jvwR Ae BRwZnv`, Kzqvjvjvgcyi : w` Av`vi
†cÖm, 2002, c„. 235|
6 gynv¤§` AvZ-Zvwni Beby Avïi, wUªwUR Ab gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&, Iqvwks Ub: w` B›Uvib¨vkbvj BÝwUwUDU Ae
BmjvwgK _U, 2006, c„. 91|
7 BDmyd Avj Kvihvwf, wdKûh-hvKvZ, êiæZ : gyqvmmvmvZzi wimvjvn, 2000, L. 1, c„. 31|
8 W. Avng` ivBmywb, bvhwiqvZzj gvKvwm` Bb`vj Bgvg Avk kvwZwe, wiqv` : `viæj Avjvwgq¨vn&, 1990, c„. 19|
88| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

wØZxqwU n‡jv Gi Rb¨ ¶wZKi mewKQy‡K cwinvi Kiv| gynv¤§` AvZ-Zvwni Beby Avkyi-Gi
msÁvq gvbem¤ú` msi¶Y, Dbœqb I weKv‡ki welqwU my¯úó n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡dmi W. Avngv`
ivBmywbi msÁvq my¯úó nq, gvbeZvi Kj¨vY mvab KivB kixÔAvni g~j D‡Ïk¨| g~jZ
gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni AšÍf©y³ †gŠwjK cuvPwU welq msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î BwZevPK ev positive I
†bwZevPK ev negative `ywU w`K i‡q‡Q| BwZevPK wel‡qi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q mvjvZ, mvIg, eëmv-
evwYR¨ Ges †bwZevPK wel‡qi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q nZ¨v, nvbvnvwb, e¨wfPvi BZ¨vw` cwinvi Kiv| Avi
G¸‡jv m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g gvby‡li Bn‡jŠwKK I cvi‡jŠwKK Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kiv hvq| gvby‡li
Kj¨vYmvab I ¶wZeR©‡bi †¶‡Î gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni `„wófw½ wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv hvq :
JYGPYCY JY.YZPC$YN NL[®$YQ JYPMYQY

HY HY
Z=H5E .MY<PYDE
ÙZ=
±
QY
HdZ
P
Y<
.M
cÖL¨vZ BmjvwgK ¯‹jvi Rv‡mi AvI`v gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni eûgvwÎK aviYv Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|
Zvi we‡køl‡Y gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni eûgyLx êwkó¨ dz‡U D‡V‡Q| wZwb e‡jb, gvKvwm`
Avk&kixÔAvn g~jZ Bmjvgx Áv‡bi †mB kvLv hv wewfbœ ch©v‡qi Ô†KbÕ¸‡jvi Reve †`q| G
iKg Ô†KbÕm~PK wKQy cÖkœ n‡jv :
• †Kb hvKvZ Bmjv‡gi GKwU g~j wfwË?
• †Kb cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì mv‡_ m`vPiY Kiv Bmjv‡g eva¨Zvg~jK?
• †Kb gymjgvbMY mvjv‡gi gva¨‡g gvbyl‡K m¤¢vlY Rvbvq?
• †Kb gymjgvb‡ì‡K cÖwZw`b K‡qKevi mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡Z nq?
• †Kb ighv‡bi wmqvg Bmjv‡gi GKwU †gŠwjK wfwË?
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 89
• †Kb gymjgvbiv memgq gnvb Avjøvn&i bvg whwKi K‡i?
• †Kb g`cvb Kiv Bmjv‡g Kweiv ¸bvn?
• †Kb g‡ì g‡Zv a~gcvb KivI Bmjv‡g wbwl×?
• †Kb Bmjv‡g al©Y I mk¯¿ WvKvwZi kvw¯Í g„Zy¨`Ð?
Rv‡mi AvI`v Av‡iv e‡jb, gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn Bmjvgx wewaweav‡bi †hŠw³KZv e¨vL¨v
K‡i| †hgb, hvKvZ Av`vq I `vb-LqivZ Kiv, cÖwZ‡ekxi mv‡_ fv‡jv AvPiY Kiv I mvjvg
†`qvi hyw³ n‡jv G¸‡jv mvgvwRK m¤úK© e„w× K‡i| GKBfv‡e wbqwgZ mvjvZ Av`vq, mvIg
cvjb I Ab¨vb¨ Bev`‡Zi AšÍwb©wnZ hyw³ n‡jv G¸‡jvi gva¨‡g gnvb Avjøvn& m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv
e„w× cvq|
gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn n‡jv Bmjvgx AvB‡bi †hŠw³K D‡Ïk¨, hv †Kv‡bv wKQz‡K wbwl× ev êa
Kivi gva¨‡g AwR©Z nq| †hgb gvby‡li gb I AvZ¥vi msi¶‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ g`cvbmn me ai‡bi
†bkvRvZxq `ªe¨ wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avevi gvby‡li m¤ú` I m¤§vb msi¶‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ KziAv‡b
ewY©Z al©Y I mk¯¿ WvKvwZi kvw¯Í g„Zy¨`Ð ivLv n‡q‡Q|
gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn n‡jv kixÔAvncÖ‡YZvi KwZcq wb‡`©kbv I ˆbwZK g~j¨‡eva hvi Ici
wfwË K‡i Bmjvgx AvBb Z_v b¨vqwePvi, gvbevwaKvi, wPšÍvi ¯^vaxbZv, cvi¯úwiK mngwg©Zv
Ges mvgvwRK mn‡hvwMZv wba©viY Kiv nq| Gfv‡e gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn Bmjvgx AvBb I
gvbevwaKv‡ii cÖPwjZ aviYv, Dbœqb Ges mf¨Zvi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i| G Qvov gvKvwm`
Avk&kixÔAvn wfbœ ai‡bi Av‡iv wKQz eûgvwÎK cÖ‡kœi DËi †`q| †hgb,
• AvR‡Ki ev¯ÍeZvi Av‡jv‡K Bmjvgx AvB‡bi cybc©vV I cybwe©‡køl‡Yi †kªô c×wZ Kx?
• ¯^vaxbZv I b¨vqwePv‡ii Bmjvgx aviYv Kx?
• AvR‡Ki gvbevwaKvi aviYv I Bmjvgx AvB‡bi g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î Kx?
• Dbœqb I mf¨Zv wewbg©v‡Y Bmjvgx AvB‡bi Ae`vb Kx?
4. gvbeZvi Kj¨vYmvabB Bmjvgx kixÔAvni cÖavb D‡Ïk¨

Bmjvgx kixÔAvni g~j¨ D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv e¨w³ I mgwói me©v½xY Kj¨vYmvab| hveZxq ¶wZ,
AbvPvi, Kzms¯‹vi, Acwi”QbœZv I cw¼jZvi AveZ© †_‡K gy³ K‡i gvby‡li cwi”Qbœ, cweÎ I
gy³ Rxebhvc‡bi cwi‡ek wbwðZ K‡i BnKvj I ciKv‡j Zvi Abvwej kvwšÍ I mvwe©K Kj¨vY
wbwðZ KivB Bmjvgx kixÔAvni cÖavb D‡Ïk¨| Bmjv‡gi GKwU cÖavb Bev`Z mvjvZ‡K ejv
n‡q‡Q Kj¨v‡Yi gva¨g| cÖwZw`b gyqvw¾b cuvPevi Avhv‡bi mgq ÔnvBqvÔAvjvj dvjvn&Õ ev
ÔKj¨v‡Yi w`‡K G‡mvÕ e‡j gvbyl‡K mvjv‡Zi w`‡K †W‡K _v‡K| kixÔAvni cÖavb Drm KziAvb
Ges Gi Dc¯’vcK ivm~jyjøvn& mv.-†K ejv n‡q‡Q ÔingZÕ, hvi wfwË n‡jv Kj¨vY AR©b I
¶wZi cÖwZ‡iva Kiv| GKBfv‡e Bmjv‡g gvbeZvi Kj¨vY‡K GZB ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q †h, Ôgvmvwjn&& gyimvjvn&Õ ev AevwiZ Rb¯^v_©‡K Bmjvgx kixÔAvni GKwU Drm wn‡m‡e
90| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB mvgwMÖK we‡ePbvq ejv hvq, gvbeZvi Kj¨vYmvabB kixÔAvni D‡Ïk¨|
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, Kj¨vYB kixÔAvn wKsev kixÔAvnB Kj¨vY| kixÔAvncÖ‡YZv ¯^qs Avjøvn&
ZvÔAvjv| wZwb Rv‡bb wK‡m gvby‡li Kj¨vY Avi wK‡m Zv‡ì AKj¨vY| d‡j kixÔAvn GK
Ae¨_© Kj¨vYweavb iƒ‡c gvbeRvwZi Rb¨ gnvb Avjøvn&i GK Ag~j¨ Dcnvi|
Bmjvgx kixÔAvni D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e Kj¨v‡Yi aviYvwU gymwjg D¤§vn&i †kªô gbxlx‡ì Kv‡Q AZxe
¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ewPZ n‡q‡Q| kvBLyj Bmjvg Bgvg Be‡b ZvBwgqv i. e‡j‡Qb, ÔBmjvgx
kixÔAvn&& G‡m‡Q Kj¨vY AR©b I Zvi c~Y©Zvmvab Ges AKj¨vY `~ixf~Z I Zvi n«vmKi‡Yi
Rb¨|
Bebyj KvBwq¨g i. e‡jb, Bmjvgx kixÔAvni cy‡ivUvB mywePvic~Y©, meUvB Avjøvn&i †g‡nievwb,
†MvUv kixÔAvnB Kj¨vY I wnKgZ| myZivs †hLv‡b mywePvi †bB Ryjyg Av‡Q, `qv-ggZv †bB
K‡VviZv Av‡Q, Kj¨vY †bB AKj¨vY Av‡Q Ges cÖÁv †bB wbe©yw×Zv ev †evKvwg Av‡Q, Zvi mv‡_
kixÔAvni †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB|Õ9
Bgvg kvwZwe i. e‡jb, ÔkixÔAvn cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨|Õ10 Bh&h Be‡b Avew`m
mvjvg i. e‡jb, ÔkixÔAvni cy‡ivUvB n‡jv Kj¨vY|Õ11
4.1. gvmjvnv ev Kj¨v‡Yi A_©

Aviwe gvmjvnv k‡ãi A_© Kj¨vY, hv me ai‡bi g½j, fv‡jv I my›`‡ii mgwó| Kj¨v‡Yi
Aviwe mgv_©K Ôdvjvn&Õ, hvi A_©I Kj¨vY| dvjvn-Gi Av‡iv GKwU A_© Ômvdj¨Õ, hvi Aviwe
cÖwZkã ÔdvDRybÕ|
gvmjvnv kãwUi cÖ‡qvM j¶ Kiv hvq, DcKvi, Kj¨vY, ¯^v_©, g½j BZ¨vw` A‡_©| Avevi KL‡bv
KL‡bv DcKvimva‡bi DcKiY A‡_©I kãwU cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| †hgb, †jLvi DcKiY Kjg|
GLv‡b †jLvi †¶‡Î KjgwU gvmjvnv A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q| Avevi †h Kv‡R Kj¨vY wbwnZ
Zv‡KI gvmjvnv ev Kj¨vY ejv nq| GwU gvmjvnv k‡ãi c‡iv¶ cÖ‡qvM| †hgb Ávb AR©b
Kiv Kj¨vYKi| †Kbbv, Ávb †gŠwjK Kj¨v‡Yi Drm ev KviY| mvwe©Kfv‡e gvmjvnv kãwU
gvbeKj¨vY-mva‡bi hveZxq KvR I Dcvq-DcKiY A‡_© e¨vcKfv‡e eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|
4.2. AwbóKi welq `~i KivI Kj¨vY

Ab¨ w`‡K gvmjvnv ev Kj¨vY kãwU‡K AKj¨v‡Yi wecix‡Z cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ÔAvj
Kvgymyj gywnZÕ bvgK Awfav‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, Kj¨vY AKj¨v‡Yi wecixZ| ÔgyLZviæm wmn&nvÕ
MÖ‡š’ ejv n‡q‡Q, Kj¨vY dvmv‡ì wecixZ| Avevi Ôwgmevûj gywbiÕ Awfav‡b ejv n‡q‡Q,
†Kv‡bv wRwbm‡K h_v_©fv‡e ms‡kvab Kivi bvg gvmjvnv| Bgvg Mvh&hvwji g‡Z cuvPwU †gŠwjK
9 Bebyj KvBwq¨g i., BÔjvgyj gyIqvw°Cb, L. 3, c„. 5|

10 Bgvg kvwZwe, Avj gyIqvdvKvZ, L. 2, c„. 6|
11 Avj KvIqvwq`y wj Bh&h Be‡b Avew`m mvjvg, L. 1, c„. 9|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 91
welq †hgb Øxb, cÖvY, eyw×, esk I m¤ú` msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î AwbóKi welq cÖwZ‡iva KivI
Kj¨vY| KviY Kj¨vY I AKj¨vY ci¯úi wecixZag©x welq| GKwUi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Ab¨wUi
Dcw¯’wZ Awbevh©| †hgb g`cvb, nZ¨v, e¨wfPvi, Ryjyg BZ¨vw` `~i Kiv n‡j †mLv‡b Kj¨vY
cÖwZwôZ nq|
hveZxq Ab¨vq I AKj¨vY `~i KivI Bmjvgx kixÔAvni GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© D‡Ïk¨| †hme welq
I KvR mgv‡R kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv, myL-mg„w× I gvbeKj¨v‡Yi AšÍivq †m¸‡jv wbg©~jKi‡Yi me©vZ¥K
cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv Bmjvgx kixÔAvni g~j D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q| gvby‡l gvby‡l, †`‡k
†`‡k, RvwZ‡Z RvwZ‡Z I a‡g© a‡g© kvwšÍ ¯’vcb Kiv Bmjv‡gi Afxó j¶¨| e¨w³Rxe‡bi
cvkvcvwk mvgvwRK I ivóªxq Rxe‡bI me AKj¨vY `~i Kiv Riæwi| ¸wUK‡qK `ye©„Ë AbvPvi,
AZ¨vPvi, mš¿vm I `yb©xwZi gva¨‡g †hb mgv‡Ri GKRb e¨w³i RxebI `ywe©ln K‡i Zzj‡Z bv
cv‡i †m Rb¨ Bmjvg hveZxq AKj¨vY `~i Kivi cÖqvm †bq| mgvR †_‡K †dZbv-dvmv` `~i
Kivi Rb¨ Bmjvgx iv‡óª Dchy³ AvBb cÖYq‡bi cvkvcvwk Zv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î m‡PZb c`‡¶c
MÖn‡Yi Ici †Rvi †`qv nq| ïay AvBb w`‡q me ai‡bi AKj¨vY `~i Kiv hvq bv e‡j ˆbwZK
I Ava¨vwZ¥K DbœwZmva‡bI MÖnY Kiv nq eûgvwÎK D‡`¨vM|
AkvwšÍ I wek„•Ljv †iva Kiv Bmjvgx kixÔAvni mvaviY D‡Ïk¨vewji AšÍfy©³| me ai‡bi
AkvwšÍ †_‡K `~‡i _vKvi wb‡`©k w`‡q gnvb Avjøvn& e‡jb, ÔAvi hLb †m wd‡i hvq ZLb †m
c„w_ex‡Z AkvwšÍ m„wói Ges km¨‡¶Î I RxeRš‘i esk wbcv‡Zi †Póv K‡i; wKš‘ Avjøvn& AkvwšÍ
cQ›` K‡ib bv|Õ12
D³ Avqv‡Z gnvb Avjøvn& Zv‡ì‡K mZK© K‡i w`‡q‡Qb, hviv `ywbqvq AkvwšÍ m„wó Ges km¨‡¶Î
I esk aŸsm Kivi Kv‡R wjß _vKZ| Zv‡ì G ai‡bi Kg©KvÐ weavbcÖ‡YZvi m„wóMZ I
wb‡`©kMZ D‡Ï‡kï wecixZ| KviY †h wRwb‡mi Ici gvbeRvwZi Rxeb I RxweKv wbf©ikxj,
†mB esk I km¨‡¶Î i¶v Kiv kixÔAvn`vZvi D‡Ï‡kï AšÍf©y³|
Bmjvg me©`vB AKj¨v‡Yi wec‡¶ Ae¯’vb wb‡q‡Q Ges hveZxq Ab¨vq I AKj¨v‡Yi c_ †iva
K‡i‡Q| mgv‡R kvwšÍ ¯’vc‡bi cvkvcvwk †mLv‡b †hb Avi †Kv‡bv wek„•Ljv m„wó bv nq †m
wb‡`©kbv w`‡q Avjøvn& ZvÔAvjv e‡jb, Ôc„w_ex‡Z kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv cÖwZôvi ci †mLv‡b wech©q m„wó
K‡iv bv|Õ13
AKj¨vYKvixiv Avjøvn&i ingZ †_‡K ewÂZ| AKj¨v‡Y wjß _vKvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì Ici wewfbœ
kvw¯Í †b‡g Av‡m| †hgb ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔZviv †mLv‡b AkvwšÍ e„w× K‡iwQj| AZtci †Zvgvi
cÖwZcvjK Zv‡ì Ici kvw¯Íi KkvNvZ nvb‡jb|Õ14 Ggwbfv‡e cweÎ KziAvb-mybœvn&‡Z Ab¨vq
I AKj¨vY `~i Kivi cvkvcvwk Gm‡ei g~‡jv‡”Q‡ì wb‡`©k †`qv n‡q‡Q|
12 Avj KziAvb, 2 : 205|

14 Avj KziAvb, 89 : 12-13|
92| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

4.3. Kj¨vY GKwU e¨vcK aviYv
Kj¨vY GKwU e¨vcK aviYv| Gi mv‡_ RwoZ i‡q‡Q Rxe‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¯‘MZ I
Ae¯‘MZ welqvw`| †hgb Bgvg Mvh&hvwj i. cÖ`Ë gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni msÁv we‡kølY Ki‡j
†`Lv hvq †h, kixÔAvni D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv gvby‡li AvwK`v-wek¦vm, Rxeb, eyw×e„wË, mšÍvb-mšÍwZ
I m¤ú` msi¶‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì Kj¨vY mvab Kiv| Avevi D³ cuvPwU wRwb‡mi †ndvR‡Zi
mv‡_ mswkøó cÖ‡Z¨KwU welqB gvmjvnv ev Kj¨vY Avi G¸‡jvi Rb¨ ¶wZKi cÖwZwU wRwbmB
AKj¨vY|
Avevi Kj¨vY ïay `ywbqvwe e¨vcviB bq, eis GwU ci‡jv‡Ki mv‡_I RwoZ| Bmjvgx kixÔAvn
†h Kj¨vYmva‡bi Rb¨ cÖewZ©Z n‡q‡Q, †mB Kj¨vY BnKvj I ciKvje¨vcx we¯Í…Z| cÖK…Zc‡¶
kixÔAvni weavbmg~n me ai‡bi BnKvjxb, ciKvjxb, e¨wóK I mvgwóK cÖ‡qvRb c~iY I
Kj¨vYmva‡b wb‡qvwRZ| Bmjvgx kixÔAvn `ywbqv‡K Ggbfv‡e mvRv‡Z Pvq hv‡Z `ywbqv
cÖK…ZB gvby‡li Rb¨ km¨‡¶‡Î iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Ges Gi Øviv †m `ywbqv I AvwLiv‡Zi Kj¨vYjv‡f
mg_© nq| Avj KziAv‡b Dfq RM‡Zi Kj¨vY Kvgbvi cÖwZ gvby‡li `„wó AvKl©Y K‡iÑ Ô†n
Avgv‡ì cÖwZcvjK! Avgv‡ì‡K `ywbqv‡Z Kj¨vY `vI Ges AvwLiv‡Z Kj¨vY `vI|Õ15
Bmjvgx kixÔAvn Ggb †Kv‡bv `ywbqvi aviYv †`q bv hvi mv‡_ AvwLiv‡Zi m¤úK© †bB| Avevi
Ggb †Kv‡bv AvwLiv‡Zi aviYv †`q bv hvi mv‡_ `ywbqvi m¤úK© †bB| Dfq RM‡Zi Kj¨vY
AR©‡bi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q Avj KziAv‡b GKwU `yÕAv i‡q‡Q, Ôgnvb Avjøvn& †Zvgv‡K hv w`‡q‡Qb
Zv w`‡q AvwLiv‡Zi Avevm AbymÜvb K‡iv| Avi `ywbqv †_‡K †Zvgvi Ask fz‡jv bv|Õ16
D³ Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq KvZv`v i. e‡jb, BnKv‡j nvjvj wiwRK Avni‡Yi †¶‡Î †Zvgvi Ask
bó K‡i †d‡jv bv| †Zvgvi Pvwn`v Zzwg wb‡RB c~iY Ki‡e Ges `ywbqvi djvd‡ji cÖwZ `„wó
ivL‡e| Be‡b Dgi iv. e‡jb, Zzwg `ywbqvi Rb¨ Ggbfv‡e Rwg Pvl K‡iv †hb g‡b n‡e Zzwg
wPiKvj Rxeb-hvcb Ki‡e Avi AvwLiv‡Zi Rb¨ Ggbfv‡e KvR K‡iv †hb g‡b n‡e Zzwg KvjB
gviv hv‡e|17
Bgvg ivwMe Avj B¯úvnvwb dvjvn& ev Kj¨vY‡K Dfq RM‡Zi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ K‡i e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb|
wZwb e‡j‡Qb, BnKv‡j gvby‡li Rb¨ Kj¨vY n‡”Q Zvi wU‡K _vKv, Zvi ¯^vaxbZv, kw³ I m¤§vb
jvf Ges ciKv‡j Zvi Rb¨ Kj¨vY n‡”Q g„Zz¨nxb Rxeb, `vwi`ª¨nxb m”QjZv, Acgvbnxb m¤§vb
Ges AÁZvnxb Ávb|18
Kj¨vY n‡”Q mrKv‡Ri cwiYvg| mrKv‡Ri cwiYvg KL‡bv `ywbqv‡Z cvIqv hvq Avevi KL‡bv
AvwLiv‡Z cvIqv hv‡e| cwic~Y© ev P~ovšÍ cwiYvg `ywbqv‡Z cvIqv Riæwi bq| Z‡e Zvi Rb¨
15 Avj KziAvb, 2 : 201|

16 Avj KziAvb, 28 : 77|
17 Zvdwmi Avj KziZzwe, L. 13, c„. 214|
18 ivwMe Avj-B¯úvnvwb, cÖv¸³, c„. 497|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 93
msMÖvg I cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡Z nq `ywbqv‡ZB| gnvb Avjøvn& e‡jb, Ô†KD `ªæZ myL-m‡¤¢vM Kvgbv
Ki‡j Avwg Zv‡K hv B”Qv GLv‡b mZ¡i w`‡q _vwK, c‡i Zvi Rb¨ Rvnvbœvg wba©vwiZ Kwi|Õ19
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb, Ôhviv gywgb n‡q ciKvj Kvgbv K‡i Ges Zvi Rb¨ h_vh_ cÖ‡Póv Pvjvq
Zv‡ì cÖ‡PóvB (Avjøvn&i ìev‡i) ¯^xK…Z nq|Õ20 G AvqvZØq †_‡K G K_v my¯úó n‡q‡Q †h,
Kj¨vY `ywbqv I AvwLiv‡Z Dfq ¯’v‡bB we¯Í…Z|
Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z Kj¨vY e¨w³ I mgwói mv‡_ RwoZ| G cÖm‡½ W. Bdmyd nvwg` Avj Avwjg
e‡jb, Bmjvgx kixÔAvni weavbmg~n Ggb †Kv‡bv mgwói aviYv †`qwb hvi mv‡_ e¨wói m¤úK©
†bB, Avevi Ggb †Kv‡bv e¨wói cwiPq †`qwb hvi mv‡_ mgwói m¤úK© †bB| g~jZ e¨wó ev e¨w³
n‡”Q Ask I A½ Ges mgwó ev mgvR n‡”Q mgMÖ I †`n| e¨wó I mgwói cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wb‡Ri
cÖ‡qvRb c~iY I Kj¨vYmva‡b ci¯ú‡ii Ici wbf©ikxj|21
Bmjv‡g Kj¨vY‡K ïay †Kv‡bv GKwU mywbw`©ó wel‡qi Rb¨ wew”Qbœfv‡e we‡ePbv bv K‡i Rxe‡bi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq me wel‡qi †¶‡ÎB mvgwMÖKfv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Avevi ïay GKRb e¨w³i
Kj¨vY we‡ePbv bv K‡i mgMÖ gvbeRvwZi Kj¨vY we‡ePbv Kiv nq| A_©vr e¨wó I mgwó, `ywbqv
I AvwLivZ, AvswkK I mvgwMÖK me †¶‡Î Kj¨vYmva‡b Bmjvgx kixÔAvn fvimvg¨g~jK c×wZ
Aej¤^b K‡i|
5. Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&i wewfbœ wewaweav‡bi AšÍwb©wnZ D‡Ïk¨ I Kj¨vY

Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&i cÖwZwU weavbB cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Ges Zv‡K mf¨ K‡i
M‡o †Zvjvi j‡¶¨, hv‡Z †m wb‡Ri I mgv‡Ri Rb¨ Kj¨v‡Yi Drm n‡Z cv‡i Ges †m †hb
†Kv‡bvfv‡eB AKj¨v‡Yi KviY bv n‡q ùvovq| cÖK…Zc‡¶ gvbeZvi Kj¨vY mvab Kiv I Kj¨vY
Kvgbv KivB Øxb| G cÖm‡½ ivm~jyjøvn& mv.. e‡j‡Qb, ÔØxb n‡jv Kj¨vY Kvgbv Kiv|Õ22
gnvb Avjøvn& gvbyl‡K c„w_ex‡Z †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb Ges AbyMÖn K‡i Zv‡ì‡K kixÔAvn bv‡gi GK
gnvb Rxebweavb `vb K‡i‡Qb| G weavb cÖeZ©‡bi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv gvbyl‡K Zvi mywbw`©ó j¶¨¯’‡j
†cuŠ‡Q †`qv| gnvÁvbx Avjøvn& ZvÔAvjv `ywbqv‡K Avev` Kivi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K c„w_ex‡Z Lwjdv
K‡i cvwV‡q‡Qb| Lwjdv ev cÖwZwbwai ¸iæ`vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡K †`qv n‡q‡Q kiÔC weavb|
†h e¨w³ GB kiÔC wewaweavb †g‡b Pj‡e †m BnKvj I ciKv‡ji Kj¨vY jvf K‡i P~ovšÍ j‡¶¨
DcbxZ n‡e|
GLv‡b kixÔAvn cÖewZ©Z KwZcq weav‡bi D‡Ïk¨ I AšÍwb©wnZ Kj¨vY Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
5.1. mvjv‡Zi AšÍwb©wnZ D‡Ïk¨ I Kj¨vY : mvjvZ Bmjv‡gi GKwU cÖavb Bev`Z| mvjvZ
Av`v‡qi gva¨‡g ev›`vn AvwZ¥K cwiïw× AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk kvixwiK cweÎZv I my¯’Zv,
19 Avj KziAvb, 17 : 18|

20 Avj KziAvb, 17 : 19|
21 W. BDmyd nvwg` Avj Avwjg, cÖv¸³, 46|
22 mwnn Avj eyLvwi, wKZveyj Cgvb, evey KvIwjb bvex Av`w`by Avb-bvwmnvn&|
94| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

mgqvbyewZ©Zv, k„•Ljv, †bZv wbe©vPb, †bZvi AvbyMZ¨ cÖ`k©b, D¤§vn&i HK¨ cÖf…wZ AR©b
Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvjv‡Zi g‡a¨ wbwnZ eûwea Kj¨v‡Yi cÖwZ Bw½Z K‡i gnvb Avjøvn& e‡jb,
Ôwbðq mvjvZ AkøxjZv I Lvivc KvR †_‡K weiZ iv‡L|Õ23
5.2. wmqvg ev †ivhvi D‡Ïk¨ I Kj¨vY : wmqvg ev †ivhv GKwU e¨vcK Zvrch©c~Y© Bev`Z|
Gi g‡aÏ i‡q‡Q gvby‡li e¨vcK Kj¨vY| wmqvg diR Kivi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv gvbyl‡K
gyËvwK K‡i †Zvjv| G m¤ú‡K© gnvb Avjøvn& e‡jb, Ô†Zvgv‡ì Ici wmqvg wewae×
Kiv n‡q‡Q, †hgb Kiv n‡qwQj †Zvgv‡ì c~e©eZ©x‡ì Ici, hv‡Z †Zvgiv gyËvwK n‡Z
cv‡iv|Õ24
5.3. hvKv‡Zi D‡Ïk¨ I Kj¨vY : hvKvZ Bmjv‡gi GK Abb¨ †gŠwjK welq| G‡Z Bev`‡Zi
fveaviv ¯úó n‡q IVv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡Z gvbweK Kj¨v‡Yi j¶¨-D‡Ïk¨ cÖKU n‡q Av‡Q|
Gme j¶¨-D‡Ïk¨ e¯‘MZ I Ava¨vwZ¥K Dfq w`K‡KB AšÍf©y³ K‡i‡Q| ivm~jyjøvn& mv.
e‡j‡Qb, Ôabx‡ì †_‡K hvKvZ MÖnY K‡i Zv dwKi‡ì gv‡S wdwi‡q `vI|Õ25
5.5. n‡¾i AšÍwb©wnZ D‡Ïk¨ I Kj¨vY : n‡¾i g‡a¨ AmsL¨ ag©xq DcKvwiZvi cvkvcvwk
cvw_©e DcKvwiZvI i‡q‡Q| n‡¾i DcKvwiZv m¤ú‡K© gnvb Avjøvn& e‡jb, ÔAvi
†jvK‡ì‡K n¾ Kivi Rb¨ cÖKvk¨fv‡e AvnŸvb RvbvIÑZviv †hb †Zvgvi Kv‡Q Av‡m,
cv‡q †nu‡U AvmyK wKsev `~ieZ©x ¯’vb †_‡K K…k D‡Ui wc‡V P‡o AvmyK| GLv‡b G‡m Zviv
†hb †`L‡Z cvq Zv‡ì Øxb-`ywbqvi Kj¨v‡Yi KZ my›ì eë¯’v i‡q‡Q|Õ26
5.6. Bmjgx `Ðwewa cÖ‡qv‡Mi AšÍwb©wnZ D‡Ïk¨ I Kj¨vY : Bmjvgx kixÔAvn cÖewZ©Z n‡q‡Q
gvby‡li Kó `~i Kivi Rb¨| ZvB kvw¯Í AvB‡bi gva¨‡g KvD‡K Kó †`qv kixÔAvni D‡Ïk¨
bq; eis kvw¯Íweavb cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q gvby‡li Kj¨vY I wbivcËv wbwðZKi‡Yi Rb¨|
Avi †m Kj¨vY ïay †m e¨w³i Rb¨ bq †h Aciva K‡i‡Q; eis Zv †MvUv gvbemgv‡Ri
Rb¨| G Kj¨v‡Yi cÖwZ Bw½Z cvIqv hvq gnvb Avjøvn&i evYx †_‡K| wKmv‡mi g‡a¨
wbwnZ Kj¨vY m¤ú‡K© Avj KziAv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔwKmv‡mi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Rxeb|Õ27
g`cvb, Ryqv †Ljv, ewj`v‡bi ¯’vb I fvM¨ wba©vi‡Yi Dcvqvw` wbwl× Kivi g‡a¨ wbwnZ
Kj¨vY m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q, Ôwbðq g`, Ryqv, ewj`v‡bi ¯’vb I fvM¨ cix¶vi Dcvqvw` MÖnY
kqZvwb KvR| †Zvgiv mK‡j G¸‡jv cwinvi K‡iv| Avkv Kiv hvq, †Zvgiv mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|Õ28
23 Avj KziAvb, 29 : 45|

24 Avj KziAvb, 2 : 183|
25 bvBbyj AvIZvi, L. 2, c„. 161|
26 Avj KziAvb, 22 : 27-28|
27 Avj KziAvb, 2 : 179|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 95
6. gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni AšÍf©y³ Kj¨vYKi welqmg~n
gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni AšÍfy©³ Kj¨vYg~jK welq¸‡jv mvaviYZ wZb cÖKvi :
6.1. Kj¨vY we‡ePbvq gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni †gŠwjK welqvw`

Bmjvgx kixÔAvni Riæwi ev †gŠwjK D‡Ï‡kï AšÍf©y³ welq n‡jv †mme wRwbm †h¸‡jvi Ici
`ywbqv I AvwLiv‡Z gvby‡li me©v½xY Kj¨vY wbf©i K‡i Ges †h¸‡jv Qvov Zv‡ì Rxeb aŸsm,
wek„•Lj I wech©¯Í n‡q hvq|
Bgvg kvwZwe i. e‡j‡Qb, RiæwiqvZ n‡”Q †mme AZ¨vek¨Kxq welq, †h¸‡jvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z
`ywbqvq Kj¨v‡Yi mwVK c_ I MwZaviv e¨vnZ nq Ges †`Lv †`q wech©q, mxgvnxb ¶wZ I cÖvY
nviv‡bvi NUbv| Avi AvwLiv‡Z bvRvZ I †bqvgvZ nq my`~icivnZ Ges ¶wZ nIqv AeavwiZ
n‡q hvq|Õ29
Avjøvgv Be‡b Avïi i. e‡j‡Qb, ÔRiæwiqvZ n‡jv Ggb KZ¸‡jv welq †h¸‡jv GKK wKsev
mw¤§wjZfv‡e AR©b Kiv †Kv‡bv m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| Avi G¸‡jvi gv‡S ÎæwU †`Lv w`‡j
mvgvwRK wbqg-k„•Ljv h_v_©fv‡e Kvh©Ki _vK‡e bv|Õ30
Avj RyIqvBwb i., Bgvg Mvh&hvwj i. I Bgvg kvwZwe i. cÖgyL 5wU wRwbm‡K Riæwiqv‡Zi AšÍf©y³
welq wn‡m‡e kbv³ K‡i‡Qb|31 †m¸‡jv n‡jv : Øx‡bi msi¶Y Kiv (protection of faith); Rxeb
msi¶Y Kiv (protection of life); we‡eKeyw× msi¶Y Kiv (protection of intellect); eskaviv
msi¶Y Kiv (protection of posterity) Ges m¤ú` msi¶Y Kiv (protection of wealth)|
JYEH.MY<
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P~ÔC JYEH.MY< DJ

JYM ,'ExTE ²[E
HVN H\Z±
EPM $Y.M
29 Bgvg kvwZwe i., Avj-gyIqvdvKvZ, L. 2, c„. 8|

30 gynv¤§` AvZ-Zvwni Beby Avïi, cÖv¸³, c„. 43|
31 Bgvg kvwZwe i., Avj-gyIqvdvKvZ, L. 2, c„. 222|
96| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

Bmjvgx kixÔAvni D³ cuvPwU †gŠwjK I wPišÍb Riæwi welq Avj KziAvb I mybœvn& †_‡K kbv³
Kiv n‡q‡Q| G cÖm‡½ Avj KziAv‡bi eY©bvwU n‡jv :
Ô†n bex, Cgvb`vi bvixiv hLb Avcbvi Kv‡Q G‡m AvbyM‡Zï kc_ K‡i †h, Zviv Avjøvn&i
mv‡_ KvD‡K kwiK Ki‡e bv, Pwzi Ki‡e bv, e¨wfPvi Ki‡e bv, Zv‡ì mšÍvb‡ì‡K nZ¨v
Ki‡e bv, Ggb Acev` †`‡e bv hv Zviv D™¢veb K‡i Zv‡ì nvZ I cv‡qi gvSLv‡b (RviR
mšÍvb‡K ¯^vgxi Jim †_‡K AvMZ mšÍvb e‡j Acev` iUv‡e bv) Ges fv‡jv Kv‡R Avcbvi
Aeva¨Zv Ki‡e bv, ZLb Zv‡ì AvbyMZ¨ MÖnY Kiæb Ges Zv‡ì Rb¨ Avjøvn&i Kv‡Q ¶gv
cÖv_©bv Kiæb|Õ32
D³ Avqv‡Z Kvwigv QvovI G e¨vcv‡i KziAvb-mybœvn&i eû wb‡`©kbv i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b DwjøwLZ
cuvPwU †gŠwjK welq‡K msi¶Y Kivi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi GKwU n‡jv gnvb
Avjøvn&i evYx :
ÔAvcwb ejyb, G‡mv Avwg †Zvgv‡ì‡K Hme welq cvV K‡i †kvbvB, †h¸‡jv †Zvgv‡ì cÖwZcvjK
†Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ nvivg K‡i‡Qb| (†m¸‡jv n‡jv :) †Zvgiv Zuvi mv‡_ Ab¨ wKQy‡K kwiK Ki‡e
bv, wcZv-gvZvi mv‡_ m`q eënvi Ki‡e, `vwi‡`ªï f‡q †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡ì mšÍvb‡ì‡K nZ¨v
Ki‡e bv, AvwgB †Zvgv‡ì I Zv‡ì‡K wiwRK w`‡q _vwK| cÖKv‡k¨ †nvK wKsev †Mvc‡b †nvK,
Akøxj Kv‡Ri wbK‡UI hv‡e bv| Avjøvn& hvi nZ¨v wbwl× K‡i‡Qb h_v_© KviY e¨wZ‡i‡K †Zvgiv
Zv‡K nZ¨v Ki‡e bv|Õ33
gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni †gŠwjK cuvPwU wel‡qi mg_©‡b †hme nvw`m `wjj wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv
nq Zvi GKwU n‡jv wePvi wè‡m Avjøvn& ZvÔAvjv KZ©„K ewb Av`g‡K cuvPwU wel‡q cÖkœ Ki‡eb
G msµvšÍ nvw`m| ivm~jyjøvn mv. e‡j‡Qb, (wePvi wè‡m) gvby‡li cv GKwe›`y bo‡Z cvi‡e bv
hZ¶Y Zv‡K GB cuvPwU wel‡q cÖkœ Kiv bv n‡e| †m¸‡jv n‡jv : K. wb‡Ri RxebKvj †m †Kvb
Kv‡R e¨q K‡i‡Q? L. †hŠe‡bi kw³-mvg_©¨ †Kv_vq e¨q K‡i‡Q? M. ab-m¤ú` †Kv_v †_‡K
DcvR©b K‡i‡Q? N. †Kv_vq Zv e¨q K‡i‡Q? O. Ges †m hZUzKz Ávb AR©b K‡i‡Q †m Abyhvqx
Zv KZUzKz Avgj K‡i‡Q?34 D³ cuvPwU welq‡K gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni †gŠwjK cuvPwU wel‡qi
mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Kiv hvq| cÖ_gwU w`‡q Rxeb msi¶Y, wØZxqwU w`‡q eskaviv msi¶Y, Z…Zxq
I PZz_©wU w`‡q m¤ú` msi¶Y Ges cÂgwU w`‡q AvKj I wek¦vm msi¶Y Kiv‡K eySv‡bv hvq|
6.2. nvwRqvZ ev cÖ‡qvRbxq Kj¨vYKi welqvw`

nvwRqvZ n‡jv †mme wRwbm †h¸‡jv Bmjvgx kixÔAvni Riæwi welq¸‡jvi ch©vqfy³ bq eis
gvby‡li Kó I mgm¨v `~i Kiv wKsev cuvPwU Riæwi welq msi¶‡Y mnvqK I m¤ú~~iK wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i| gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK, mnR I my›ì Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ †hme wRwbm cÖ‡qvRb Ges
32 Avj KziAvb, 60 : 12|

33 Avj KziAvb, 6 : 151|
34 Rv‡g AvZ-wZiwgwR|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 97
†h¸‡jvi Afv‡e Zv‡ì‡K wewfbœ mgm¨v I `ytLK‡ói †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z nq †m¸‡jv‡K nvwRqvZ
ejv nq| RiæwiqvZ I nvwRqv‡Zi g‡a¨ g~j cv_©K¨ n‡jv : †hme wRwb‡mi Afv‡e mgv‡Ri
mevB ¶wZMÖ¯Í I mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb Zv‡K RiæwiqvZ Ges †hm‡ei Afv‡e †Kv‡bv e¨w³we‡kl
wKsev wKQymsL¨K gvbyl ¶wZ I mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq Zv‡K nvwRqvZ ejv nq|35
nvwRqv‡Zi msÁvq Bgvg kvwZwe i. e‡j‡Qb, ÔZv n‡jv †mme welq, †h¸‡jv gvbeRxe‡b
¯^v”Q›`¨ Avbqb K‡i Ges K‡VviZv, mgm¨v I Amyweav `~i K‡i| G¸‡jv D‡cw¶Z n‡j gvbyl‡K
bvbvwea Amyweav I `ytLKó †fvM Ki‡Z nq, wKš‘ G¸‡jvi cÖwZ D‡c¶vi Kvi‡Y RbKj¨v‡Yi
†¶‡Î ¯^vfvweK wech©q m„wó K‡i bv|Õ36
Be‡b Avïi i. e‡jb, ÔnvwRqvZ n‡jv †mme wRwbm †h¸‡jv mgv‡Ri ¯^v_© AR©b I myôz
eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Ges †h¸‡jv Qvov mvgvwRK k„•Ljv ïay a‡mB c‡o bv eis AKvh©Ki
n‡q hvq wKš‘ †mme wRwbm Riæwiqv‡Zi ch©vqfy³ bq|Õ37
6.3. ZvnwmwbqvZ ev †mŠ›`h©ea©K Kj¨vYg~jK welqvw`

ZvnwmwbqvZ ev †kvfvea©bKvix welq¸‡jv gvbeRxe‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨K ev cÖ‡qvRbxq bq, wKš‘
G¸‡jv gvby‡li iæwP, AvPvi-AvPiY, f`ªZv-wkóvPvi I Avivg-Av‡qk ev my›ì Rxebhvc‡bi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb|
Be‡b Avïi e‡jb, ÔZvnwmwbqvZ n‡jv †mme wRwbm †h¸‡jv mgv‡Ri Ae¯’v I mvgvwRK
k„•Ljv‡K m‡e©v”P c~Y©Zvq DbœxZ K‡i hv‡Z mgv‡Ri gvbyl kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e Rxebhvcb Ki‡Z cv‡i
Ges Ab¨ RvwZi †Pv‡L Zv‡ì RuvKRgKc~Y© Ae¯’v Ges †mŠ›`h© Zz‡j ai‡Z cv‡i|Õ38
Zvnwmwbqv‡Zi AšÍf©y³ wel‡qi g‡a¨ i‡q‡QÑmy¯^v`y Lvevi MÖnY I DËg †cvkvK cwiavb, kixi
I †cvkvK n‡Z bvcvK, gqjv cÖf…wZ `~i Kiv, me ai‡bi wkóvPvi, nvjvj I êa wejvmx wRwbm
eënvi BZ¨vw`|
7. ÔwbivcËvÕ I Ômsi¶YÕ †_‡K ÔDbœqbÕ I ÔAwaKviÕ

gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni †¶‡Î Bgvg Mvh&hvwj i. ÔAvj-wndRÕ Ges Zuvi wk¶K Avj RyqvBwb i.
ÔAvj-BmgvÕ kã eënvi K‡i‡Qb| Aviwe Dfq k‡ãi A_© n‡jv, i¶v Kiv, msi¶Y Kiv, hZœ
†bqv, ZË¡veavb Kiv, †ndvRZ Kiv BZ¨vw`| G `ywU k‡ãi mgv_©K Bs‡iwR n‡jv, safeguard,
protection, preservation cÖf…wZ| cÖK…Zc‡¶ gvbeRxe‡bi weKvk I msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î ÔAvj-
35 W. gynv¤§` Ave`yj ÔAvwZ gynv¤§` ÔAvjx, Avj gvKvwm`yk& kvixÔAvn& Iqv Avmviænv wdj wdKwnj Bmjvgx, `viæj nvw`m,
Kvq‡iv, 2007, c„. 191|
36 Bgvg kvwZwe i., cÖv¸³, L. 2, c„. 11|
98| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

wndRÕ I ÔAvj-BmgvÕ kã `ywU e¨vcK I we¯Í…Z aviYv cÖKvk Ki‡jI Kzwo kZ‡Ki †Kv‡bv
†Kv‡bv AvaywbK ¯‹jvi D³ kã `ywUi cwie‡Z© ÔDbœqbÕ (development) I ÔAwaKviÕ (right) kã
eënvi Ki‡Qb| wndR ev msi¶Y k‡ãi G weeZ©b †g‡b wb‡Z mKj gvKvwm` wekvi`M‡Yi
g‡a¨ HKgZ¨ cÖwZwôZ bv n‡jI Be‡b Avïi G †¶‡Î wPšÍvi bZzb `yqvi Ly‡j w`‡q‡Qb|
Kzwo kZ‡K Bgvg Mvh&hvwj I kvwZwei ÔwndR Avb-bmjÕ (preservation of offspring) ev
Ôeskavivi msi¶YÕ cwifvlv cvwievwiK m¤úwK©Z Z‡Ë¡ (family-oriented theory) DbœxZ nq|
Be‡b Avïi Zuvi MÖ‡š’ ÔwndR Avb-bdmÕ-Gi cwie‡Z© cvwievwiK ZË¡veavb (care for the
family)39 eënvi K‡ib| wZwb G cÖm‡½ Zuvi MÖ‡š’ ÔBmjv‡gi mvgvwRK c×wZÕ I ÔBmjvgx
AvB‡bi ˆbwZK g~j¨‡evaÕ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| GKBfv‡e Bgvg Mvh&hvwj I kvwZwei
ÔwndR Avb-bdmÕ (preservation of the soul) I ÔwndR Avj-DiæRÕ (preservation of
honor) cwifvlv m¤cÖwZKv‡j Ôgvby‡li gh©v`vi msi¶YÕ (preservation of human dignity) I
Ôgvby‡li AwaKv‡ii wbivcËvÕ (protection of human rights) wn‡m‡e eënv‡ii Ici †Rvi w`‡Z
†`Lv hv‡”Q| Abyiƒcfv‡e ÔwndR Avj-AvKjÕ (preservation of mind)-†K Av‡M †hLv‡b ïay
gv`KZv wbqš¿‡Yi g‡a¨ mxwgZ Kiv n‡Zv †mLv‡b eZ©gv‡b D³ cwifvlvi eënvi ÔweÁvbm¤§Z
wPšÍvfvebvÕ, ÔÁv‡bi Rb¨ ågYÕ, ÔK‡Vvi gvbwmKZvi cwinviÕ BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î m¤cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Z
†`Lv hvq|
GKBfv‡e Mvh&hvwj I kvwZwei ÔwndR Av`-ØxbÕ (preservation of religion) cwifvlvi
cwie‡Z© eZ©gv‡b Ôwek¦v‡mi ¯^vaxbZvÕ (freedom of belief) cwifvlv eënvi Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq|
Abyiƒc ÔwndR Avj-gvjÕ (preservation of wealth) cwifvlvi †¶‡Î ÔmvgvwRK mn‡hvwMZv
(social assistance), ÔA_©‰bwZK Dbœqb (economic development)Õ ÔA‡_©i cÖevnÕ (flow of
money), ÔmgvRKj¨vYÕ (wellbeing of society), ÔA_©‰bwZK ¯Í‡ii cv_©‡Kï µgn«vmgvbZv
(diminishing the difference between economic levels)Õ BZ¨vw` cwifvlv eënvi Ki‡Z
†`Lv hvq|40
1948 mv‡ji 10 wW‡m¤î RvwZm•N mve©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi †NvlYv K‡i| Gici 1981 mv‡ji
19 †m‡Þ¤î wek¦ Bmjvgx cwil` ÔAvj gyÕZvgvi Avj AvÔjvwgj BmjvgxÕ gvbevwaKvimsµvšÍ
AvšÍR©vwZK aviv-Dcaviv¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i gvbevwaKv‡ii GKwU †NvlYv cÖ`vb K‡i|
1990 mv‡j IAvBwm wdKvn A¨vKv‡Wwg GKwU gvbevwaKvi `wjj ˆZwi K‡i| G `wj‡j 25wU
avivq KziAvb-mybœvn&i Av‡jv‡K gvbevwaKvi †NvlYv Kiv nq| G †NvlYvcÎ RvwZm•N †NvwlZ
gvbevwaKv‡ii 30wU avivi A‡bK aviv‡KB mg_©b K‡i| Bmjvgx `„wó‡KvY †_‡K gvbevwaKvi
†NvlYvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z wKQymsL¨K †mKzjvi cwÐZ Gi g‡a¨ a‡g©i MÜ Av‡Q e‡j D‡ØM cÖKvk
K‡ib| Avevi Zv‡ì A‡b‡KB gvKvwm`wfwËK gvbevwaKvi †NvlYv‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbvb GB e‡j
†h, GUv mve©Rbxb gvbevwaKv‡ii †¶‡Î BwZevPK bZzb gvÎv †hvM K‡i‡Q, hv ¯^M©xq ¸‡Yi
Avavi †_‡K DrmvwiZ| gvbevwaKvi cwicvj‡bi †¶‡Î GwU ˆbwZK bZzb †cÖlYv e‡j Zviv

40 AvI`v, c„.24|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 99
gšÍe¨ K‡ib| KwZcq M‡elK gvbevwaKvi Ges gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni g‡a¨ †hme AmgvÄm¨
i‡q‡Q Zv `~ixKi‡Y civgk© cÖ`vb K‡ib|41
D³ Av‡jvPbvi wfwË‡Z ejv hvq, gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni AšÍfy©³ welq¸‡jv †hgbÑ Øxb, cÖvY,
eyw× I eskavivi msi¶Y‡K eZ©gv‡b Gme wel‡qi Dbœq‡bi A‡_© eëüZ n‡”Q| †hgb ÔwndR
Avb-bdmÕ welqwU eZ©gv‡b Ôgvbem¤ú` DbœqbÕ I ÔgvbevwaKvi cÖwZôviÕ A‡_© weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q|
8. gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi aviYv

gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb GKwU eûgvwÎK
aviYv| mvaviYZ gvby‡li m¶gZv AYn
e„w× I cÖmvi, wk¶v I Avqe„w×g~jK $H.Y9YgJY $BiEZ=.
m~P‡Ki e„w×‡K gvbe Dbœqb ejv
nq| cÖK…Zc‡¶ gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK, PYJYZ5. F°NYPZE.
ivR‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK, mvgvwRK
m‡e©vcwi Rxebgv‡bi Dbœqb‡K
AYn
gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv
ZNÙY PYVkeZ=.
nq|
gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi GKwU c~Y©v½
msÁv †`qvi †Póv K‡i‡Q United FZLgHN LY5iEZ=.
Nations Industrial Development

$YDYZ=. hEZ=.
Organization| ms¯’vwUi g‡Z,
gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb ej‡Z gvby‡li
msMwVZ Dbœqb‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q hvi P~ovšÍ D‡Ïk¨ I j¶¨ n‡jv RvZxq Dbœqb| GwU A_©‰bwZK
I wkímsµvšÍ me w`K †hgbÑ e¨w³MZ ¶gZvi Dbœqb, Drcv`b ¶gZv I m„Rbkxj ¶gZv
e„w× Ges wk¶v, cÖwk¶Y I M‡elYvi gva¨‡g †bZ…‡Z¡i Kvh©vewj Abykxjb‡K AšÍfz©³ K‡i|42
Bmjv‡g gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi aviYv Av‡iv m¤úªmvwiZ I we¯Í…Z hv gvby‡li Ava¨vwZ¥K I
êlwqK-e¯‘MZ me w`K I wefvM‡K AšÍfz©³ K‡i| Bmjv‡g Dbœq‡bi A_© mvwe©Kfv‡e gvby‡li
cÖvK…wZK I gvbwmK, ˆbwZK I êlwqK Dbœqb Ges mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœqb|43
Bmjv‡g gvbem¤ú‡ì Dbœqb g~j¨‡evam¤úbœ, hv Bmjvgx kixÔAvni j¶¨-D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_
m½wZc~Y©| Bmjvgx kixÔAvni D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Kj¨vY| AZGe gvby‡li me©v½xY Kj¨vYmva‡bi
Rb¨ †h mvgvwRK cwieZ©b I cybM©Vb mvwaZ nq Zv-B Dbœqb|
41 AvI`v, c„. 23|

42 Bmjvg iwdK, wnDg¨vb wi‡mvm© †W‡fjc‡g›U Bb iæivj †W‡fjc‡g›U Bb evsjv‡`k, b¨vkbvj BÝwUwUDU Ae †jvKvj
Mfb©‡g›U, XvKv-1990, c„. 72|
43 gvIjvbv gynv¤§` Ave`yi inxg, Bmjv‡gi A_©bxwZ, Lvqiæ cÖKvkbx, 1977, c„. 309|
100| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

ms‡¶‡c ejv hvq, Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z Dbœqb n‡jv e¨w³, cwievi, mgvR I iv‡óªi me©Î Bmjvgx
kixÔAvni j¶¨-D‡Ï‡kï AR©b| GB j¶¨-D‡Ï‡kï AR©b hZUv †ewk n‡e ivóª ZZ DbœZ n‡e
Ges ivóª GB j¶¨-D‡Ïk¨ †_‡K hZ `~‡i m‡i hv‡e ZZ AbybœZ n‡e|
9. gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb I gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn

gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni Nwbô I wbweo m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| gnvb Avjøvn&
gvbyl‡K c„w_ex‡Z cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i `vwqZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| G `vwqZ¡ m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Zvi AvwZ¥K,
gvbwmK, ˆbwZK I kvixwiK DbœwZ cÖ‡qvRb| †Kbbv, †hvM¨ I mej Ges A‡hvM¨ I `ye©j mgvb
f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni `vwe n‡jv gvby‡li mvwe©K DbœwZ I
weKvkmva‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡K †hvM¨ I mej K‡i †Zvjv| gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi ¸iæ‡Z¡i welqwU
Abyaveb Kiv hvq ivm~jyjøvn& mv.-Gi evYx †_‡K| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, Ôkw³gvb Cgvb`vi Avjøvn&i
wbKU `ye©j Cgvb`v‡ii †P‡q AwaK DËg I wcÖq| Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki g‡a¨B Kj¨vY wbwnZ Av‡Q,
hv‡Z †Zvgvi DcKvi i‡q‡Q Zv AR©‡b Zzwg AvMÖnx nI Ges Avjøvn&i Kv‡Q mvnvh¨ Kvgbv K‡iv|
Zzwg A¶g n‡qv bv|Õ44
gvbyl n‡jv Dbœq‡bi P~ovšÍ I cÖavb gva¨g Ges ZvivB n‡jv mg„w×i ¯’cwZ (architect)| gnvb
Avjøvn& e‡jb, Ôwbðq Avjøvn& ZZ¶Y ch©šÍ †Kv‡bv RvwZi Ae¯’v cwieZ©b K‡ib bv hZ¶Y bv
Zviv wb‡Riv wb‡R‡ì Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b K‡i|Õ45
A_©‰bwZK mg„w× I mvgvwRK Kj¨vY AR©‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wba©viK n‡jv gvbem¤ú`| Bmjvg
gvby‡li †ckvMZ `¶Zv I mZZv m„wó K‡i Zv‡K m¤ú‡` cwiYZ Ki‡Z Pvq| Bmjv‡g GKRb
e¨w³i KvR‡K Bev`Z e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges †m KvR m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨Zv AR©b Kiv‡K
diR wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
10. Kj¨vYmvab I AKj¨vY eR©‡b gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni Dcv`vb

Kj¨vYmvab I ¶wZeR©‡b gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni Dcv`vb eûgvwÎK| GwU †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
msL¨vi †fZi mxgve× bq| cÖvPxb I AvaywbK hy‡Mi gyRZvwn`, Bgvg I dwKnMY KziAvb-
mybœvn& M‡elYvc~e©K kixÔAvni eû j¶¨-D‡Ïk¨ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Bgvg Mvh&hvwj i. I Zuvi
wk¶K Bgvgyj nvivgvBb Avey Avj-gvÔAvwj Avj-RyqvBwb i. Øxb, cÖvY, eyw×, esk I m¤ú`
msi¶Y‡K Bmjvgx kixÔAvni IqvwRech©v‡qi D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| c‡i Bgvg
kvwZwe i. Zuv‡ì GB ZvwjKv‡K mg_©b K‡i‡Qb Ges G¸‡jv‡K kixÔAvni g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e
e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y †hme welq‡K †ndvRZ Ki‡Z n‡e †m¸‡jv
cuvPwU : Øxb, cÖvY, esk, m¤ú` I eyw×| Gme wRwb‡mi †ndvRZ Kiv IqvwRe nIqvi welqwU
AKvU¨ `wjj Øviv cÖgvwYZ|
44 mwnn gymwjg, wKZveyj K¡ì, evey wdj Avgwi wej KzIqvwZ Iqv ZviwKj Av¾wh...|
45 Avj KziAvb, 13 : 11|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 101

Gg. Dgi Pvcov Zuvi ÔThe Islamic Vision of Development in the Light of Maqasid Al-
ShariàhÕ kxl©K iPbvq D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, Bgvg Mvh&hvwj I kvwZwe i. mgw_©Z D³ cuvPwU welqB
ïay kixÔAvni D‡Ïk¨ bq, eis KziAvb-mybœvn& I Bmjvgx kixÔAvn we‡lkÁM‡Yi wPšÍvaviv Av‡iv
A‡bK D‡Ïk¨-j‡¶ï mv¶¨ †`q| Z‡e D³ cuvPwU wel‡qi msi¶Y‡K g~j ev cÖv_wgK D‡Ïk¨ ejv
†h‡Z cv‡i, Avi Ab¨¸‡jv‡K Avbylw½K ev AbyMvgx (corollary) D‡Ïk¨ ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avevi
KL‡bv KL‡bv Gme Avbylw½K D‡Ïk¨ g~j D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Avek¨K n‡q ùvovq| G Kvi‡Y
Avbylw½K D‡Ï‡kï ¸iæZ¡I Acwimxg| mg‡qi eëav‡b Avbylw½K D‡Ïk¨ cwiewZ©Z n‡q _v‡K|
ZvB wZwb e‡jb, mgq cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q Ges gvby‡li Pvwn`v I cÖ‡qvR‡b cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| d‡j
Avgv‡ì‡K eZ©gv‡bi Av‡jv‡K kixÔAvni D‡Ïk¨vewj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e|46
cÖvPxb MÖš’vw` Zvjvk Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, ZLbKvi mg‡qI kixÔAvni D‡Ïk¨ ïay D³ cuvPwU
wel‡qi g‡a¨B mxgve× wQj bv| eis †m mgq Av‡iv eû welq‡KB gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni
AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡qwQj| †hgb, wknve DwÏb Avj-Kvivwd gvby‡li m¤§vb i¶v Kiv‡K (protection
of honour) Bgvg Mvh&hvwj i.-Gi we`¨gvb D³ ZvwjKvq †hvM K‡ib| Bebyj KvBwq¨g i.
Av`j ev b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôv (establishing justice), mgvRKj¨vY msi¶Y (protection of social
welfare) Ges Ab¨vq I AmvgvwRK Kvh©Kjv‡ci wbwl×KiY‡K (prohibition of injustice and
unsocial activities) gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn&i AšÍf©y³ K‡ib|
m¤¢eZ Bgvg Be‡b ZvBwgqv i.-B cÖ_g e¨w³ whwb gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni we`¨gvb ZvwjKvi
mv‡_ eû bZzb welq †hvM K‡ib| wZwb Pzw³ m¤úv`b, AvZ¥xqZvi eÜb msi¶Y, cÖwZ‡ekxi
AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b BZ¨vw` welq †h¸‡jv `ywbqvi mv‡_ mswkøó Ges Avjøvn&i cÖwZ
fv‡jvevmv, AvšÍwiKZv, mZZv, AvwZ¥K cwiïw× BZ¨vw` †h¸‡jv AvwLiv‡Zi mv‡_ RwoZ, Gi
meB gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡ib|47
iwk` wiRv †hme welq‡K gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡ib †m¸‡jv n‡jv : wek¦v‡mi
¯Í¤¢mg~‡ni cybM©Vb (reform of the pillars of faith), GB m‡PZbZvi we¯Ívi †h Bmjvg n‡jv
weï× cÖvK…wZK cÖeYZv, hyw³, Ávb, cÖÁv, cix¶v I ¯^vaxbZvi ag© Ges mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK
I A_©‰bwZK cybM©Vb Ges bvixi AwaKvi cÖwZôv Kiv|48
wesk kZvãxi weL¨vZ cwÐZ AvZ-Zvwni Beby Avïi KziAvb-mybœvn& M‡elYv K‡i gvKvwm`
Avk&kixÔAvn kbv³ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb k„•Ljv (orderliness), mvg¨ (equality), ¯^vaxbZv
(freedom) I wdZivZ ev LuvwU ¯^fvea‡g©i msi¶Y‡K (preservation pure natural disposition)
gvKvwm‡ì AšÍf©y³ K‡ib|49
46 Gg. Dgi Pvcov, w` BmjvwgK wfkb Ae †W‡fjc‡g›U Ab w` jvBU Ae gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&, jÛb : B›Uvib¨vkbvj
BÝwUwUDU Ae BmjvwgK _U (AvBAvBAvBwU), 2008, c„. 7|
47 †gvnv¤§` nvwkg Kvgvwj, gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn †gW wm¤új, jÛb : B›Uvib¨vkbvj BÝwUwUDU Ae BmjvwgK _U
(AvBAvBAvBwU), 2009, c„. 8|
48 Rv‡mi AvI`v, gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn& A¨vR wd‡jvmwd Ae BmjvwgK jÕ, w` B›Uvib¨vkbvj Bbw÷wUDU Ae BmjvwgK
_U, jÛb, 2008, c„. 6|
49 Rv‡mi AvI`v, cÖv¸³, c„. 6|.

W. BDmyd Avj Kvihvwf gvby‡li wek¦v‡mi msi¶Y, gh©v`v I AwaKvi cÖwZôv (maintaining
human dignity and rights), Bev`‡Zi cÖwZ AvnŸvb (calling people to worship), ˆbwZK
g~j¨‡ev‡ai msi¶Y (restoring moral values), fv‡jv cwievi MVb (building good families),
bvix‡ì mv‡_ fv‡jv eënvi (treating women fairly), kw³kvjx Bmjvgx RvwZ MVb (building
a strong Islamic nation), mn‡hvwMZvc~Y© wek¦MVb (cooperative world) BZ¨vw`‡K gvKvwm`
Avk&kixÔAvni AšÍf©y³ K‡ib|50
AwZ m¤cÖwZ Dgi Pvcov Ab¨‡ì g‡Zv gymwjg we‡k¦i Av_©mgvwRK Dbœq‡b gvKvwm`
Avk&kixÔAvni Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib| Zviv kixÔAvni D‡Ïk¨-j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨
bxwZwba©viK‡ì mnvqZvi D‡Ï‡k¨ gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni Ici Z_¨fvÐvi cÖwZôvi K_v
e‡jb| †h Z_¨fvÐvi ïay gvbe Dbœq‡bi Av_©mvgvwRK w`K¸‡jvB †`L‡e bv; eis gvbweK
g~j¨‡eva, bxwZ-ˆbwZKZv, cwievi, Øxb ev wek¦vm BZ¨vw` w`K‡KI AšÍf©y³ K‡i gymwjg we‡k¦i
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mvwe©K bxwZgvjv cÖYq‡b mnvqZv Ki‡e| Zviv Bmjvgx kixÔAvni j¶¨¸‡jv‡K
ïay GKwU wbw`©ó f~LÐ ev †`‡ki Ae¯’vi Av‡jv‡K bv †`‡L wek¦cwiw¯’wZi Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY
Kivi Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib|
11. gvKvwm‡ì Av‡jv‡K gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb I weKv‡ki Dcv`vb

K¬vwmK¨vj Bmjvgx ¯‹jvi‡ì g‡Z, gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn Av‡jv‡K gvby‡li me©v½xY
Kj¨vYmva‡bi Rb¨ cÖavbZ cuvPwU welq †hgbÑ Rxeb, Øxb, Ávb, esk I m¤ú` msi¶‡Yi
K_v ejv nq| wKš‘ gvby‡li AwfÁZv, M‡elYv, wPšÍv-†PZbv I weÁvb-cÖhyw³i DbœwZi mv‡_
mv‡_ gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi aviYviI cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q| d‡j AvaywbK ¯‹jvi‡ì g‡Z, Bmjv‡gi
`„wó‡Z gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi Avbylw½K welq¸‡jvi †¶‡ÎI †hvM n‡q‡Q wewfbœ bZzb welq| ZvB
ejv hvq, gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni Av‡jv‡K gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jv eûgvwÎK Ges
eû avivq wef³| Gme Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ †hgb i‡q‡Q, gvby‡li Rxe‡bi Rb¨ ¶wZKi me welq
†_‡K Zv‡K wbivcËv †`qv, †Zgwb i‡q‡Q Zvi weKvk I Kj¨v‡Yï Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq me Dcv`vb|
gvbeRxe‡bi Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi welq‡qi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Zvi A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb, wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨, cywó,
cwi‡ek, Rxebgvb Avevi Zvi weKv‡ki †¶‡Î cÖwZeÜK wel‡qi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, Ab¨vq, Ryjyg,
Kzms¯‹vi BZ¨vw` †bwZevPK welq hv `~i Kiv Riæwi| Rxeb msi¶‡Yi welq¸‡jv‡K `yÕfv‡M
fvM Kiv hvq :
µwgK DcKvix ev Kj¨vYKi wRwbm AR©b Kiv ¶wZKi wRwbm `~i Kiv
01 my¯^v¯’¨ Rxe‡bi Ici AvµgY (wb‡Ri ev A‡bï Øviv)
02 DbœZ Rxebgvb N„Y¨ Aciva
03 cwiwgZ †fvM m¤§vb I gh©v`vnvwb
04 gh©v`v, AvZ¥m¤§vb, åvZ…Z¡ I mvg¨ ¶wZ (wb‡Ri ev A‡bï Øviv)
50 Rv‡mi AvI`v, cÖv¸³, c„. 7|

µwgK DcKvix ev Kj¨vYKi wRwbm AR©b Kiv ¶wZKi wRwbm `~i Kiv
05 Av`j ev b¨vqwePvi AmyL
06 Ava¨vwZ¥K I ˆbwZK DbœwZ A¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡ek
07 ¯^vaxbZv ¶zav
08 wk¶vi Dbœqb `vwi`ª¨
09 Kg©ms¯’vb I AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb fq I wbivcËvnxbZv
10 Avq I m¤ú‡ì mylg eÈb Aciva I `yb©xwZ †iva
Gg. Dgi Pvcov Bmjvgx kixÔAvni GKwU g~j D‡Ïk¨ wndR Avb-bdm ev Rxeb msi¶‡Yi
†¶‡Î gvbeKj¨vY-mvab I Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì Rxeb‡K c~Y©iƒ‡c weKwkZ Kivi Rb¨ 14wU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`v‡bi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †m¸‡jv n‡jv :51
1. gh©v`v (dignity), AvZ¥m¤§vb, åvZ…Z¡ I mvg¨
2. Av`j (justice) ev b¨vqwePvi
3. Ava¨vwZ¥K I ˆbwZK DbœwZ (spiritual and moral uplift)
4. Rvbgv‡ji wbivcËv (security of life and property)
5. ¯^vaxbZv (freedom)
6. wk¶v (education)
7. mykvmb (good governance)
8. Pvwn`v c~iY (need fulfilment)
9. Kg©ms¯’vb I AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb
10. Avq I m¤ú‡ì mylg eÈb
11. weevn I mšÍvb cÖwZcvjb
12. cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK msnwZ
13. Aciva I `yb©xwZ †iva
14. gvbwmK cÖkvwšÍ I myL|
11.1. wndR Avb-bdm ev Rxeb msi¶Y

gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi cÖ_‡gB Av‡m gvby‡li Rxe‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ i¶v Kiv| Av‡M †eu‡P _vKvi wbðqZv
Zvici Av‡m Zvi myß cÖwZfv weKv‡ki K_v| G Rb¨ Bmjvgx kixÔAvn wndR Avb-bdm ev
gvby‡li Rxeb msi¶Y‡K AZ¨waK ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q _v‡K| wndR Avb-bdm ev Rxeb msi¶Y ej‡Z
m¤§vwbZ I gh©v`vevb gvby‡li Rxeb i¶v‡K eySv‡bv nq| cÖK…Zc‡¶ gvbeRxe‡bi msi¶Y I
weKv‡k gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni cwiwa e¨vcK I we¯Í…Z|
51 Gg. Dgi Pvcov, cÖv¸³ c„. 9|

RxebmËvi †ndvRZ ev wbivc` i¶Yv‡e¶Y `yÕfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_gZ, Rxe‡bi Rb¨ ¶wZKi
me wKQy †_‡K Rxeb‡K i¶v Kiv| GwU‡K msi¶Yg~jK eë¯’v (protective activity) ejv nq|
wØZxqZ, mgv‡R emevmKvix gvby‡li Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi gva¨‡g Z‡ì ¯^vfvweK weKvkaviv mgybœZ
ivLv| GwU‡K mn‡hvwMZvg~jK eë¯’v (supportive activity) ejv nq|
bdm ev Rxeb i¶vi cÖ_g `vwe n‡jv, gvbyl‡K nZ¨v bv Kiv Ges Zvi A½-cÖZ¨½ KZ©b
ev RLgmn me ai‡bi mxgvj•Nb †_‡K Zv‡K i¶v Kiv| wØZxqZ, gvbyl‡K Acev` †`qv,
Mvjg›` Kiv I Zvi gh©v`vi Rb¨ nvwbKi Ggb me ai‡bi mxgvj•Nb †_‡K Zv‡K i¶v Kiv|
Z…ZxqZ, gvby‡li Kg©, wPšÍv, AwfgZ I emev‡mi ¯^vaxbZv i¶v Kiv| PZz_©Z, gvby‡li Rxebaviv
weKv‡ki myeë¯’v Kiv|
cÖK…Zc‡¶ gvbeRvwZi Aw¯ÍZ¡, weKvk I m¤§vb i¶vi hveZxq welq wndR Avb-bd‡mi g‡a¨
kvwgj i‡q‡Q| Av‡iv ms‡¶‡c ejv hvq, Rxeb msi¶Y n‡jv mgv‡R emevmKvix wewPÎ ¯^fve
I êwkó¨gwÐZ gvby‡li wbivcËv, k„•Ljv I weKvkaviv mgybœZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì‡K mywbw`©ó
j¶¨ I D‡Ï‡k¨ †cuŠQv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v Kiv, hv‡Z Zv‡ì Rxebavivq †Kv‡bviƒc ûgwK,
fxwZ I ¶wZi cwiw¯’wZ m„wó bv nq|
Rxe‡bi msi¶Y ej‡Z ïay Rxeb euvPv‡bv bq| Avevi ïay Rxe‡bi we`¨gvb Ae¯’vi AebwZ
†_‡K myi¶vi g‡a¨B mxgve× bq; eis Rxe‡bi we`¨gvb Ae¯’vi DbœwZ I DrKl©mvab‡KI
AšÍf©y³ K‡i| Z‡e Rxe‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ i¶v Kiv gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni b~¨bZgch©vq|
11.2. eyw×-we‡e‡Ki msi¶Y

eyw×e„wËi DrKl© gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| gvKvwm`
Avk&kixÔAvni GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq wndR Avj-AvKj ev eyw×-we‡e‡Ki msi¶Y ej‡Z
eySvq gvby‡li eyw×-we‡eK‡K åvšÍ AvwK`v-wek¦vm I wPšÍv-†PZbv †_‡K i¶v Kiv| †Kbbv,
åvšÍ AvwK`v-wek¦vm, evwZj gZv`k© I wPšÍvavivi †bwZevPK cÖfv‡e we‡eKevb e¨w³I mgv‡Ri
†evSv, g‡›ì Drm I ¶wZi KviY n‡q hvq| hvi AvKj myôz I weKvigy³, †m †`k, RvwZ I
mgv‡Ri Kj¨v‡Y f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i Avi hvi AvKj weåvšÍ I webó †m mgv‡Ri †evSv¯îƒc|
AvKj ev eyw× n‡jv Ggb ¶gZvi mgwó hvi gva¨‡g D‡Ïk¨c~Y©fv‡e mwVK KvRwU Kiv hvq,
hyw³c~Y©fv‡e wPšÍv Kiv hvq Ges h_v_©fv‡e mZ¨‡K Dcjwä Kiv hvq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, eyw×
n‡jv e¨w³i Ggb GKwU ¶gZv ev †hvM¨Zvi mgwó hvi Øviv †m RMr I Rxeb m¤ú‡K© mwVK
Ávb jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i, wewfbœ NUbvi mgš^q mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges mgm¨vi mgvav‡b mwVK
wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
eyw×-we‡eK gnvb Avjøvn&-cÖ`Ë GKwU eo wbqvgZ| g~jZ AvK‡ji Kvi‡YB gvbyl‡K Ab¨ me
cÖvYxi Ici †kªôZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi G Kvi‡YB gvby‡li Ici gnvb Avjøvn& kixÔAvn
cwicvj‡bi ¸iæ`vwqZ¡ Ac©Y K‡i‡Qb| Avj KziAv‡b eûevi gnvb Avjøvn& we‡eKm¤úbœ †jvK‡ì
m‡¤^vab K‡i‡Qb Ges Zuvi wb`k©bvewj wb‡q wPšÍv-M‡elYv Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| gnvb

Avjøvn& e‡jb, Ôwbtm‡›`‡n G‡Z †evakw³m¤úbœ m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q wb`k©b|Õ52 ÔGgwbfv‡e
Avwg †evakw³m¤úbœ †jvK‡ì wbKU wb`k©bvw` wek`vKv‡i eY©bv Kwi|Õ53 ÔGKgvÎ †evam¤úbœ
†jv‡KivB eyS‡Z cv‡i|Õ54
AvKj ev eyw×i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© Bgvg Mvh&hvwj i. e‡jb, ÔAvKj n‡jv cÖevwnZ Sibvavivi
g‡Zv Ges GwU Áv‡bi wfwË| e„¶ †_‡K †hgb dj, m~h© †_‡K †hgb Av‡jv Ges bqb †_‡K
†hgb `„wói DrcwË †Zgwb AvKj †_‡K Áv‡bi DrcwË|55
weKj AvKjm¤úbœ e¨w³ mgv‡Ri †evSv¯îƒc| Avq-†ivRMvi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †m mgv‡Ri
†Kv‡bv Kv‡R Av‡m bv| eis †m mgv‡Ri Ici AwZwi³ Pvc m„wó K‡i| G Rb¨ AvK‡ji
msi¶Y I weKvk cÖ‡qvRb|
11.3. wk¶vMZ Dbœqb

wk¶vB RvwZi †giæ`Ð| ZvB gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b wk¶vi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| ejv n‡q _v‡K †h,
ÁvbB kw³ Avi wk¶v n‡jv ÁvbvR©‡bi gva¨g| cÖK…Zc‡¶ wk¶v gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi GKwU
†gŠwjK Dcv`vb| Ávb, `¶Zv, gvbwmKZv I eyw×gËvi Dbœqb I weKv‡k wk¶vi f~wgKv A¯^xKvi
Kivi Dcvq †bB| gvby‡li myß cÖwZfvi weKvk I we‡kl we‡kl †¶‡Î ˆbcyY¨ AR©‡bi cÖwk¶‡Yi
†¶‡Î wk¶vB wfwË ¯’vcb K‡i †`q| G Qvov gvbyl‡K m‡PZb K‡i, we‡eK-eyw×‡K RvMÖZ K‡i,
mgvR I mf¨Zvi M‡o †Zvjvi †¶‡Î wk¶vi Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©|
gvbyl‡K mf¨ K‡i M‡o †Zvjv I Zv‡ì mvwe©K Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Bmjvg mevi Rb¨ wk¶v AR©b
Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK K‡i‡Q| wk¶vi gva¨‡g cÖ‡Z¨‡K Zvi AvKj-eyw× weKv‡ki my‡hvM cvq, hv
w`‡q mgvR I ivóª jvfevb n‡q _v‡K| wk¶vi gva¨‡g ÁvbvR©‡bi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`v‡bi welqwU
D‡V G‡m‡Q Avj KziAv‡bi cÖ_g AeZxY© AvqvZ¸‡jv‡ZB| †hLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔcvV Kiæb
Avcbvi i‡ei bv‡g whwb m„wó K‡i‡Qb|Õ56 G Qvov cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rb¨ ÁvbvR©b eva¨Zvg~jK K‡i
ivm~jyjøvn& mv. e‡j‡Qb, ÔcÖ‡Z¨K gymwj‡gi Ici ÁvbvR©b Kiv diR|Õ57 AvKj weKv‡ki Rb¨
†hgb `xwb wk¶v AR©‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q †Zgwb gvby‡li cwic~Y© Kj¨vYmva‡bi Rb¨
weÁvb I cÖhyw³MZ wk¶vI cÖ‡qvRb|
53 Avj KziAvb, 30 : 28|
54 Avj KziAvb, 29 : 43|
55 Bgvg Mvh&hvwj i., GnBqvD DjywgÏxb, cÖv¸³, gw`bv cvewj‡KkÝ, 2010, L. 1, c„. 195|
57 Be‡b gvhvn|

11.4. eskaviv msi¶Y I cvwievwiK eÜb
eskaviv †ndvRZ Kiv gvbeRvwZi Rb¨ AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU welq| Gi gva¨‡gB c„w_ex‡Z
gvby‡li Avev` Pj‡Q eûKvj a‡i| gvbweK ms¯‹…wZi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ges c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li wLjvdZ
ev cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi avivevwnKZv wbf©i K‡i eske„w× I cÖRb¥cÖwµqv myôzfv‡e
cwiPvjbvi Ici| G Rb¨ eskaviv msi¶Y Kiv Avek¨K|
bvix-cyiæ‡li cweÎ wgj‡bi gva¨‡g gvby‡li eskaviv e¨vcKfv‡e we¯Ívi Kiv gnvb Avjøvn&i
cwiKíbv| c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li eskaviv msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ Bmjvg bvix-cyiæ‡li cweÎ wgj‡bi
Rb¨ weev‡ni eë¯’v K‡i‡Q| eskaviv msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î Avj KziAv‡b ewY©Z Avjøvn&i evYx,
Ô†Zvgv‡ì ¯¿xiv †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ km¨‡¶Î|Õ58 G Avqv‡Z ¯¿x‡K km¨‡¶Î wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ
Kivi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv ¯¿xi ˆbKU¨ jv‡fi gva¨‡g mšÍvb Rb¥ †`qv| †Kbbv, km¨‡¶‡Îi
Avmj D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Zv Pvlvev‡ì gva¨‡g dmj Drcv`b Kiv|
eskaviv msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ ïay eû gvbyl Rb¥ wb‡jB n‡e bv| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ _vK‡Z n‡e HK¨, msnwZ,
fv‡jvevmv, cweÎ eÜb Ges Avjøvn&i B”Qv ev¯Íevq‡b kvixwiK, gvbwmK, ˆbwZK I eyw×e„wËK
†hvM¨Zv| Gme †hvM¨Zv AR©‡b Bmjv‡gi cvwievwiK Rxebeë¯’v Avkvbyiƒc dj cÖ`vb K‡i|
11.5. ˆbwZKZv I g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKv‡k Øx‡bi msi¶Y

ˆbwZKZv I BwZevPK g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wb‡`©kK| †Kv‡bv
gvby‡li gv‡S Av`k©, DbœZ g~j¨‡eva, b¨vq‡eva, mZZv, gnvbyfeZv BZ¨vw` BwZevPK g~j¨‡ev‡ai
weKvk hZ †ewk †m ZZB mgv‡Ri Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi m¤ú` wn‡m‡e M‡o DV‡e| Avi G ai‡bi
gvby‡li msL¨v hZ evo‡e †`k ZZ Dbœq‡bi w`K GwM‡q hv‡e|
gvby‡li ˆbwZK g~j¨‡eva weKv‡ki †¶‡Î a‡g©i Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©| Avjøvn& ZvÔAvjvi c¶ †_‡K
cÖ‡Z¨KwU Øxb G‡m‡Q gvbyl‡K Dbœqb I Kj¨v‡Yi Dchy³ nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨
mnvqZv Ki‡Z| Øxb gvbyl‡K cÖK…Z gvbyl evbvq| gvby‡li cÖwZwU wPšÍv I K‡g©i Ici i‡q‡Q
Øx‡bi GK”QÎ AvwacZ¨| Zvi ¯^fve, AvPvi-AvPiY, Rxebc×wZ, wPšÍv-†PZbvi BwZevPK
cwieZ©‡bi †¶‡Î Øx‡bi cÖfve Acwimxg| ïay e¨w³Rxeb bq, mvgwóK Rxe‡bi IciI i‡q‡Q
Øx‡bi me©vZ¥K cÖfve| g‡bvweÁv‡bi †¶‡Î †h M‡elYv n‡q‡Q, Zv Avgv‡ì †Pv‡L AvOzj
w`‡q †`wL‡q w`‡q‡Q, ag© gvbwmK ¯^v¯’¨ I my‡Li Rb¨ GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb| M‡elYvi
ci M‡elYv †_‡K ¯úó n‡q‡Q †h, hviv ag©PP©v K‡i, Zviv AvZ¥nZ¨v, cvbvf¨vm, gv`Kvmw³,
ZvjvK, welYœZv BZ¨vw` mvgvwRK mgm¨vi †gvKv‡ejvq AwaKZi MÖnY‡hvM¨ I ¯^v¯’¨Ki wm×všÍ
MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| `v¤úZ¨-Rxe‡b Z…wß cvIqvi cÖavb kZ©I †h ag©wek¦vm I ag©PP©v, G mZ¨wU
†ewi‡q G‡m‡Q †mB me M‡elYv †_‡K|Õ59
58 Avj KziAvb, 2 : 223|

59 Patrick Glynn, God: The Evidence, The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason in a Post secular World, Prima Publishing,
California,1997, P.60-61.

11.6. m¤ú` msi¶Y I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb
AvaywbK Kv‡j Dbœq‡bi AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wb‡`©kK n‡jv A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb| GwU gvbem¤ú`
Dbœqb‡K Av‡iv MwZkxj K‡i| ejv hvq, A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb GKB gy`ªvi
GwcV-IwcV| A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î kixÔAvni weavb cÖ‡qv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv, gvby‡li †gŠwjK Pvwn`v
c~iY Kiv, `ytL-Kó `~i Kiv I Rxebgvb DbœZKiYmn e¨w³ I mgwói me cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Yi
gva¨‡g Zv‡ì A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vY mvab Kiv|
gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vYmva‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb m¤ú`| mgvR I mgvRfy³ cÖwZwU gvby‡li
ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi me ch©v‡qB m¤ú‡ì cÖfve e¨vcK I my`~icÖmvix| m¤ú` Qvov Rxe‡bi MwZ
¯’wei n‡q c‡o, Dbœq‡bi PvKv †_‡g hvq| m¤ú` Qvov Abœ, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wk¶v, wPwKrmv
I Ab¨vb¨ Riæwi cÖ‡qvRb c~iY Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡qI GKB K_v
cÖ‡hvR¨| cÖ‡qvRbxq m¤ú‡ì Afv‡e e¨w³Rxe‡b †b‡g Av‡m `vwi`ª¨| e¨w³`vwi‡`ªï cÖfve
mgMÖ RvwZi Ici c‡o| Gfv‡e e¨w³mgwói `vwi‡`ªï cÖfve †MvUv RvwZ‡K m¼Uvcbœ K‡i
†Zv‡j Ges RvwZ gvbgh©v`v nvivq| G Kvi‡Y m¤ú‡ì mwVK cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi welqwU D‡jøL K‡i
mywdqvb i. e‡j‡Qb, ÔeZ©gv‡b m¤ú` n‡jv nvwZqvi¯îƒc|Õ60
Ab¨ w`‡K `vwi`ª¨ gvby‡li AvwK`v-wek¦vm, ˆbwZKZv, wPšÍv‡PZbv, cwievi-cwiRb I mgv‡Ri
Ici †bwZevPK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| GgbwK m¤ú`nxb gvbyl Afv‡ei `n‡b `» n‡q wnZvwnZ
Ávb nvwi‡q Kzdzwii c‡_ cv evovq| G cÖm‡½ ivm~jyjøvn& mv. e‡j‡Qb, Ô`vwi`ª¨ gvbyl‡K Kzdzwii
c‡_ avweZ K‡i|Õ61
gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b cÖ‡qvRb m¤ú‡ì myôz eë¯’vcbv| G Kvi‡Y Bmjvgx kixÔAvn m¤ú`
msi¶Y‡K Zvi g~j j¶¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
11.7. gvby‡li †gŠwjK Pvwn`vc~iY I Rxebgvb DbœZ Kiv

mgv‡Ri me gvby‡li †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~iY I Zv‡ì Rb¨ m¤§vbRbK RxweKvi eë¯’v Kiv
Bmjvgx kixÔAvnwfwËK A_©bxwZi GKwU D‡Ïk¨| Bmjvg cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki m¤§vbRbK RxweKv wbwðZ
Kiv I `ytL-Kó jvN‡ei gva¨‡g Zv‡ì Rxebgv‡bi Dbœqb NUv‡Z Pvq| Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb Ges
Av‡iv hv hv cÖ‡qvRb Zvi eë¯’v Kiv iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡| AvaywbK hy‡M g~L©Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ wk¶vi
eë¯’v Kiv kixÔAvni D‡Ï‡kï AšÍf©y³| †Kbbv, g~L© e¨w³ Zvrch©MZfv‡e g„Z| GKBfv‡e
wPwKrmv I weev‡ni eë¯’v KivI Bmjvgx kixÔAvni g~j D‡Ïk¨-j‡¶ï AšÍfy©³|
W. Gg. Dgi Pvcov Bgvg gynv¤§` Be‡b nvhg, Bgvg kvwZwe, gvIjvbv gI`~w`, BDmyd Avj
Kvihvwfi AwfgZ wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, ÔMwie‡ì †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY
gymwjg mgv‡Ri mw¤§wjZ `vwqZ¡ (di‡R wKdvqv)|62
60 Bgvg KziZzwe, Avj-RvwgD wj-AvnKvwgj KziAvb, Altafsir.com, AvqvZzZ `vwqb (m~iv Avj evKvivn : AvqvZ-282-
283)-Gi e¨vL¨v `ªóe¨|
61 Avj-gyËvKx Avj-wn›`x, Kvbhyj D¤§vj, Aa¨vq : Avh-hvKvZ, Aby‡”Q` : Avj-dvKiæj BmwZivwi, êiæZ : gyqvm&mvmvZzi
wimvjvn, 1989, L. 6, nw`m bs-16682|
62 W. Gg Dgi Pvcov, Bmjvg I A_©‰bwZK P¨v‡jÄ, cÖv¸³, c„. 200|

11.8. gvb-m¤£‡gi wbivcËv weavb
gvbm¤§v‡bi wbðqZv gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wb‡`©kK| Bmjvgx kixÔAvn gvby‡li gvb-
m¤§vb B¾Z-Aveiæ msi¶‡Yi wbðqZv †`q| gvby‡li Kv‡Q Zvi Rxeb I m¤ú` LyeB wcÖq|
Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv Zvi Rxeb I m¤ú‡ì †P‡q gvbgh©v`v eo n‡q †`Lv †`q| Bmjvgx
kixÔAvn& cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i gvbm¤§vb I B¾Z-Aveiæi wbivcËvweav‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY
K‡i Ges †hme welq G¸‡jv‡K ¶zYœ K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K wbwl× K‡i|
gvbweK gh©v`vi ¯^xK…wZ I g~j¨vqb Bmjvgx kixÔAvni GKwU we‡kl w`K| e¨w³‡Z¡i g~j¨vqb
I gh©v`vi ¯^xK…wZi gva¨‡g cÖK…Z b¨vqwePvi cÖwZwôZ nq, gvby‡li myß cÖwZfvi weKvk N‡U
I AvZ¥wek¦vm M‡o I‡V| Bmjvg RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l gvbeZvi †kªôZ¡ I gh©v`v ¯^xKvi
K‡i‡Q| G m¤ú‡K© gnvb Avjøvn& e‡jb, ÔAvwg †Zv ewb Av`g‡K gh©v`v `vb K‡iwQ|Õ63
11.9. Av`j ev b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôv

b¨vqwePvi ev AvB‡bi kvmbnxb Dbœqb gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| G Rb¨ b¨vqwePvi Dbœq‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wb‡`©kK| e¨w³, mgvR I iv‡óªi me©¯Í‡i
Av`j I Bbmvd cÖwZôv Kiv Bmjvgx kixÔAvni GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© D‡Ïk¨| mywePvi Qvov gvby‡li
m¤§vb, AvZ¥m¤§vb, åvZ…Z¡, mvgvwRK mvg¨ m‡e©vcwi gvby‡li me©v½xY Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kiv hvq bv|
GKwU mgvR I iv‡óªi DbœwZ I mg„w× wbf©i K‡i AvB‡bi kvm‡bi Ici| AvB‡bi kvmb Qvov
`y‡ói `gb I wk‡ói cvjb m¤¢e bq| b¨vqwePvinxb mgv‡R nvbvnvwb, i³cvZ Qwo‡q covi
Kvi‡Y †m RvwZ aŸs‡mi gy‡L cwZZ n‡Z cv‡i| ivm~jyjøvn& mv. e‡j‡Qb, Ôhw` †Kv‡bv RvwZi
g‡a¨ mywePvi cÖwZwôZ bv _v‡K ZLb Zv‡ì g‡a¨ i³cvZ Qwo‡q c‡o|Õ64
Av`j ev b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ KziAv‡bi eû ¯’v‡b wb‡`©k cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| ÔwbðqB Avwg
Avgvi ivm~jMY‡K †cÖiY K‡iwQ my¯úó cÖgvYmn Ges Zv‡ì m‡½ w`‡qwQ wKZve I b¨vqbxwZ,
hv‡Z gvbyl mywePvi cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i|Õ65
11.10. mvgvwRK mvg¨ cÖwZôv

gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b mvgvwRK mvg¨ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| Bmjvgx kixÔAvni GKwU D‡Ïk¨
n‡jv mvgvwRK mvg¨ cÖwZôv Kiv| Bmjv‡g mvg¨ m¤úK©xq D”PZi `„wófw½ i‡q‡Q| Bmjvg
†Kv‡bv †kªwY‰elg¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i bv| gvby‡l gvby‡l, †kªwY‡Z †kªwY‡Z †Kv‡bv eëavb m„wói AeKvk
Bmjv‡g †bB|
Bmjvgx kixÔAvni mvg¨bxwZi `ywU w`K i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ, Rb¥MZfv‡e me gvbyl GK I Awfbœ|
Zviv mevB GK Av`g I gvwU †_‡K m„wó n‡q‡Q| gvbweK †PZbv, Pvwn`v I Abyf~wZi w`K †_‡K
63 Avj KziAvb, 17 : 70|

64 gyqvËv, wKZveyj wRnv`|
65 Avj KziAvb, 57 : 25|

Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ I wefvRb ˆZwi Kiv mgxPxb bq| A_©‰bwZK cv_©‡Kï wfwË‡Z
Kv‡iv gh©v`vi cv_©K¨ wePvh© bq| wØZxqZ, AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mevB mgvb| abx-`wi`ª we‡ePbvq
AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv ZviZg¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
Bmjv‡g mv¤cÖ`vwqK I eY©ev‡ì Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB e‡jB Avgiv Dgi iv.-Gi K‡É ïb‡Z cvB,
ÔAvey eKi iv. Avgv‡ì †bZv Avi wZwb Avgv‡ì GK †bZv †ejvj iv.-†K Avhv` K‡i‡QbÕ|66
eY©ev‡ì weiæ‡× we`vq n‡¾i HwZnvwmK fvl‡Y ivm~jyjøvn& mv. †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb, Ô†Kv‡bv
Abvi‡ei Ici Avi‡ei †kªôZ¡ †bB, Avi bv Av‡Q †Kv‡bv Avi‡ei Ici Abvi‡ei †kªôZ¡|
†Kv‡bv Kv‡jvi Ici †Kv‡bv mv`vi †kªôZ¡ †bB, Avi bv Av‡Q †Kv‡bv mv`vi Ici Kv‡jvi †kªôZ¡,
Z‡e ZvK&Iqv Qvov|Õ67
Bmjvg Ggb GK Rxebeë¯’v †hLv‡b RvwZ-ag©, eY©-†MvÎ, abx-`wi`ª, †QvU-eo me †f`v‡f`
gy‡Q †djvi ZvwM` †`q| mvgvwRK AmgZv `~i, bvixi gh©v`v cÖwZôv, `vm‡ì Ae¯’vi DbœwZ
weavb Kivi gva¨‡g Bmjvgx kixÔAvn gvby‡li gv‡S mgZv cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z Pvq|
11.11. ¯^vaxbZv
gvbeRxe‡bi c~Y©weKv‡ki Rb¨ ûiwiqvZ ev ¯^vaxbZv GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| GwU Qvov
gvbeZvi mvwe©K DbœwZ I Kj¨vYmvab m¤¢e bq| Z`ycwi ¯^vaxbZv gvby‡li GKwU †gŠwjK
AwaKvi| Bmjvgx kixÔAvn gvby‡li GB AwaKvi msi¶‡Yi welqwU‡K ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv
K‡i Ges gvbyl‡K gvby‡li k„•Lj †_‡K gy³ K‡i Zvi myß cÖwZfv I m¤¢vebv weKv‡ki my‡hvM
m„wó Kiv‡K kixÔAvni j¶¨-D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e w¯’i K‡i|
Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z ¯^vaxbZv gvby‡li Rb¥MZ AwaKvi Ges c„w_ex‡Z cÖwZwU gvbylB GK GKRb
Lwjdv ev cÖwZwbwa| GLv‡b †KD Kv‡iv `vm bq| ZvB mgv‡Ri me †kªwY‡K m‡¤^vab K‡i
Bmjvg Ø¨_©nxb fvlvq †NvlYv K‡i, Ô†Zvgiv G‡K Ac‡ii mgvb|Õ Bmjvg me gvby‡li GKB
Drm¯’j I cÖZ¨veZ©b¯’‡ji cÖwZ `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i wek¦evmx‡K Rvwb‡q †`q, Ô†Zvgiv mevB
Av`‡gi mšÍvb Ges Av`g‡K m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q gvwU †_‡K|Õ68
Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z gvbyl‡K mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK †Kv‡bv †¶‡ÎB `v‡m cwiYZ Kiv
hvq bv| †Kv‡bv e¨w³, GgbwK ivóªI gvby‡li G ¯^vaxbZv niY K‡i Zv‡K `v‡m cwiYZ Kivi
AwaKvi iv‡L bv| gvbyl Rb¥MZfv‡e gy³ I ¯^vaxb| †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Ici †Kv‡bv e¨w³i cÖvavb¨
I †kªôZ¡ †bB| †KD Kv‡iv cÖfy bq, Avevi †KD Kv‡iv `vm bqÑ GUvB Bmjv‡gi wk¶v| wØZxq
Lwjdv Dgi iv. Bmjv‡gi GB gnvb wk¶v‡K ev¯Í‡e cwiYZ K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi GKwU weL¨vZ
Dw³ gvbeZvi gyw³i BwZnv‡m D¾¡j n‡q Av‡Q| †mwU n‡jvÑ Ô†Zvgiv KLb †_‡K gvbyl‡K
`v‡m cwiYZ Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡iQ, A_P Zv‡ì gv Zv‡ì‡K ¯^vaxbiƒ‡c Rb¥ w`‡q‡Qb?Õ69
66 mwnn Avj eyLvwi, wKZvey dvhvwqwjm mvnvev, evey gvbvwKey wejvwj ewb ivevn|
67 Bgvg Zvevivwb, gyÕRvgyj Kvwei, PZz_© Aa¨vq|
68 mwnn gymwjg I mybvb Avey `vD`|
69 Avwj Avj-ZvbZvwe I bvwR Avj-ZvbZvwe, AvLeviæ Dgi, 1959, c„. 268|

11.12. bvixi AwaKvi I gh©v`v msi¶Y
bvixi AwaKvi I gh©v`v cÖwZôvq Bmjv‡gi Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©| bvix‡ì‡K mgv‡Ri wbôzi-wb`©q
Ae¯’v †_‡K gy³ K‡i Zv‡ì‡K DËgiƒ‡c jvjb-cvjb, wk¶v`vb I mgv‡Ri DbœwZi j‡¶¨
Dchy³ K‡i M‡o †Zvjv Bmjvgx kixÔAvni GKwU D‡Ïk¨|
bvixi AwaKvi I gh©v`vi welqwU eZ©gvb we‡k¦ me‡P‡q †ewk Av‡jvwPZ welq¸‡jvi GKwU|
bvixgyw³ Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖe³v‡ì g‡a¨ †KU wg‡j, Rv‡g©b wMÖqvi, †gwi Dj÷b, A¨vwb †emvšÍ,
gvM©v‡iU mv½vi, myjZvbv ivwRqv, †eMg †iv‡Kqv cÖgy‡Li bvg †kvbv hvq| wKš‘ gvbemf¨Zvi
BwZnv‡m bvixi AwaKvi I gh©v`v cÖwZôvi Rb¨ me©cÖ_g Ges me‡P‡q †ewk †h e¨w³ †mv”Pvi
wQ‡jb wZwb n‡jb bex Kwig mv.| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© wZwbB bvix‡K mgvR-msmv‡ii Awe‡”Q`¨ I
Acwinvh© Ask wn‡m‡e me©cÖ_g ¯^xK…wZ †`b Ges cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK Rxe‡b bvixi AwaKvi
cwic~Y©fv‡e cÖ_g cÖwZôv K‡ib| cÖK…Zc‡¶ wZwbB bvix RvMiY I bvix gyw³i cÖ_g cÖe³v|
ZvB G K_v ejv AZy¨w³ n‡e bv †h, ÔRxe‡b Ab¨ wKQy bv Ki‡jI ïay bvix RvMi‡Yi †¶‡Î Zuvi
Ae`vbB wek¦gbxlvq gynv¤§` mv.-†K myD”P Avm‡b my`„pfv‡e AwawôZ Ki‡e|Õ70
ivm~jyjøvn& mv.-Gi Rb¥Kv‡j we‡k¦i †Kv_vI bvixi †Kv‡bv m¤§vb wQj bv, GgbwK Zv‡K gvbyl
wn‡m‡eI MY¨ Kiv n‡Zv bv| Zv‡K Ô†fv‡Mi e¯‘Õ, ÔjvÃbvÕ, ÔAcqvÕ I Ôcv‡ci cÖwZg~wZ©Õ Ges
A¯’vei m¤úwËi g‡Zv Ôm¤úwËÕ g‡b Kiv n‡Zv|
Rvwnwj mgv‡R bvixi cÖwZ wb`©qZv I wbôziZv wQj GKwU ¯^vfvweK e¨vcvi| †m mgq mgv‡R
bvixi †Kv‡bv AwaKvi wQj bv| Zv‡ì‡K Ab¨vb¨ A¯’vei m¤úwË I RxeRš‘i g‡ZvB Iqvwik‡ì
g‡a¨ eÈb I n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv n‡Zv|
Rvwnwj mgv‡R gvby‡li bvix m¤úwK©Z gbgvbwmKZvi eY©bv w`‡q Avj KziAv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q :
ÔAvi hLb Zv‡ì KvD‡K Kb¨vmšÍv‡bi mymsev` †`qv nq ZLb Zvi gyLgÐj Kv‡jv n‡q hvq,
†m Amnbxq gb¯Ív‡c wK¬ó nq| Zv‡K †h msev` †`qv nq Zvi Møvwb‡nZz †m wbR m¤cÖ`vq n‡Z
AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡i| †m wPšÍv K‡i nxbZv m‡Ë¡I †m Zv †i‡L †`‡e bv gvwU‡Z cuy‡Z †dj‡e!
mveavb! Zviv hv wm×všÍ †bq Zv KZB bv wbK…ó!Õ71
mgv‡Ri hveZxq cw¼jZv †_‡K ivm~jyjøvn& mv. bvixmgvR‡K †U‡b Zz‡j G‡b gvby‡li gh©v`v
w`‡jb| Avj KziAv‡b †NvlYv Kiv n‡jv, Ôbvix‡ì †Zgwb b¨vqm½Z AwaKvi Av‡Q, †hgb
cyiæl‡ì Av‡Q Zv‡ì Ici|Õ72
11.13. ¯^v¯’¨ msi¶Y I Dbœqb

¯^v¯’¨ gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœqb I me©vwaK cÖe„w× my¯^v‡¯’ï
Ici wbf©ikxj| ¯^v¯’ëvb ev wb‡ivM bv n‡j Drcv`bcÖwµqvq AskMÖnY m¤¢e bq, d‡j me©vwaK
70 ˆmq` Avkivd Avjx, m„wói †kªô, mxivZ ¯§iwYKv, BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, wn. 1417, c„. 23|
71 Avj KziAvb, 16 : 58-59|
72 Avj KziAvb, 2 : 228|

Drcv`b I Dbœqb m¤¢e nq bv| gvby‡li ¯^v¯’¨ msi¶‡Y cÖ‡qvRb cywóKi Lv`¨, DbœZ ¯^v¯’¨‡mev,
nvmcvZvj m¤cÖmviY, wK¬wbK †mev, ¸YMZ ¯^v¯’¨‡mevi wbðqZv| cvkvcvwk gvbwmK ¯^v‡¯’ï
cÖwZ hZœevb nIqvI Riæwi|
gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni `„wó‡Z ÔwndR Avj-wmn&nvÕ (protection of health) ev ¯^v¯’¨ msi¶Y
ÔwndR Avb-bvdmÕ-Gi AšÍf©y³| gvby‡li Rxeb msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ ¯^v¯’’¨ msi¶Y Riæwi| ¯^v¯’¨
msi¶Y I wk¶v AR©‡bi ¸iæZ¡ †evSv hvq gnvb Avjøvn&i GK evYx †_‡K| ZvjyZ‡K ev`kvn
wbhy³ Kiv n‡j Zvi m¤cÖ`v‡qi †jv‡Kiv ejj, ÔZv †Kgb K‡i nq †h, Zvi kvmb Avgv‡ì
Ici Pj‡e| A_P ivóª¶gZv cvIqvi †¶‡Î Zvi †P‡q Avgv‡ì AwaKviB †ewk| Avi †m
m¤ú‡ì w`K †_‡KI m”Qj bq| bex ej‡jb, wbðqB Avjøvn& †Zvgv‡ì Ici Zv‡K cQ›`
K‡i‡Qb Ges ¯^v¯’¨ I Áv‡bi w`K w`‡q cÖvPzh© `vb K‡i‡Qb|Õ73
Bmjv‡g my¯^v¯’¨, kw³, Kj¨vY‡K Avjøvn& ZvÔAvjvi c¶ †_‡K gvby‡li cÖwZ GK gnvb AbyMÖn
ev `vb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| my¯’Zv Qvov my›ìfv‡e Bev`ZI m¤úv`bI m¤¢e nq bv| G
Rb¨ ivm~j mv. my¯’Zvi Rb¨ `yÕAv Kivi wk¶v w`‡Zb| GKRb Avie ivm~j m.-†K wRÁvmv
K‡iwQ‡jb, cÖwZw`b cuvP Iqv³ diR mvjv‡Zi †k‡l Avjøvn& ZvÔAvjv Kv‡Q Kx `yÕAv Ki‡ev?
ivm~j mv. DËi w`‡jb, my¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ `yÕAv K‡iv| †jvKwU cybivq GKB cÖkœ Ki‡j wZwb GKB
DËi w`‡jb| †jvKwU cybivq GKB cÖkœ Ki‡j wZwb ej‡jb, Avjøvn&i Kv‡Q my¯^v¯’¨ Kvgbv K‡iv
Ges BnKvj I cviKv‡ji Kj¨vY Kvgbv K‡iv|74
Avjøvn& ZvÔAvjv gvbeRvwZ‡K †`qv ¯^v¯’¨ bvgK wbqvgZ m¤ú‡K© wR‡Ám Ki‡eb| ¯^v¯’¨ i¶v
Kiv Ges Gi mØënv‡ii Rb¨ gvbyl Avjøvn& ZvÔAvjvi Kv‡Q Revew`wn Ki‡Z eva¨| Avevi
Bmjvgx AvBb Abyhvqx ¯^v‡¯’ï Ab¨vq I ¶wZKi eënv‡ii Rb¨ Zv‡K kvw¯Í †fvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
gnvb Avjøvn& e‡jb, ÔAvi Avjøvn&i wbqvgZ †cuŠ‡Q hvIqvi ci †KD hw` Zvi cwieZ©b K‡i †`q,
Z‡e Avjøvn&i AvRve KwVb|Õ75
11.14. kvwšÍ I w¯’wZkxjZv msi¶Y
gvbeKj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq GKwU Dcv`vb n‡jv kvwšÍ I w¯’wZkxjZv we`¨gvb _vKv| Bmjvgx
kixÔAvn KL‡bvB AkvwšÍ, wek„•Ljv, gvivgvwi, KvUvKvwU, i³cvZ, hy×weMÖn, jyUZivR,
†evgvevwR BZ¨vw` mg_©b K‡i bv; eis AkvwšÍi e`‡j kvwšÍ, Ryjy‡gi e`‡j Bbmvd, Amv‡gï
e`‡j mvg¨, civaxbZvi e`‡j ¯^vaxbZv, AÜKv‡ii e`‡j Av‡jv, g~L©Zvi e`‡j wk¶v, `vwi‡`ªï
e`‡j mg„w×, cvkweKZvi e`‡j gvbweKZv cÖwZôvB Bmjvgx kixÔAvni D‡Ïk¨| Bmjv‡g
AkvwšÍ I wek„•Ljv‡K nZ¨vi †P‡qI ¸iæZi we‡ePbv Kiv nq| †hgb, Avjøvn& ZvÔAvjv e‡jb,
ÔwdZbv-dvmv` nZ¨vi †P‡qI KwVb Aciva|Õ76 Ô†Zvgiv c„w_ex‡Z AkvwšÍ m„wó K‡iv bv|Õ77
73 Avj KziAvb, 2 : 247|

74 Rv‡g AvZ wZiwgwh|
75 Avj KziAvb, 2 : 211|

ÔBmjvgÕ cwifvlvwUi g~j kã n‡jv ÔwmjgybÕ hvi A_© kvwšÍ, cÖkvwšÍ, wbivcËv BZ¨vw`| gymwjgiv
kvwšÍwcÖq RvwZ| Zviv cÖ‡Z¨K w`b cuvP Iqv³ mvjv‡Z Avjøvn& ZvÔAvjvi Kv‡Q kvwšÍ Kvgbv K‡i|
mvjv‡Zi †k‡l Ges Zv‡ì Kv‡iv mv‡_ Ab¨ Kv‡iv mv¶vr n‡jB me©cÖ_g †h evK¨ wewbgq K‡i
Zv n‡jv ÔAvmmvjvgy AvjvBKzgÕ ev ÔAvcbvi Ici kvwšÍ ewl©Z †nvKÕ| Zviv abx-Mwie, ivRv-
cÖRv, ¯^vgx-¯¿x mevB mKvj-mÜ¨v I iv‡Z GB GKB m¤¢vlY wewbgq K‡iÑ ÔmvjvgÕ ev kvwšÍ|
ZvB ejv hvq, kvwšÍ I w¯’wZkxjZvi cÖPvi I cÖwZôvB Bmjvgx kixÔAvni D‡Ïk¨|
11.15. cwi‡ek msi¶Y

Avgv‡ì Pvi cv‡ki Rxe I Ro RM‡Zi mewKQy wb‡qB Avgv‡ì cwi‡ek| cwi‡e‡ki me
Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU Mfxi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| gvby‡li Rxeb I Aw¯ÍZ¡ cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ RwoZ|
ZvB gvbeRvwZi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ¯^v‡_©B cwi‡ek msi¶Y Riæwi|
Bmjvg †Kej gvby‡li Aw¯ÍZ¡ i¶vi K_vB e‡j bv; eis gvby‡li mv‡_ cwi‡ek, Rxe-Rš‘,
cï-cvwL, KxUcZ½mn me m„wói AwaKvi i¶vi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ †`q| G¸‡jv Avgv‡ì cwi‡e‡ki
Ask| gvby‡li Rxe‡bi myL-mg„w×, weKvk, DbœwZ I AMÖMwZ wbf©i K‡i cwi‡e‡ki cÖvPzh© I
my¯’Zvi Ici| cwi‡e‡ki mewKQyB m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Yi Rb¨| gnvb Avjø
vn& e‡jb, Ôwhwb c„w_ex‡K †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ weQvbv I AvKvk‡K Qv`¯îƒc K‡i‡Qb Ges AvKvk
†_‡K cvwb el©Y K‡i Zv w`‡q †Zvgv‡ì RxweKvi Rb¨ djg~j Drcv`b K‡ib|Õ78
cwi‡ek msi¶‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ wb‡`©k K‡i gnvb Avjøvn& e‡jb, Ô†Zvgiv c„w_ex‡Z wech©q m„wó
Ki‡Z †P‡qv bv, wbðqB gnvb Avjøvn& wech©q m„wóKvix‡K cQ›` K‡ib bv|79 †Kbbv, Ôgvby‡li
K…ZK‡g©i ìæY R‡j I ¯’‡j wech©q Qwo‡q c‡o|Õ80 gvby‡li Øviv m„ó cwi‡ek wech©‡qi cwiYvg
Zv‡KB †fvM Ki‡Z nq| gnvwe‡k¦i †h‡Kv‡bv wech©‡qi Kvi‡YB m„wó nq `ywf©¶, k‡mï Drcv`b
n«vm, Abve„wó I AwZe„wói g‡Zv cÖwZKyj Ae¯’v, hv gvby‡li Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ ûgwK¯îƒc| c„w_ex‡Z
gvby‡li Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ¯^v‡_©B cwi‡ek msi¶Y Kiv Riæwi| d‡j AvaywbK Bmjvgx ¯‹jviMY cwi‡ek
msi¶Y‡K kixÔAvni GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
12. gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn m~PK

gvbem¤ú‡ì Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î wZbwU †gŠwjK Dcv`v‡bi AwR©Z mvd‡jï msw¶ßmvi n‡jv
HDI (Human Development Index) ev gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb m~PK| G wZbwU Dcv`vb n‡jv,
Rxe‡bi `xN© ¯’vwqZ¡ (longivity of life), `¶Zv Dbœqbm¤ú„³ Ávb (knowledge related
to development of skills) I Kg©ms¯’vb ev AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb (self employment or formal
employment)|

gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb m~P‡Ki gva¨‡g gvbeDbœq‡bi LvZ¸‡jvi ev¯Íe Ae¯’v dz‡U I‡V| Gi gva¨‡g
wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨, Rxebgvb, `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb BZ¨vw` Lv‡Z AwR©Z mvdj¨ cwigvc Kiv hvq| wKš‘
Bmjvgx kixÔAvni `„wó‡KvY †_‡K D³ Dcv`vb¸‡jvi Av‡jv‡K gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb m~PK wbY©q
Kiv KwVb| †Kbbv, ïay gvby‡li `xN© Avqy®‹vj, `¶Zv I Kg©ms¯’vb evo‡jB Zvi Kj¨vY n‡q‡Q
G K_v ejv hvq bv| KviY, Kj¨vY n‡jv gvby‡li Kv‡Ri djvdj, hv ïay BnKv‡jB mxgve×
bq; eis P~ovšÍ Kj¨vY jvf Kiv hvq ciKv‡j| G Rb¨ GKRb wek¦vmx gvbyl Afve-AbUb,
wec`-Avc`, AmyL-wemy‡L hw` âh©aviY K‡i GUvI Zvi Rb¨ Kj¨vY| Gi cÖwZdj †m ciKv‡j
jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e| G cÖm‡½ ivm~j mv.-Gi evYx LyeB cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| ivmyjyjøvn mv. e‡j‡Qb,
ÔgyÕwg‡bi Ae¯’v we¯§qKi| me KvRB Zvi Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi| gyÕwgb Qvov Ab¨ †KD G êwkó¨
jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Zviv myL-kvwšÍ jvf Ki‡j ïKzi-¸Rvi K‡i Avi Am”QjZv ev `ytL-
gywme‡Z AvµvšÍ n‡j mei K‡i, cÖ‡Z¨KUvB Zvi Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi|81
Z‡e gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb m~P‡Ki gva¨‡g †hgb Avqy®‹vj, wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv I Rxebgv‡bi Ae¯’vb
cwigvc Kiv hvq †Zgwb gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn m~P‡Ki gva¨‡g Øxb, Rxeb, AvKj, esk I
m¤ú‡ì †¶‡Î AwR©Z mvdj¨ cwigvc Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î h_vh_fv‡e Bmjvgx kixÔAvni
wewaweavb cwicvwjZ n‡j gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn m~PK ev MS (Maqasid Al Shariah) ev‡o
e‡j a‡i †bqv nq| ev¯Íe Rxe‡b kixÔAvni Abykxjb wKfv‡e gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn m~PK
evovq wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Zvi wKQy eY©bv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
1. Rxeb msi¶Y bxwZ

1.1 wbivcËv : Rxe‡bi wbivcËv evo‡j MS (Maqasid Al Shariah) m~PK ev‡o|
1.2 ¯^v¯’¨ : ¯^v¯’¨myweav evo‡j MS m~PK ev‡o|
1.3 mg‡qi mØënvi : kixÔAvnm¤§Z Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g mg‡qi mØënvi Kiv e‡j MS
m~PK ev‡o|
1.4 kvixwiK †hvM¨Zv : êa †Ljvayjv, e¨vqvg I Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g kvixwiK †hvM¨Zv evo‡j
MS m~PK ev‡o|
1.5 ¯^vaxbZv : ¯^vaxbZv cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk mvab K‡i e‡j MS m~PK evovq|
1.6 mywk¶v : mywk¶vi nvi evo‡j MS m~PK ev‡o|
1.7 cÖwk¶Y : cÖwk¶Y †ckv`vwi‡Z¡ ¸YMZ cwieZ©b evovq e‡j MS m~PK ev‡o|
2. wek¦vm msi¶Y bxwZ

2.1 wek¦vm : wek¦vm Kg©‡K cwiï× K‡i MS m~PK evovq|
2.2 mvjvZ : wbqwgZ mvjvZ Av`vq MS m~PK evovq|
81 mwnn gymwjg, wKZveym Rynw` IqviivKvK, eve, Avj-gyÕwgby Avgiæû Kzjyû LvBiæb, nv. bs-7390|

2.3 mvIg : mvIg cvjb AvwZ¥K I kvixwiK DrKl© e„w×i gva¨‡g MS m~PK evovq|
2.4 hvKvZ : hvKvZ m¤ú` I hvKvZ`vZvi cweÎZv I cwiï×Zv e„w×i gva¨‡g MS m~PK
ev‡o|
2.5 n¾ : n¾ m¤úv`b MS m~PK evovq|
2.6 Bmjvgx wk¶v : ¸YMZ Bmjvgx wk¶v MS m~PK evovq|
3. AvKj msi¶Y bxwZ

3.1 ÁvbvR©b : ÁvbvR©‡bi Aeva my‡hvM MS m~PK evovq|
3.2 ¶wZKi : eyw×gËvi Rb¨ ¶wZKi welq `~i Kiv n‡j MS m~PK ev‡o|
3.3 Abykxjb : Bmjvgx wk¶v‡K Kv‡R cwiYZ Kiv n‡j MS m~PK ev‡o|
3.4 wk¶v : mywk¶vi ¯Íi DbœZ n‡j MS m~PK ev‡o|
3.5 M‡elYv : ev¯ÍewfwËK I ¸YMZ M‡elYv MS m~PK evovq|
4. eskaviv msi¶Y bxwZ

4.1 weevn : weevn eskavivi cweÎZv i¶vi gva¨‡g MS m~PK evovq|
4.2 cvwievwiK Rxeb : myLx cvwievwiK Rxeb MS m~PK evovq|
4.3 mvgvwRK eÜb : cwievwiK eÜb my`„p n‡j MS m~PK ev‡o|
4.4 ˆbwZKZv : ˆbwZK Kvh©µg evo‡j MS m~PK ev‡o|
4.5 gv‡qi kªg : mšÍvb jvjb-cvj‡b gv‡qi kªg evo‡j MS m~PK ev‡o|
4.6 m¤§vb : evev-gv‡qi cÖwZ m¤§vb MS m~PK evovq|
5. m¤ú` msi¶ bxwZ

5.1 ¯’vbvšÍi : hvKvZ I mv`vKvn&i gva¨‡g abx‡ì †_‡K Mwie‡ì cÖwZ m¤ú` ¯’vbvšÍwiZ
n‡j MS m~PK ev‡o|
5.2 SuywK : m¤ú‡ì SuywK Kg‡j MS m~PK ev‡o|
5.3 mÂqb : hvKvZ I mv`vKvn cÖ`v‡bi ci mÂq evo‡j MS m~PK ev‡o|
5.4 g~jab MVb : mÂq mgv‡e‡ki gva¨‡g g~jab MwVZ n‡j MS m~PK ev‡o|
5.5 wewb‡qvM : my`gy³ A_©vqb c×wZ‡Z wewb‡qvM ev‡o e‡j MS m~PK ev‡o|
5.6 DcvR©b : nvjvj ev êa c‡_ m¤ú` AwR©Z n‡j MS m~PK ev‡o| wKš‘ A‰ea c‡_
m¤ú` AwR©Z n‡j MS m~PK K‡g|
5.7 e¨q : nvjvj ev êa c‡_ e¨q evo‡j MS m~PK ev‡o|
5.8 eÈb : BbmvdwfwËK eÈb wbwðZ n‡j Avq‰elg¨ K‡g d‡j MS m~PK ev‡o|

5.9 e¨w³gvwjKvbv : e¨w³gvwjKvbv m¤ú` msi¶Y wbwðZ K‡i e‡j MS m~PK ev‡o|
5.10 w¯’wZkxjZv : Kj¨vYg~jK A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v cÖwZwôZ n‡j A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv
ev‡o e‡j MS m~PK ev‡o|
13. Dcmsnvi
Avev‡iv ejv hvq, Bmjvgx kixÔAvni g~j¨ D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv gvby‡li Kj¨vY mvab Kiv| AvaywbK
wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M Kj¨v‡Yi cwiwa we¯Í…Z| weÁvb I cÖhyw³i DbœwZi d‡j gvby‡li Pvwn`v I
cÖ‡qvR‡bi †¶‡Î weivU cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| G cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z kixÔAvni †gŠwjK cuvPwU Riæwi
wel‡qi msi¶Y I Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î Av‡iv bZzb bZzb AbyMvgx welq †hvM n‡q‡Q| Gme welq
AR©b KivI kixÔAvni D‡Ï‡kï AšÍfy©³|
kixÔAvni GKwU g~jbxwZ n‡jv Ae¯’vi I mg‡qi cwieZ©‡b Kj¨v‡Yi cwieZ©b n‡j ûKz‡gi
cÖ‡qv‡MI cwieZ©b Av‡m| G Kvi‡Y gvby‡li ev¯Íe Pvwn`vi Av‡jv‡K gvbeKj¨vYg~jK welq
wba©vi‡Y M‡elYvi †¶‡Î Bmjvgx ¯‹jvi‡ì Av‡iv †ewk AvZ¥wb‡qvM Kiv Riæwi| G †¶‡Î
AMÖvwaKvi wdKvni `„wófw½‡Z gvby‡li RiæwiqvZ, nvwRqvZ I ZvnwmwbqvZ wba©viY Kivi
`vwe iv‡L|
eZ©gv‡b Dbœqb AwZ cwiwPZ I cÖ‡qvRbxq GKwU aviYv| Avi Bmjvgx c×wZ GUv mg_©b K‡i
†h, Dbœq‡bi cÖv_wgK Dcv`vb gvbyl Ges Gi †kl K_vI gvbyl| G Rb¨ mevi Av‡M gvby‡li
Dbœq‡bi Ici AMÖvwaKvi w`‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z Zviv wb‡Riv cwiï× n‡q mgv‡Ri Kj¨v‡Y KvR
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, Avjøvn& ZvÔAvjv G gnvwek¦ m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi †kªô m„wó Avgv‡ì GB
gvbeRvwZ| wZwb gvby‡li cÖwZ K‡i‡Qb KiæYv Ges Zv‡ì‡K c_ †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ hy‡M hy‡M
bex-ivm~j †cÖiY I wKZve bvwRj K‡i‡Qb| GB bex-ivm~jM‡Yi gva¨‡g gnvb Avjøvn&i c¶
†_‡K gvbeRvwZ‡K †`qv n‡q‡Q GKB Øxb ev Rxebweavb Ges mg‡qvc‡hvMx K‡i †`qv n‡q‡Q
kixÔAvn ev AvBbKvbyb| gnvb Avjøvn&i AvBb-Kvbyb e¨vcK I we¯Í…Z| wZwb †hgb gvby‡li
Rb¨ AvBb cÖYqb K‡i‡Qb †Zgwb wek¦-cÖK…wZ‡K my›ì I myPviæfv‡e cwiPvjbvi RbÏ cÖYqb
K‡i‡Qb wewfbœ AvBbKvbyb| cÖK…wZ RM‡Z Avjøvn& ZvÔAvjv cÖ`Ë AvBbKvbyb Abym„Z n‡”Q
e‡jB †mLv‡b †Kv‡bv wek„•Ljv †bB| †Zgwbfv‡e gvby‡li me©v½xY Kj¨vY, Dbœqb I AwaKvi
cÖwZôvi †¶‡Î Bmjvgx kixÔAvni bxwZc×wZ h_vh_fv‡e Abym„Z n‡j †UKmB I w¯’wZkxj
Dbœqb m¤¢e| mve©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi, gvbeKj¨vY I gvby‡li AwaKvi cÖwZôvi †¶‡Î Bmjv‡gi
wPišÍb bxwZ I †KŠkj¸‡jv ïay Z‡Ë¡i g‡a¨ mxgve× bv †i‡L mgv‡Ri me †¶‡Î Gi Kvh©Ki
cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡Póvq GwM‡q Avmv me gvbeZvev`xi cÖavb `vwqZ¡|


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Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 1

†gvnv¤§` Ave`yj gvbœvb

b~iAvmwj›`v Ave`yj Avwim, †ivnvbv Imgvb I ivwd`vn †gvnv¤§` AvRwj

BKevj Kexi †gvnb

ZvIwdK Avj-gyeviK I W. b~i †gvnv¤§` Imgvbx

gynv¤§` ingvZzjøvn L›`Kvi

1. wiev wbwl×Ki‡Yi D‡Ïk¨

wiev Ges my‡`i msÁv

10| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

1.2 weKí A_©vqb Pzw³ Ges Zvi ˆewkó¨

1.2.1 K¬vwmK¨vj A_©vqb Pzw³

12| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

1.2.2 Bmjvgx A_©vqb Pzw³i m¼i Ges Avw_©K ga¨¯’Zv

1.3 kixÔAvn& Abyhvqx Avw_©K c‡Y¨i mvaviY ˆewkó¨

14| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

1.4 my` wb‡q mgm¨v †Kv_vq?

1.5 wiev wbwl‡×i D‡Ïk¨

16| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

2. wiev wbwl× Kivi Zvrch© Ges Gi cÖfve

18| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

2.2 Bmjvgx Avw_©K ga¨¯’Zvi cÖK…wZ Ges ˆewkó¨

20| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

2.3 SzuwK cÖkg‡b kixÔAvnevÜe c×wZi D`vniY

22| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

2.4 Bmjvgx A_©vqb Pzw³i SzuwKi aib

24| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

3. SzuwK cÖkg‡b gvKvwm`-evÜe c×wZi D`vniY

3.1 †i‡fby¨ †kqvwis Ges †i‡fby¨ †kqvwis myKzK

3.2 †mev Ges DRydiv³-wfwËK A_©vqb

26| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

3.5 Z…Zxq c‡ÿi M¨vivw›U : Avgvb‡Zi wbðqZv

28| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

3.7 evwÛj/c¨v‡KR A_©vqb : msL¨vMwiôZv bxwZ cÖ‡qvM

Abyev` : gvmyg wejøvn

30| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

32| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

gvKvwm` Z‡Ë¡i D™¢e I weKvk

7 Avj KziAvb, 4 : 165

34| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

kvwZwei Ôgvmjvnv wcivwgWÕ

36| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

38| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

gvKvwm‡`i Av‡jv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi g~j¨vqb

40| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

gvKvwm‡`i Av‡jv‡K wewb‡qvMKvh©µg

42| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

44| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

16 Avj KziAvb, 4 : 32|

46| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

gvKvwm` AR©‡b wKQz KiYxq

48| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

50| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

2. Bmjvgx A_©vq‡b gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& msµvšÍ iPbvw`

2.2 gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i ˆewkó¨

52| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

2.4 gvmjvnvi g~jbxwZ

2.5 Bmjvwg A_©vq‡bi mgvRKj¨vY Kv‡R gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i cÖfve

54| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

3. gymwjg gbxlx‡`i gZv`k© g~j¨vqb

3.1 Bgvg Avj-Mvh&hvwj

3.2 Be‡b Avj KvBwq¨g Avj-RvIwRqv

56| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

3.3 Bgvg Avj-kvwZwe

P~ÔC JYEH.MY< DJ