4.

0 TUTORIAL

1. Generally, the bench scale refers to small-scale examination of components,

procedures or chemical processes such as on a laboratory worktable or inside a lab
hood. In order to verify that, the process can be conducted safely and yield the desired
product, it is important to conduct such chemical reactions in a bench scale. In
addition, provide a platform for research & development to track and evaluate
material behaviour. It helps to micro-monitor material properties, distribution of
particle size, particle shape and to recognize process factors that impact or are
impacted by the material (heat generation, capacity). The scaling up of the bench
helps to better understand the overall process including the side processes. With this
information it helps to build the knowledge base so that the technology can be enabled
and applied safely.

2. This is a study of direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide using batch reactor, based on
a journal paper. The direct synthesis of molecular hydrogen peroxide and oxygen on a
supplied palladium catalyst was investigated in a laboratory scale batch reactor at
258-297 K. To overcome internal and external mass the catalyst was made of finely
dispersed methanol/CO2 slurry. Experiments performed under kinetic control showed
that hydrogen peroxide was successfully formed on the surface of the catalyst, but it
was hydrogenated as the time of reaction progressed. Based on competitive hydrogen
and oxygen adsorption on the palladium surface, the component mass balances were
studied in detail and a reaction mechanism was suggested. The surface reactions
resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide and water were assumed to be rate
determining and the rate equations were obtained which explain direct synthesis,
water formation, as well as hydrogenation and decomposition. The batch reactor’s
significances are it improves in agitator blade and baffle design, mixing in large batch
reactors is essentially limited by the amount of energy that can be applied.