Energy 34 (2009) 1271–1275

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Influence of metal contaminants on oxidation stability of Jatropha biodiesel

Amit Sarin a, *, Rajneesh Arora b, N.P. Singh b, Meeta Sharma c, R.K. Malhotra c
a
Department of Applied Sciences, Amritsar College of Engineering and Technology, Amritsar-143001, India
b
Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, India
c
Indian oil Corporation Ltd., R&D Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad-121007, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: According to proposed National Mission on biodiesel in India, we have undertaken studies on stability of
Received 18 March 2009 biodiesel from tree borne non-edible oil seeds Jatropha. European biodiesel standard EN-14214 calls for
Received in revised form determining oxidation stability at 110  C with a minimum induction time of 6 h by the Rancimat method
21 May 2009
(EN-14112). Neat Jatropha biodiesel (JBD) exhibited oxidation stability of 3.95 h and research was con-
Accepted 22 May 2009
Available online 16 June 2009
ducted to investigate influence of presence of transition metals, likely to be present in the metallurgy of
storage tanks and barrels, on oxidation stability of Jatropha methyl ester. It was found that influence of
metal was detrimental to oxidation stability and catalytic. Even small concentrations of metal contam-
Keywords:
Oxidation stability inants showed nearly same influence on oxidation stability as large amounts. Copper showed strongest
Rancimat detrimental and catalytic effect. The dependence of the oxidation stability on the type of metal showed
Antioxidants that long-term storage tests in different types of metal containers for examining the influence of
Metal contaminants container material on oxidation stability of biodiesel may be replaced by significantly faster Rancimat
Jatropha biodiesel test serving as an accelerated storage test.
Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction economy, and reduction in dependency on imported crude oil and

Alternate fuels are being explored world over due to increasing
environmental concern and diminishing petroleum reserves.
Number of researchers have investigated on alternate renewable
fuel sources and concluded that vegetable oil based fuels can be
used as alternative fuels [1–8]. Soybean oil and rapeseed are
common feedstocks used for biodiesel production in USA and
Europe. The production of biofuel from edible oils has raised
serious concerns on preserving food security of the planet [9,10].
The majority of Asian countries are net importers of edible oils;
therefore these oils cannot be used for the production of biodiesel
[11,12]. In South Asian countries like India, biodiesel can be
harvested and sourced from non-edible seed oils like Jatropha.
Jatropha curcas is such a tree which can grow on any type of soil,
needs minimum input and management, has low moisture
demand, starts giving seeds after third year of plantation, has
25–30% oil content and productive life is more than 40 years [13].
Researchers analyzed the technical and economic prospects of
sustainable bioenergy for India [14,15]. In fact, implementation of
biodiesel in India will lead to many advantages like providing
green cover to wasteland, support to agricultural and rural
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ91 183 5069538; fax: þ91 183 5069535.
E-mail address: amit.sarin@yahoo.com (A. Sarin).
reduction in air pollution [16].
Although biodiesel is environmentally compatible, it is suscep-
tible to oxidation. The research on biodiesel stability has been put
on top priority by voting at Annual Biodiesel Technology Workshop
held at Chicago on 12 and 13, January 2005 [17]. As biodiesel
chemically is an ester molecule there is every possibility that in
presence of air or oxygen it will be hydrolyzed to alcohol and acid.
Presence of alcohol will lead to reduction in flash point and pres-
ence of acid will increase total acid number. All these make bio-
diesel relatively unstable on storage and residual products of
biodiesel such as insoluble gums, total acids, and aldehydes formed
from degradation may cause engine problems like filter clogging,
injector coking, and corrosion of metal parts. This is why oxidation
stability is an important criterion for biodiesel.
Knothe has estimated the relative rates of oxidation of saturated
and unsaturated methyl esters and confirmed that the relative rates
of oxidation are 1 for oleates, 41 for linoleats, and 98 for linolenates
[18]. During the oxidation process, the fatty acid methyl ester
usually forms a radical next to double bond. This radical quickly
binds with the oxygen in the air, which is a biradical. This forms
peroxide radical. The rapid radical destruction cycle begins after
that. This peroxide radical immediately creates new radical from
the fatty acid methyl ester, which in turn binds with the oxygen in
the air, then the destructive radical auto-oxidation cycle starts.
During this process, up to 100 new radicals are created quickly from

0360-5442/$ – see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.05.018
1272 A. Sarin et al. / Energy 34 (2009) 1271–1275
one single radical, meaning that decomposition occurs at an
exponentially rapid rate and results in the formation of a series of
by-products [19]. These by-products formed during the oxidation
process cause the fuel to eventually deteriorate. Stability of fatty
compounds is also influenced by factors such as presence of heat,
traces of metal, peroxides and light [20].
The biodiesel standard EN-14214 calls for determining oxidative
stability at 110  C with a minimum induction time of 6 h by the
Rancimat method (EN-14112) [18,21]. Even American Standard Test
Method (ASTM) standard D-6751-08 follows EN-14112 test method
and recently introduced a minimum induction period (IP) of 3 h
[22,23]. Indian specification IS-15607 also requires minimum
induction time of 6 h [12].
Although there are numerous publications on the storage,
oxidation stability of biodiesel, and effect of antioxidants on the
stability of biodiesel synthesized from edible oils, little is available on
oxidation stability of biodiesel from tree borne non-edible oil seeds
and none is available on influence of presence of metal on oxidation
stability of biodiesel from non-edible oil seeds. Dunn has studied
oxidative stability of soybean oil fatty acid methyl esters by oil
stability index (OSI) [24]. Polavka et al. studied the oxidation stability
of methyl esters derived from rapeseed oil and waste frying oil, both
distilled and undistilled, by differential thermal analysis and Ranci-
mat [25]. Ferrari et al. compared the oxidative stability of neutral-
ized, refined and frying oil waste soybean oil fatty acid ethyl ester
[26]. Mittelbach and Schober investigated the influence of different
synthetic and natural antioxidants on oxidation stability of biodiesel
produced from rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, used frying oil, and beef
tallow, both distilled and undistilled [27]. Dunn has also studied the
effect of different antioxidants on oxidation stability of biodiesel
from soybean oil [28]. Liang et al. have reported that synthetic
antioxidants are more effective than natural antioxidants [29]. Long
storage stability studies were also carried out on biodiesels synthe-
sized from rapeseed oil, used frying oil, high oleic sunflower oil, high
and low erucic Brassica carinata oil [30–32]. Park et al. have studied
the blending effects of biodiesels on oxidation stability [33]. From
these literature reports and quality survey reports [34–36], it can be
concluded that it will not be possible to use biodiesel without
antioxidants.
According to proposed National Mission on biodiesel in India,
we have undertaken studies on stability of biodiesel from tree
borne non-edible oil seeds Jatropha. The objective of this study is to
investigate the influence of presence of metals, doped as metal
naphthenates, on the oxidation stability of Jatropha methyl ester
and then to improve the oxidative stability by doping with anti-
oxidants. Different transition metals – iron, nickel, manganese,
cobalt, and copper, commonly found in metallurgy of storage tanks
and barrels, were blended with varying concentrations (parts per
million (ppm)) in Jatropha biodiesel (JBD) samples.
2. Experimental
2.1. JBD synthesis and testing
Jatropha methyl ester (biodiesel) was synthesized by reaction of
methanol (200 ml) with Jatropha oil (1000 ml), in the presence of
KOH (1 wt% of oil) under reflux conditions. The reaction mixture
was refluxed for 3 h and progress of the reaction was monitored by
thin layer chromatography (TLC). After completion of reaction the
material was transferred to separating funnel and both the phases
were separated. Upper phase was biodiesel and lower part was
glycerin. Alcohol from both the phases was distilled off under
vacuum. The glycerin phase was neutralized with acid and stored as
crude glycerin. Upper phase i.e., methyl ester (biodiesel) was
washed with water twice to remove the traces of glycerin,
unreacted catalyst and soap formed during the transesterification.
The residual product was kept under vacuum to get rid of residual
moisture [12].
The fatty acid methyl ester composition of JBD was determined by
gas chromatography on a gas chromatograph (GC), using nitrogen as
a carrier gas and di(ethylene glycol) succinate column (DEGS).
Detailed fatty acid methyl ester composition (wt%) is given in Table 1.
The synthesized JBD was tested for physico-chemical properties
according to ASTM D-6751 and Indian IS-15607 specifications
(Table 2). It is clear from the data that JBD meets all the specifica-
tions, except IP of 6 h.
Various metal naphthenates were procured from M/s Notional
Chemicals & Dyes Co., Varanasi, India having metal content, around
5% w/v in a hydrocarbon solvent. The samples were further diluted
in JBD, according to desired concentration (ppm).
2.2. Determination of oxidation stability
Oxidation stability of biodiesel in presence of metal contami-
nants and their blends with different dosages of different antioxi-
dants was studied in Rancimat equipment model 743 according to
EN-14112 and Indian IS-15607 specifications (Fig. 1). The biodiesel
standard EN-14214 and IS-15607 call for determining oxidation
stability at 110  C with a minimum induction time of 6 h by the
Rancimat method (EN-14112) and ASTM standard D-6751 recently
introduced a limit of 3 h for oxidation stability by Rancimat test
[12,18,21–23]. In the Rancimat method, the oxidation is induced by
passing a stream of air at the rate of 10 l/h through biodiesel sample
(5 ml), kept at constant temperature 110  C. The vapors released
during the oxidation process, together with the air, are passed into
the flask containing 60 ml of demineralized water, and contains an
electrode for measuring the conductivity. The electrode is con-
nected to a measuring and recording device. It indicates the end of
IP when the conductivity begins to increase rapidly. This acceler-
ated increase is caused by the dissociation of volatile carboxylic
acids produced during the oxidation process and absorbed in the
water. When the conductivity of this measuring solution is recor-
ded continuously, an oxidation curve is obtained whose point of
inflection is known as the IP. Data for all analytical measurements
are means of triplicate. Subsequent analysis showed no statistically
significant difference among the measurements.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Analyses of biodiesel samples
Fatty acid methyl ester composition of JBD samples given in
Table 1 showed that JBD mainly consisted of oleic and linoleic fatty
Table 1
Fatty acid methyl ester composition of JBD.
Fatty acid methyl ester JBD (wt%)
Caprylic (C8/0) –
Capric (C10/0) –
Lauric (C12/0) –
Myristic (C14/0) –
Palmitic (C16/0) 14.2
Palmitoleic (C16/1) 1.4
Stearic (C18/0) 6.9
Oleic (C18/1) 43.1
Linoleic (C18/2) 34.4
Linolenic (C18/3) –
Arachidic (C20/0) –
Behenic (C22/0) –
Saturated 21.1
Unsaturated 78.9
 A. Sarin et al. / Energy 34 (2009) 1271–1275 1273

Table 2
Physico-chemical properties of JBD.

Property (units) ASTM D-6751-08 test ASTM D-6751-08 IS-15607 test IS-15607 Jatropha methyl Mean Standard
method limits method limits ester deviation
Flash point ( C) D-93 Min. 130 IS 1448 Min. 120 164, 162, 163 163 1
P:21
Viscosity at 40  C (cSt) D-445 1.9–6.0 IS 1448 2.5–6.0 4.2, 4.4, 4.3 4.3 0.1
P:25
Sulphated ash (% mass) D-874 Max. 0.02 IS 1448 Max. 0.02 0.002, 0.002, 0.002 0.002 0.0
P:4
Sulphur (% mass) D-5453 Max. 0.05 ASTM D-5453 Max. 0.005 0.004, 0.004, 0.004 0.004 0.0
Copper corrosion D-130 Max. 3 IS 1448 Max. 1 1, 1, 1 1 0.0
P:15
Cetane number D-613 Min. 47 IS 1448 Min. 51 57.6, 57.3, 57.3 57.4 0.17
P:9
Water and sediment (vol. %) D-2709 Max. 0.05 D-2709 Max. 0.05 0.05, 0.05, 0.05 0.05 0.0
Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) 100% (% mass) D-4530 Max. 0.05 D-4530 Max. 0.05 0.03, 0.04, 0.04 0.037 0.0058
Neutralization value (mg, KOH/g) D-664 Max. 0.80 IS 1448 Max. 0.50 0.49, 0.47, 0.48 0.48 0.01
P:1/Sec.1
Free glycerin (% mass) D-6584 Max. 0.02 D-6584 Max. 0.02 0.01, 0.01, 0.01 0.01 0.0
Total glycerin (% mass) D-6584 Max. 0.24 D-6584 Max. 0.25 0.017, 0.022, 0.021 0.02 0.0026
Phosphorus (% mass) D-4951 Max. 0.001 D-4951 Max. 0.001 <0.001 – –
Distillation temperature D-1160 90% at 360  C Not under spec. Min. 90% 90% – –
Oxidation stability at 110  C, h EN-14112 Min. 3 h EN-14112 Min. 6 h 3.85, 4.1, 3.9 3.95 0.13

acid methyl esters. The saturated fatty acid methyl esters in JBD
were 21.1%, and unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters were 78.9%.
According to EN-14112/IS-15607 test method, JBD did not meet
the given limit of a 6 h IP due to high content of unsaturated fatty
acid methyl esters. The results were very much in line with the
previous work done on biodiesel properties and biodiesel quality
survey reports, which indicated that majority of samples, failed in
EN-14112 test [18,26,33–36].
3.2. Improvement of oxidation stability of neat JBD
As discussed earlier, biodiesel oxidation stability is one of the
major issues as it cannot be stored beyond a period. Rancimat test is
the specified standard method for oxidation stability testing for
biodiesel sample in accordance to EN-14112/IS-15607. A minimum
IP of 6 h is defined for biodiesel samples. It is already discussed in
various literature reports mentioned above that it is very difficult to
meet this limit for biodiesel fuels derived from various vegetable
oils, unless antioxidants are added to the biodiesel.
Neat Jatropha methyl ester showed an IP of 3.95 h and so meets
the limit of 3 h IP in accordance with recent ASTM D-6751 but did
not achieve the minimum limit of 6 h IP as required by EN-14112/IS-
15607. Thus, an antioxidant must be doped to enhance the IP of
Jatropha methyl ester. In the present study, two phenolic antioxi-
dants namely 2,6-ditertiarybutyl hydroxytoluene (AO-1), bis-2,6-
ditertiarybutyl phenol derivative (AO-2), and aminic antioxidant
octylated butylated diphenyl amine (AO-3) were used. All three
antioxidants were doped to the JBD samples with varying
concentrations (ppm), and corresponding IPs were measured with
the Rancimat test method to observe the effectiveness of different
antioxidants.
Fig. 2 shows the IP of neat JBD and effect of antioxidants on IP of
biodiesel. The oxidation stability of JBD has been found to increase
with increase in dosage of antioxidants. Finally it is found that
antioxidant AO-1 is the most effective among all the antioxidants
used. It is found that minimum dosing of 200 ppm of AO-1 was
needed to improve the IP of neat JBD from 3.95 h to above 6 h as
required by EN-14112 specification for biodiesel oxidation stability.
3.3. Influence of metal contaminants on oxidation stability
Different transition metals – iron, nickel, manganese, cobalt, and
copper, commonly found in metal containers were blended, as
metal naphthenates, with varying concentrations (ppm) in JBD
samples. Fig. 3 shows that the presence of these metals depressed
the oxidation stability of biodiesel, as measured by the IP. The

7
Induction Period (h)

2 AO-1
AO-2
1
AO-3
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Antioxidants (ppm)

Fig. 2. Influence of antioxidant concentration on the oxidation stability of Jatropha

Fig. 1. Principles of measurement of the Rancimat test method (EN-14112/IS-15607). methyl ester (biodiesel).
1274 A. Sarin et al. / Energy 34 (2009) 1271–1275
4.5
4 Fe
Induction Period (h)
3.5 Ni
3 Mn
Co
2.5
Cu
2 4. Conclusion
1.5
1 JBD used in this work was found to exhibit oxidation stability of
0.5
0 biodiesel requires antioxidant to meet storage requirements and to
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Metal Contamination (ppm)
Fig. 3. Influence of metal contamination on oxidation stability.
presence of metals in biodiesel resulted in acceleration of free
radical oxidation due to a metal-mediated initiation reaction.
Copper had strongest catalytic effect and other metals – iron,
nickel, manganese, and cobalt also had strong negative influence on
oxidation stability (Fig. 3). Fig. 3 shows that for all the metal
contaminants, IP values became almost constant as concentration
of metal is increased. This proves that the influence of metals was
catalytic, as even small concentrations of metals had nearly the
same effect on oxidation stability as large amounts. The depen-
dence of the oxidation stability on the type of metal confirms that
Rancimat is a suitable lab test to correlate long-term stability.
3.4. Improvement of oxidation stability of metal contaminated JBD
As it is already observed, phenolic 2,6-ditertiarybutyl hydrox-
ytoluene antioxidant AO-1 is the most effective among all the
antioxidants used and minimum dose of 200 ppm of AO-1 was
needed to improve the IP of neat JBD from 3.95 h to above 6 h as
required by EN-14112 specification for biodiesel oxidation stability
(Fig. 2). Therefore, it is decided to study the effect of dosage of
antioxidant (AO-1) on oxidation stability of metal contaminated
JBD. AO-1 was doped to the metal contaminated JBD samples with
varying concentrations (ppm), and the corresponding IPs were
measured with the Rancimat test method.
As metallic impurities have catalytic effect, 2 ppm metal
concentration was selected for antioxidant dose optimization. Fig. 4
shows the variation of IP of 2 ppm metal contaminated JBD with
varying concentrations of AO-1.
The oxidation stability of metal contaminated JBD has been
found to increase with increase in dosage of antioxidant AO-1.
Finally it is found that minimum 500 ppm dosage of AO-1 was
needed to improve the IP of iron and nickel contaminated JBD and
minimum dosage of 700 ppm of AO-1 in manganese contaminated
7
6
Induction Period (h)
5 [9] Gui MM, Lee KT, Bhatia S. Feasibility of edible oil vs. non-edible oil vs. waste
4 Fe
3 Ni
Mn
2 Co
1 Cu
0
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Antioxidant, AO-1 (ppm)
Fig. 4. Influence of antioxidant concentration on the oxidation stability of metal
contaminated (2 ppm) Jatropha methyl ester.
JBD was needed to meet EN-14112 specification for biodiesel
oxidation stability (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 also shows that for cobalt and
copper contaminated JBD, minimum dosages of 900 ppm and
1000 ppm respectively are required to meet EN-14112 specifications.
3.95 h in Rancimat test. The stability of biodiesel is very critical and
ensure fuel quality at all points along the distribution chain. In
order to meet EN-14112 specification, minimum dosage of 200 ppm
concentration of phenolic 2,6-ditertiarybutyl hydroxytoluene
antioxidant AO-1 is required for JBD.
The IP of JBD decreased drastically even with small concentra-
tions (ppm) of metal contaminants and influence of metals on IP
was found to be catalytic as even small concentrations of metals
had nearly the same effect on oxidation stability as large amounts.
Of the five metals investigated, copper appears to have the stron-
gest detrimental and catalytic effect. The dependence of the
oxidation stability on the type of metal showed that long-term
storage tests in different types of metal containers for examining
the influence of container material on oxidation stability of bio-
diesel may be replaced by the significantly faster Rancimat test
serving as an accelerated storage test.
The oxidation stability of metal contaminated JBD is found to
increase with increase in dosage of antioxidant AO-1. It is found
that minimum 500 ppm dosage of AO-1 was needed to improve the
IP of iron and nickel contaminated JBD and minimum dosage of
700 ppm of AO-1 in manganese contaminated JBD was needed to
meet EN-14112 specification for biodiesel oxidation stability. For
cobalt and copper contaminated JBD, minimum dosages of
900 ppm and 1000 ppm respectively were required to meet
EN-14112 specifications.
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