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UNIT 5 – STOICHIOMETRY
DEFINITIONS AND PRACTICE PROBLEMS:
Mole Concept
1. Know the definition of a mole.
Avogadro’s number of particles; 1Mole = 6.02 × 1023 particles = gram formula mass of an element/compound
2. Know Avogadro’s Number. 6.02 × 1023
3. Be able to calculate the molar mass for a compound. As an example: Calculate the molar masses of MgCO3
and HNO3.
MgCO3 = 84.3 g/M HNO3 = 63.01 g/M
4. Make the following conversions:
a. What is the number of moles of CaS in 120 grams of the compound?
Ca: 40.1 g 120 g / 72.2 g = 1.66 moles
S: + 32.1 g
CaS = 72.2 g/M
b. What is the mass in grams of 18.06×1023 molecules of CO2?
18.06×1023mol 1 Mole 44.0g/M
= 132g
6.02×1023 mol 1 Mole
C: 12.0 g × 1 = 12.0 g
O: 16.0 g × 2 = 32.0 g
CO2 = 44.0 g/M
Stoichiometry
5. Given the equation: ____ Zn + _2___ HCl ____ ZnCl2 + ____ H2
a. How many moles of hydrogen will be formed when 4 moles of HCl are reacted?
Mole Ratio: H2 = 1 = x Moles H2 x = 2 Moles H2
HCl 2 4 Moles HCl
b. How many moles of Zn will be reacted to form 3 moles of ZnCl2?
Mole Ratio: Zn = 1 = x Moles Zn x = 3 Moles Zn
ZnCl2 1 3 Moles ZnCl2
c. How many moles of HCl will be needed to react completely with 3 moles of Zn?
Mole Ratio: Zn = 1 = 3 Moles Zn x = 6 Moles HCl
HCl 2 x Moles HCl
6. Given the equation: __2_ Na + __2__ H2O _2___ NaOH + ____ H2
According to the following reaction, calculate the number of grams of sodium hydroxide that will be
produced if 8.215 grams of sodium are reacted with excess water.
Step 1: Convert grams to Moles
8.215 g Na × 1 Mole Na = 0.357 Moles Na
23.0 g Na
Step 2: Mole Ratio
Na = 2 = 0.357 Moles Na = x = 0.357 Moles NaOH
NaOH 2 x Moles NaOH
Limiting Reactant
8. Given the equation: ____ C6H12O6 + _ 6 ___ O2 _ 6 ___ CO2 + __ 6 __ H2O
If 35 grams of C6H12O6 react with 40 grams of O2, how many grams of CO2 will be produced? What is the
limiting reactant?
Step 1: Balance the equation
Step 2: Convert grams of reactants into Moles and compare
35 g C6H12O6 × 1 Mole C6H12O6 = 0.194 Moles C6H12O6 **Limiting Reactant**
180 g C6H12O6
9. Given the equation: ____Mg(s) + _2___ HCl(aq) ____ MgCl2(aq) + ____ H2(g)
A 1.4 g sample of magnesium is treated with 8.1 g of hydrochloric acid to produce magnesium chloride and
hydrogen gas.
a. What is the limiting reactant?
Step 1: Balance the equation
Step 2: Convert grams of reactants into Moles and compare
1.4 g Mg × 1 Mole Mg = 0.0576 Moles Mg **Limiting Reactant**
24.3 g Mg
2
b. If 1.7 grams of hydrogen was actually produced, what was the percent yield? (Hint: Use your answer
from part a)
(Actual yield / Theoretical Yield) x 100 =
(1.7 g / 3.29 g) x 100 = 51.7%
11. The amount of product in a given reaction turns out to be only 2.34 grams although the theoretical amount
was calculated to be 3.12 grams. What is the percentage yield?
(Actual yield / Theoretical Yield) x 100 =
(2.34 g / 3.12 g) x 100 = 75%
12. Given the balanced equation: NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2
In the reaction of 10 grams of NaHCO3 with excess HCl, 4.5 grams of NaCl is actually produced. What is the
percentage yield from this reaction?
Step 1: Convert grams to Moles
10 g NaHCO3 × 1 Mole = 0.119 moles NaHCO3
84.01 g
Step 2: Mole Ratio
NaHCO3 = 1 = 0.119 Moles = x = 0.119 Moles HCl
HCl 1 x Moles
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20. What are the three assumptions of the Kinetic Theory?
(1) all matter consists of small particles
(2) these particles are in constant motion
(3) collisions between particles are perfectly elastic
21. What does STP stand for and what are its numerical values (i.e., give five for pressure and two for
temperature)?
STP: Standard Temperature and Pressure
Pressure units are 101.3 KPa, 760 mmHg, 760 torr, 1 atm, and 14.7 psi
Temperature units are 0°C and 273 K
22. At what temperature does all molecular motion stop? What is the name for this temperature?
23. Convert the following temperatures from Celsius to Kelvin and Kelvin to Celsius:
a. 22°C 295 K c. 220 K -53°C
b. 474°C 747 K d. 390 K 117°C
24. Convert the following pressure units to the indicated pressure units:
a. 2.6 atm = _1976___ mmHg b. 120 mmHg = __15.99___ KPa
25. There is a mixture of three gases in a closed container. Gas A exerts a pressure of 15 psi, Gas B a pressure
of 6.5 psi, and the total pressure is 25.7 psi. What is the partial pressure of Gas C?
Ptotal = PA + PB + PC
25.7 psi = 15 psi + 6.5 psi + PC
25.7 psi = 21.5 + PC
PC = 4.2 psi
26. Which of the following gases would diffuse most rapidly: N2, O2, He, Cl2?
27. What is the ratio of the rate of diffusion of H2 to He?
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑨 𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑩 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆𝑯𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏 𝟒.𝟎𝟎 𝒈
= = = 1.41
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑩 𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑨 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆𝑯𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝟐.𝟎𝟎 𝒈
28. A sample of gas occupies 200 cm3 at STP. Calculate the volume this same amount of gas would occupy at
pressure of .75 atm and a temperature of 10°C.
P1 × V1 = P2 × V2
T1 T2
(1atm)(200 cm3) = (.75 atm)(V2)
273 K 283 K
V2 = 276 cm3
29. Know that at STP, one mole of any gas is equal to 22.4 L. 1 mole = 22.4 Liters at STP for any gas
a. Determine the volume, in liters, occupied by 0.030 moles of CO2 gas at STP.
0.030 moles x 22.4 Liters = 0.672 liters
b. How many moles of argon atoms are present in 44.8 L of argon gas at STP?
44.8 Liters / 22.4 Liters = 2 moles
30. Given the reaction at STP: ____ N2 + __3__ H2 ___2__ NH3
How many liters of H2 will be required to react with 56 grams of N2?
Step 1: Convert grams to Moles
56 g N2 × 1 Mole = 2 moles N2
28.0 g
Step 2: Mole Ratio
N2 = 1 = 2 Moles = x = 0.6 Moles Hydrogen
H2 3 x Moles
4
32. According to Boyle’s Law, what type of relationship do pressure and volume have? INVERSE or INDIRECT
33. A gas sample occupies 450 cm3 at STP. Calculate the volume this gas would occupy at a pressure of 45
KPa and a temperature of 30° C.
P1 × V1 = P2 × V2
T1 T2
(101.3)( 450) = (45)(V2)
273 K 303 K
V2 = 1127.1 cm3
34. What pressure in atm is required to compress 1.0 L of gas at 760 mm Hg to a volume of 50.0 L?
P1 × V1 = P2 × V2
(760 mmHg) (1.0 L) = x (50.0 L)
P = 15.2 mmHg or 0.02 atm
35. A 200 mL sample of air at STP is heated at constant volume until its pressure increases to 1500 mm Hg. What
is the new temperature of the sample?
P1 = P2
T1 T2
(760mmHf) = (1500mmHg)
273 K xK
T2 = 539 K
36. What is the molecular mass of a gas if .150 L have a mass of 4.22 g at 100° C and 1.05 atm?
MM = (.422 g) (0.0821) (373 K’)
(1.05 atm) (.150 L)
MM = 81.90 g
37. What is the density of a gas at STP that has a molar mass of 44.0 g/mol?
d = MM·P/RT
d = (44g/M)(1atm) / (0.0821)(273K)
d = 1.96 g/L
38. A large balloon sits at the surface of the sea. After being lowered under the surface the balloon has its
temperature tripled and its pressure halved. What will happen to its volume?
P1 × V1 = P2 × V2
T1 T2
(1atm)( 1L) = (0.5 atm)(V2)
1K 3K
V2 = 6 Volume increases by a factor of 6
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f. Adding an enzyme Increases rate of reaction
g. Breaking a reactant into smaller pieces Increases rate of reaction
43. Know what conditions are true of a chemical reaction at equilibrium.
(1) rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal. (2) The concentrations of all substances involved stop
changing (3) reactants and products are both present but concentrations are not necessarily equal (4) The
system is a dynamic one, still an ongoing inter-conversion of reactants and products.
Le Chatelier’s
44. What does Le Chatelier's Principle say?
Le Châtelier's principle states that if a system in equilibrium is subjected to a stress by changes in determining
factors, such as temperature, pressure, and concentration of components, the system will tend to shift its
equilibrium position so as to counteract the effect of the stress
45. What are three kinds of stresses that can be placed on a system?
temperature, pressure, and concentration of components
46. Use the following reaction at equilibrium answer the questions:
A(g) + 3 B(g) 2 C(g) + heat
a. What direction will the reaction shift if heat is added? left
b. What direction will the reaction shift if pressure is increased? right
c. What will happen to the concentration of A if the temperature decreases? decreases
d. What will happen to the concentration of C if more A is added? increases
e. What direction will the reaction shift if more C is added? left
47. Use the following reaction at equilibrium answer the questions:
A(g) + B(aq) ⇄ C(s) + heat Hrxn= -453 kJ/mol
a. The pressure of A in the reaction chamber is increased. The reaction will shift right to favor products
b. The temperature of the reaction is increased by 200 C. Shift left
c. A catalyst is added to the system. No change
48. At 1000oC, container has an equilibrium mixture consisting of 0.102 mol/L of ammonia, 1.03 mol/L of
nitrogen, and 1.62 mol/L of hydrogen. Calculate the Keq for the equilibrium system.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) Ä 2NH3 (g) Keq = (0.102)2 / (1.03)2 (1.62)3 = 0.00231
49. The equilibrium constant for the equilibrium reaction CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇌CO2(g) + H2(g) is 302 at 600K. What is the
value of the equilibrium constant for the reverse reaction at the same temperature?
Keq‘= 1/302 = 0.00331
PHASE DIAGRAMS
6
USE THE DIAGRAM TO THE LEFT FOR QUESTIONS 57-60.
HEATING/COOLING CURVES
61. Use the diagram below:
Label the solid, liquid and gas phases on
E the diagram to the left.
GAS
(A) Which of the letters on the diagram
C correspond to the liquid phase only? B
(B) Which of the following letter(s)
correspond to when a phase change is
LIQUID occurring? D and C
(C) Could this substance be water based
B on the melting point/boiling point of water?
Yes, it could be water
D
SOLID
A
ENERGY CALCULATIONS
𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟏: 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟐: 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 ΔHfus 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟑: 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 ΔHvap
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × ∆𝑇 ×𝐶𝑝 𝑄 = ΔHfus × 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑄 = ΔHvap ×𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Constants:
Heat of fusion = 334 J/g Specific heat for gaseous water (steam) = 2.02 J/g°C
Heat of vaporization = 2260 J/g Boiling point of water = 100°C
Specific heat for solid water (ice) = 2.06 J/g°C Freezing point of water = 0°C
Specific heat for liquid water = 4.18 J/g°C
62. How many joules of heat energy are absorbed when 200.0 grams of water are heated from 10.0°C to
40.0°C? Q = m x T x Cp
Q = 200 x 30°x 4.18 = 25080 J
63. What is the total amount of heat energy released when 125 grams of water is cooled from 50.0°C to 25°C?
Q = m x T x Cp
Q = 125 x (-25°) x 4.18 = -13062.5 J
64. How much energy is needed to heat 87g of ice at -10°C to water vapor at 120°C?
Step 1: Q = m x T x Cp(solid) (87g) x (10) x (2.06) = 1792.2 J Q total = 267351 J
Step 2: Q = m x Hfus (87g) x (334 J/g) = 29058 J
Step 3: Q = m x T x Cp(liquid) (87g) x (100) x (4.18) = 36366 J
Step 4: Q = m x Hvap (87g) x (2260 J/g) = 196620 J
Step 3: Q = m x T x Cp(gas) (87g) x (20) x (2.02) = 3514.8J
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65. The boiling point of ethanol is 78°C. How much heat is required to heat 100 grams of ethanol from 25°C to
its boiling point and then to turn it into a vapor? Cp = 2.44 J/g °C ∆Hvap = 855 J/g
Q = m x T x Cp Q = m ∆Hvap Qtotal = 98432 J
Q = 100 x (53°) x 2.44 = 12932 J Q = 100 x 855 = 85500 J
66. What gives water its unique properties such as lower density in solid state, low vapor pressure, high specific
heat, and high surface tension? Hydrogen bonding between individual water molecules
67. What causes high surface tension in water? Hydrogen bonding and surface molecules which tend to exert
an inward force resulting unbalanced forces and a smooth surface
68. Why is water considered the universal solvent? It has the ability to dissolve many other substances due to its
polarity
69. Know the definition of a solution, solute and solvent. Given an example of a solution.
SOLUTION: a homogeneous mixture where one substance is dissolved inside of another.
SOLVENT: the substance that does the dissolving
SOLUTE: the substance that is dissolved
Examples of solutions include steel, Kool-Aid, and air. A mixture that is not a solution is oil and water.
70. Give an example of a solid, liquid, and gas solution. Identify the solute and solvent.
Solid: Steel. Solute-carbon, Solvent-iron
Liquid: Soda. Solute-sugar, CO2, etc. Solvent-water
Gas: Air. Solute-O2, CO2, etc. Solvent-N2
71. What happens to ionic compounds such as NaCl when they dissolve in water?
Complete dissociation into its ions - Na+ and Cl- forming electrolytes which can conduct electricity
72. Why does a covalent compound like sugar (C12H24O12), dissolve in water? Because sugar is polar and water
is polar; like dissolves like
73. What is the difference between unsaturated, saturated and supersaturated solutions?
SATURATED: a solution where the maximum of solute is added to solvent
SUPERSATURATED: a solution where there are more solute particles than are needed to form a saturated
solution
UNSATURATED: a solution where there are less solute particles than are needed to form a saturated solution
74. A glass of water has 10g of sugar dissolved in it. If more sugar can be added to dissolve in the water, is the
solution unsaturated, saturated, or supersaturated?
UNITS OF CONCENTRATION
COMMON CONVERSIONS: 1 g = 1 mL for water 1 kg = 1000 g 1 L = 1000 mL
75. If 8.7 g of Na2CO3 is dissolved in 800 mL of water, what is the molarity of the solution? What is the answer in
PPM? 8.7 g / 106 g = 0.0821 moles Molarity = 0.0821moles / 0.800 L = 0.103M
76. How many grams of beryllium chloride, BeCl2, are needed to make 125 mL of a 0.050 M solution?
Molarity = moles / Liters 0.00625 moles x 79.9 g/M = 0.499 grams
0.050 M = x moles / 0.125 L
x moles = 0.00625 moles
77. How many grams of MgCl2 would be needed to make 1.5 L of a 0.40 M solution?
Molarity = moles / Liters 0.5 moles x 95.3g/M = 47.65 grams
0.40 M = x moles / 1.5 L
x moles = 0.625 moles
78. Suppose you had 7.00 moles of solute dissolved into 5.80 L of solvent. What's the molality? (1 L = 1 kg)
molality = moles / kg solven
molality = 7.00 moles / 5.80 kg = 1.21m
79. If I make a solution by adding 83 grams of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, (solute) to 750 mL of water (solvent)…
a. What is the molality of sodium hydroxide in this solution? molality = 2.075 moles / .750 kg = 2.77m
b. What is the percent by mass of sodium hydroxide in this solution? [83 g / (750+83)] x100 = 9.96%
c. What is the mole fraction of sodium hydroxide in this solution?
XNaOH = 2.075 moles / 43.74 moles = 0.0474
XH2O = 1.00 - 0.0474 = 0.9526
80. If I make a solution by adding water to 35 mL of methanol (CH3OH) until the final volume of the solution is
275 mL, what is the percent by volume of methanol? %Volume = ( 35 mL / 275 mL ) x 100 = 12.7%
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SOLUBILITY
81. Know how temperature affects the solubility of a solid, liquid and
gas. Be able to identify how a solubility of a solid, liquid and gas
would plot on a curve. Increasing temperature will cause solubility
for solids and liquids to increase. Increasing temperature will cause
solubility for gases to decrease. Increasing pressure increases the
solubility of gases