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3OUTH
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$RAKE
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!USTRALIA

 MILLION YEARS AGO 0RESENT DAY

)N THE CONTINUAL MOVEMENT OF %ARTHS TECTONIC PLATES !NTARCTICA WAS SEVERED FROM THE SOUTHERN TIP OF 3OUTH !MERICA ABOUT  MILLION YEARS
AGO CREATING THE $RAKE 0ASSAGE !NTARCTICA BECAME COMPLETELY SURROUNDED BY OCEAN4HE POWERFUL !NTARCTIC #IRCUMPOLAR #URRENT BEGAN
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4RADE 7INDS

 MILLION YEARS AGO  MILLION YEARS AGO 0RESENT DAY

3URFACE WATERS mOWED FROM THE 0ACIlC !BOUT  MILLION YEARS AGO THE .ORTH 4ODAY EVAPORATION IN THE TROPICAL !TLANTIC
INTO THE !TLANTIC  MILLION YEARS AGO !MERICAN 3OUTH !MERICAN AND #ARIBBEAN AND #ARIBBEAN LEAVES BEHIND SALTIER OCEAN
VIA AN OCEAN GATEWAY CALLED THE #ENTRAL 0LATES CONVERGED4HE RISE OF THE )STHMUS WATERS AND PUTS FRESH WATER VAPOR INTO
!MERICAN 3EAWAY AND BOTH OCEANS HAD OF 0ANAMA RESTRICTED WATER EXCHANGE THE ATMOSPHERE4RADE 7INDS CARRY THE
THE SAME SALINITY BETWEEN THE !TLANTIC AND 0ACIlC AND THEIR WATER VAPOR WESTWARD ACROSS THE LOW LYING
SALINITIES DIVERGED4HE ISTHMUS DIVERTED ISTHMUS DEPOSITING FRESH WATER INTO THE
WATERS THAT ONCE mOWED THROUGH THE 0ACIlC THROUGH RAINFALL !S A RESULT THE
3EAWAY4HE 'ULF 3TREAM BEGAN TO INTENSIFY !TLANTIC IS SALTIER THAN THE 0ACIlC

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7HAT FACTORS CAUSED THE .ORTHERN (EMISPHERE TO DEVELOP SEA ICE AND GLACIERS ABOUT  MILLION YEARS AGO 4HE CLOSING OF THE #ENTRAL !MERI
CAN 3EAWAY INTENSIlED THE 'ULF 3TREAM THE UPPER LIMB OF A CONVEYOR LIKE GLOBAL OCEAN CIRCULATION CALLED THE /CEAN #ONVEYOR4HE 'ULF
3TREAM TRANSPORTED SALT TO THE .ORTH !TLANTIC MAKING WATERS THERE DENSE ENOUGH TO SINK AND DRIVE THE LOWER LIMB OF THE #ONVEYOR !CCORD
ING TO ONE THEORY THE 'ULF 3TREAM ALSO TRANSPORTED MOISTURE TO THE .ORTH !TLANTIC REGION AND ENCOURAGED ICE FORMATION "UT THE 'ULF 3TREAM
ALSO CONVEYS HEAT WHICH WOULD DETER GLACIATION .EAL $RISCOLL AND 'ERALD (AUG PROPOSED A SOLUTION TO THIS APPARENT CONTRADICTION BELOW 

,ESS SALTY !RCTIC WATERS


FLOWED BACK INTO THE
.ORTH !TLANTIC CURTAILING
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WATERS THAT DRIVES THE
/CEAN #ONVEYOR

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DEPOSITED INTO GREAT
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