NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SRINAGAR

ASSIGNMENT CHAPTER-4 UNSOLVED

NUMERICALS
NAME BASIT ALI SHAH
ENROLLMENT NO. 2019MMECMS009

SUBMITTED TO PROF. (DR.) G A HARMAIN

 Chapter-4 Unsolved Problems

1. For a test bar of a certain steel one measures a load displacement curve as in Figure 4.19.
The original diameter of the cylindrical bar is 0.01016m; the original length is 0.1016m.
The final thickness in the neck is 0.007112m.
(a) Determine the engineering stress-strain curve, Fty and Ftu.
Solution: Determination of engineering stress-strain curve:
From the figure 4.19 of book we will determine corresponding stress and strain and then we will
plot the same.
2
×0.010162

Original area = = = 8.1 × 10−5 2

4 4

Engineering stress=

Load(kN) Engg. Stress(MPa) Total Engg. Elastic strain Plastic strain

∆

= = −

= Strain=

22.241 274.3 0.0015 0.00131 0.00019

25.221 311.056 0.00375 0.00150 0.00225
26.689 329.16 0.005 0.00157 0.0034
29.358 362.07 0.0125 0.00173 0.0107
30.247 373.048 0.025 0.00178 0.023
31.1374 384.02 0.045 0.00184 0.043
32.471 400.478 0.075 0.00192 0.073
32.916 405.96 0.1 0.00195 0.098
33.361 411.45 0.125 0.00197 0.123
33.628 414.74 0.15 0.00199 0.148

engineering stress vs strain

450
400
350
300
250
Stress

200
150
100
50
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Strain
Fig. 1

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 Chapter-4 Unsolved Problems

From the above graph it is evident that yield stress Fty=311.05MPa and ultimate stress
Ftu=414.74 MPa.
(b) Determine E, F and n.
From above stress strain curve we have value of E as the slope of the elastic part which is equal
to=208468MPa
To determine value of F and ‘n’ we need to plot a graph between logarithm of stress and
logarithm of plastic strain.
Log(plastic strain) Log(stress)
-2.64781748 2.492830206
-2.46852108 2.517407054
-1.97061622 2.558799739
-1.63827216 2.571764716
-1.36653154 2.584353843
-1.13667714 2.602578663
-1.00877392 2.608483244
-0.91009489 2.614317067
-0.82973828 2.617775923

log(sigma) vs log(strain)
3

2.5

2
LOG (SIGMA)

1.5

0.5

0
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
LOG(STRAIN PLASTIC)

Fig. 2

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 Chapter-4 Unsolved Problems
Equation of the above curve is given as: ( )= ( )− ( )

The above equation resembles the equation of straight line y=mx+c:

Taking any two values from the above graph and put in the equation we can determine value of
‘n’ and F.
-2.468= n (2.5174)- log(F) …1
-0.82973 = n (2.6177)- log(F) …2
On solving equation 1 and equation 2 we get:
16.33
n= 16.33 : F= 3.98× 10 43

(c) Determine , for = 689.5MPa.

= 689.5MPa

= = = .

. .

= = = .

.× . ×

(d) Do the same for= 344.75MPa.

= 344.75MPa.
.

= = = .

.
.

= = = .

.× . ×

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 Chapter-4 Unsolved Problems

(e) Check whether (a) and (b) lead to the same strain for at least two different stress values,
e.g. 344.75MPa and 379.225MPa.
Case I :We have = 344.75
For = 689.5MPa.

Using Ramberg-osgood equation: = +

.
. .

= + = .

. ×

Also = + (
)

ε 344.75 344.75
16.33

εo = 689.5 + 171738.48 ( 689.5 ) = 2.5847

= . × . = .
Consider = 344.75
For = 344.75MPa.

= + (
)

ε 344.75 344.75 16.33

ε
o 344.75
= + 4.16 (344.75 ) = 5.16
= . × . = .

Case II: We have = 379.225

For = 689.5MPa.
Using Ramberg-osgood equation: = +

.
. .

= + = .

. ×

Also = + ( )

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 Chapter-4 Unsolved Problems

ε 379.225 379.225 16.33

ε = 689.5 + 171738.48 ( 689.5 ) = 10.4353

= .× .= .

Consider = 379.225

For= 344.75MPa.

= + ( )

ε 379.225 379.225 16.33

ε = 344.75 + 4.16 ( 344.75 ) = 20.825

= . × . = .

Hence we can see that results are identical, the value of can be chosen arbitrarily.

2. Determine the true stress-true strain curve for the problem in Exercise 1 up to the point
of maximum load. Repeat questions (b), (c), (d) of Exercise 1.
Solution: We know that = (1 + ) and . .= (1 + ) .

Taking data from question 1:

Load(kN) Engg. Stress(MPa) Total Engg. True stress(MPa) = True strain =

= Strain (1 +
.
)
. (1 + .)

=
22.241 274.3 0.0015 274.71 0.001498
25.221 311.056 0.00375 312.22 0.003743
26.689 329.16 0.005 330.80 0.004987
29.358 362.07 0.0125 366.59 0.012422
30.247 373.048 0.025 382.37 0.024692
31.137 384.02 0.045 401.30 0.044016
32.471 400.478 0.075 430.51 0.072320
32.916 405.96 0.1 446.55 0.095310
33.361 411.45 0.125 462.88 0.117783
33.628 414.74 0.15 476.95 0.139762
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 Chapter-4 Unsolved Problems

True stress-strain curve

600

500

400
Stress

300

200

100

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Strain

Fig.3
(b) Determine E, F and n.
From above stress strain curve we have value of E as the slope of the elastic part which is equal
to=16708MPa
To determine value of F and ‘n’ we need to plot a graph between logarithm of stress and
logarithm of plastic strain
True stress(MPa) True strain Log(stress) Log(strain)
274.71 0.001498 2.438874 -2.8244882
312.22 0.003743 2.494461 -2.4267802
330.80 0.004987 2.519566 -2.3021606
366.59 0.012422 2.564181 -1.9058085
382.37 0.024692 2.582484 -1.6074437
401.30 0.044016 2.603469 -1.3563894
430.51 0.072320 2.633983 -1.1407416
446.55 0.095310 2.64987 -1.0208615
462.88 0.117783 2.665468 -0.9289174
476.95 0.139762 2.678473 -0.8546109

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 Chapter-4 Unsolved Problems

log(sigma) vs log(strain)
2.7

2.65

2.6
LOG(SIGMA)

2.55

2.5

2.45

2.4
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
LOG(PLASTIC STRAIN)

Fig.4
Equation of the above curve is given as: ( )= ( )− ( )

The above equation resembles the equation of straight line y=mx+c:

Taking any two values from the above graph and put in the equation we can determine value
of ‘n’ and F.
-1.9058= n (2.564)- log(F) …1
-2.3021 = n (2.519)- log(F) …2
On solving equation 1 and equation 2 we get:
8.80
n= 8.80 : F= 3.02 × 10 24

(c) Determine , for = 689.5MPa.

= 689.5MPa

= = = .

.
.

= = = .

.× . ×

7
 Chapter-4 Unsolved Problems

(d) Do the same for= 344.75MPa.

= 344.75MPa.
.

= = = .

.
.
= = = .
.× . ×

3. The bar of Exercise 1 is unloaded at P = 32.47kN and tested as a new bar in a new test.
Determine the new load-displacement curve. For this cold-worked material, assuming that
Fty coincides with the load at unloading, calculate Fty and Ftu.
Solution: After the bar has been unloaded at load 32.47kN, its dimensions will have changed
Since volume remains constant: Volume initial = Volume final
Li ×Ai = Lf ×Af
2
Li ×4 = (Li +∆ )×Af
di = 0.01016m, Li = 0.1016m, ∆ = × = 0.1016 × 0.075 = 0.00762

where is the strain corresponding to 32.47kN.This value is taken from exercise 1.

-5 2
substituting the values in the above equation, and solve for final area, we get: Af = 7.54×10 m
It is given that the bar will yield at 32.47kN which is load at unloading therefore yield stress is
given as:
.

Fty= = . × −
= .

Fracture load= 33.63Kn

.

Therefore fracture stress: Ftu= = =

−
. ×

4. A test on a center cracked panel with 2a = 0.1016m, W = 0.8128 shows a fracture stress of
344.75MPa. The collapse strength is 379.22MPa. Given that W = 0.50 m, B = 0.01016m and
assuming E, F and n as in Exercise 1, calculate Jr at fracture. Or did failure occur by
collapse? (Neglect Jel). H = 8.72.

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 Chapter-4 Unsolved Problems

Solution: Case I: W=0.8128

We know that43 =( ) +

16.33
n= 16.33, F= 3.98 × 10 from exercise 1
+1
× =

substituting the values in above equation we get: 0.0508

17.33
= 344.75 × 8.72 × 3.98 × 1043 = 1.0506 − = 1050.6 /

Collapse stress: =
( −2 )
=
0.8128−0.1016
× 379.22 = 331.8175

Therefore, the collapse stress is lower than fracture stress, therefore failure will occur by
fracture. Case II: W=0.50m
= . /

Collapse stress: = ( −2 )
= 0.5−0.1016 × 379.22 = 302.16
0.5

Again the collapse stress is lower than fracture stress, therefore failure will occur by fracture.
5. Using the results of Exercises 1 and 4, calculate the failure stress of a panel 0.6096m
wide, with a center crack of 2a = 0.1524. H = 13.5; assume that the Jel can be 0.8128

neglected. Does failure occur by fracture or by collapse?

Solution: We know that: =( )+

From Exercise 1: n= 16.33 : F= 3.98 × 104316.33

From Exercise 4: JR=911.6kN/m

1

3.98×1043
×1.0506 16.33

Therefore = ( ) = 468.258

13.5×0.0762

( −2 ) 0.6096−0.1524

= = × 379.22 = 284.42

0.6096

Therefore, the collapse stress is lower than fracture stress, therefore failure will occur by fracture.

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 Chapter-4 Unsolved Problems

a center cracked panel is: = (( )−

6. Given that Equation (4.30) for

) ( ) + with P =σWB and Po = (W - 2a)B, and that for a/ W = 0.125 is h1 = 4.13.

Calculate the fracture stress with the information obtained in Exercise 1c ( = 689.5MPa)
and in Exercise 1d ( = 344.75MPa) and show that the results are the same, independent of
the arbitrarily selected .Assume J = 350.25kN/m and neglect Jel .
Solution: W=0.508m: a/W=0.125

Implies a=0.508×0.125 = 0.0635m

Case I: when= 689.5MPa

From exercise 1c we have : = . = . : n=16.33
+

=(( )− ) ( )

Substituting the values in above equation we get: .

. = . × . × × . (( × . )− )× .

× .

× . ( . ( .− . ) )

Solving the above relation to get stress:

= .

Case I: when= 344.75MPa

From exercise 1d we have = . : = . : n=16.33
+

=(( )− ) ( )

Substituting the values in above equation we get: 0.508

350.25 = 4.16 × 344.75 × 1000 × 0.001653 ((2 × 0.0635) − 1) × 0.0635

16.33

σ × 0.508

× 4.13 ( 344.75 (0.508 − 0.127) )

. = . × . × × . .
× × .
× . (
. × . ))

Solving the above relation to get stress:

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 Chapter-4 Unsolved Problems
= .

Thus we can see that results are same, independent of value of

7. In a JR test on a CT specimen the load rises almost linearly to 22.24kN upon which fracture
begins, and upon which the load-displacement diagram becomes essentially horizontal. The
initial crack size is 0.0254m; the displacement is 0.00381m when fracturing begins. The crack
(fracture) size reaches 0.02667m when = 0.00508m and 0.02921m when = 0.00685m.
Calculate the JR-curve. Thickness is 0.0127, W = 0.0508.

Solution:

a(m) ∆ (m) P(kN) (m) ∆ ∆ (kN-m) Atot(kN- b(m) JR(kN/m)

m)
0.0254 0 22.24 0.00381 0.00381 1 0.0423 0.0254 262.26

2
× 22.24

× 0.00381

= 0.0423

0.0267 0.0013 22.24 0.00508 0.00127 22.24×0.00127 0.07054 0.0241 460.94

=0.02824
0.0292 0.0025 22.24 0.00685 0.00177 22.24×0.00177 0.1099 0.0216 801.25
=0.03936
In calculation of ∆ in the second and third row we have taken ∆ = × ∆ because P-curve is horizontal after crack starts growing.

JR vs ∆
900
800
700
600
500
JR(kN/m)

400
300
200
100
0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003
∆ (m)

Fig. 5

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