Professional Documents
Culture Documents
)PXUIF*TUINVTPG1BOBNB1VU*DFJOUIF"SDUJD
%SJGUJOHDPOUJOFOUTPQFOBOEDMPTFHBUFXBZTCFUXFFOPDFBOTBOETIJGU&BSUITDMJNBUF
5 IFMPOHMBHUJNFIBTBMXBZTQV[[MFE
TDJFOUJTUT8IZEJE"OUBSDUJDBCF
DPNFDPWFSFECZNBTTJWFJDFTIFFUT
DPNQMFYJOUFSQMBZBNPOHUIFDPOUJOFOUT
PDFBOT
BOEBUNPTQIFSF-JLFQJFDFTPGB
QV[[MF
&BSUITNPWJOHUFDUPOJDQMBUFTIBWF
BMMPXJOHPDFBOTUPGMPXCFUXFFOUIFN
8IFO"OUBSDUJDBXBTGJOBMMZTFWFSFE
GSPNUIFTPVUIFSOUJQPG4PVUI"NFSJDB
NJMMJPOZFBSTBHP
XIJMFUIF"SDUJD0DFBO SFBSSBOHFEUIFNTFMWFTPOUIFTVSGBDFPG UPDSFBUFUIF%SBLF1BTTBHF
"OUBSDUJDB
BDRVJSFEJUTJDFDBQPOMZBCPVUNJMMJPO UIFHMPCFTIJGUJOHUIFDPOGJHVSBUJPOTPG CFDBNFDPNQMFUFMZTVSSPVOEFECZUIF
ZFBSBHP JOUFSWFOJOHPDFBOT
BMUFSJOHPDFBODJSDVMB 4PVUIFSO0DFBO5IFQPXFSGVM"OUBSDUJD
4JODFUIFFOEPGUIFFYUSFNFMZXBSN
UJPO
BOEDBVTJOHDIBOHFTJODMJNBUF $JSDVNQPMBS$VSSFOUCFHBOUPTXFFQBMM
EJOPTBVSEPNJOBUFE$SFUBDFPVT&SB 5IFEFWFMPQNFOUPGJDFTIFFUTJOUIF UIFXBZBSPVOEUIFDPOUJOFOU
FGGFDUJWF
NJMMJPOZFBSTBHP
IFBUUSBQQJOHHSFFO 4PVUIFSO)FNJTQIFSFBSPVOENJMMJPO MZJTPMBUJOH"OUBSDUJDBGSPNNPTUPGUIF
IPVTFHBTFTJOUIFBUNPTQIFSFIBWFTUFBEJ ZFBSTBHPTFFNTGBJSMZTUSBJHIUGPSXBSE XBSNUIGSPNUIFHMPCBMPDFBOTBOEQSP
)PX"OUBSDUJDBHPUJUTJDFTIFFUT
3OUTH
3OUTH !FRICA !MERICA !FRICA
!MERICA
!NTARCTICA !NTARCTICA
$RAKE
0ASSAGE !USTRALIA
!USTRALIA
)N THE CONTINUAL MOVEMENT OF %ARTHS TECTONIC PLATES !NTARCTICA WAS SEVERED FROM THE SOUTHERN TIP OF 3OUTH !MERICA ABOUT MILLION YEARS
AGO CREATING THE $RAKE 0ASSAGE !NTARCTICA BECAME COMPLETELY SURROUNDED BY OCEAN4HE POWERFUL !NTARCTIC #IRCUMPOLAR #URRENT BEGAN
+BDL$PPL
TO SWEEP AROUND THE CONTINENT ISOLATING !NTARCTICA FROM THE WARMTH OF THE GLOBAL OCEANS AND PROVOKING LARGE SCALE COOLING
/CEANUS -AGAZINE s 6OL .O s 7OODS (OLE /CEANOGRAPHIC )NSTITUTION s OCEANUSMAGWHOIEDU
TBMUJFSBOEQVUGSFTIXBUFSWBQPSJOUPUIF
5IF(MPCBM0DFBO$POWFZPS BUNPTQIFSF5IF5SBEF8JOETDBSSJFE
UIFXBUFSWBQPSGSPNFBTUUPXFTUBDSPTT
UIFMPXMZJOH*TUINVTPG1BOBNBBOEEF
QPTJUFEGSFTIXBUFSJOUIF1BDJGJDUISPVHI
SBJOGBMM"TBSFTVMU
UIF1BDJGJDCFDBNF
SFMBUJWFMZGSFTIFS
XIJMFTBMJOJUZTMPXMZBOE
TUFBEJMZJODSFBTFEJOUIF"UMBOUJD
"TBSFTVMUPGUIF4FBXBZDMPTVSF
UIF
(VMG4USFBNJOUFOTJGJFE*UUSBOTQPSUFE
NPSFXBSN
TBMUZXBUFSNBTTFTUPIJHI
OPSUIFSOMBUJUVEFT
XIFSF"SDUJDXJOET
DPPMFEUIFNVOUJMUIFZCFDBNFEFOTF
FOPVHIUPTJOLUPUIFPDFBOGMPPS5IF
0DFBO$POWFZPSXBTSPMMJOH
ESBXJOH
FWFONPSF(VMG4USFBNXBUFSTOPSUIXBSE
+BZOF%PVDFUUF
2EVVING UP THE 'ULF 3TREAM
)PXEPFTUIJTNBLFJDFJOUIF/PSUI
4ODAYS CLIMATE SYSTEM IS INmUENCED BY THE OCEANS CONVEYOR
LIKE GLOBAL CIRCULATION #OLD SALTY 1FUFS8FZMIZQPUIFTJ[FEJOUIBU
WATERS SINK TO DRIVE THE CONVEYOR AND WARM SURFACE CURRENTS COMPLETE THE LOOP UIFDMPTVSFPGUIF$FOUSBM"NFSJDBO4FB
XBZBOEUIFJOUFOTJGJDBUJPOPGUIF(VMG
WPLJOHMBSHFTDBMFDPPMJOH .FYJDP
BOEUIFFRVBUPSJBM"UMBOUJDGMPXT 4USFBNXPVMEIBWFCSPVHIUBDSJUJDBMJO
5IF/PSUIFSO)FNJTQIFSFJTNPSF OPSUIXBSEJOUIF(VMG4USFBN"TUIF HSFEJFOUGPSJDFTIFFUHSPXUIUPUIF/PSUI
QSPCMFNBUJD'SPNTFEJNFOUDPSFTBOE XBSNXBUFSSFBDIFTIJHI/PSUI"UMBOUJD FSO)FNJTQIFSFNPJTUVSF8FZMTUIFPSZ
PUIFSEBUB
XFLOPXUIBUVOUJMBCPVU MBUJUVEFT
JUHJWFTVQIFBUBOENPJTUVSFUP BTTVNFEUIBUUIFDMPTVSFPGUIF$FOUSBM
NJMMJPOZFBSTBHP
/PSUIBOE4PVUI"NFS UIFBUNPTQIFSF
MFBWJOHDPME
TBMUZ
EFOTF "NFSJDBO4FBXBZBOEUIFCVJMEVQPGTBMU
JDBXFSFOPUDPOOFDUFE"IVHFHBQUIF XBUFSUIBUTJOLTUPUIFPDFBOGMPPS5IJT JOUIF"UMBOUJDDPJODJEFEXJUIUIFHSPXUI
$FOUSBM"NFSJDBO4FBXBZBMMPXFEUSPQJ XBUFSGMPXTBUEFQUIT
TPVUIXBSEBOECF PGOPSUIFSOJDFTIFFUTCFUXFFOBOE
DBMXBUFSUPGMPXCFUXFFOUIF"UMBOUJDBOE OFBUIUIF(VMG4USFBN
UPUIF4PVUIFSO NJMMJPOZFBSTBHP
1BDJGJD0DFBOT 0DFBO
UIFOUISPVHIUIF*OEJBOBOE1B #VUEPVCUTBCPVUUIJTIZQPUIFTJT
"HSPXJOHCPEZPGFWJEFODFTVHHFTUT DJGJD0DFBOT&WFOUVBMMZ
UIFXBUFSNJYFT TVSGBDFEJO
XIFO-MPZE,FJHXJO
UIBUUIFGPSNBUJPOPGUIF*TUINVTPG1BO XJUIXBSNFSXBUFSBOESFUVSOTUPUIF"U GPVOEFWJEFODFJOPDFBOTFEJNFOUTUIBU
BNBQBSUJUJPOFEUIF"UMBOUJDBOE1BDJGJD MBOUJDUPDPNQMFUFUIFDJSDVMBUJPO UIFDMPTJOHPGUIF*TUINVTPG1BOBNBIBE
0DFBOTBOEGVOEBNFOUBMMZDIBOHFEHMPCBM 5IFQSJODJQBMFOHJOFPGUIJTHMPCBMDJS JOGMVFODFEPDFBODJSDVMBUJPONPSFUIBOB
PDFBODJSDVMBUJPO5IFDMPTJOHPGUIF$FO DVMBUJPO
PGUFODBMMFEUIF0DFBO$POWFZPS
NJMMJPOZFBSTFBSMJFS)FEFNPOTUSBUFEUIBU
USBM"NFSJDBO4FBXBZJOJUJBMMZNBZIBWF JTUIFEJGGFSFODFJOTBMUDPOUFOUCFUXFFO UIFTBMJOJUZDPOUSBTUCFUXFFOUIF"UMBOUJD
XBSNFE&BSUITDMJNBUF
CVUUIFOTFUUIF UIF"UMBOUJDBOE1BDJGJD0DFBOT#FGPSFUIF BOE1BDJGJDIBEBMSFBEZTUBSUFEUPEFWFMPQ
TUBHFGPSHMBDJBUJPOJOUIF/PSUIFSO)FNJ *TUINVTPG1BOBNBFYJTUFE
1BDJGJDTVS CZNJMMJPOZFBSTBHP
TQIFSFBUNJMMJPOZFBSTBHP GBDFXBUFSTGMPXFEJOUPUIF"UMBOUJD5IFJS *O
(FSBME)BVHBOE3BMG5JFEF
XBUFSTNJYFE
SPVHIMZCBMBODJOHUIFUXP NBOODPOGJSNFE,FJHXJOTSFTFBSDIXJUI
4HE /CEAN #ONVEYOR PDFBOTTBMJOJUZ IJHIFSSFTPMVUJPOEBUBGSPNTFEJNFOU
"GVOEBNFOUBMFMFNFOUPGUPEBZT "CPVUNJMMJPOZFBSTBHP
UIF/PSUI DPSFT*GUIFTBMJOJUZIBEBMSFBEZDIBOHFE
DMJNBUFTZTUFNJTBDPOWFZPSMJLFPDFBO "NFSJDBO
4PVUI"NFSJDBO
BOE$BSJCCF CZNJMMJPOZFBSBHP
XIZEJEOUHMB
DJSDVMBUJPOQBUUFSOUIBUEJTUSJCVUFTWBTU BO1MBUFTCFHBOUPDPOWFSHF5IFHSBEVBM DJBUJPOTUBSUVOUJMNJMMJPOZFBSTBHP
RVBOUJUJFTPGIFBUBOENPJTUVSFBSPVOE TIPBMJOHPGUIF$FOUSBM"NFSJDBO4FBXBZ 0OUIFDPOUSBSZ
UIF&BSUIFYQFSJFODFEB
PVSQMBOFU5IJTHMPCBMDJSDVMBUJPOJTQSP CFHBOUPSFTUSJDUUIFFYDIBOHFPGXBUFS XBSNTQFMMCFUXFFONJMMJPOBOE
QFMMFECZUIFTJOLJOHPGDPME
TBMUZBOE CFUXFFOUIF1BDJGJDBOE"UMBOUJD
BOEUIFJS NJMMJPOZFBSTBHP
UIFSFGPSFEFOTFPDFBOXBUFST TBMJOJUJFTEJWFSHFE 5IBUHMPCBMXBSNTQFMM
DBMMFEUIF.JE
*OUPEBZTPDFBO
XBSN
TBMUZTVSGBDF &WBQPSBUJPOJOUIFUSPQJDBM"UMBOUJD 1MJPDFOF8BSN1FSJPE
NBZBMTPIBWF
XBUFSGSPNUIF$BSJCCFBO
UIF(VMGPG BOE$BSJCCFBOMFGUPDFBOXBUFSTUIFSF CFFOSFMBUFEUPUIFDMPTJOHPGUIF$FOUSBM
/CEANUS -AGAZINE s 6OL .O s 7OODS (OLE /CEANOGRAPHIC )NSTITUTION s OCEANUSMAGWHOIEDU
5IFSJTFPGUIF*TUINVTPG1BOBNBBOEUIFDMPTJOHPGUIF$FOUSBM"NFSJDBO4FBXBZ
AM
RE
3T
LF
'U
4RADE 7INDS
3URFACE WATERS mOWED FROM THE 0ACIlC !BOUT MILLION YEARS AGO THE .ORTH 4ODAY EVAPORATION IN THE TROPICAL !TLANTIC
INTO THE !TLANTIC MILLION YEARS AGO !MERICAN 3OUTH !MERICAN AND #ARIBBEAN AND #ARIBBEAN LEAVES BEHIND SALTIER OCEAN
VIA AN OCEAN GATEWAY CALLED THE #ENTRAL 0LATES CONVERGED4HE RISE OF THE )STHMUS WATERS AND PUTS FRESH WATER VAPOR INTO
!MERICAN 3EAWAY AND BOTH OCEANS HAD OF 0ANAMA RESTRICTED WATER EXCHANGE THE ATMOSPHERE4RADE 7INDS CARRY THE
THE SAME SALINITY BETWEEN THE !TLANTIC AND 0ACIlC AND THEIR WATER VAPOR WESTWARD ACROSS THE LOW
LYING
SALINITIES DIVERGED4HE ISTHMUS DIVERTED ISTHMUS DEPOSITING FRESH WATER INTO THE
WATERS THAT ONCE mOWED THROUGH THE 0ACIlC THROUGH RAINFALL !S A RESULT THE
3EAWAY4HE 'ULF 3TREAM BEGAN TO INTENSIFY !TLANTIC IS SALTIER THAN THE 0ACIlC
+BDL$PPL
"NFSJDBO4FBXBZBOEUIFDPOTFRVFOUSF 3HORT
CIRCUITING THE #ONVEYOR TQBDF*UXPVMEBMTPBDUBTBCBSSJFSCMPDL
BSSBOHFNFOUPGHMPCBMPDFBODJSDVMBUJPO 8IBUTIVUEPXOUIF.JE1MJPDFOF JOHIFBUTUPSFEJOUIFPDFBOGSPNFTDBQ
"OJOWJHPSBUFE0DFBO$POWFZPSDPVME 8BSN1FSJPEBCPVUNJMMJPOZFBST JOHUPUIFBUNPTQIFSFBCPWFUIF"SDUJD
IBWFESJWFOBTUSPOHFSGMPXPGEFFQXB BHP "OEXIBUGJOBMMZDBVTFE/PSUIFSO #PUIUIFTFQIFOPNFOBXPVMEGVSUIFS
UFSTGSPNUIF"UMBOUJDUPUIF/PSUI1BDJGJD )FNJTQIFSJDHMBDJBUJPOBUBCPVUUIFTBNF DPPMUIFIJHIMBUJUVEFT*OBEEJUJPO
"SDUJD
0DFBO
XIJDIJTUIFFOEPGUIFMJOFGPS UJNFCVUOFBSMZNJMMJPOZFBSTBGUFSUIF XBUFSTGMPXJOHCBDLJOUPUIF/PSUI"U
EFFQPDFBODJSDVMBUJPO *TUINVTPG1BOBNBGPSNFE MBOUJDXPVMEIBWFCFDPNFMFTTDPMEBOE
0OUIFJSKPVSOFZUPUIF/PSUI1BDJGJD
8FZMTPSJHJOBMUIFPSZPGBTUSPOHFS
TBMUZTIPSUDJSDVJUJOHUIFFGGJDJFODZPG
UIFTFEFFQXBUFSTCFDBNFFOSJDIFEJOOV NPJTUVSFMBEFO(VMG4USFBNSBJTFEBO UIF0DFBO$POWFZPSCFMUBTBHMPCBMIFBU
USJFOUTBOEDBSCPOEJPYJEF*OUIF4VCBSD PUIFSOFUUMFTPNFRVFTUJPO)PXDPVMEUIF QVNQUP/PSUI"UMBOUJDSFHJPOT
UJD1BDJGJD
UIFTFEFFQXBUFSTDPVMEIBWF (VMG4USFBNXIJDIUSBOTQPSUTOPUPOMZ
VQXFMMFE
SJTJOHUPUIFTVOMJUTVSGBDFUP NPJTUVSFCVUBMTPIFBUUPUIF/PSUI"UMBO 4HE TILT TOWARD GLACIATION
QSPWJEFUIFJOHSFEJFOUTUPTQBSLFOPSNPVT UJDMFBEUPNBKPS/PSUIFSO)FNJTQIFSF 5IFTFQSFDPOEJUJPOTNPJTUVSFQMVTBO
CMPPNTPGQIZUPQMBOLUPO(SFBUBCVO DPPMJOHBOEUIFGPSNBUJPOPGJDF "SDUJDOVDMFVTGPSDPPMJOHXPVMEIBWF
EBODFTPGTJMJDBBOEPQBM UIFQSFTFSWFE /FBM%SJTDPMMBOE(FSBME)BVHQSP NBEFUIFDMJNBUFTZTUFNIJHIMZTVTDFQ
NBUFSJBMGSPNUIFQIZUPQMBOLUPOTIFMMT
QPTFEPOFTPMVUJPO5IFZQPTUVMBUFEUIBU UJCMFUPJDFTIFFUHSPXUI&WFONPEFTU
JOTFBGMPPSTFEJNFOUTBSFFWJEFODFPGCPUI NPJTUVSFDBSSJFEOPSUIXBSECZUIF(VMG DIBOHFTJOUIFHMPCBMFOWJSPONFOUXPVME
UIFCMPPNTBOEUIFTUSPOHVQXFMMJOH 4USFBNXBTUSBOTQPSUFECZQSFWBJMJOH IBWFCFFOTVGGJDJFOUUPUJQUIFTDBMFTBOE
5IFVQXFMMJOHNBZIBWFCFFOTP XFTUFSMZXJOETUP&VSBTJB*UGFMMBTSBJOPS MFBEUPUIFPOTFUPGNBKPS/PSUIFSO)FNJ
TUSPOH
IPXFWFS
UIBUUIFQIZUPQMBOLUPO TOPX
FWFOUVBMMZEFQPTJUJOHNPSFGSFTI TQIFSFHMBDJBUJPO
EJEOPULFFQQBDFXJUIUIFVQXFMMJOH XBUFSJOUPUIF"SDUJD0DFBOFJUIFSEJ +VTUTVDIBDIBOHFPDDVSSFECFUXFFO
UIBUJT
NPSFDBSCPOEJPYJEFVQXFMMFE SFDUMZ
PSWJBUIFHSFBU4JCFSJBOSJWFSTUIBU BOENJMMJPOZFBSTBHP
BT&BSUIT
UIBOXBTVTFECZUIFQIZUPQMBOLUPO FNQUZJOUPUIF"SDUJD0DFBO BYJTGMVDUVBUFETPUIBUUIFQMBOFUTUJMUUP
$POTFRVFOUMZ
UIFFYDFTTDBSCPOEJPYJEF 5IFBEEFEGSFTIXBUFSXPVMEIBWFGB XBSEUIFTVOXBTMFTTUIBOUPEBZTBOHMFPG
iMFBLFEuCBDLJOUPUIFBUNPTQIFSF
BEEJOH DJMJUBUFEUIFGPSNBUJPOPGTFBJDF
XIJDI EFHSFFT-FTTUJMUUPUIF&BSUIXPVME
BHSFFOIPVTFHBTUIBUXBSNFEUIFQMBOFU XPVMESFGMFDUTVOMJHIUBOEIFBUCBDLJOUP IBWFSFEVDFEUIFBNPVOUBOEJOUFOTJUZPG
/CEANUS -AGAZINE s 6OL .O s 7OODS (OLE /CEANOGRAPHIC )NSTITUTION s OCEANUSMAGWHOIEDU
TPMBSSBEJBUJPOIJUUJOHUIF/PSUIFSO)FNJ CBDLNFDIBOJTNT
SFTVMUJOHGSPNUIF NPWFIFBUGSPNUIFUSPQJDTUPIJHIMBUJ
TQIFSF
MFBEJOHUPDPMEFSTVNNFSTBOEMFTT PQFOJOHBOEDMPTJOHPGPDFBOJDHBUFXBZT
UVEFT
UPBNPSF-B/JÒBMJLFTUBUF XIJDI
NFMUJOHPGXJOUFSTOPXT SFNBJOJNQFSGFDUMZVOEFSTUPPE"OETDJ XPVMEIBWFDVSUBJMFEUIFIFBUUSBOTGFSBOE
5IFPOTFUPG/PSUIFSO)FNJTQIFSF FOUJTUTBSFBMTPFYQMPSJOHUIFSBNJGJDBUJPOT DPPMFEUIF/PSUIFSO)FNJTQIFSF
HMBDJBUJPOBMTPBGGFDUFEUIF4VCBSDUJD1B PGPUIFSPDFBOJDHBUFXBZT 5IFMFTTPOTGSPNUIFTFWBTUHFPMPHJD
DJGJD*UMFEUPUIFGPSNBUJPOBCPVU .BSL$BOFBOE1FUFS.PMOBS
GPSJO BOEHFPHSBQIJDDIBOHFTJTCPUIFMFHBOUMZ
NJMMJPOZFBSTBHPPGBGSFTIXBUFSMJEBUUIF TUBODF
IBWFTVHHFTUFEUIBUUIFVQMJGUJOH TJNQMFBOEFYDSVDJBUJOHMZDPNQMFY5IF
TVSGBDFPGUIFPDFBO
DBMMFEBIBMPDMJOF BOENPWFNFOUPGUIF*OEPOFTJBO*TMBOET PQFOJOHBOEDMPTJOHPGTFBXBZTIBTB
5IJT"SDUJDIBMPDMJOFXPVMEIBWFDSFBUFEB CFUXFFOBOENJMMJPOZFBSTBHPXPVME QSPGPVOEJOGMVFODFPOUIFEJTUSJCVUJPOPG
CBSSJFSUPVQXFMMJOH
XIJDICMPDLFEEFFQ IBWFGVOEBNFOUBMMZSFEJSFDUFEMFTTXBSN GSFTIXBUFS
OVUSJFOUT
BOEFOFSHZJOUIF
DBSCPOEJPYJEFSJDIEFFQXBUFSTGSPNSJT 4PVUI1BDJGJDXBUFSBOENPSFDPPMFS HMPCBMPDFBO5IFDPVQMJOHPGUIFTFDIBOH
JOHUPUIFTVSGBDF5IFiMFBLuPGIFBUUSBQ /PSUI1BDJGJDXBUFSUISPVHIUIF*OEPOF JOHPDFBOTXJUIBDIBOHJOHBUNPTQIFSF
QJOHDBSCPOEJPYJEFJOUPUIFBUNPTQIFSF TJBO4FBXBZ5IFDPOTFRVFODFNJHIUIBWF JOFWJUBCMZNFBOTBDIBOHJOHDMJNBUF
XBTTUFNNFE
GVSUIFSDPPMJOHUIFQMBOFU CFFOUIBUUIF1BDJGJDDIBOHFEGSPNNPSF
.BOZPUIFSPDFBOBUNPTQIFSFGFFE QFSNBOFOU&M/JÒPMJLFDPOEJUJPOT XIJDI
4IPSUDJSDVJUJOHUIF0DFBO$POWFZPS
7HAT FACTORS CAUSED THE .ORTHERN (EMISPHERE TO DEVELOP SEA ICE AND GLACIERS ABOUT MILLION YEARS AGO 4HE CLOSING OF THE #ENTRAL !MERI
CAN 3EAWAY INTENSIlED THE 'ULF 3TREAM THE UPPER LIMB OF A CONVEYOR
LIKE GLOBAL OCEAN CIRCULATION CALLED THE /CEAN #ONVEYOR4HE 'ULF
3TREAM TRANSPORTED SALT TO THE .ORTH !TLANTIC MAKING WATERS THERE DENSE ENOUGH TO SINK AND DRIVE THE LOWER LIMB OF THE #ONVEYOR !CCORD
ING TO ONE THEORY THE 'ULF 3TREAM ALSO TRANSPORTED MOISTURE TO THE .ORTH !TLANTIC REGION AND ENCOURAGED ICE FORMATION "UT THE 'ULF 3TREAM
ALSO CONVEYS HEAT WHICH WOULD DETER GLACIATION .EAL $RISCOLL AND 'ERALD (AUG PROPOSED A SOLUTION TO THIS APPARENT CONTRADICTION BELOW
%URASIA INCREASING
W
PRECIPITATION
LLO
HA
T
TY
DEEP CURREN
S
#OLD SAL
RM
7A
+BDL$PPL
/CEANUS -AGAZINE s 6OL .O s 7OODS (OLE /CEANOGRAPHIC )NSTITUTION s OCEANUSMAGWHOIEDU