An isolated cell of human heart automatically generates excitement impulses

with frequency of 60 times per minute. This cell was taken from the following
heart structure:
Sinoatrial node
Atrium
Ventricle
Atrioventricular node
His’ bundle
An aged man had raise of arterial pressure under a stress. It was caused by
activation of:
Sympathoadrenal system
Parasympathetic nucleus of vagus
Functions of thyroid gland
Functions of adrenal cortex
Hypophysis function
Vagus branches that innervate heart are being stimulated in course of an
experiment. As a result of it the excitement conduction from atria to the ventricles
was brought to a stop. It is caused by electrophysical changes in the following
structures:
Atrioventricular node
His’ bundle
Sinoatrial node
Ventricles
Atria
Systemic arterial pressure of an adult dropped from 120/70 to 90/50 mm Hg
that led to reflectory vasoconstriction. The vasoconstriction will be maximal in the
following organ:
Bowels
Heart
Brain
Kidneys
Adrenals
In course of an experiment a peripheral section of vagus of an expiremental
animal is being stimulated. What changes will be observed?
Heart rate fall
Heart hurry
Pupil dilation
Increase of respiration rate
Bronchi dilation
A cardiac electric stimulator was implanted to a 75 year old man with heart
rate of 40 bpm. Thereafter the heart rate rose up to 70 bpm. The electric stimulator
has undertaken the function of the following heart part:
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
His’ bundle branches
 His’ bundle fibers
Purkinje’s fibers
ECG of a patient with hyperfunction of thyroid gland showed heart hurry. It
is indicated by depression of the following ECG element:
R — R interval
P — Q segment
P — Q interval
P — T interval
QRS complex
In a healthy adult speed of the excitement conduction through the
atrioventricular node is 0,02-0,05 m/sec. Atrioventricular delay enables:
Sequence of atrial and ventricular contractions
Simultaneity of both atria contractions
Simultaneity of both ventricles contractions
Sufficient force of atrial contractions
Sufficient force of ventricular contractions
During an experiment vagus branches that innervate heart are being
stimulated. This has stopped conduction of excitement from the atria to the
ventricles. The reason for it are electrophysical changes in the following structures:
Atrioventricular node
His’ bundle
Sinoatrial node
Ventricles
Atria
An isolated cell of human heart automatically generates excitement
impulses with frequency of 60 times per minute. This cell was taken from the
following heart structure:
Sinoatrial node
Atrium
Ventricle
Atrioventricular node
His’ bundle
During preparation of a patient to a heart surgery it was necessary to
measure pressure in heart chambers. In one of them pressure varied from 0 mm Hg
up to 120 mm Hg within one cardiac cycle. What heart chamber is it?
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Right atrium
Left atrium
Both ventricles
Vagus branches that innervate heart are being stimulated during an
experiment. This caused reduction of heart rate due to the intensification of the
following process (through the cell membrane of cardiac pacemaker):
Potassium ion yield
Potassium ion entry
 Calcium ion entry
Calcium ion yield
Calcium and potassium ion yield
A patient has delayed conduction of excitement through the atrioventricular
node. What changes of ECG will be observed?
Prolongation of P — Q interval
Prolongation of Q — S interval
Negative T wave
S — T-segment displacement
Prolongation of Q — T interval
A 45-year-old patient was admitted to the cardiological department. ECG
data: negative P wave overlaps QRS complex, diastolic interval is prolonged after
extrasystole. What type of extrasystole is it?
Atrioventricular
Sinus
Atrial
Ventricular
Bundle-branch
A 35-year-old man developed acute heart failure while running for a long
time. What changes in ionic composition can be observed in the cardiac muscle?
Accumulation of Na+ and Ca2+ ions in the myocardium cells
Accumulation of K + and Mg2+ ions in the myocardium cells
Reduction of Na+ and Ca2+ ions in the myocardium cells
Reduction of K + and Mg2+ ions in the extracellular space
Reduction of Na+ and Ca2+ ions in the extracellular space
In response to a change in body position from horizontal to vertical blood
circulation system develops reflectory pressor reaction. Which of the following is
its compulsory component?
Systemic constriction of the venous vessels
Systemic dilatation of the arterial resistive vessels
Decrease in the circulating blood volume
Increase in the heart rate
Weakening of the pumbing ability of heart
Heart rate of a 30-year-old man under emotional stress reached 112 bpm.
The reason for the heart rate increase is the altered condition of the following
conducting system of heart:
Sinoatrial node
Purkinje’s fibers
His’ bundle branches
Atrioventricular node
His’ bundle
The minute blood volume in a patient with transplanted heart has increased
as a result of physical activity. What regulative mechanism is responsible for these
changes?
Catecholamines
 Sympathetic unconditioned reflexes
Parasympathetic unconditioned reflexes
Sympathetic conditioned reflexes
Parasympathetic conditioned reflexes
During preparation of a patient to a heart surgery it was necessary to
measure pressure in heart chambers. In one of them pressure varied from 0 mm Hg
up to 120 mm Hg within one cardiac cycle. What heart chamber is it?
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Right atrium
Left atrium
-
A month after surgical constriction of rabbit’s renal artery the considerable
increase of systematic arterial pressure was observed. What of the following
regulation mechanisms caused the animal’s pressure change?
Angiotensin-II
Vasopressin
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Serotonin
Blood minute volume of a 30 year old woman at rest is 5 l/m. What blood
volume is pumped through the pulmonary vessels per minute?
5l
3,75 l
2,5 l
2,0 l
1,5 l
A patient under test was subjected to a moderate physical stress. His minute
blood volume amounted 10 l/min. What blood volume was pumped through his
lung vessels every minute?
10 l/min
5 l/min
4 l/min
6 l/min
7 l/min
ECG of a patient shows prolongation of T-wave. This is caused by
deceleration in ventricles of
Repolarization
Depolarization and repolarization
Depolarization
Contraction
Relaxation
An isolated cell of human heart automatically generates excitement
impulses with frequency of 60 times per minute. This cell was taken from the
following heart structure:
 Sinoatrial node
Atrium
Ventricle
Atrioventricular node
His’ bundle
ECG of a patient shows prolongation of T-wave. This is caused by
deceleration in ventricles of:
Repolarization
Depolarization and repolarization
Depolarization
Contraction
Relaxation
An isolated cell of human heart automatically generates excitement
impulses with frequency of 60 times per minute. This cell was taken from the
following heart structure:
Sinoatrial node
Atrium
Ventricle
Atrioventricular node
His’ bundle
An attack of tachycardia that occurred in a patient was stopped by pressing
on his eyeballs. Which of the following reflexes underlies this phenomenon?
Aschner
Goltz
Bainbridge
Hering
Bernard’s
ECG of a patient displays an abnormally long R wave (up to 0,18 s). This is
caused by a decrease in the conduction velocity of the following heart structures:
Ventricles
Atria
Atrio-ventricular node
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
During ventricular systole, the cardiac muscle does not respond to
additional stimulation because it is in the phase of:
Absolute refractoriness
Relational refractoriness
Hyperexcitability
Subnormal excitability
There is no correct answer
ECG of a patient displays an abnormally long R wave (up to 0,18 s). This is
caused by a decrease in the conduction velocity of the following heart structures:
Ventricles
Atria
 Atrio-ventricular node
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
During ventricular systole, the cardiac muscle does not respond to
additional stimulation because it is in the phase of:
Absolute refractoriness
Relational refractoriness
Hyperexcitability
Subnormal excitability
There is no correct answer
An animal experiment is aimed at studying the cardiac cycle. All the heart
valves are closed. What phase of the cycle is characterized by this status?
Isometric contraction
Asynchronous contraction
Protodiastolic period
Rapid filling
Reduced filling
Experimental stimulation of the sympathetic nerve branches that innervate
the heart caused an increase in force of heart contractions because the membrane of
typical cardiomyocytes permitted an increase in:
Calcium ion entry
Calcium ion exit
Potassium ion exit
Potassium ion entry
Calcium and potassium ion exit
A fixed-run taxi passenger has a sudden and expressed attack of
tachycardia. A doctor travelling by the same taxi has managed to slow down his
heart rate by pressing upon the eyeballs and thus causing the following reflex:
Dagnini-Aschner reflex
Bainbridge reflex
Holtz’s reflex
Hering-Breuer reflex
Frank-Starling mechanism
A patient complains of palpitation after stress. The pulse is 104 bpm, P-
Q=0,12 seconds, there are no changes of QRS complex. What type of arrhythmia
does the patient have?
Sinus tachycardia
Sinus bradycardia
Sinus arrhythmia
Ciliary arrhythmia
Extrasystole
An animal experiment is aimed at studying the cardiac cycle. All the heart
valves are closed. What phase of the cycle is characterized by this status?
Isometric contraction
Asynchronous contraction
 Protodiastolic period
Rapid filling
Reduced filling
Electrocardiogram analysis demonstrates that cardiac cycle of a human
equals 1 second. It means that heart rate per minute equals:
60
50
70
80
100
Experimental stimulation of the sympathetic nerve branches that innervate
the heart caused an increase in the force of heart contractions because the
membrane of typical cardiomyocytes permitted an increase in:
Calcium ion entry
Calcium ion exit
Potassium ion exit
Potassium ion entry
Calcium and potassium ion exit
During ventricular systole the cardiac muscle does not respond to additional
stimulation because it is in the phase of:
Absolute refractoriness
Relational refractoriness
Hyperexcitability
Subnormal excitability
There is no correct answer
In an elderly person the change in heart force and vessels physical
properties were detected; they can be clearly observed on graphic recording of
carotid pulse waves. What method was applied?
Sphygmography
Plethysmography
Rheography
Myography
Phlebography
Experimental stimulation of sympathetic nerve branches that innervate heart
caused an increase in force of heart contractions because membrane of typical
cardiomyocytes permitted an increase in:
Calcium ion entry
Calcium ion exit
Potassium ion exit
Potassium ion entry
Calcium and potassium ion exit
A passenger of a fixed-run taxi has a sudden and expressed attack of
tachycardia. A doctor travelling by the same taxi has managed to slow down his
heart rate by pressing upon the eyeballs and thus causing the following reflex:
Dagnini-Aschner reflex
 Bainbridge reflex
Holtz’s reflex
Hering-Breuer reflex
Frank-Starling mechanism
Patient’s systolic blood pressure is 90 mm Hg, diastolic - 70 mm Hg. Such
blood pressure is caused by decrease of the following factor:
Pumping ability of the left heart
Pumping ability of the right heart
Aortic compliance
Total peripheral resistance
Vascular tone
A passenger of a fixed-run taxi has a sudden and expressed attack of
tachycardia. A doctor travelling by the same taxi has managed to slow down his
heart rate by pressing upon the eyeballs and thus causing the following reflex:
Dagnini-Aschner reflex
Bainbridge reflex
Holtz’s reflex
Hering-Breuer reflex
Frank-Starling mechanism
The patient’s ECG shows that in the second standard lead from the
extremities the P waves are positive, their amplitude is 0,1 mV (norm is 0,05-0,25
mV), duration - 0,1 seconds (norm is 0,07-0,10 seconds). It can be concluded that
the following process occurs normally in the cardiac atria:
Depolarization
Repolarization
Activation
Contraction
Relaxation
As a result of posttranslative modifications some proteins taking part in
blood coagulation, particularly prothrombin, become capable of calcium binding.
The following vitamin takes part in this process:
K
C
A
B1
B2
A patient ill with essential hypertension was recommended a drug that
prevents thrombosis. It is to be taken parenterally. What drug is it?
Heparin
Amben
Protamine sulfate
Neodicumarin
Syncumar
Packed cell volume of a man was 40% before the trauma. What packed cell
volume will be observed 24 hours after blood loss of 750 ml?
 30%
40%
55%
45%
50%
A patient being treated for viral hepatitis type B got symptoms of hepatic
insufficiency. What blood changes indicative of protein metabolism disorder will
be observed in this case?
Absolute hypoalbuminemia
Absolute hyperalbuminemia
Absolute hyperfibrinogenemia
Proteinic blood composition is unchanged
Absolute hyperglobulinemia
A pregnant woman had her blood group identified. Reaction of erythrocyte
agglutination with standard serums of 0 (I), B (III) groups didn’t proceed with
standard serum of A (II) group. The blood group under examination is:
A (II)
0 (I)
B (III)
AB (IV)
-
A 16 year old boy after an illness has diminished function of protein
synthesis in liver as a result of vitamin K deficiency. It will cause disturbance of:
Blood coagulation
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Anticoagulant generation
Erythropoietin secretion
Osmotic blood pressure
A patient who had myocardial infarction was administered 75 mg of
acetylsalicilic acid a day. What is the purpose of this administration?
Reduction of thrombocyte aggregation
Inflammation reduction
Pain relief
Temperature reduction
Coronary vessel dilatation
In patients with the biliary tract obstruction the blood coagulation is
inhibited; the patients have frequent haemorrhages caused by the subnormal
assimilation of the following vitamin:
K
A
D
E
C
As a result of increased permeability of the erythrocyte membrane in a
patient with microspherocytic anaemia (Minkowsky-Shauffard disease) cells
receive sodium ions and water. Erythrocytes take form of spherocytes and can be
easily broken down. What is the leading mechanism of erythrocyte damage in this
case?
Electrolytic osmotic
Calcium
Acidotic
Protein
Nucleic
Examination of a patient 24 hours after appendectomy revealed neutrophilic
leukocytosis with a regenerative shift. What is the most likely mechanism of
leukocytosis development?
Intensification of leukopoiesis
Redistribution of the leukocytes in the organism
Deceleration of leukocyte breakdown
Deceleration of leukocyte migration to the tissues
Intensification of leukopoiesis and deceleration of leukocyte migration to the
tissues
Examination of a patient admitted to the surgical department with
symptoms of acute appendicitis revealed the following changes in the white blood
cells: the total count of leukocytes is 16 • 109/l. Leukocyte formula: basophils - 0,
eosinophils - 2%, juvenile forms - 2%, stabnuclear - 8%, segmentonuclear - 59%,
lymphocytes - 25%, monocytes- 4%. The described changes can be classified as:
Neutrophilia with regenerative left shift
Neutrophilia with right shift
Neutrophilia with degenerative left shift
Neutrophilic leukemoid reaction
Neutrophilia with hyperregenerative left shift
After a disease a 16-year-old boy is presenting with decreased function of
protein synthesis in the liver as a result of vitamin K deficiency. This may cause
disorder of:
Blood coagulation
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Anticoagulant production
Erythropoietin production
Osmotic blood pressure
A patient suffers from the haemorrhagic syndrome that shows itself in
frequent nasal bleedings, posttraumatic and spontaneous intracutaneous and intra-
articular haemorrhages. After a laboratory study a patient was diagnosed with the
type B haemophilia. This disease is provoked by the deficit of the following factor
of blood coagulation:
IX
VIII
XI
V
VII
 It was established that agglutination of the recipient’s blood erythrocytes
had been caused by the standard sera from the I and II groups. Serum from the III
group as well as anti-Rh serum hadn‘t provoke any agglutination. Which blood
group and rhesus is allowed to be transfused this recipient?
B, a (III) Rh-
A, p (II) Rh-
0, a, p, (I) Rh+
AB (IV), Rh+
AB (IV), Rh-
A patient underwent a surgery for excision of a cyst on pancreas. After this
he developed haemorrhagic syndrome with apparent disorder of blood coagulation.
Development of this complication can be explained by:
Activation of fibrinolytic system
Insufficient fibrin production
Reduced number of thrombocytes
Activation of anticoagulation system
Activation of Christmas factor
A 38-year-old patient with an uterine haemorrhage lasting for 2 days was
delivered to the admission ward. Which of the following will be revealed in the
patient’s blood?
Decrease in the haematocrite index
Eosinophilia
Deceleration in ESR
Leukocytosis
Increase in the colour index
A 70-year-old patient suffers from atherosclerosis complicated by the lower
limb thrombosis that has caused gangrene on his left toes. What is the most likely
cause of the thrombosis origin?
Thrombocyte adhesion
Prothrombinase activation
Transformation of prothrombin into thrombin
Transformation of fibrinogen into fibrin
Impaired heparin synthesis
A clinic observes a 49 year old patient with significant prolongation of
coagulation time, gastrointestinal haemorrhages, subcutaneous hematomas. These
symptoms might be explained by the deficiency of the following vitamin:
K
Bi
B6
H
E
A patient is 44 years old. Laboratory examination of his blood revealed that
content of proteins in plasma was 40 g/l. What influence will be exerted on the
transcapillary water exchange?
Filtration will be increased, reabsorption - decreased
 Both filtration and reabsorption will be increased
Both filtration and reabsorption will be decreased
Filtration will be decreased, reabsorption - increased
Exchange will stay unchanged
Two hours after an exam a student had a blood count done and it was
revealed that he had leukocytosis without significant leukogram modifications.
What is the most probable mechanism of leukocytosis development?
Redistribution of leukocytes in the organism
Leukopoiesis intensification
Deceleration of leukocyte lysis
Deceleration of leukocyte migration to the tissues
Leukopoiesis intensification and deceleration of leukocyte lysis
Blood group of a 30 year old man was specified before an operation. His
blood is Rh-positive. Reaction of erythrocyte agglutination was absent with
standard sera of 0 (I), A (II), B (III) groups. The blood under examination is of the
following group:
0 (I)
A (II)
B (III)
AB (IV)
-
A man weighs 80 kg, after long physical activity his circulating blood
volume is reduced down to 5,4 l, hematocrit makes up 50%, whole blood protein is
80 g/l. These blood characteristics are determined first of all by:
Water loss with sweat
Increased number of erythrocytes
Increased protein concentration in plasm
Increased circulating blood volume
Increased diuresis
Examination of a pregnant woman revealed twice as much concentration of
fibrinogen in blood plasm. What ESR can this woman have?
40-50 mm/h
10-15 mm/h
2-12 mm/h
5-10 mm/h
0-5 mm/h
A female patient underwent liver transplantation. 1,5 month after it her
condition became worse because of reaction of transplant rejection. What factor of
immune system plays the leading part in this reaction?
T-killers
Interleukin-1
Natural killers
B-lymphocytes
T-helpers
 A 5 year old child is ill with measles. Blood analysis revealed increase of
total number of leukocytes up to 13 • 109/l. Leukogram: basophils - 0, eosinophils
- 1, myelocytes - 0, juvenile neutrophils - 0, band neutrophils - 2, segmented
neutrophils - 41, lymphocytes - 28, monocytes - 28. Name this phenomenon:
Monocytosis
Agranulocytosis
Lymphocytosis
Eosinopenia
Neutropenia
After transfusion of 200 ml of blood a patient presented with body
temperature rise up to 37,9oC. Which of the following substances is the most likely
cause of temperature rise?
Interleukin-1
Interleukin-2
Tumour necrosis factor
Interleukin-3
Interleukin-4
A patient is 44 years old. Laboratory examination of his blood revealed that
content of proteins in plasma was 40 g/l. What influence will be exerted on the
transcapillary water metabolism?
Filtration will be increased, reabsorption - decreased
Both filtration and reabsorption will be increased
Both filtration and reabsorption will be decreased
Filtration will be decreased, reabsorption - increased
Metabolism will stay unchanged
Blood count of an athlete is as follows: erythrocytes - 5,5 • 1012/l, Hb-180
g/l, leukocytes - 7 • 109/l, neutrophils -64%, basophils - 0,5%, eosinophils - 0,5%,
monocytes - 8%, lymphocytes - 27%. First of all, such results indicate the
stimulation of:
Erythropoiesis
Leukopoiesis
Lymphopoiesis
Granulocytopoiesis
Immunogenesis
A tooth extraction in a patient with chronic persistent hepatitis was
complicated with prolonged hemorrhage. What is the reason for the haemorrhagic
syndrome?
Decrease in thrombin production
Increase in thromboplastin production
Decrease in fibrin production
Increase in fibrinogen synthesis
Fibrinolysis intensification
After a tourniquet application a patient was found to have petechial
haemorrhages. The reason for it is the dysfunction of the following cells:
Platelets
 Eosinophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
In a car accident a man got injured and lost a lot of blood. What changes in
peripheral blood are most likely to occur on the 2nd day after the injury?
Erythropenia
Hypochromia
Anisocytosis
Micropenia
Significant reticulocytosis
A 3-year-old boy with pronounced hemorrhagic syndrome doesn’t have
antihemophilic globulin A (factor VIII) in the blood plasma. Hemostasis has been
impaired at the following stage:
Internal mechanism of prothrombinase activation
External mechanism of prothrombinase activation
Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Blood clot retraction
A 12-year-old patient has been admitted to a hospital for hemarthrosis of the
knee joint. From early childhood he suffers from frequent bleedings. Diagnose the
boy’s disease:
Hemophilia
Hemorrhagic vasculitis
Hemolytic anemia
B12 (folic acid)-deficiency anemia
Thrombocytopenic purpura
A pregnant woman underwent AB0 blood typing. Red blood cells were
agglutinated with standard sera of the I and II blood groups, and were not
agglutinated with the III group serum. What is the patient’s blood group?
B(III)
0(I)
A(II)
AB(IV)
-
A 46-year-old female is scheduled for a maxillofacial surgery. It is known
that the patient is prone to high blood coagulation. What natural anticoagulant can
be used to prevent blood clotting?
Heparin
Hirudin
Sodium citrate
Fibrinolysin
None of the above-listed substances
A 3-year-old child had eaten some strawberries. Soon he developed a rash
and itching. What was found in the child’s leukogram?
 Eosinophilia
Hypolymphemia
Neutrophilic leukocytosis
Monocytosis
Lymphocytosis
A patient is diagnosed with hereditary coagulopathy that is characterised by
factor VIII deficiency. Specify the phase of blood clotting during which
coagulation will be disrupted in the given case:
Thromboplastin formation
Thrombin formation
Fibrin formation
Clot retraction
-
When defining blood group according to the AB0 system, using salt
solutions of monoclonal antibodies, agglutination didn’t occur with any of the
solutions. What blood group is it?
0 (I)
A (II)
B (III)
AB (IV)
-
A woman with the III (В), Rh- blood group gave birth to a child with the II
(А) blood group. The child is diagnosed with hemolytic disease of newborn caused
by rhesus incompatibility. What blood group and Rh can the father have?
II (А), Rh+
I (0), Rh+
III (B), Rh+
I (0), Rh−
II (A), Rh−
A patient is diagnosed with hereditary coagulopathy that is characterised by
factor VIII deficiency. Specify the phase of blood clotting during which
coagulation will be disrupted in the given case:
Thromboplastin formation
Thrombin formation
Fibrin formation
Clot retraction
–
During determining the blood group according to the AB0 system with salt
solutions of monoclonal antibodies agglutination did not occur with any of the
solutions. What blood group is it?
0 (I)
А (II)
В (III)
АВ (IV)
–
 A 3-year-old child has eaten some strawberries. Soon he developed a rash
and itching. What was found in the child’s leukogram?
Eosinophilia
Hypolymphemia
Neutrophilic leukocytosis
Monocytosis
Lymphocytosis
Determining a patient’s blood group with monoclonal test-reagents revealed
positive agglutination reaction to anti-A and antiB reagents, and negative reaction
to anti-D. What blood group does this patient have?
IV (АВ) Rh−
II (А) Rh+
III (В) Rh−
IV (АВ) Rh+
I (0) Rh+
A patient is diagnosed with hereditary coagulopathy that is characterised by
factor VIII deficiency. Specify the phase of blood clotting during which
coagulation will be disrupted in the given case:
Thromboplastin formation
Thrombin formation
Fibrin formation
Clot retraction
–
10 minutes after the beginning of heavy physical work a person
demonstrates increase of erythrocyte number in blood from 4, 0 · 1012/l to 4, 5 ·
1012/l. What is the cause of this phenomenon?
Erythrocytes exit from depot
Suppression of erythrocyte destruction
Erythropoiesis activation
Increase of cardiac output
Water loss
A 59-year-old woman has been hospialized in a surgical ward due to
exacerbation of chronic osteomyelitis of the left shin. Blood test: leukocytes - 15, 0
· 109/l. Leukogram: myelocytes - 0%, metamyelocytes - 8%, stab neutrophils -
28%, segmented neutrophils - 32%, lymphocytes - 29%, monocytes - 3%. Such
blood count would be called:
Regenerative left shift
Right shift
Hyperregenerative left shift
Degenerative left shift
Regenerative-degenerative left shift
Upon toxic damage of hepatic cells resulting in disruption of liver function
the patient developed edemas. What changes of blood plasma are the main cause of
edema development?
Decrease of albumin content
 Increase of globulin content
Decrease of fibrinogen content
Increase of albumin content
Decrease of globulin content
A 59-year-old woman has been hospialized in a surgical ward due to
exacerbation of chronic osteomyelitis of the left shin. Blood test: leukocytes - 15, 0
· 109/l. Leukogram: myelocytes - 0%, metamyelocytes - 8%, stab neutrophils -
28%, segmented neutrophils - 32%, lymphocytes - 29%, monocytes - 3%. Such
blood count would be called:
Regenerative left shift
Right shift
Hyperregenerative left shift
Degenerative left shift
Regenerative-degenerative left shift
Blood group of a 30-year-old man has been determined before a surgery.
The blood was Rhesus-positive. Agglutination did not occur with standard 0 (I), А
(II), and В (III) serums. The blood belongs to the following group:
0 (I)
А (II)
В (III)
АВ (IV)
–
A 3-year-old boy with pronounced hemorrhagic syndrome has no
antihemophilic globulin A (factor VIII) in the blood plasma. Hemostasis has been
impaired at the following stage:
Internal mechanism of prothrombinase activation
External mechanism of prothrombinase activation
Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Blood clot retraction
After pancreatic surgery the patient developed hemorrhagic syndrome with
disturbed 3rd stage of blood clotting. What will be the most likely mechanism of
the hemostatic disorder?
Fibrinolysis activation
Decrease of prothrombin synthesis
Decrease of fibrinogen synthesis
Qualitative abnormalities of fibri- nogenesis
Fibrin-stabilizing factor deficiency
A woman with the III (В), Rh (-) blood group gave birth to a child with the
II (А) blood group. The child is diagnosed with hemolytic disease of newborn
caused by rhesus incompatibility. What blood group and Rh are likely in the
father?
II (А), Rh (+)
I (0), Rh (+)
III (B), Rh (+)
 I (0), Rh (-)
II (A), Rh (-)
A patient with pneumonia has body temperature of 39,2oC. What cells are
the main producers of endogenous pyrogen that had caused such temperature rise?
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Endotheliocytes
Fibroblasts
Determining a patient’s blood group with monoclonal test-reagents revealed
positive agglutination reaction to anti-A and anti-B reagents, and negative reaction
to anti-D. What blood group does this patient have?
IV (АВ) Rh (-)
II (А) Rh (+)
III (В) Rh (-)
IV (АВ) Rh (+)
I (0) Rh (+)
A 30 year old woman has subnormal concentration of enzymes in the
pancreatic juice. This might be caused by the hyposecretion of the following
gastrointestinal hormone:
Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin
Somatostatin
Secretin
Gastro-inhibiting peptide
Vaso-intestinal peptide
A 60 year old patient was found to have a dysfunction of main digestive
enzyme of saliva. This causes the disturbance of primary hydrolysis of:
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Cellulose
Lactose
Due to the blockage of the common bile duct (which was radiographically
confirmed), the biliary flow to the duodenum was stopped. We should expect the
impairment of:
Fat emulsification
Protein absorption
Carbohydrate hydrolysis
Secretion of hydrochloric acid
Salivation inhibition
A driver who got a trauma in a road accident and is shocked has reduction of
daily urinary output down to 300 ml. What is the main pathogenetic factor of such
diuresis change?
Drop of arterial pressure
Drop of oncotic blood pressure
 Increased vascular permeability
Decreased number of functioning glomerules
Secondary hyperaldosteronism
A patient has a decreased vasopressin synthesis that causes polyuria and as
a result of it evident organism dehydratation. What is the mechanism of polyuria
development?
Reduced tubular reabsorption of water
Reduced tubular reabsorption of Na ions
Reduced tubular reabsorption of protein
Reduced glucose reabsorption
Acceleration of glomerular filtration
As a result of a road accident a driver has gotten a trauma. Now he is in
shock condition and presents with a decrease in daily diuresis down to 300 ml.
What is the main pathogenetic factor of such alteration
Arterial pressure drop
Oncotic blood pressure drop
Increase in vascular permeability
Decrease in number of the functioning glomerules
Secondary hyperaldosteronism
As a result of long-term starvation the glomerular filtration of a man was
accelerated by 20%. The most probable cause of filtration changes under such
conditions is:
Fall of oncotic pressure of blood plasma
Rise of systemic arterial pressure
Increased permeability of renal filter
Growth of filtration coefficient
Increase of renal plasma flow
Atria of an experimental animal were superdistended by blood that resulted
in decreased reabsorption of Na+ and water in renal tubules. This can be explained
by the influence of the following factor upon kidneys:
Natriuretic hormone
Aldosterone
Renin
Angiotensin
Vasopressin noscopy.
A concentrated solution of sodium chloride was intravenously injected to an
animal. This caused decreased reabsorption of sodium ions in the renal tubules. It
is the result of the following changes of hormonal secretion:
Aldosterone reduction
Aldosterone increase
Vasopressin reduction
Vasopressin increase
Reduction of atrial natriuretic factor
 As a result of continuous starvation the glomerular filtration rate has
increased by 20%. The most probable cause of the glomerular filtration alteration
under the mentioned conditions is:
Decrease in the oncotic pressure of blood plasma
Increase in the systemic arterial pressure
Increase in the permeability of the renal filter
Increase of the filtration quotient
Increase of the renal blood flow
A month after surgical constriction of rabbit’s renal artery the considerable
increase of systemic arterial pressure was observed. What of the following
regulation mechanisms caused the animal’s pressure change?
Angiotensin-II
Vasopressin
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Serotonin
Due to the use of poor-quality measles vaccine for preventive vaccination, a
1-year-old child developed an autoimmune renal injury. The urine was found to
contain macromolecular proteins. What process of urine formation was disturbed?
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Reabsorption and secretion
Secretion and filtration
Urine analysis has shown high levels of protein and erythrocytes in urine.
This can be caused by the following:
Renal filter permeability
Effective filter pressure
Hydrostatic blood pressure in glomerular capillaries
Hydrostatic primary urine pressure in capsule
Oncotic pressure of blood plasma
A patient has insufficient blood supply to the kidneys, which has caused the
development of pressor effect due to the constriction of arterial resistance vessels.
This is the result of the vessels being greatly affected by the following substance:
Angiotensin II
Angiotensinogen
Renin
Catecholamines
Norepinephrine
Atria of an experimental animal were superdistended with blood, which
resulted in decreased reabsorption of Na+ and water in renal tubules. This can be
explained by the influence of the following factor on kidneys:
Natriuretic hormone
Aldosterone
Renin
 Angiotensin
Vasopressin
Glomerular filtration of a person, who has been starving for a long time, has
increased by 20%. The most likely cause of filtration changes in the given
conditions is:
Decrease of blood plasma oncotic pressure
Increase of systemic blood pressure
Increase of renal filter permeability
Increase of filtration factor
Increase of renal plasma flow
Urine analysis has shown high levels of protein and erythrocytes in urine.
This can be caused by the following:
Renal filter permeability
Effective filter pressure
Hydrostatic blood pressure in glomerular capillaries
Hydrostatic primary urine pressure in capsule
Oncotic pressure of blood plasma
A patient has insufficient blood supply to the kidneys, which caused the
development of pressor effect due to the constriction of arterial resistance vessels.
This is the result of the vessels being greatly affected by the following substance:
Angiotensin II
Angiotensinogen
Renin
Catecholamines
Norepinephrine
When measuring power inputs of a man by the method of indirect
calorimetry the following results were obtained: 1000 ml oxygen consumption and
800 ml carbon dioxide liberation per minute. The man under examination has the
following respiratory coefficient:
0,8
1,25
0,9
0,84
1,0
In a young man during exercise, the minute oxygen uptake and carbon
dioxide emission equalled to 1000 ml. What substrates are oxidized in the cells of
his body?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates and fats
Carbohydrates and proteins
When measuring power inputs of a person by the method of indirect
calorimetry the following results were obtained: oxygen consumption is 1000 ml
and carbon dioxide production is 800 ml per minute. The person under
examination has the following respiratory coefficient:
0,8
1,25
0,9
0,84
1,0
To lose some weight a woman has been limiting the amount of products in
her diet. 3 months later she developed edemas and her diuresis increased. What
dietary component deficiency is the cause of this?
Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Minerals
If a man has an attack of bronchi-ospasm it is necessary to reduce the effect
of vagus on smooth muscles of bronchi. What membrane cytoreceptors should be
blocked for this purpose?
M-cholinoreceptors
N-cholinoreceptors
^-adrenoreceptors
3-adrenoreceptors
a- and 3-adrenoreceptors
A 35 year old man got an injury that caused complete disruption of spinal
cord at the level of the first cervical segment. What respiration changes will be
observed?
It will come to a standstill
No changes will be observed
Diaphragmal respiration will be maintained, thoracic respiration will
disappear
Thoracic respiration will be maintained, diaphragmal respiration will
disappear
It will become infrequent and deep
Lung ventilation in a person is increased as a result of physical activity.
Which of the following indices of the external respiration is much higher than in a
state of rest?
Respiratory volume
Vital capacity of lungs
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Total lung capacity
Vagus nerves of an experimental animal have been cut on the both sides.
What respiratory changes will result from this?
Respiration will become deep and infrequent
Respiration will become shallow and frequent
 Respiration will become deep and frequent
Respiration will become shallow and infrequent
There will be no respiratory changes
A patient has a transversal laceration in the spinal cord. What respiratory
changes will result from this?
Respiration will present no significant changes
Respiration will stop
Respiration will become less frequent
Respiration will become deeper
Respiration will become more frequent
A patient was admitted to the hospital with an asphyxia attack provoked by
a spasm of smooth muscles of the respiratory tracts. This attack was mainly caused
by alterations in the following parts of the airways:
Small bronchi
Median bronchi
Large bronchi
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory part
While eating a child choked on food and aspirated it. The child has severe
cough, cyanotic skin and mucous membranes, rapid pulse, infrequent respiration,
prolonged expiration. The child has developed the following disorder of the
external respiration:
Expiratory dyspnea under asphyxia
Inspiratory dyspnea under asphyxia
Stenotic respiration
Alternating respiration
Biot’s respiration
Voluntary breath-holding caused increase of respiration depth and
frequency. The main factor stimulating these changes of external respiration is:
Increased tension of CO2 in blood
Increased tension of O2 in blood
Decreased tension of O2 in blood
Decreased tension of CO2 in blood
Decreased concentration of H + in blood
Lungs of a preterm infant have areas of atelectasis (pulmonary collapse).
The main cause is:
Surfactant deficiency
Increased viscous resistance
Underdeveloped inspiration muscles
Diminished force of surface tension of lungs
Surfactant excess
A young woman who entered a production department where it strongly
smelt of paints and varnishes had a bronchospasm. This reflex was caused by
irritation of the following receptors:
Irritant
 Juxtaglomerular
Pleura receptors
Central chemoreceptors
Peripheral chemoreceptors
A doctor asked a patient to breath out fully after taking a normal breath.
What muscles contract during such exhalation?
Abdominal muscles
External intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
Trapezius muscles
Pectoral muscles
A patient with marked pneumofibrosis that developed after infiltrating
pulmonary tuberculosis has been diagnosed with respiratory failure. What is its
pathogenetic type?
Restrictive
Obstructive
Dysregulatory
Reflex
Apneistic
Lung ventilation in a person is increased as a result of physical activity.
Which of the following indices of the external respiration is much higher than in a
state of rest?
Respiratory volume
Vital capacity of lungs
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Total lung capacity
A patient has a trauma of sternocleidomastoid muscle. This caused a
decrease in value of the following indicator of external respiration:
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Respiratory capacity
Residual volume
Functional residual lung capacity
A doctor asked a patient to breath out fully after taking a normal breath.
What muscles contract during such exhalation?
Abdominal muscles
External intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
Trapezius muscles
Pectoral muscles
Analysis of the experimental spirogram of a 55-year-old person revealed a
decrease in tidal volume and respiratory amplitude compared to the situation of ten
years ago. The change in these indicators is caused by:
Decreased force of respiratory muscle contraction
 Gas composition of the air
Physical build of a person
Height of a person
Body mass of a person
A patient has increased thickness of alveolar-capillary membrane caused by
a pathologic process. The direct consequence will be reduction of the following
value:
Diffusing lung capacity
Oxygen capacity of blood
Respiratory minute volume
Alveolar ventilation of lungs
Expiratory reserve volume
A patient has a traumatic injury of sternocleidomastoid muscle. This has
resulted in a decrease in the following value:
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Respiratory volume
Residual volume
Functional residual lung capacity
When studying the signs of pulmonary ventilation, reduction of forced
expiratory volume has been detected. What is the likely causeof this phenomenon?
Obstructive pulmonary disease
Increase of respiratory volume
Increase of inspiratory reserve volume
Increase of pulmonary residual volume
Increase of functional residual lung capacity
A female patient, having visited the factory premises with lots of dust in the
air for the first time, has got cough and burning pain in the throat. What respiratory
receptors, when irritated, cause this kind of reaction?
Irritant receptors
Juxtacapillary (J) receptors
Stretch receptors of lungs
Proprioceptors of respiratory muscles
Thermoreceptors
A patient demonstrates sharp decrease of pulmonary surfactant activity.
This condition can result in:
Alveolar tendency to recede
Decreased airways resistance
Decresed work of expiratory muscles
Increased pulmonary ventilation
Hyperoxemia
A patient has a traumatic injury of sternocleidomastoid muscle. This has
resulted in a decrease of the following value:
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
 Respiratory volume
Residual volume
Functional residual lung capacity
When studying the signs of pulmonary ventilation, reduction of forced
expiratory volume has been detected. What is the likely cause of this phenomenon?
Obstructive pulmonary disease
Increase of respiratory volume
Increase of inspiratory reserve volume
Increase of pulmonary residual volume
Increase of functional residual lung capacity
During recording of a spirogram a patient calmly exhaled. How do we call
the volume of air remaining in the lungs?
Functional residual capacity
Pulmonary residual volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume
Vital capacity of lungs
A patient demonstrates sharp decrease of pulmonary surfactant activity.
This condition can result in:
Alveolar tendency to recede
Decreased airways resistance
Decreased work of expiratory muscles
Increased pulmonary ventilation
Hyperoxemia
Water affects the mucosa of lower nasal passages resulting in diving reflex.
This responce manifests itself as:
Reflex apnea
Reflex dyspnea
Reflex hyperpnea
Cough
Bronchial spasm
During training session in the laboratory the students were performing
spirography on themselves. What indicator CANNOT be measured with this
method?
Functional residual capacity
Vital capacity
Respiratory minute volume
Respiration rate
Maximal breathing capacity
During ascent into mountains a person develops increased respiration rate
and rapid heart rate. What is the cause of these changes?
Decrease of O2 partial pressure
Increase of CO2 partial pressure
Increase of blood pH
Increase of nitrogen content in air
 Increase of air humidity
The temperature of the ambient environment is 38oC and relative air
humidity is 50%. What ways of heat emission provide maintaining a constant
temperature of the human body?
Evaporation
Radiation
Heat conduction
Convection
Convection and conduction
The temperature in a production room is 36oC. Relative air humidity is
80%. Under these conditions the human body transfers heat mainly through:
Sweat evaporation
Heat conduction
Radiation
Convection
-
Thermometry revealed that the temperature of the exposed skin is by 11,5°
lower than the temperature of the adjacent areas covered with clothing from natural
fabrics. The reason for this is that the clothes reduce the heat loss through:
Convection
Radiation
Conduction
Evaporation
-
The processes of heat transfer in a naked person at room temperature have
been studied. It was revealed that under these conditions the greatest amount of
heat is transferred by:
Heat radiation
Heat conduction
Convectionт
Evaporation
-
Representatives of a certain human population can be characterized by
elongated body, height variability, decreased volume of muscle mass, increased
length of limbs, decreased size and volume of rib cage, increased perspiration,
decreased indices of base metabolism and fat synthesis. What type of adaptive
evolution is it?
Tropical
Arctic
Moderate
Intermediate
Mountain
The processes of heat transfer in a naked person at room temperature have
been studied. It was revealed that under these conditions the greatest amount of
heat is transferred by:
 Heat radiation
Heat conduction
Convection
Evaporation
-
A person is in a room with air temperature of 38*C and relative air humi-
dity of 50%. What type of heat transfer ensures maintenance of constant body core
temperature under these conditions?
Evaporation
Radiation
Conduction and convection
Convection
-
In hot weather ventilators are often used to normalize the microclimate in
the heated rooms. It leads to intensified heat transfer from the human body by
means of:
Convection
Conduction and convection
Conduction
Radiation
Evaporation
А group of researchers aimed to study cardiac physiology found that
overstretching of atria in the heart leads to decreased sodium reabsorption in the
distal convoluted tubule and increase in glomerular filtration rаtе. Which of the
following is the most likely cause of physiologic effects discovered bу researchers?
Natriuretic peptide
Renin
Angiotensin
Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone
А 34-year-old man visits his dentist complaining of toothache. After а dental
procedure that involved extraction of several teeth, he develops severe bleeding
lasting more than 15 minutes. Не has а history of chronic hepatitis С. Which of the
following is the most likely cause of prolonged bleeding in this patient?
Hypofibrinogenemia
Hypoalbuminemia
Thrombocytopenia
Hypocalcemia
-
А male neonate born to а 24-year- old primigravida had jaundice at 8 hours
of life. The neonate's red blооd cell type was А+, while the mothers RВС type was
О+. Laboratory studies revealed elevated titer of mother's anti-A antibody, normal
erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate and negative sickle cell test: The infant's
hemoglobin was 106 g/L. Which of the following is the most likely cause of
infant's jaundice?
 . Hyperbilirubinemia
Rh incompatibility
Decrease in hemoglobin level
Sickle cell disease
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
An 11-year-old girl is brought to the doctor's office bу her mother who states
her daughter has been weak with swollen face for 3 days. The mother states her
daughter had always been healthy and active until the initiation of symptoms.
Upon inquiry, the girl describes а foamy appearance of her urine but denies blооd
in urine, urinary frequency at night, or pain during urination. Physical examination
reveals generalized swelling of the face and pitting edema on the lower limbs.
Laboratory study shows proteinuria and microscopic hematuria. Which of the
following is the most likely cause of findings in the laboratory study of urine?
Increased permeability across the glomerular capillary wall
Increased hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule
Increased plasma oncotic pressure
-
Increased glomerular hydrostatic pressure